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Grammar and Lit Test 9th Grade 2013 Flashcards

998474040	Noun	person, place, thing, or idea	0
998474041	Common Noun	general noun	1
998474042	Abstract Noun	intangible noun	2
998474043	Proper noun	specific noun	3
998474044	Concrete Noun	tangible noun	4
998474045	Pronoun	replaces a noun, group of nouns or pronoun	5
998474046	Subjective/Nominative Pronoun	can be used as a subject/gives action	6
998474047	Objective Pronoun	receives action	7
998474048	Possessive Pronoun	shows ownership	8
998474049	Verb	shows actions or a state of being	9
998474050	helping verb	show tense	10
998474051	interjection	shows high emotion and exclamation	11
998474052	adjective	describes a noun or pronoun	12
998474053	adverb	describes an adverb, adjective or verb	13
998474054	Preposition	shows the relationship between words	14
998474055	conjunction	connects words, phrases, etc...	15
998474056	Coordinating conjunctions	connects things of equal weight (FANBOYS)	16
998474057	Correlative Conjunctions	connects things by working in pairs (Both...and, Neither...nor)	17
998474058	Conjunctive Adverbs	connects and clarifys relationships between clauses (However/Therefore)	18
998474059	Subordinating Conjunctions	connects thoughts but makes one thought dependent on another	19
998474060	clause	a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is part of or a whole sentence	20
998474061	main/independent clause	has a subject and a predicate/it is a complete thought	21
998474062	subordinate/dependent clause	has a subject and a predicate/it is NOT a complete thought	22
998474063	simple sentence	one main clause and no subordinate clauses	23
998474064	compound sentence	two or more main clauses	24
998474065	complex sentence	one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses	25
998474066	compound-complex sentence	two or more main clauses and at least one subordinate clause	26
998474067	idiom	an expression by a culture	27
998474068	cliche`	an overused expression	28
998474069	metaphor	compares two things without using like, as or than	29
998474070	extended metaphor	compares two things without using like, as or than with SEVERAL Examples	30
998474071	implied Metaphor	suggests a comparison between two things	31
998474072	simile	compares two things using like, as or than	32
998474073	hyperbole	extreme exaggeration	33
998474074	allusion	a reference from an outside source the author expects you to get	34
998474075	imagery	painting a picture using the 5 senses in someone's mind	35
998474076	personification	giving an inanimate object human body parts	36
998474077	anthropomorphism	giving an inanimate object human characteristics	37
998474078	onomatopoeia	the word sounds like the sound it makes	38
998474079	alliteration	same beginning consonant sounds	39
998474080	assonance	same vowel sounds	40
998474081	Declarative sentence	makes a statement	41
998474082	interrogative sentence	asks a question	42
998474083	exclamatory sentence	shows excitement or strong emotion	43
998474084	imperative sentence	a command sentence	44
998474085	fragment	when a sentence is missing the subject, the predicate or both	45
998474086	run-on sentence	when two or more sentences are put together as if they were one with improper punctuation	46
998474087	comma splice	incorrect use of commas	47
998474088	juxtaposition	put two things side by side for comparison	48
998474089	syntax	sentence structure	49
998474090	annotation	making notes	50
998474091	denotation	dictionary meaning	51
998474092	connotation	the way the society feels about a word	52
998474093	diction	word choice	53
998474094	tone	the way the speaker or narrator sounds	54
998474095	mood	the way the audience feels	55
998474096	speaker	the voice in a poem or informational piece	56
998474097	narrator	the voice in a story	57
998474098	shift	when the tone, action, etc moves in another direction	58
998474099	theme	the main concept the author is trying to convey	59
998474100	stanza	a section of poetry	60

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Miller and Levine Biology Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

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490673469	biosphere	part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere	0
490673470	species	group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring	1
490673471	population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area	2
490673472	community	assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area	3
490673473	ecology	scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment	4
490673474	ecosystem	all the organisms that live in a place, together with their nonliving environment	5
490673475	biome	group of land ecosystems with similar climates and typical organisms	6
490673476	biotic factor	any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact	7
490673477	abiotic factor	physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem	8
490673478	autotroph	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds	9
490673479	primary producer	first producer of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms	10
490673480	photosynthesis	process used plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	11
490673481	chemosynthesis	process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates	12
490673482	heterotroph	organism that obtains food by consuming other organisms	13
490673483	consumer	organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply	14
490673484	carnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating animals	15
490673485	herbivore	organism that obtains energy by eating only plants	16
490673486	scavenger	animal that consumes the carcasses of other animals	17
490673487	omnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals	18
490673488	decomposer	organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter	19
490673489	detritivore	organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter	20
490673490	food chain	series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	21
490673491	phytoplankton	photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean	22
490673492	food web	network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem	23
490673493	trophic level	each step in a food chain or food web	24
490673494	zooplankton	small free-floating animals that form part of plankton	25
490673495	ecological pyramid	illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web	26
490673496	biomass	total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level	27
490673497	biogeochemical cycle	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another	28
490673498	limiting nutrient	single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem	29
490673499	nutrient	chemical substance that an organism needs to sustain life	30
490673500	nitrogen fixation	process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use	31
490673501	denitrification	process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas	32

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World Civilizations Chapter 3 Flashcards

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950143772	Chandragupta.	The first ruler of the Maurya Dynasty was	0
950143773	it ruled a larger territory.	The Maurya Dynasty differed from the Gupta Dynasty in that	1
950143774	an array of regional political cultures.	Classical India's political climate was characterized most by	2
950143775	enforcing rules about social behavior.	The Indian caste system functioned as a political institution by	3
950143776	in the caste system.	Buddhism differed from Hinduism by not believing	4
950143777	False	T/FClassical Indian civilization emerged without any type of historical foundation.	5
950143778	True	T/FThe Epic Age also saw the creation of the Upanishads, epic poems with a mystical religious flavor.	6
950143779	False	T/FIn 322 B.C.E., a young soldier, Ashoka, seized power along the Ganges River, becoming the first of the Maurya Dynasty of Indian rulers.	7
950143780	True	T/FThe Maurya Dynasty was a territorially more expansive than the Gupta Dynasty.	8
950143781	False	T/FClassical Indian civilization was defined by its centralized state administrations.	9
950143782	False	T/FIndian social structure was characterized by its fluidity and promotion of interaction across different cultural, political, and economic divisions.	10
950143783	True	T/FClassical Indian civilization was able to accommodate a number of religious belief systems.	11
950143784	False	T/FIndia's religious traditions ruled out the emergence of other forms of cultural production.	12
950143785	Himalayas	The vast Indian subcontinent is partially separated from the rest of Asia, and particularly from East Asia, by northern mountain ranges, most notably the __________ .	13
950143786	Aryans	During the Indian formative period, called the Vedic and Epic ages, the __________ conquerors impressed their own stamp on the culture and social structure of India.	14
950143787	Sanskrit	Most of what we know about the preclassical period in Indian History comes from literary epics developed by the Aryans, initially passed on orally and only later written down in __________ .	15
950143788	Ashoka	handragupta's grandson, __________ , constitutes one of the greatest figures in early Indian history.	16
950143789	Gupta	It remains true that the Maurya and __________ dynasties constituted the most successful political regimes in India.	17
950143790	Brahmins	The priestly caste, or __________ , stood at the top of the caste system.	18
950143791	Hinduism	Unlike all other world religions, __________ had no single founder, no central holy figure from whom the basic religious impulse stemmed.	19
950143792	Upanishads	t was in the __________ that the Hindu idea of divine force informing the whole universe first surfaced clearly.	20
950143793	Dharma	The Hindu ethical concept of __________ was far less detailed and prescriptive than the ethical codes associated with the most other world religions, including Christianity and Islam.	21
950143794	Tamils	Southern Indians, __________ , were active in trading networks all over the Middle East.	22
950143795	the sum of mertis accumulated by a sould at any given point in tiem; determined the caste to which the sould would be assigned in the next life.	karam	23
950143796	stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	stupa	24
950143797	rigid system of social classification first introduced into indian subcontinent by aryans	caste system	25

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9th Grade Cells Flashcards

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1076681470	Cells	Specialized to obtain food and oxygen, and carry out specific functions. They are the basic unit of life, discovered by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek. All living things are composed by them, and they are the basic unit of structure and function. New cells are produced only by existing cells.	0
1076681471	Tissue	A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.	1
1076681472	Organs	Many tissues working together to perform a function. Groups of them (systems) work together to perform a specific task.	2
1076681473	Robert Hooke	Published drawings of cork viewed through a microscope in 1665.	3
1076681474	Anton van Leeuwenhoek	Observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water in 1674.	4
1076681475	Theodor Schwann	Concluded that all animals are made up of cells in 1830.	5
1076681476	Matthias Schleiden	Concluded that all plants are made up of cells in 1838.	6
1076681477	Rudolph Virchow	Proposed that all cells come from existing cells by cellular reproduction in 1855.	7
1076681478	Viruses	Often thought of as living cells, but they cannot reproduce by themselves and they have no organelles.	8
1076681479	Multicellular	Complex organisms with many cells. Cells are interdependent (cannot live on their own as they depend on each other). Each type of specialized cell performs a specific role within the organism, and has a different number of each organelle depending on its function (specialization).	9
1076681480	Unicellular	Simple organisms with one cell. They are able to function despite lacking the levels of organization present in more complex organisms. The structures present in them act in a manner similar to the tissues and systems found in multicellular organisms, thus enabling them to preform life processes to maintain homeostasis.	10
1076681481	Prokaryotes	Cells with no nucleus. They are smaller and simpler, and have cell membranes, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Ex: bacteria.	11
1076681482	Eukaryotes	Cells with a nucleus. They are larger and complex, and have organelles. They may be uni or multi celled. Ex: Plants, Animals, and Fungi.	12
1076681483	Organelles	Specialized, microscopic structures within cells. They are contained within the cytoplasm and have characteristic structures and functions. They may be membrane bound, or not.	13
1076681484	Cell Wall	Strong layer on the outside of plant, algae, fungi and many prokaryotic cells (not animal). Supports and protects the cell, allowing water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances to pass through. Made from fibers of carbohydrates and proteins, like cellulose (tough carbohydrate fiber) found in paper.	14
1076681485	Cell Membrane	Thin, flexible barrier around cells (inside cell wall) that provides protection and support. It helps maintain the chemical balance between materials inside and outside the cell by removing wastes from the cell. It is selectively permeable, allowing only certain material in or out of the cell. Made of a lipid bilayer with some proteins scattered throughout and carbohydrate chains.	15
1076681486	Cytoplasm	The gel-like material inside the cell. It transports materials throughout the cell and holds organelles. It is constantly moving or flowing.	16
1076681487	Cytoskeleton	A network of protein filaments that help keep the cell's shape and support it. It is involved in many forms of cell movement. It's microtubules are hollow tubes of protein that serve as tracks for moving organelles, form centrioles in animal cells to help separate chromosomes during division, and form cilia or flagella to move. It's microfilaments are long, thinner fibers functioning in support and movement.	17
1076681488	Nucleus	Large structure that contains the cell's genetic material or hereditary information (DNA) and instructions for making proteins (RNA). Controls the cell's activities. Has chromatin and chromosomes. It contains a small, dense region called a nucleolus where ribosome assembly begins and is surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope with pores to allow material to move through (RNA).	18
1076681489	Chromatin	Granular material visible within nucleus. It is made up of DNA bound to protein.	19
1076681490	Chromosome	Formed by chromatin during cellular reproduction (genetic information). May be replicated (sisters) or singular (chromotid). Where two are joined, there is a centromere. They contain many genes.	20
1076681491	Ribosomes	Made of RNA and protein. Builds (synthesizes) proteins from amino acids and RNA (coded instructions).	21
1076681492	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Internal membrane making parts of the cell membrane and modifying proteins. The rough ER has ribosomes to make proteins, which cross the ER membrane and enter the ER for chemical modification. The smooth ER lack ribosomes and contain enzymes to perform specialized tasks such as making lipids and breaking down toxins.	22
1076681493	Golgi Apparatus	Stacked membranes with enzymes to package proteins by attaching carbohydrates and lipids.	23
1076681494	Lysosomes	Small spheres filled with enzymes to break down molecules. They may break down lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates from food into smaller particles to be used by the rest of the cell, or worn out organelles and wastes.	24
1076681495	Vacuoles	Sac-like structure to store materials including water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Plant cells contain a large central vacuole with enough pressure to make the cell rigid, while animal cells contain smaller vesicles that transport substances	25
1076681496	Chloroplasts	Use energy from sunlight with carbon dioxide and water to make food and oxygen through photosynthesis in plants. Has a double envelope membrane and contains the green pigment chlorophyll. It contains some of its own genetic information (DNA). May have originated as a free living organisms, but no longer has enough DNA to live alone.	26
1076681497	Mitochondria	Uses food to make ATP for growth, development, and movement. Has a double envelope membrane and contains some of its own genetic information (DNA). May have originated as a free living organisms, but no longer has enough DNA to live alone.	27
1076681498	Theory of Chloroplast Endosymbiosis	Free-living chloroplasts got caught inside a heterotroph and stayed there, as it created a symbiotic relationship where chloroplasts provided the food and the cell provided the protection. Over time it lost its ability to live independently.	28
1076681499	Homeostasis	The process of maintaining a constant internal environment despite changing external conditions.	29
1076712591	Fluid Mosaic Model	Model of the cell membrane that explains the interaction of phospholipids and proteins as they drift about each other in lateral (side to side) direction forming the cell membrane. Has a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads that attract water and hydrophobic tails that repel water. The transport proteins embedded within the bilayer assist in the passage of substances, while the receptor proteins bind to molecules that initiate cellular reactions. The carbohydrate chains (receptor molecules) help cells identify one another.	30
1076712592	Passive Transport	Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. May be diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion. It does not require energy.	31
1076712593	Diffusion	Movement of liquid or gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without using energy to cross the cell membrane to reach equilibrium. Small, polar, uncharged molecules can pass through the membrane. Particles never stop moving.	32
1076712594	Concentration Gradient	Exists when particles are in higher concentration in one area and lower in concentration in another. Causes movement of the molecules.	33
1076712595	Equilibrium	When the rate of particle spreading is even throughout a given area.	34
1076712596	Osmosis	The diffusion of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a selectively permeable lipid bilayer membrane without energy. When the transfer of water molecules into and out of the cell reaches the same rate, a state of equilibrium is reached.	35
1076712597	Hypertonic	Solution has a lot of particles or solute in relation to another solution. Cell shrinks because water moves out of cell, as there's more water in the cell than in the solution. Water follows particles.	36
1076712598	Hypotonic	Solution has fewer particles or solute in relation to another solution. Cell swells (can burst) because water moves into cell, as there's more water outside the cell than in it, or there's more solute in the cell than in the solution.	37
1076712599	Isotonic	Equal solute particles in the solutions being compared. Cell stays the same.	38
1076712600	Osmotic Pressure	The pressure inside the cell caused by osmosis. It is turgor pressure in a plant. Plants that are swollen with water are turgid. The loss of turgor pressure, causing plants to wilt, is plasmolysis.	39
1076712601	Facilitated Diffusion	The movement of molecules across membrane through protein channels from an area of high concentration to low. Movement of molecules with the concentration gradient, using no energy. Proteins are selective.	40
1076712602	Active Transport	Movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration against the concentration gradient using energy. Uses proteins also known as pumps to rid cells of accumulated substances that are insoluble inside the cell, rid the cell of molecules that are too big to escape, and transport important building blocks into the cell. Example: sodium-potassium pump.	41
1076712603	Sodium-Potassium Pump	Responsible for the electrical activity of nerves and muscles. Sodium is pumped out of cell while potassium is pumped into it. One ATP molecule can pump out three sodiums and pump in two potassiums.	42
1076712604	Endocytosis	Takes in large materials by forming pockets. Phagocytosis takes in large particles, while pinocytosis takes in liquids/fluids. It is active transport in which a cell encloses the substance in a membrane-bound vesicle that is pinched off from the cell membrane and taken in.	43
1076712605	Exocytosis	Removes materials by fusing vacuoles. It is the reverse of endocytosis. Active transport in which materials contained in vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, burst, and are released outside. Used to release waste products.	44

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Unit 2: The Road to Independence Flashcards

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1657397432	French Protestants 10,000 killed on St. Bartholomew's Day Denied religious refugee in New France	Huguenots	0
1657397433	French founder of Detroit Stopped English Settlement of the Ohio Valley	Antoine Cadillac	1
1657397434	Enemy surrounds the town or building to cut off essential supplies hoping to lead to surrender of the opponent	siege	2
1657397435	1754 French and Indian War Fought in America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and the ocean (seven seas war) Fought for control of the Ohio River Valley	Seven Years War	3
1657397436	Summoned in 1754 Ben Franklin was the leading spirit and he created the "Join or Die" political cartoon first step to colonial unity They wanted colonial home rule	Albany Congress	4
1657397437	1763 Natives wanted to drive England out of Ohio Country England gave them blankets infected with smallpox to kill them	Pontiac's Rebellion	5
1657397438	1763 Prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians to prevent problems with the natives, not to oppress the colonists	Proclamation of 1763	6
1657397439	trained soldiers	regulars	7
1657397440	Ambush, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit and run, mobility Untrained armies or groups of people used it to fight larger armies	Guerrilla Warfare	8
1657397441	ruler with absolute power	Autocratic	9
1657397442	British fleet luck wasted time fighting in England	How were the British and their American colonial subjects able to win the contest with the French for control of North America?	10
1657397443	French allied with Indians Americans weren't closely allied with any Indians Americans were not as unified	How did French relations with the Native Americans compare with those of Britian and its American colonists in the French and Indians War?	11
1657397444	New Spirit of Independence debt in Britain led to the taxes, angering colonies	How did the development and final outcome of the imperial struggle affect relations between the colonists and Britain and alter relations among the colonists themselves?	12
1657397445	7 years war led to pride and independence in the colonies as well as gained us more land	How did events in France, England, and elsewhere in Europe affect the history of North America in this period?	13
1657397446	late start on colonization not many french people wanted to leave france, and those who did were forbidden (hugenots) not as great of resources in the area they settled	Compare France's colonizing efforts in the New World with Spain's and England's colonies. What factors might explain France's relatively weak impact on the New World compared with that of England's and Spain's?	14
1674006503	Wealth is power more exports than imports colonists existed to further the mother county	Mercantilism	15
1674006504	Only allowed trade between the colonists and England Loosely enforced at first, than increasingly stricter	Navigation Laws	16
1674006505	Smuggler very important to revolution by storing gunpowder and weapons	John Hancock	17
1674006506	taxes on imports so they will buy their own goods angered some if the imported goods were better/cheaper than their own goods	protective tariffs	18
1674006507	1765 food and housing for British troops	Quartering Act	19
1674006508	1765 Stamping paper & affixing of stamps = proof of tax payments	Stamp Act	20
1674006509	Generic search warrant they were searching for illegal goods, smuggled goods never expired reason for fourth amendment today (no unnecessary search/seizure)	Writ of Assistance	21
1674006510	Parliament represented all British subjects (including the British colonies) even those who never voted	Virtual Representation	22
1674006511	enforced non-importation agreements (refusal to buy British goods) tar and feather violators ransack houses, steal money, and make effigies unpopular officials	Sons of Liberty	23
1674006512	1766 Englan had the right to tax the colonies put in to place after the repeal of the stamp act	Declaratory Act	24
1674006513	King of England Statue built in honor of him in New York was melted down to make bullets for the war Power hungry; bad king = corruption in the government passed Declaratory Act, repealed Stamp Act	King George III	25
1674006514	1770 60 colonists provoked English soldiers who then fired upon them wounding and killing 11 only two soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter, others released with brands on their hands	Boston Massacre	26
1674006515	master propagandist engineer of revolution from Boston believed in colonial rights created Committees of Correspondence "trained mobs" in each colony	Samuel Adams	27
1674006516	organized by Sam Adams spread the spirit of resistance exchange of ideas through the colonies united action	Committees of Correspondence	28
1674006517	"To tax and to please, no more than to love and be wise, is not given to men."	Edmund Burke	29
1674006518	1774 punished Massachusetts by closing Boston harbor restricted other colonies rights	Intolerable Acts	30
1674006519	1774 met in Philidelphia 12 out of 13 colonies (excluding Georgia) met to readdress colonial grievances and create a declaration of rights The Association - document telling colonists to boycott British goods	First Continental Congress	31
1674006520	Patriot of the revolution large part of the first continental congress	John Adams	32
1674006521	German organizational genius trained American colonists to be soldiers	Baron Von Steuban	33
1674006522	a person of black and white ancestry	Mulatto	34
1674006523	fall in value of purchasing values of money by printing more money than they actually have	Inflation	35
1674006524	mention of many things at one time	enumerated	36
1674006525	type pf government member of the republican party	republican	37
1674006526	supreme ruler - monarch	sovereign	38
1674006527	war and violence are unjustifiable	pacifist	39
1674006528	Advantages: Most powerful military, better trained troops, developed government, wealthy, some colonists were still loyal to Britain (15-20%), paid the British military Disadvantages: Far away, in debt, America had a just cause, geographical vastness of America, British had to hire German soldiers	List advantages and disadvantages of the British.	40
1674006529	Advantages: Outstanding leadership, fighting defensively, self sustaining, moral advantage, alliance with the french, parliament had American sympathizers Disadvantages: minimal military training, poor clothing/unmatched, lacked in unity, British were the most powerful army, difficulty raising enough funds, 1/5 of Americans were loyal to the crown, half didn't want conflict at all, Indian tribes sided with Britian	List advantages and disadvantages of the colonists.	41
1674006530	no, because the colonists and England had a strong commercial, military and cultural bond it was surprising it happened, Americans were reluctant revolutionaries.	Was the American Revolution inevitable?	42
1674006531	Britain could have ruled as slack as before, could have accepted American offers for peace, better leaders in England, america could have accepted the taxes and been reasonable about the fact that they caused the war	To what extent could either side have contributed to a peaceful resolution to their differences?	43
1674006532	legal - petitioning Britain and asking for decrease in taxation, increase in representation, etc. extra legal- tea party, tar and feathering, provoking British officers, anything that was over the top and extreme	Analyze the ways in which colonists used both legal and extralegal means of protesting.	44
1674110390	We hold these truths to be self evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government	Write the Declaration of Independence.	45
1692056086	1775 Colonists had the British surrounded at Boston and the colonists greatly outnumbered the British	Lexington and Concord	46
1692056087	1775 met in Philadelphia all 13 colonies were present no desire yet for independence, just wanted to continue the war in hopes the British would readdress the grievances. came up with ways to raise money for a navy and the army selected Washington to lead the army	Second Continental Congress	47
1692056088	Virginia Planter had a quality of leadership and immense strength in character moral force people trusted him never commanded a large army before	George Washington	48
1692056089	1775 Profess loyalty to the king and beg for an end to the hostilities	Olive Branch Petition	49
1692056090	1776 stop inconsistent warfare, stop pretending to be loyal, just fight the war Britain was to small to control the larger colonies in America Republic government-representatives should get power from the people	Common Sense/Thomas Paine	50
1692056091	Virgina lawyer chosen to draft the declaration of independence he was a great writer	Thomas Jefferson	51
1692056092	1776 written by thomas jefferson natural rights of men, list of grievances to Britain set the precedent for other declarations of independence in future history	Declaration of Independence	52
1692056093	Loyal to Britain went to war against the americans British army really only controlled Loyalist areas during the war generally anglican conservatives located in the southern states	Loyalists/Tory	53
1692056094	1776 Washington crossed the delaware river capturing unprepared Hessians and British troops	Trenton	54
1692056095	British general wanted to control the hudson river to separate New England from the other colonies Burgoyne's troops would float down lake champlain and the hudson river to meet general howe at albany Howe attacked Philidelphia hoping to create an opening for Burgoyne's troops but did not succeed after a rough winter at Burgoynes troops battled at saratoga but were forced to surrender by the Americans	John Burgoyne	55
1692056096	1777 Americans force General Burgoyne to surrender most important battle because it gave the french hope in the Americans and they decided to join us in the war against the British, we might not have won without the French	Saratoga	56
1692056097	country best served by keeping the affairs of another at a distance	Isolationist	57
1692056098	1781 General Cornwallis was waiting for supplies but was trapped by the colonists and the french and was forced to surrender final major battle of the war although fighting continued for a year after	Yorktown	58
1692056099	Ben Franklin, John Jay and John Adams would meet in Paris to negotiate the peace treaty scared to be back stabbed by France, America made a quick deal with London which gave americans their much wanted independence and their vast majority of land	Treaty of Paris of 1783	59
1692056100	professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army	Mercenary	60
1692056101	messenger/representative	Envoy	61
1692056102	collection of weapons/military equipment	Arsenal	62
1692056103	...	Graft	63
1692056104	...	knavery	64
1692056105	The British lost much more than just their colonies, they lost the countless resources and trade with the colonists, they lost some money from what they funneled into the colonies and the war the colonists didn't really gain anything besides independence and some more land, the government was slightly different but they basically lived life the way they were before the start of the revolutionary war, which is what they wanted in the first place	It is often argued that the British "lost the Revolutionary War more than the Americans "won" it". Explain.	65
1692056106	...	Why was Paine's writing so radical and why was this radical message so warmly received by many colonies?	66
1692056107	The surrender of General Burgoyne created hope in the Frenches eyes that the Americans could win and decided to assist us through the rest of the war	What was the significance of the Battle at Saratoga?	67
1692056108	...	Who were the greatest generals of the war and why?	68
1692056109	The French aided the colonists by sending troops, and their navy the french also loaned us a large sum of money, and they gave us weapons and ammo the french sent us their generals and turned our army into a better army the french were mainly motivated by revenge and they were scared Britian may try to take the west indies from them	In what ways did the French aid the colonists and what motivated their actions?	69
1692056110	...	What was radical and new in the Declaration of Independence, and what was old and traditional? What did statements like "all men are created equal" mean in their historical context and what did they come to mean later?	70

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Biology - Campbell, 8th edition, Chapter 5 Flashcards

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376347900	Macromolecules	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.	0
376347901	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	1
376347902	Monomer	The subunit (distinct component of something) that serves as the building block of a polymer.	2
376347903	Condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each others through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.	3
376347904	Dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	4
376347905	Enzyme	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical gent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	5
376347906	Hydrolysis	A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of plymers to monomers.	6
376347907	Monosaccharides	The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.	7
376347908	Disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis.	8
376347909	Glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	9
376347910	Polysaccharides	A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	10
376347911	Starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosidic linkages.	11
376347912	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	12
376347913	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.	13
376347914	Lipid	One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.	14
376347915	Fatty acid	A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule for a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.	15
376347916	Triacylglycerol	Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.	16
376347917	Saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon trail are connected by single blonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.	17
376347918	Unsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid possessing tone or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	18
376347919	Trans fats	An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.	19
376347920	Phospholipids	A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.	20
376347921	Steroids	A type of lipid characterized by a charbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.	21
376347922	Cholesterol	A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biological important steroids, such as hormones.	22
376347923	Catalysts	A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	23
376347924	Polypeptides	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	24
376347925	Protein	A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.	25
376347926	Amino acids	An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.	26
376347927	Peptide bond	The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.	27
376347928	Primary structure	The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.	28
376347929	Secondary structure	The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone.	29
376347930	Pleated sheet	One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.	30
376347931	Tertiary structure	Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.	31
376347932	Hydrophobic interaction	A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.	32
376347933	Disulfide bridges	A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfer of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.	33
376347934	Quaternary structure	The particular shape of oa complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.	34
376347935	Denaturation	In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the sepearation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.	35
376347936	Chaperonins	A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.	36
376347937	X-ray crystallography	A technique that depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study three-dimensional structure of the molecule.	37
376347938	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	38
376347939	Nucleic acids	A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.	39
376347940	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	A double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cells proteins.	40
376347941	Ribonucleic acid (RNA)	A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.	41
376347942	Polynucleotides	A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.	42
376347943	Nucleotide	The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	43
376347944	Pyrimidine	One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by six-membered rig. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.	44
376347945	Purine	One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine and guanine are purines.	45
376347946	Ribose	The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	46
376347947	Deoxyribose	The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	47
376347948	Double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.	48
376347949	Antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	49

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9th Grade: Bio. Honors - Cell structure/Organelle Flashcards

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963470592	Cell membrane	A thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell	0
963470593	Microfilament	Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell	1
963470594	Anchoring junction	Help ties two cells (and can bind muscles) to one another	2
963470595	Communicating junction	Junction that allow material to pass from one cell to another cell	3
963470596	Tight junction	Impermeable, bind cells together into leak-proof sheets	4
963470597	Plasmodesmata	Channels between adjacent plant cells	5
963470598	Glyoxysome	Found in plants and contain enzymes that convert lipids into carbohydrates.	6
963470599	Cilia	Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion	7
963470600	Chloroplast	An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis	8
963470601	Cell wall	A rigid barrier for plant cells that protect and maintain the shape of a plant.	9
963470602	Central vacuole	A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.	10
963470603	Flagellum	A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.	11
963470604	Centriole	Are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division.	12
963470605	Lysosome	Break down food particles and waste.	13
963470606	Peroxisome	Breaks down fatty acid molecules.	14
963470607	Nucleolus	A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes.	15
963470608	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Responsible for moving ribosomes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; this is where many proteins are created.	16
963470609	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum	Responsible for making lipids and breaking down toxic chemicals from all parts of the cell.	17
963470610	Golgi Apparatus	Modifies, stores, and packages substances produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It then secretes these subtances to other parts of the cell and to the cell surface for export to other cells.	18
963470611	Mitochondrion	Is the cite of cellular respiration. All cells contain this. Contains own DNA and can self-replicate. Creates energy (ATP) for the cell.	19
963470612	Microtubules	Responsible for the various kinds of movements in all eukaryotic cells.	20
963470613	Intermediate filament	Is made up of fibrous proteins organized into touch, ropelike assemblages that stabilize a cell's structure and help maintain its shape.	21
963470614	Nucleus	Center control of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction.	22
963470615	Ribosome	A cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis.	23
963470616	Cytoplasm	Suspends and holds together the organelles, apart from the nucleus. It also supports the cell structure and makes it possible for molecules to be transported throughout the cell. Nutrients are absorbed here and processed.	24

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9TH Grade Biology: Cell Organelles Flashcards

Georgia 9th grade Biology on Cell organelles

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1694374556	An organelle is only found in a	Eukaryotic Cell	0
1694374557	Cytoplasm is	jelly-like substance within a cell membrane	1
1694374558	Cell Membrane is a: What is its function?	Boundary between cell & external environment. It decides what goes in and out of the cell	2
1694374559	What does the nuclear envelope do?	Protects the Nucleus.	3
1694374560	Nucleolus does what?	Make Ribisomes	4
1694374561	Nuclear Pores are a	Passage of Molecules	5
1694374562	Chromosomes (Chromatin) are made of-	DNA, RNA, and Proteins	6
1694374563	A Cytoskeleton has 2 parts. What are they?	Microfilaments and Microtubules	7
1694374564	What is a Microfilament and what does it do?	It's protein threads/strands. It aids in movement of organelles and in cell movement and muscle contraction	8
1694374565	What do Microtubules do?	Aid in Chromosome movement during mitosis	9
1694374566	What is the Golgi Apparatus and what does it do?	Its a series of membrane enclosed spaces (flatt-end sacs) It processes & packages proteins for export from the cell.	10
1694374567	Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an	interconnected network of membranes that produce proteins and lipids	11
1694374568	What are the 2 types of ER's	Rough and Smooth ER	12
1694374569	A rough ER has ____ attached and is the _________. A Smooth ER has ____ ________________.	Has 'ribisomes' attached and is the 'highway through a cell'.. Has no 'ribisomes' attached.	13
1694374570	A ribisome is a __________ and is ___________	Mixture of PROTEIN AND RNA and is the site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.	14
1694374571	Ribisomes are found on/in which two places?	Free floating in cytoplasm or attached to a rough ER.	15
1694374572	What is a mitochondria and its function(s)?	Enclosed double membrane (Inner and outer layer). . Power of the cell/making majority of cells energy(ATP).	16
1694374573	A mitochondria has ____ and ___.	Folds called cristae and its own DNA	17
1694374574	What is a vacuole? Whats the difference between a plant vacuole and an animal vacuole?	Filled with fluid (mostly water) used to store enzymes and metabolic waste. Plant cells- many small vacuoles Animal- one single large vacuole	18
1694374575	What is Cilia and where is it found	projections that are SHORT and NUMEROUS (hair like). It is found on many unicellular organisms and cells living in respiratory tracts. Only Animal Cells	19
1694374576	What is a Flagellum (Singular) / Flagella (Plural)? Where are they found.	Projections that are long and few (whip-like) Found only in animal cells	20
1694374577	Centrioles do what? What are they composed of? Where are they found?	Help the cell divide. Form Cilia and Flagella. Composed of microtubules. Found only in animal cells.	21
1694374578	What two organelles are found in PLANT CELLS ONLY?	Cell wall and Chloroplast	22
1694374579	What is a cell walls structure (Description) and Function.	Surrounds cell membrane in plant cells and fungi. Provides structure and support	23
1694374580	What does a chloroplast do and contain	Contains pigments in discs that absorb visible light (Chlorophyll) Have an outer and inner layer It absorbs light energy during photosynthesis	24
1694374581	Which organelle can take up to 90% of a cell?	vacuole	25
1694374582	where does a cell membrane come into contact with water?	osmosis	26

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9th grade cells and organelles Flashcards

Cells and organelles

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1062258005	cell membrane	controls what comes into and out of a cell; found in plant and animal cells	0
1062258006	cell wall	ridged outer layer of a plant cell	1
1062258007	cytoplasm	gel-like fluid where the organelles are found	2
1062258008	mitochondria	produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions	3
1062258009	lysosomes	uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts	4
1062258010	vacuoles	stores food, water, wastes, and other materials	5
1062258011	golgi bodies	receives proteins and materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them	6
1062258012	chloroplasts	captures energy from the sunlight and uses it to produce food in a plant cell	7
1062258013	endoplasmic reticulum ER	has passageways that carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another	8
1062258014	ribosomes	assembles amino acids to create proteins	9
1062258015	nucleus	control center of the cell; contains DNA	10
1062258016	nucleolus	found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes	11
1062258017	chromatin	tiny strands inside the nucleus that contain the instructions for directing the cells functions	12
1062258018	cell membrane	members only can come and go	13
1062258019	cell wall	Im a brick wall	14
1062258020	cytoplasm	sail through my plasma	15
1062258021	mitochondria	I am a "mighty" power house	16
1062258022	lysosomes	i clean things up (lysol)	17
1062258023	vacuoles	ill store anything (vacuum bags)	18
1062258024	golgi bodies	im a GOLden packer	19
1062258025	chloroplasts	make me something sweet to eat	20
1062258026	endoplasmic reticulum ER	im a transportER	21
1062258027	ribosomes	i make "some" nice proteins	22
1062258028	nucleus	im the control center	23
1062258029	nucleolus	"control" of the number of "ribos" ; the little nucleus	24
1062258030	chromatin	im a "tin" of information	25
1062362672	prokaryotes	simpler, smaller, and usually independent	26
1062362673	cell theory	states that all cells come from other cells	27
1062362674	photosynthesis	occurs in chloroplasts	28
1062362675	lysosomes break down	carbs, lipids, proteins, and organelles	29
1062362676	smooth er	produces lipids	30
1062362677	cellular respiration	occurs in mitochondria	31
1062362678	lipid synthesis	ribosomes are involved	32
1062362679	diffusion	movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration; make concentrations equal	33
1062362680	active transport	the movement of materials against a concentration difference; requires ATP	34
1062362681	endocytosis	involves moving large molecules into the cell	35
1062362682	nuclear membrane	similar to cell membrane because they are both semipermeable and made of lipids	36
1062362684	golgi appartus	modifies and sorts proteins	37
1062483242	osmosis	diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	38
1062483243	isotonic	concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell	39
1062483244	hypertonic	the solution outside the cell has a higher solute concentration then the inside of a cell; net movement of water molecules out of the cell causes it to shrink	40
1062483245	hypotonic	the solution outside the cell has a lower solute concentration then inside the cell; a net movement of water molecules into the cell causes it to swell	41
1062483246	endocytosis	moving molecules into the cell; membrane forms a pocket around a particle; pocket breaks from the outer portion of cell membrane; forms a vesicle with cytoplasm	42
1062483247	exocytosis	moves particles out of cell; membrane of vesicle surrounds the material and fuses with the cell membrane; contents forced out of cell	43
1062493064	eukaryotes	found in multicellular organisms; has organelles and a nucleus; plant and animal cells	44

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Honors Biology - Cells - 9th Grade Flashcards

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1808243950	Cell Wall	Rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell (found only in plant cells)	0
1808243951	Central Vacuole	Filled with watery fluids that strengthen the cell and help support the entire plant (found only in plant cells)	1
1808243952	Chloroplast	Organelles that carry out photosynthesis (found only in plant cells)	2
1808243953	Centriole	Cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle (found only in animal cells)	3
1808243954	Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)	Forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment	4
1808243955	Cytoplasm	Jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks	5
1808243956	Vesicle	Small membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell	6
1808243957	Golgi Apparatus	Consists of closely layered stacks membrane-enclose spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins	7
1808243958	Ribosomes	Tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins	8
1808243959	Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)	Interconnected network of thick folded membranes	9
1808243960	Nucleus	Storehouse for most of the genetic information, or DNA	10
1808243961	Nucleolus	Inside the nucleus and is a dense region where tiny organelles that are essential for making proteins are assembled	11
1808243962	Mitochondria	Supplies energy to the cell	12
1808243963	Lysosome	Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes	13
1808243964	Centrosome	Small region of cytoplasm that produces microtubules	14
1808243965	Vacuole	Fluid-filled safe used for storage of material needed by the cell	15
1808243966	Cytoskeleton	Network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of the cell	16
1808297392	Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration	17
1808297393	Cell Theory	-All organisms are made of cells -Basic unit of life -All cells are of cells	18
1808297394	Organelle	Structure specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell	19
1808297395	Phospholipid	Composed of: -Charged phosphate group -Glycerol -Two fatty acid chains	20
1808297396	Fluid Mosaic Model	Describes arrangement of molecules that make up the cell membrane	21
1808297397	Receptor	A protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response	22
1808297398	Passive Transport	Movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell	23
1808297399	Diffusion	Movements of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration	24
1808297400	Concentration Gradient	Difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another	25
1808297401	Isotonic	Same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell	26
1808297402	Hypertonic	Higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell	27
1808297403	Hypotonic	Lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell	28
1808297404	Facilitated diffusion	Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through passive transport	29
1808297405	Active Transport	Drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration	30
1808297406	Endocytosis	Process of taking liquid or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane	31
1808297407	Phagocytosis	Type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulf large particles	32
1808297408	Exocytosis	Release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle withe the membrane	33

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