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Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Flashcards

463616930	Anecdotal Evidence	Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences	0
463616931	Case Study	An in-depth investigation of an individual subject	1
463616932	Confounding Variables	A condition that exists whenever two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects	2
463616933	Control Group	Subjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group	3
463616934	Correlation	The extent to which two variables are related to each other	4
463616935	Correlation Coefficient	A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables	5
463616936	Data Collection Techniques	Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements	6
463616937	Dependent Variable	In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable	7
463616938	Descriptive Statistics	Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data	8
463616939	Double-Blind Procedure	A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups	9
463616940	Experiment	A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result	10
463616941	Experimental Group	The subjects in a study who receive some kind of special treatment in regard to the independent variable	11
463616942	Experimenter Bias	A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained	12
463616943	Extraneous Variables	Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variables in a specific study	13
463616944	Hypothesis	A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables	14
463616945	Independent Variable	In an experiment, a condition or even that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable	15
463616946	Inferential Statistics	Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions	16
463616947	Internet-Mediated Research	Studies in which data collection occurs over the web	17
463616948	Journal	A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly-defined area of inquiry	18
463616949	Mean	The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution	19
463616950	Median	The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores	20
463616951	Mode	The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution	21
463616952	Naturalistic Observation	A descriptive research in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects	22
463616953	Operational Definition	A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable	23
463616954	Participants	The persons or animals whose behavior is systematicaly observed in a study	24
463616955	Placebo Effects	The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment	25
463616956	Population	The larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn that researchers want to generalize about	26
463616957	Random Assignment	The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition	27
463616958	Reactivity	Alteration of a subject's behavior as a result of the presence of an observer	28
463616959	Replication	The repitition of a study to see whether earlier results are duplicated	29
463616960	Research Methods	Differing approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies	30
463616961	Response Set	A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions	31
463616962	Sample	The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study	32
463616963	Sampling Bias	A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn	33
463616964	Social Desirability Bias	A tendency to give socially approved answers about oneself	34
463616965	Standard Deviation	An index of the amount of variability in a set of data	35
463616966	Statistical significance	The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low	36
463616967	Statistics	The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data	37
463616968	Survey	A descriptive research method in which researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of a subject's behavior	38
463616969	Theory	A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations	39
463616970	Variability	The extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean	40
463616971	Variables	Any measureable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study	41
463616972	Neal Miller	Asserted the benefits of animal research outweigh the harm done	42
463616973	Robert Rosenthal	Studied experimenter bias, a researcher's unintended influence on the behavior of subjects	43
463616974	Stanley Schachter	Studied the effect of anxiety on affiliation	44

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APUSH Chapter 10: Launching theNew Ship of State, 1789-1800 Flashcards

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2597185557	Bill of Rights	Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.	0
2597185558	Tenth Amendment	Powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution are reserved to the states or to the people	1
2597187246	Hamilton's Economic Plan	It was created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilized the American economy. It consisted of federal assumption of all debts, including state and federal debts. Along with this, he proposed the chartering of the U.S. bank to help restore American credit.	2
2597187247	assumption plan	Part of Hamilton's economic theory. Stated that the federal government would assume all the states' debts for the American Revolution. This angered states such as Virginia who had already paid off their debts.	3
2597187248	Thomas Jefferson	Under the executive branch of the new constitution, he was the Secretary of State. When Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new national bank, he adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states rights by causing a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. His argument was that since the Constitution did not say Congress could create a bank they should not be given that power. This is the philosophy of strict construction. His beliefs led to the creation of the political party, Democratic Republicans	4
2597189300	Alexander Hamilton	Great political leader; youngest and brightest of Federalists; "father of the National Debt"; from New York; became a major general; military genius; Secretary of Treasury; lived from 1755-1804; became Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington in 1789; established plan for economy that went in to affect in 1790 including a tariff that passed in 1789, the assumption of state debts which went into affect in 1790, and excise on different products (including whiskey) in 1791, and a plan for a national bank which was approved in 1791; plan to take care of the national debt.	5
2597189301	Bank of the U.S.	This was established by Hamilton and opposed by Jefferson as a way to strength the economy and attract investors which lasted for 20 years and had a cap of $10 million. It also created a currency which did not exist in the early American days. The bank was extremely important in strengthening the economy as it created a stock market which boomed immediately. It also established an ever so important currency which fixed many uprising disputes about money.	6
2597190415	implied powers	Refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms. Although some situations, such as the creation of the National Bank, are not specifically referred to in the constitution through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional. After Hamilton was appointed head of treasury in 1789, debates began between his interpretation of the constitution and Jefferson's views. Eventually this became an issue contributing to the formation of political parties.	7
2597192180	Delegated/Reserved/Concurrent Powers	Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes.	8
2597192181	Whiskey Rebellion	A small rebellion, that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 that was a challenge to the National Governments unjust use of an excise tax on an "economic medium of exchange." Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military, but was condemned for using a "sledge hammer to crush a gnat."	9
2597193385	Jeffersonian Republicans	One of the nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. They were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central government, and strong states' rights	10
2597194404	Neutrality Proclamation	Issued by George Washington, established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict.	11
2597194405	Citizen Genet	He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution. He landed in Charleston SC around 1793 after the outbreak of war between France and Britain. The actions were exposing the new vulnerable government. It also showed how the government was maturing.	12
2597195684	Treaty of Greenville	Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.	13
2597197106	Pinckney Treaty	Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish: Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area north of Florida. (helped America to have unexpected diplomatic success) Jay Treaty helped prompt the Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans.	14
2597199360	Washington's Farewell Address	A document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. This document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.	15
2597199361	Jay's Treaty	Offered little concessions from Britain to the US and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. Able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on US soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.	16
2597200451	John Adams	A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the XYZ Affair, Quasi War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace with France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation".	17
2597200452	XYZ Affair	When the French, outraged by Jay's treaty, begin violating the terms of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778, President John Adams sends over three secret go-betweens to talk with Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. The demanded a bribe of $250,000 in order to merely talk with Talleyrand. This occurrence led to Naval Battles between the two countries. But France, already at battling Britain, realized they did not wish to have one more enemy added to their roster.	18
2597203111	Alien and Sedition Laws	Contains four parts: 1) Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2) Alien Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3) Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. (No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act.) 4) The Sedition Act - Key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.	19
2597205448	Convention of 1800	Signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.	20
2597207405	Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions	Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.	21
2597207406	nullification	The Federalist Party has passed the Alien and Sedition Acts to regulate the strong opinions of the Republicans. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison protested the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asked the states to declare the laws null. They thought it was the rightful remedy. Virginia and Kentucky were only states that voted for this, which is to make a law invalid.	22
2597209095	compact theory	Was popular among the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798. The compact theory was used to try to stop the Federalist abuses like the Alien and Sedition Acts.	23

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AP Psychology Unit 1 - History and Approaches Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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2803000038	Empiricism	The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should therefore rely on observation and experimentation.	0
2803000039	Structuralism	Developed by Edward Bradford Titchener, it focused on self-reflection and introspection. Highly unreliable.	1
2803000040	Functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	2
2803000041	Experimental Psychology	The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.	3
2803000042	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).	4
2803000043	Humanistic Psychology	The historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.	5
2803000044	Cognitive Neuroscience	The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with thinking including perception, thinking, memory, and language.	6
2803000045	Psychology	The science of behavior and mental processes.	7
2803000046	Nature-Nurture Issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of the two.	8
2803000047	Natural Selection	The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.	9
2803000048	Levels of Analysis	The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.	10
2803000049	Biopsychosocial Approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.	11
2803000050	Biological Psychology	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.	12
2803000051	Evolutionary Psychology	The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.	13
2803000052	Psychodynamic Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.	14
2803000053	Behavioral Psychology	Method of changing abnormal behavior thru systematic program based on the learning principles of CLASSICAL conditioning, OPERANT Conditioning, or OBSERVATIONAL Learning.	15
2803000054	Cognitive Psychology	The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	16
2803000055	Social-Cultural Psychology	The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.	17
2803000056	Psychometrics	The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.	18
2803000057	Basic Research	One of the two main types of research, pure research that aims to confirm an existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon	19
2803000058	Developmental Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	20
2803000059	Educational Psychology	The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.	21
2803000060	Personality Psychology	The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	22
2803000061	Social Psychology	The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.	23
2803000062	Applied Research	One of the two main types of research, conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life.	24
2803000063	Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology	The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	25
2803000064	Human Factors Psychology	A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.	26
2803000065	Counseling Psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.	27
2803000066	Clinical Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.	28
2803000067	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.	29
2803000068	SQ3R	A study method incorporating five steps Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.	30

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Weiten's Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology Flashcards

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1603598231	psychology	the study of the mind	0
1603598232	G.Stanley Hall	-brief student of Withelm Wundut -First research lab on psychology at Johns Hopkins university, launched Americas first psychology journal, first president of the APA	1
1603598233	natural selection	Charles Darwin -heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproduction advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be selected over time	2
1604625702	stream of consciousness	William James -unbroken and continuous thoughts despite constant shifts and changes.	3
1604625703	James McKeen Cattell and John Dewey	began to investigate mental testing, patterns of development in children, the effectiveness of educational practices, and behavioral differences between the sexes.	4
1604625704	Lea Stetter Hollingworth	-did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children -first person to use "gifted" as a youngster with high intelligence -forced scientist to think about women as equal and not inferior to men with her expirements	5
1604625705	Nature vs nuture	an argument that tells wether behavior is determined mainly by genetic inheritance or by environment and expirence	6
1604625706	stimulis-response(S-R) psychology	a view of psychology to relate behaviors to observable events in the enviorement	7
1604625707	B.F Skinner	-influenced by Ivan Palvov and John B. Watson -insisted internal mental activity could not be studied scientifically -organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes but not responses that led to neutral or negative outcomes	8
1604625708	person-centered therapy	-Carl Rogers -identifies that each person has the capacity and desire for personal growth and change.	9
1604625709	applied psychology	focuses on everyday, practical problems	10
1604625710	clinical psychology	focuses on the diagnosis and treatments of psychological problems and disorders	11
1604625711	Association for Psychological Science (APS)	advocates for the science of psychology	12
1604625712	Cognition	mental process involved in acquiring knowledge	13
1604625713	positive psychology movement	-started by Martin Seligman inspired by his daughter -augured that psychology in the past dedicated too much of its time to pathology, weakness, and damage which yielded valuable insights and progress. Also said that it resulted in people forgot how make life worth living.	14
1604625714	positive psychology	the theory and research to better understand the positive,adaptive,creative,and fulfilling aspects of human existence	15
1604625715	positive subjective expirences	positive emotions	16
1604625716	positive individual traits	personal strengths and virtues	17
1604625717	positive institutions and communities	focuses on how societies can have civil discourse, strong families, healthful work environments, and supportive neighborhood communities.	18
1604625718	developmental psychology (areas of psych.)	focuses on human development across the life span such as from child development to old age	19
1604625719	social psychology(areas of psych.)	focuses on how society affects behavior	20
1604625720	educational psychology(areas of psych.)	focuses on how people learn and the best ways to teach them	21
1604625721	health psychology(areas of psych.)	focuses on how psychological factors relate to physical health and the causation, prevention, and treatment of an illness.	22
1604625722	physiological psychology(areas of psych.)	focuses on how genetic factors influence behavior and the role of the brain	23
1604625723	experimental psychology (areas of psych.)	focuses on the traditional core topics that psychology focused heavy on when it first started	24
1604625724	cognitive psychology(areas of psych.)	focuses on "higher" mental processes: memory, reasoning, creativity, etc.	25
1604625725	psychometric(areas of psych.)	focuses on the measurement of behavior and capacities through psychological test; development of new techniques for statical analysis	26
1604625726	personality(areas of psych.)	describing and understanding and individuals consistency in behavior	27
1604625727	epiricism	the premise knowledge should be acquired through observations	28
1604625728	multifactorial causation of behavior	behavior is governed by a complex network of interacting factors	29
1604625729	culture	refers to customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations	30

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Ch. 8 America Secedes from the Empire (1775-1783) Flashcards

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948634114	Second Continental Congress (1775-1781)	Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort.	0
948634115	Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)	June 1775: Fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the nettle ended in the colonial militia's retreat at a heavy cost to the British.	1
948634116	Olive Branch Petition (1775)	July 1775: Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.	2
948634117	Hessians	German troops hired nu from their priced by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve of American colonists, who resented the use of paid foreign fights.	3
948634118	Common Sense (1776)	Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonist to support the Revolution.	4
948634119	Declaration of Independence (1776)	July 4, 1776: Formal pronouncement of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved of by Congress. The declaration allowed the colonists to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.	5
948634120	Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)	Declaration of rights adopted during the French Revolution. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence.	6
948634121	Loyalists	American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes refered to as "Torries."	7
948634122	Patriots	Colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as "Whigs."	8
948634123	Battle of Long Island (1776)	August 1776: Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war.	9
948634124	Battle of Trenton (1776)	December 1776: George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory at Princeton one week later.	10
948634125	Battle of Saratoga (1777)	October 1777: Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause.	11
948634126	Model Treaty (1776)	1776: Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political ir military entanglements.	12
948634127	Armed Neutrality (1780)	Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American Independence.	13
948634128	Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)	Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting the Ohio country to the Americans.	14
948634129	Privateers	Privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War. Privateers, more numerous that the tiny colonial navy, inflicted heavy damage on British shippers.	15
948634130	Battle of Yorktown (1781)	October 1781: George Washington, with the aid of the French, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevent British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace.	16
948634131	Treaty of Paris (1783)	Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east o the Mississippi while Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors.	17
948634132	Ethan Allen	He was a farmer; businessman; land speculator; philosopher; writer; and American Revolutionary War patriot, hero, and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of the U.S. state of Vermont, and for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga early in the American Revolutionary War.	18
948634133	Benedict Arnold	He was a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army. While a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fort at West Point, New York, and planned to surrender it to the British forces. After the plan was exposed in September 1780, he was commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier general.	19
948634134	Richard Montgomery	He was an Irish-born soldier who first served in the British Army. He later became a Major General in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and is most famous for leading the failed 1775 invasion of Canada.	20
948634135	Thomas Paine	He was an English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain. His ideas reflected Enlightenment era rhetoric of transnational human rights. He has been called "a corset-maker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination."	21
948634136	Richard Henry Lee	He was an American statesman from Virginia best known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation and his famous resolution of June 1776 led to the United States Declaration of Independence, which Lee signed. He also served a one-year term as the President of the Continental Congress, and was a United States Senator from Virginia from 1789 to 1792, serving during part of that time as one of the first Presidents pro tempore.	22
948634137	Lord Charles Cornwallis	was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America.	23
948634138	William Howe	He was a British army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence.	24
948634139	John Burgoyne	He was a British army officer, politician and dramatist. He first saw action during the Seven Years' War when he participated in several battles, mostly notably during the Portugal Campaign of 1762. Burgoyne is best known for his role in the American War of Independence. During the Saratoga campaign he surrendered his army of 5,000 men to the American troops on October 17, 1777.	25
948634141	Benjamin Franklin	He Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'.[1] He facilitated many civic organizations, including a fire department and a university.	26
948634142	Comte de Rochambeau	He was a French nobleman and general who played a major role in helping America win independence during the American Revolution. During this time, he served as commander-in-chief of the French Expeditionary Force which embarked from France in order to help the American Continental Army fight against British forces.	27
948634143	Nathaneal Greene	He was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, known for his successful command in the Southern Campaign, forcing British general Charles Cornwallis to abandon the Carolinas and head for Virginia. When the war began, Greene was a militia private, the lowest rank possible; he emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer.	28
948634144	Joseph Brant	He was a Mohawk military and political leader, based in present-day New York, who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution. Perhaps the American Indian of his generation best known to the Americans and British, he met many of the most significant Anglo-American people of the age, including both George Washington and King George III. Brant rose to prominence due to his education, abilities and his connections to British officials.	29
948634145	George Rogers Clark	A soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Kentucky (then part of Virginia) militia throughout much of the war. Clark is best known for his celebrated captures of Kaskaskia (1778) and Vincennes (1779), which greatly weakened British influence in the Northwest Territory. Because the British ceded the entire Northwest Territory to the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, Clark has often been hailed as the "Conqueror of the Old Northwest."	30
948634146	Admiral de Grasse	He is best known for his command of the French fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake, which led directly to the British surrender at Yorktown.	31

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Psychology: Themes and Variations Chapters 1-2 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology (22 terms)
pages 0 to 35;

Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology (40 terms)
pages 36 to 71;
Transcribed by alexwyllie

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1618583485	Structuralism	A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related.	0
1618583486	Introspection	Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience.	1
1618583487	Functionalism	A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.	2
1618583488	Natural selection	Principle stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternate characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time.	3
1618583489	Unconscious	According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of unconscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.	4
1618583490	Psychoanalytic theory	A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.	5
1618583491	Behaviorism	A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.	6
1618583492	Behavior	Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.	7
1618583493	Humanism	A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.	8
1618583494	Applied Psychology	The Branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems.	9
1618583495	Clinical psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.	10
1618583496	Cognition	The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.	11
1618583497	Ethnocentrism	The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.	12
1618583498	Evolutionary psychology	Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations.	13
1618583499	Positive psychology	Approach to psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.	14
1618583500	Psychology	The science that studies behavior and the psychological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.	15
1618583501	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.	16
1618583502	Empiricism	The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.	17
1618583503	Theory	A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.	18
1618583504	Culture	The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and any other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations.	19
1618583505	SQ3R	A study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite, review.	20
1618583506	Critical thinking	The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome.	21
1618583507	Hypothesis	A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.	22
1618583508	Variables	Any measurable conditions, events, characters, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.	23
1618583509	Theory	A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.	24
1618583510	Operational definition	A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable.	25
1618583511	Participants	The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study.	26
1618583512	Subjects	The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study.	27
1618583513	Data collection techniques	Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements.	28
1618583514	Journal	A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.	29
1618583515	Research methods	Differing approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies.	30
1618583516	Experiment	A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result.	31
1618583517	Independent variable	In an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.	32
1618583518	Dependent variable	In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.	33
1618583519	Experimental group	The subjects in a study who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.	34
1618583520	Control group	Subjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.	35
1618583521	Extraneous variables	Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.	36
1618583522	Confounding of variables	A condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects.	37
1618583523	Random assignment	The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.	38
1618583524	Case study	An in-depth investigation of an individual subject.	39
1618583525	Survey	A descriptive research method in which researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects' behavior.	40
1618583526	Statistics	The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data.	41
1618583527	Descriptive statistics	Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data.	42
1618583528	Median	The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.	43
1618583529	Mean	The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution.	44
1618583530	Mode	The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution.	45
1618583531	Variability	The extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean.	46
1618583532	Standard deviation	An index in the amount of variability in a set of data.	47
1618583533	Correlation	The extent to which two variables are related to each other.	48
1618583534	Correlation coefficient	A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.	49
1618583535	Inferential statistics.	Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.	50
1618583536	Statistical significance	The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.	51
1618583537	Replication	The repetition of a study to see if the earlier results were duplicated.	52
1618583538	Sample	The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.	53
1618583539	Population	The larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about.	54
1618583540	Sampling bias	A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.	55
1618583541	Placebo effects	The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience changes even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.	56
1618583542	Social desirability bias	A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.	57
1618583543	Response set	A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions.	58
1618583544	Experimenter bias	A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.	59
1618583545	Double-blind procedure	A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.	60
1618583546	Anecdotal evidence	Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences.	61

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Psychology: Themes and Variations Units 1-4 Vocab 120 Flashcards

Contains the all the vocab words from our list of 120. 90 of these words will appear on the quiz Tuesday.

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1062743278	Unconscious	According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of unconscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.	0
1062743279	Psychology	The science that studies behavior and the psychological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.	1
1062743280	Structuralism	A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related.	2
1062743281	Psychoanalytic theory	A theory developed by Freud, that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.	3
1062743282	Positive psychology	Approach to psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.	4
1062743283	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.	5
1062743284	Introspection	Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience.	6
1062743285	Humanism	A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.	7
1062743286	Evolutionary psychology	Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations.	8
1062743287	Functionalism	A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.	9
1062743288	Empiricism	The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observations.	10
1062743289	Clinical psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.	11
1062743290	Behaviorism	A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.	12
1062743291	Cognition	The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.	13
1062743292	Variability	The extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean.	14
1062743293	Independent variable	In an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.	15
1062743294	Control group	Subjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.	16
1062743295	Descriptive statistics	Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data.	17
1062743296	Sampling bias	A problem that occurs when the sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.	18
1062743297	Social desirability bias	A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.	19
1062743298	Standard deviation	An index of the amount of variability in a set of data.	20
1062743299	Case study	An in-depth investigation of an individual subject.	21
1062743300	Experimental group	The subjects in a study who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.	22
1062743301	Correlation coefficient	A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.	23
1062743302	Placebo effects	The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience changes even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.	24
1062743303	Extraneous variables	Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.	25
1062743304	Inferential statistics	Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.	26
1062743305	Random assignment	The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.	27
1062743306	Subjects	The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study.	28
1062743307	Statistical significance	The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.	29
1062743308	Variables	Any measurable conditions, events, characters, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.	30
1062743309	Dependent variable	In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.	31
1062743310	Double-blind procedure	A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.	32
1062743311	Operational definition	A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable.	33
1062743312	Population	The larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about.	34
1062743313	Mean	The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution.	35
1062743314	Median	The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.	36
1062743315	Mode	The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution.	37
1062743316	Experiment	A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result.	38
1062743317	Hypothesis	A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.	39
1062743347	Action potential	A brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon.	40
1062743348	Absolute refractory period	The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.	41
1062743361	Afferent nerve fibers	Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body.	42
1062743355	Agonist	A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.	43
1062743356	Antagonist	A chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter.	44
1062743363	Autonomic nervous system (ANS)	Nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.	45
1062743342	Axon	A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands.	46
1062743366	Central nervous system (CNS)	The brain and the spinal cord.	47
1062743378	Cerebral cortex	The convoluted outed layer of the cerebrum.	48
1062743367	Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	Nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it.	49
1062743380	Corpus callosum	The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.	50
1062743341	Dendrites	The parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.	51
1062743362	Efferent nerve fibers	Axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.	52
1062743370	Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)	Sending a weak electrical current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it.	53
1062743368	Electroencephalograph (EEG)	A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.	54
1062743383	Endocrine system	Glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.	55
1062743357	Endorphins	Internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects.	56
1062743374	Forebrain	The larges and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.	57
1062743372	Hindbrain	The cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons.	58
1062743384	Hormones	The chemical substances released by the endocrine glands.	59
1062743376	Hypothalamus	A structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs.	60
1062743369	Lesioning	Destroying a part of the brain.	61
1062743377	Limbic system	A loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas.	62
1062743373	Midbrain	The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain.	63
1062743343	Myelin sheath	Insulating material that encases some axons.	64
1062743359	Nerves	Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system.	65
1062743339	Neurons	Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.	66
1062743350	Neurotransmitters	Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.	67
1062743365	Parasympathetic division	The branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources.	68
1062743385	Pituitary gland	A gland that releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands.	69
1062743354	Reuptake	A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up fro the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane.	70
1062743340	Soma	The cell body, contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells.	71
1062743381	Split-brain surgery	The bundle of fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres (the corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures.	72
1062743360	Somatic nervous system	Nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.	73
1062743364	Sympathetic division	The branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.	74
1062743349	Synaptic cleft	A microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron.	75
1062743375	Thalamus	A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.	76
1062743411	Absolute threshold	The minimum stimulus an organism can detect.	77
1062743432	Feature detectors	Neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli.	78
1062743467	Gustatory system	The sensory system for taste.	79
1062743442	Inattentional blindness	The failure to see visible objects or events because one's attention is focused elsewhere.	80
1062743412	Just noticeable difference (JND)	The smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect.	81
1062743468	Olfactory system	The sensory system for smell.	82
1062743439	Opponent process theory	Color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors.	83
1062743430	Optic chiasm	The point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of the eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain.	84
1062743422	Optic disk	A hole in the retina where the nerve fibers exit the eye.	85
1062743409	Perception	The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.	86
1062743441	Perceptual set	A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way.	87
1062743463	Place theory	Perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along the basilar membrane.	88
1062743425	Rods	Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.	89
1062743416	Sensory adaptation	A gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation.	90
1062743414	Signal detection theory	The detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity.	91
1062743415	Subliminal perception	The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness.	92
1062743445	Top-down processing	A progression from the whole to the elements.	93
1063410988	Trichromatic theory	The human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths	94
1062743471	Vestibular system	Responds to gravity and keeps you informed of your body's location in space.	95
1062743413	Weber's law	The size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the size of the initial stimulus.	96
1062743319	Attributions	Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own survival.	97
1062743330	Bystander effect	People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone.	98
1062743325	Companionate love	A warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own.	99
1062743336	Foot-in-the-door technique	Getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chance that they will agree to a larger request later.	100
1062743326	Ingroup	A group that one belongs to and identifies with.	101
1062743327	Conformity	When people yield to real or imagined social pressure.	102
1062743332	Group polarization	When group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction.	103
1062743324	Matching hypothesis	Males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.	104
1062743322	Defensive attribution	A tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.	105
1062743333	Groupthink	When members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision.	106
1062743328	Obediance	A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority.	107
1062743335	Discrimination	Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.	108
1062743318	Illusory correlation	When people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen.	109
1063918754	Person perception	The process of forming impressions of others.	110
1062743321	External attributions	Ascribes the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints.	111
1062743338	Individualism	Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than in group memberships.	112
1062743334	Prejudice	A negative attitude held towards members of a group.	113
1062743337	Reciprocity norm	The rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others.	114
1062743323	Self-serving bias	The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors.	115
1062743331	Social loafing	A reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves.	116
1062743475	Social Psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.	117
1062743329	Social roles	Widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave.	118
1062743476	Social Schema	Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people.	119

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AP Chemistry Ch 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2816813747	matter	physical material of the universe	0
2816813748	property	characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and distinguish it from other types	1
2816814983	element	basic susbtance that can't be simplified	2
2816815389	atoms	the smallest amount of an element	3
2816815829	molecules	tow or more atoms that are chemically joined together	4
2816815830	compound	a molecule that contains more than one element	5
2816816923	pure substance	has distinct properties and composition that do not vary from sample to sample	6
2816818569	law of definite proportions	"a pure compound has the same composition and properties regardless of its source"	7
2816819983	heterogenous mixture	do not have the same composition, properties and appearance thoughout	8
2816820696	homogenous mixture	mixtures that are uniform thoughout	9
2816821562	gas/vapor	no fixed volume, no distinct shape	10
2816821563	liquid	distinct volume, no shape	11
2816822112	solid	definite shape and definite volume	12
2816822605	physical properties	properties that can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substances	13
2816823739	chemical properties	properties in which substance changes or reacts to form other substances	14
2816824159	intensive properties	properties that do not depend on the amount of sample being examined	15
2816825164	extensive properties	properties that relate to the amount of substance present	16
2816858734	peta	10^15	17
2816858735	tera	10^12	18
2816859003	giga	10^9	19
2816859004	Mega	10^6	20
2816859693	Kilo	10^3	21
2816860876	deci	10^-1	22
2816861573	centi	10^-2	23
2816862103	milli	10^-3	24
2816867080	micro	10^-6	25
2816867463	nano	10^-9	26
2816867464	pico	10^-12	27
2816876275	femto	10^-15	28
2816876276	atto	10^-18	29
2816876627	zepto	10^-21	30
2816877690	meter	base unit for length	31
2816877922	kilogram	base unit for mass	32
2816878959	Kelvin	SI temperature scale	33
2816880819	density	amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance (g/cm^3)	34
2816885175	exact number	those whose values are known exactly	35
2816885681	inexact numbers	those whose values have some uncertainty	36
2816886124	precision	measure of how closely individual measurements agree with on another	37
2816886799	accuracy	how closely individual measurements agree with the correct, "true", value	38

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Parts of Speech and Test Vocabulary Flashcards

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375754139	synonym	different words with similar or identical meanings	0
375754140	antonyms	words with opposite meanings	1
375754141	compound sentence clue	2 complete thoughts are usually put together by punctuation + a conjunction ( , and , but , so )	2
375754142	complex sentence clue	1.5 thoughts and are usually put together by a comma. Complex sentence "give-aways" = When, After, By	3
375754143	When looking for the best or most likely answer consider...	-Does the choice fit the style/genre of the writing? -Does the choice connect several details? -Does the verb tense match?	4
375754144	characteristics of a folktale	-Simple and straight forward -Magic or supernatural powers -Characters represent human qualities such as good, evil, wisdom -Happy Ending (good rewarded, evil punished)	5
375754145	characteristics historical fiction	-made up but based on actual historical events -the character is realistic for the time period -the setting is realistic for the time period -the story reveals true facts about the time period -avoids myths and stereotypes	6
375754146	fiction	a literary work that is made up; created in someone's mind; not based entirely on truth	7
375754147	keywords	words that describe the information the user is trying to locate	8
375754148	newspaper article	A nonfiction description of an event that explains who, what, where, why, when and how	9
375754149	magazine article	article written usually to inform or entertain an audience	10
375754150	summary	gives the main idea and important details of a passage	11
375754151	stanza	a group of lines in a poem or song that constitute a division (similar to a paragraph)	12
375754152	brochure	a booklet or pamphlet that contains descriptive information or advertising	13
375754153	characteristics of a short story	-able to read in one setting -captivating opening -interesting plot with appropriate action and tension -satisfying ending	14
375754154	conflict	the problem or problems characters face in a literary work	15
375754155	plot	the sequence of events in a story	16
375754156	climax	Most exciting moment of the story; turning point	17
375754157	manual	a book of directions	18
375754158	noun	Person, Place, Thing, or Idea	19
375754159	adjective	describes a noun	20
375754160	verbs	action words	21
375754161	adverbs	-tell how, when, where, to what extent, how often, how much -modifies verbs, adjectives, or another adverb often using "ly" excitedly, hurriedly, amazingly	22
375754162	pronouns	a word to take the place of a noun (me, him/her, their, ours them)	23
375754163	preposition	location words (in, under, near, behind, to, from, over)	24
375754164	conjunctions	words used to join words, phrases, or clauses (then, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)	25
375754165	article	a, an, the	26
375754166	organizational pattern	the way a text is organized (compare/contrast, cause/effect, etc).	27
375754167	autobiography	Story of a person's life written by that person	28
375754168	biography	story of a person's life written by another person	29
375754169	myth	A traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.	30
375754170	realistic fiction	A story using made-up characters that could happen in real life.	31
375754171	first person	story told from the "I" point of view	32
375754172	third person	story is told by a person outside the story (uses he/she, him/her, they/their)	33
375754173	encyclopedia	an alphabetical collection of articles on many topics	34
375754174	hyperlink	The blue, underlined text that takes you directly to a web site when you click on it.	35
375754175	tone	The attitude of the author toward the audience and characters (e.g., serious or humorous).	36
375754176	science fiction	writing that tells about imaginary events that involve science or technology	37
375754177	fantasy	highly imaginative writing that contains elements not found in real life	38

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