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Chapter 13 - How Populations Evolve Flashcards

Pacific Ridge School

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59497062adaptationinherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival0
59497063artificial selectionselection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms1
59497064balancing selectionNatural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population (balanced polymorphism)2
59497065biogeographythe study of the past and present distribution of species3
59497066Bottleneck effectGenetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size4
59497067differentialSelection that causes a shift in allele frequency such that one more more alleles become more common over time5
59497068directional selectionoccurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait6
59497069disruptive selectionnatural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait7
59497070evolutionthe gradual change in a species over time8
59497071evolutionary fitnessThe contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of other members of the population9
59497072evolutionary treea diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms10
59497073extinctiondisappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range11
59497074fitness (differential reprod. success)offspring that survive to reproduce themselves12
59497075fossil recordchronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers13
59497076Founder effectRandom change in the gene pool that occurs from a small starting colony size for a population14
59497077Gene flowThe gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals into our out of a population15
59497078Gene PoolAll the genes (alleles) in a population at a given time16
59497079Genetic DriftA change in the gene pool of a population due to chance17
59497080Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium(HWE)a 'null model' of no evolution within a population, i.e. allele frequencies remain constant through generations18
59497081homologous structuressimilar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor19
59497082homologysimilarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry20
59497083Microevolutionevolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies / a change in a population's gene pool over successive generations; evolutionary changes in species over comparably brief periods of time21
59497084Modern SynthesisA comprehensive theory of evolution that incorporates genetics and includes most of Darwin's ideas, focusing on populations as the fundamental units of evolution22
59497085MutationA change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; the ultimate source of genetic diversity23
59497086natural selectionThe process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species24
59497087paleontologistscientist who studies fossils25
59497088PopulationA group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area (that therefore can potentially interbreed)26
59497089Population GeneticsThe study of genetic changes in populations; the science of microevolutionary changes in populations27
59497090sexual dimorphismmarked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction28
59497091Sexual selectionChange in the gene pool due to behavior that causes preferential mating with one or more genotypes / results from differences in traits affecting access to mates29
59497092stabilizing selectionintermediate forms are favored and extreme forms are eliminated/ Selection that maintains generally unchanging allele frequencies over time30
59497093stratalayers of sedimentary rock31
59497094vestigial organsorgans that serve no useful purpose for the organism; these suggest that sometime in the past they were useful32
59504964The Fossil Recordshows that organism have appeared in a historical sequence, and many fossils link ancestral species with those living today (Evidence of Evolution)33
59504965Biogeographyobservations of the geographical distribution of species when closely related species tend to be found in the same geographical region (Evidence of Evolution)34
59504966comparative anatomyHomologous structures among species and vestigial organs provide evidence of evolutionary history. (Evidence of Evolution), the study of the structures of different organisms. Looking at homologous parts: parts that have similar structure provide evidence with a common ancestor, but the structures have become adapted for different uses.35
59504967Comparative embryologyclosely related species often have similar stages in their embryonic development (Evidence of Evolution)36
59504968molecular biologyall species share a common genetic code, suggesting that all forms of life are related through branching evolution from the earliest organisms. Comparisons of DNA and proteins provide evidence of evolutionary relationships.(Evidence of Evolution)37
59504969Darwin's theory of natural selectionIndividuals best suited for a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less fit individuals38
59504970Natural selection in actioncan be observed in the evolution of pesticide -resistent insects, drug-resistant microbes and horned lizards among many other organisms39
59504971Hardy-Weinberg formulap^2 + 2pq = q^2 = 140
59504972population genetics and health scienceHardy-Weinberg formula can be used to estimate the frequency of a harmful allele, which is useful information for public heath programs dealing with genetic diseases41
59504973homologysimilarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry42
59504974vestigial organsorgans that serve no useful purpose for the organism; these suggest that sometime in the past they were useful43
59504975LamarckFrench naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics. , He thought that use or disuse of a particular body part could cause it to grow or shrink — just like using your arms a lot might cause the muscles to grow and not using them might cause those muscles to shrink.44
59504976Charles Darwinbritish biologist who introduced the ideas of natural selection and evolution; argued that specific behaviors evolved because they led to advantages in survival or reproduction45
59504977evolutionary adaptationAn accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments46
59504978gradualismthe idea that large changes on Earth can result from the accumulation of small changes over a very long time.47
59504979pin Hardy-Weinberg represents the frequency of the dominant allele48
59504980qin Hardy-Weinberg represents the frequency of the recessive allele49
59504981p^2in Hardy-Weinberg represents frequency of homozygous dominants50
59504982q^2in Hardy-Weinberg represents frequency of homozygous recessives51
595049832pqin Hardy-Weinberg represents frequency of heterozygotes52
59504984bottleneck effectchanges in the gene pool caused by a rapid reduction in population size. Reduces genetic variability53
59504985founder effectGenetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the new population's gene pool is not reflective of the original population.54
59504986directional selectionform of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve55
59504987disruptive selectionform of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle56
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The Collision of Cultures Flashcards

Vocabulary Terms for Chapter One.

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1629702480Archaic Period(800 BC - 480 BC) Was a period of ancient Greek history that followed the Greek Dark Ages. This period saw the rise of the polis and the founding of colonies, as well as the first inklings of classical philosophy.0
1629702481Black DeathA deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 13511
1629702482Cahokiaan ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, in A.D. 1200.2
1629702483Christopher ColumbusItalian navigator who found the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)3
1629702484Clovis PeopleThe earliest known people to inhabit the Americas4
1629702485ConquistadoresSpanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.5
1629702486Coureurs De Boisa French or French-Indian trapper of North America, esp. of Canada6
1629702487EncomiendaA grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it7
1629702488Henry Hudson- 1609, explored Hudson River for Dutch8
1629702489Jamestown1st permanent English settlement in North America9
1629702490MatrilinealIn this society, kinship ties are traced through the mother.10
1629702491MercantilismA set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country11
1629702492Meso-AmericanThe peoples of Mexico and much of Central America. An organized society was the Olmec followed by the Mayans and Aztecs.12
1629702493MestizosA person of mixed Native American and European ancestory13
1629702494Protestant Reformation16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther14
1629702495PuritansA group of Anglicans in England who wanted to purify their church of Catholic ways15
1629702496Roanoke"The lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh16
1629702497Samuel ChamplainFrench explorer who founded Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in North America17
1629702498SeparatistsEnglish Protestants wh owould not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers18
1629702499SeigneuriesLarge French estates. Such seigneuries along the bank of the St. Lawrence river helped to create the boundary line of French settlement before the Seven Years' War.19
1629702500Sir Humphrey GilbertEnglish navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America (1539-1583)20
1629702501Sir Walter RaleighEnglish courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia21
1629702502TenochtitlanAztec capital22
1629702503Don Juan de OnateConquistador who founded Santa Fe, New Mexico23
1629702504Pueblos RevoltAfter being forced to convert more and more violently, a man named Popé lead a revolt with several different groups of pueblo indians using spanish as their main language.24
1629702505"Lost Colony"a colony in Virginia that mysteriously disappeared25
1629702506Augustine(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great fathers of the early Christian church26
1629702507James I(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.27
1629702508QuebecFirst permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain28
1629702509New York(Middle Colony) It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664.29
1629702510Pizarro1532 Spanish arrived in the last days of the Incan civil war, taking advantage of their weakness, divide and conquer the empire.30
1629702511CortesSpanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)31
1629702512Elizabeth I(1533- 1603) English queen who created a strong, centralized monarchy based on national unity and a sharing of power between monarchy and Parliament.32
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Ch. 3 Section 4 Flashcards

Counting Atoms

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1230699632Atomic MassThe mass of an atom expressed in atomic units0
1230699633MoleThe SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12g of carbon-121
1230699634Molar MassThe mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance2
1230699635Avagadro's Number6.02x10^23, the number of atoms or molecules in 1 mol3
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AP Human Geography Rubenstein Chapter 3 Migration Flashcards

AP Human Geography Rubenstein Chapter 3 Migration

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2476031319brain drainLarge scale emigration of talented and skilled individuals0
2476031320chain migration (migration ladder)A stream of people out of an area as first movers communicate with people back home and stimulate others to follow later.1
2476031321circulationShort-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.2
2476031322Counterurbanizationthe movement of people out of urban areas to escape over crowding, pollution, and economic disadvantages.3
2476031323EmigrationMigration from a location.4
2476031324FloodplainThe area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends.5
2476031325Forced migrationPermanent movement compelled by a factor outside the migrant's control.6
2476031326Guest workerA citizen of a usually poorer country who obtains a job in a Western European country7
2476031327ImmigrationMigration to a location.8
2476031328Internal MigrationPermanent movement within a particular country9
2476031329International MigrationPermanent movement from one country to another.10
2476031330Interregional migrationMigration between regions11
2476031331Intervening obstaclePhysical features that halt or slow migration from one place to another. An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.12
2476031332Intraregional migrationPermanent movement within one region of a country.13
2476031333MigrationA form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location.14
2476031334Migration transitionA change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.15
2476031335MobilityAll types of movement between location.16
2476031336Net MigrationThe difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.17
2476031337Pull factorsReasons that attract people to a new region.18
2476031338Push factorsEncouragement for people to move from the region that they live in.19
2476031339QuotasIn reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.20
2476031340RefugeeA person who has been forced to migrate and cannot return due to fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion21
2476031341Unauthorized immigrantsPeople who enter a country without paper documents to do so.22
2476031342Voluntary migrationPermanent movement undertaken by choice.23
2476031343Activity spaceplace where daily activity occurs24
2476031344Amnestyplace where daily activity occurs25
2476031345Cotton belta region of the US South where cotton is the historic main crop26
2476031346Distance decay functionThe diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin27
2476031347Gravity modela model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service; the greater number of people living in a particular place, the greater number of potential customers for a service; the farther people are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it28
2476031348Periodic movementmotion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same29
2476031349Place utilitywhen incentives are offered to attract people to an area30
2476031350Ravenstein's Lawsmost migrants go a short distance; Most international migrants are men; Most immigrants are young adults; Families rarely migrate outside their country; Most immigrants migrate for economic reasons31
2476031351Remittancesmoney migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries32
2476031352Rust Beltnortheastern and midwestern states of US in which heavy industry has declined33
2476031353Step migrationLong-distance migration done in stages.34
2476031354suburbanizationThe process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.35
2476031355Sun Beltsouthern and southwest US36
2476031356Time-contract workersA person recruited for a fixed period of time to work somewhere, usually a mine or plantation37
2476031357transhumanceThe seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.38
2476031358urbanizationmovement of people from rural areas to cities39
2476031359Distinguish between circulation and migrationCirculation are short term repeated movements of people whereas migration is a permanent relocation of someone's home. Circulation is like going to work each day and coming back home that night for dinner. Migration would be like moving to a new home in a different country and never going back.40
2476031360Distinguish between forced and voluntary migrationForced is caused be an external authority pushing someone out of an area or their home whereas Voluntary is when the migrant has a choice to stay where they are or to try and find a new home. An example of Forced migration could be the Atlantic Slave trade which forced over twelve million African Americans to leave their homes and move to the western hemisphere to be sold as slaves. An example of voluntary would be Europeans moving to America. They didn't have to move but they did because of the rumors or a better life.41
2476031361Distinguish between immigrants and emigrantsImmigrants are people who are entering a region whereas Emigrants are people leaving a region. An example if an immigrant could be a citizen of Mexico crossing the border into America in hopes of living there. An example of an emigrant could be Citizens of Sudan fleeing to Chad because of genocide in Sudan.42
2476031362Distinguish between push and pull factorsThe pull of democracy is usually accompanied by the push of a totalitarian country. Push factors are the reasons people would want to migrate to a region. Pull factors are the reason why people would want to migrant to a region. An example of a Push factor could be: genocide, An unfair dictatorship, or common environmental problems. An example of a pull factor could be: promise of well paying jobs, Easy to get to, preferable weather conditions, or the migrants have family or friends there.43
2476031363Ravenstein's Laws of Migration:Most migrants move only a short distance. -There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent. -There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption. -Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow. -Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas. -Females are more migratory than males. -Economic factors are the main cause of migration. Ravenstein was a british demographer who tried to aswer the question or why people voluntarily migrate. He studied forms of internal migration in England and produced the laws listed above which are still commonly found today.44
2476031364use the gravity model to predict migration and evaluate its efficiency and usefulnessThe gravity model shows how distance effects the number or migrators to a destination. For example, You wouldn't find many people from South Africa in Russia because of the great distance between them. Although the model does not account for advancement in technology. More specifically in the area of transportation. Because of the Internet and airplanes, Chinese immigrants are found quite numerous in the United States, even though they are on the opposite sides of the world.45
2476031365describe specific examples of historic and contemporary forced migrations, explaining push and pull factors associated with each1. The Atlantic Slave trade: Between the years of 1701 and 1810, The "new world" or the western continents were becoming inhabited by Europeans. These Europeans were making plantations or large farms that required lots of time and man power to generate enough money to keep the plantation working. The owners decided to find slaves who would work on the plantation for little to no cost. The owners would buy slaves from Europeans shippers, who in turn would pay African raiders for slaves. Over 12 million slaves were estimated to have crossed the Atlantic to the Caribbean, Brazil, or southern United States. This is a form of forced Migration because the slaves had no choice but to go with the African raiders. Most slaves had no idea why they had to leave so they had no reason to make push or pull factors. 2. WW2: When Hitler came to power in 1933, he began what many would call the Holocaust. In which the Nazi party began creating concentration camps to hold Jewish and enemy prisoners. Hitler began to force every Jewish family in Europe to migrate to these concentration camps to be either tortured or even murdered. The Jewish families were told if they did not cooperate they would be killed. many families tried to hide so many might suggest that this migration was voluntary, but if the family was caught trying to escape they would either be sent to camp or killed on the spot. Many families believed it would be a safer choice to just go with the Nazis than risk losing their entire family. Also if you did escape, you would be lost somewhere in Europe with nowhere to go and no idea if the Nazis would find you or not.46
2476031366characterize a refugee and refugee populationA refugee is someone who has migrated away from their home in order to escape some power that threatens them. The British definition of a refugee is: "A person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, member-ship or a particular social group, or political opinion." Some countries find this incorrect mainly because of the word "wellfounded" which could be judged in many different ways. For example, according the the British definition, victims of hurricane Katrina do not count as refugees. People like these are called Internally displaced persons or IDPs. These people have been forced to leave their homes but not cross any international borders. A refugee population is when a large group of refugees, fleeing from the same cause, form a community together. Normally these communities are very small and very poor.47
2476031367discuss the migration history of the United States through the following: immigration history immigration policy historic and contemporary streams of migration internal migration patternsDuring the course of United States history there have been two migration "waves". One in the early 1900's around the time of world war 1 and the second from 1940ish to september 11, 2001. The first wave was created because the United States allowed anyone to migrate to the United States mainly because it was in the middle of its industrial stage and needed people to take jobs for businesses to thrive. But when World War 1 started many southern and Western Europeans began migrating to the United States causing the first "spike" in immigrants. Congress decided to stop the increased migration from Europe by passing a law that only allowed the amount 3% of 1910's migrants from Europe to be allowed to migrate into the country, but Congress didn't think it was enough so they changed the law to only 2% of 1890 thus ending the first wave migration. The second migration began close after the end of the first wave. Immigrants from countries in the Caribbean and central America began to cross the borders into America illegally. After hurricane Katrina and poverty in Haiti many more immigrants illegally tried to smuggle themselves into the country. The immigration count rose steadily until September 11, 2001. When Congress began taking extreme measures to slow illegal migration into the U.S. They had fences built across the borders of Mexico and parts of Canada. As well as increased coast guard protection along states on the Gulf of Mexico where many immigrants were entering by boat.48
2476031368explain how distance decay, intervening obstacles, migration selectivity factors affect migration and circulation patterns Distance decay can effect migration mainly through the push pull factors.. Distance decay is the idea that the further away an idea gets from its source, the less is known about it. A migrant from south Africa would have a very hard time knowing what opportunities are in Russia because of the large distance between them. Also the many Intervening obstacles between the source and the destination would slow down push/ pull factors even more. If a migrant in India hears about great opportunities of living in China and attempts to migrate there, and intervening obstacle could be the Himalayas, which would be life threatening to cross. The Himalayas are an example of an intervening obstacle, but that is an environmental obstacle. You could have an economic obstacle such as a town along the way may be in harsh poverty and you may not be able to continue migrating. Or a political obstacle: Migrating through a country that is ruled under a law that despises something about you like race, gender, culture, or personal status.49
2476031369correlate migration patterns to the demographic transition modelcitizens in stage 2 and early 3 are more likely to emigrate from their country and immigrate into another country whereas citizens in late 3 and early 4 are more likely to get immigrants than have emigrants. The demographic model shows the average population growth in an area that is becoming industrialized. If migration was to enter into a country during the course of the model, populations may change up the data and come to a different conclusion. People migrate to a place where they expect to have better life; If an area begins to push into the second or third stage of the model (when the country begins to industrialize) People will begin to think that they can have a better life in that country. So they migrate to the country and cause the total population of the growing country to skyrocket because of the increase in immigrants and lowered death rates.50
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AP Human Geography Rubenstein Chapter 3 Migration Kbat Flashcards

AP Human Geography Rubenstein Chapter 3 Migration Kbat

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983328102brain drainLarge scale emigration of talented and skilled individuals0
983328103chain migration (migration ladder)A stream of people out of an area as first movers communicate with people back home and stimulate others to follow later.1
983328104circulationShort-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.2
983328105Counterurbanizationthe movement of people out of urban areas to escape over crowding, pollution, and economic disadvantages.3
983328106EmigrationMigration from a location.4
983328107FloodplainThe area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends.5
983328108Forced migrationThe area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends.6
983328109Guest workerA citizen of a usually poorer country who obtains a job in a Western European country7
983328110ImmigrationMigration to a location.8
983328111Internal MigrationPermanent movement within a particular country9
983328112International MigrationPermanent movement from one country to another.10
983328113Interregional migrationMigration between regions11
983328114Intervening obstaclePhysical features that halt or slow migration from one place to another. An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.12
983328115Intraregional migrationPermanent movement within one region of a country.13
983328116MigrationA form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location.14
983328117Migration transitionA change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.15
983328118MobilityAll types of movement between location.16
983328119Net MigrationThe difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.17
983328120Pull factorsReasons that attract people to a new region.18
983328121Push factorsEncouragement for people to move from the region that they live in.19
983328122QuotasIn reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.20
983328123RefugeeA person who has been forced to migrate and cannot return due to fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion21
983328124Unauthorized immigrantsPeople who enter a country without paper documents to do so.22
983328125Voluntary migrationPermanent movement undertaken by choice.23
983328126Activity spaceplace where daily activity occurs24
983328127Amnestyplace where daily activity occurs25
983328128Cotton belta region of the US South where cotton is the historic main crop26
983328129Distance decay functionThe diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin27
983328130Gravity modela model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service; the greater number of people living in a particular place, the greater number of potential customers for a service; the farther people are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it28
983328131Periodic movementmotion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same29
983328132Place utility...30
983328133Ravenstein's Lawsmost migrants go a short distance; Most international migrants are men; Most immigrants are young adults; Families rarely migrate outside their country; Most immigrants migrate for economic reasons31
983328134Remittancesmoney migrant send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries32
983328135Rust Beltnortheastern and midwestern states of US in which heavy industry has declined33
983328136Step migrationLong-distance migration done in stages.34
983328137suburbanizationThe process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.35
983328138Sun Beltsouthern and southwest US36
983328139Time-contract workersA person recruited for a fixed period of time to work somewhere, usually a mine or plantation37
983328140transhumanceThe seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.38
983328141urbanizationmovement of people from rural areas to cities39
983328142Distinguish between circulation and migrationCirculation are short term repeated movements of people whereas migration is a permanent relocation of someone's home. Circulation is like going to work each day and coming back home that night for dinner. Migration would be like moving to a new home in a different country and never going back.40
983328143Distinguish between forced and voluntary migrationForced is caused be an external authority pushing someone out of an area or their home whereas Voluntary is when the migrant has a choice to stay where they are or to try and find a new home. An example of Forced migration could be the Atlantic Slave trade which forced over twelve million African Americans to leave their homes and move to the western hemisphere to be sold as slaves. An example of voluntary would be Europeans moving to America. They didn't have to move but they did because of the rumors or a better life.41
983328144Distinguish between immigrants and emigrantsImmigrants are people who are entering a region whereas Emigrants are people leaving a region. An example if an immigrant could be a citizen of Mexico crossing the border into America in hopes of living there. An example of an emigrant could be Citizens of Sudan fleeing to Chad because of genocide in Sudan.42
983328145Distinguish between push and pull factorsThe pull of democracy is usually accompanied by the push of a totalitarian country. Push factors are the reasons people would want to migrate to a region. Pull factors are the reason why people would want to migrant to a region. An example of a Push factor could be: genocide, An unfair dictatorship, or common environmental problems. An example of a pull factor could be: promise of well paying jobs, Easy to get to, preferable weather conditions, or the migrants have family or friends there.43
983328146Ravenstein's Laws of Migration:Most migrants move only a short distance. -There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent. -There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption. -Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow. -Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas. -Females are more migratory than males. -Economic factors are the main cause of migration. Ravenstein was a british demographer who tried to aswer the question or why people voluntarily migrate. He studied forms of internal migration in England and produced the laws listed above which are still commonly found today.44
983328147use the gravity model to predict migration and evaluate its efficiency and usefulnessThe gravity model shows how distance effects the number or migrators to a destination. For example, You wouldn't find many people from South Africa in Russia because of the great distance between them. Although the model does not account for advancement in technology. More specifically in the area of transportation. Because of the Internet and airplanes, Chinese immigrants are found quite numerous in the United States, even though they are on the opposite sides of the world.45
983328148describe specific examples of historic and contemporary forced migrations, explaining push and pull factors associated with each1. The Atlantic Slave trade: Between the years of 1701 and 1810, The "new world" or the western continents were becoming inhabited by Europeans. These Europeans were making plantations or large farms that required lots of time and man power to generate enough money to keep the plantation working. The owners decided to find slaves who would work on the plantation for little to no cost. The owners would buy slaves from Europeans shippers, who in turn would pay African raiders for slaves. Over 12 million slaves were estimated to have crossed the Atlantic to the Caribbean, Brazil, or southern United States. This is a form of forced Migration because the slaves had no choice but to go with the African raiders. Most slaves had no idea why they had to leave so they had no reason to make push or pull factors. 2. WW2: When Hitler came to power in 1933, he began what many would call the Holocaust. In which the Nazi party began creating concentration camps to hold Jewish and enemy prisoners. Hitler began to force every Jewish family in Europe to migrate to these concentration camps to be either tortured or even murdered. The Jewish families were told if they did not cooperate they would be killed. many families tried to hide so many might suggest that this migration was voluntary, but if the family was caught trying to escape they would either be sent to camp or killed on the spot. Many families believed it would be a safer choice to just go with the Nazis than risk losing their entire family. Also if you did escape, you would be lost somewhere in Europe with nowhere to go and no idea if the Nazis would find you or not.46
983328149characterize a refugee and refugee populationA refugee is someone who has migrated away from their home in order to escape some power that threatens them. The British definition of a refugee is: "A person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, member-ship or a particular social group, or political opinion." Some countries find this incorrect mainly because of the word "wellfounded" which could be judged in many different ways. For example, according the the British definition, victims of hurricane Katrina do not count as refugees. People like these are called Internally displaced persons or IDPs. These people have been forced to leave their homes but not cross any international borders. A refugee population is when a large group of refugees, fleeing from the same cause, form a community together. Normally these communities are very small and very poor.47
983328150discuss the migration history of the United States through the following: immigration history immigration policy historic and contemporary streams of migration internal migration patternsDuring the course of United States history there have been two migration "waves". One in the early 1900's around the time of world war 1 and the second from 1940ish to september 11, 2001. The first wave was created because the United States allowed anyone to migrate to the United States mainly because it was in the middle of its industrial stage and needed people to take jobs for businesses to thrive. But when World War 1 started many southern and Western Europeans began migrating to the United States causing the first "spike" in immigrants. Congress decided to stop the increased migration from Europe by passing a law that only allowed the amount 3% of 1910's migrants from Europe to be allowed to migrate into the country, but Congress didn't think it was enough so they changed the law to only 2% of 1890 thus ending the first wave migration. The second migration began close after the end of the first wave. Immigrants from countries in the Caribbean and central America began to cross the borders into America illegally. After hurricane Katrina and poverty in Haiti many more immigrants illegally tried to smuggle themselves into the country. The immigration count rose steadily until September 11, 2001. When Congress began taking extreme measures to slow illegal migration into the U.S. They had fences built across the borders of Mexico and parts of Canada. As well as increased coast guard protection along states on the Gulf of Mexico where many immigrants were entering by boat.48
983328151explain how distance decay, intervening obstacles, migration selectivity factors affect migration and circulation patterns Distance decay can effect migration mainly through the push pull factors.. Distance decay is the idea that the further away an idea gets from its source, the less is known about it. A migrant from south Africa would have a very hard time knowing what opportunities are in Russia because of the large distance between them. Also the many Intervening obstacles between the source and the destination would slow down push/ pull factors even more. If a migrant in India hears about great opportunities of living in China and attempts to migrate there, and intervening obstacle could be the Himalayas, which would be life threatening to cross. The Himalayas are an example of an intervening obstacle, but that is an environmental obstacle. You could have an economic obstacle such as a town along the way may be in harsh poverty and you may not be able to continue migrating. Or a political obstacle: Migrating through a country that is ruled under a law that despises something about you like race, gender, culture, or personal status.49
983328152correlate migration patterns to the demographic transition modelcitizens in stage 2 and early 3 are more likely to emigrate from their country and immigrate into another country whereas citizens in late 3 and early 4 are more likely to get immigrants than have emigrants. The demographic model shows the average population growth in an area that is becoming industrialized. If migration was to enter into a country during the course of the model, populations may change up the data and come to a different conclusion. People migrate to a place where they expect to have better life; If an area begins to push into the second or third stage of the model (when the country begins to industrialize) People will begin to think that they can have a better life in that country. So they migrate to the country and cause the total population of the growing country to skyrocket because of the increase in immigrants and lowered death rates.50
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Chapter 2 (Psychology) Flashcards

Key terms from Chapter 2 of Wayne Weiten's Psychology: Themes and Variations, 2nd Canadian edition.

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283524186HypothesisA tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables0
283524187VariablesAny measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study1
283524189TheoryA system or interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations2
283524190Operational definitionDescribes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable3
283524201Research methodsConsist of various approaches to the observation measurement, manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies.4
283524202ExperimentA research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result5
283524210Random assignmentOccurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study6
283525593Correlationexists when two variables are related to each other7
283526458ReplicationThe repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated8
283526461Sampling biasExists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn9
283526462Social desirabilityWhen someone answer a question based on what they think is socially appropraite10
283526463Experimenter biasOccurs when a researchers expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained11
283526485Placebo EffectThis occurs when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment12
283526486Populationthe much larger collection of animals or people (from which the sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about13
283526492SampleThe collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study14
811444731Participants or subjectsperson in the study15
230340463samplecollections of subjects16
832077576Surveyresearchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants' backgrounds, attitudes, beliefs, or behavior17
691279471Halo effectwhich occurs when someone's overall evaluation of a person, object, or institution spills over to influence more specific ratings18
89440093direct observationobservers are trained to watch and record behaviors as objectively and precisely as possible. They may use some instrumentation, stopwatch19
79610443Questionnairesubjects are administered a series of written questions designed to obtain information about attitudes, opinions, and specific aspects of their behavior20
673330083Psychological testsubjects are administered a standardized measure to obtain a sample of their behavior. Tests are usually used to assess mental abilities or personality traits21
136945763Goals of the scientific enterprise1. measurement and description- science's commitment to observation requires that researchers figure out a way to measure the phenomenon under study. 2. Understanding and prediction- scientists believe that they understand events hen they can explain the reasons for their occurrence 3. Application and Control- scientists hope that the information they gather will be of some practical value n helping to solve everyday problems22
332496408Steps to scientific investigation1. formulate a hypothesis 2. design a study 3. collect the data 4. analyze the data and draw conclusions 5. report the findings (scholarly journal, peer review)23
482501800APA Principleintegrity- have to be honest/accurate/truthful24
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Psychology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Psychologists and vocabulary from Chapter 1 of Psychology: Themes and Variations by Wayne Weiten.
JUST THE VOCAB: I SUGGEST YOU STUDY THE KEY OUTLINES OF THE CHAPTER AS WELL

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437636789Wilhelm WundtFounder of the first psych lab in 18790
437636790G. Stanley HallFounded first American research lab, and psych journal. Established the American Psychological Association in 1892.1
437636791structuralismAnalyzing the conscious into basic elements and studying the correlation between these elements2
437636792functionalismInvestigation of the purpose and function of consciousness. Geared ore towards mental testing.3
437636793Edward TitchenerLarge proponent of structuralism. Moved from England to the US in 1892.4
437636794introspectionA method of structuralism, in which one must carefully observe one's own conscious experience.5
437636795William JamesWrote Principles of Psychology (1890). Large proponent of functionalism, and looked up to Darwin's Natural Selection. Believed that consciousness consists of a continuous flow of thoughts.6
437636796James B. WatsonEarly 1900s proponent of Behaviorism. Believed that the study of consciousness should be abandoned. claimed that the power of the scientific method lied in verifiability.7
437636797VerifiabilityStates that Scientific Psych should only study things that can be proven (observable behavior). Behavior=Response to stimuli by an organism.8
437636798behaviorismThe theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns9
437636799Sigmund Freudbelieved that the unconsciousness has effects on behavior, motivation, and decisions.10
437636800unconscious"Under the surface" Memories, thoughts, desires.11
437636801Psychoanalytic theoryexplains personality, disorders, and motivation by examining the unconsciousness12
437636802B.F. SkinnerWanted a return to observable behavior. Organisms repeat things that have a good effect. Free will doesn't exist.13
437636803Carl RogersA humanist leader, believed in self-concept, something that animals lack.14
437636804Abraham MaslowA humanist leader, believed along with Rogers that all humans are driven to personal growth and to fulfill their potential.15
437636805Applied PsychFocuses on everyday, practical issues16
437636806Clinical PsychAssesses and treats mental disorders and issues. Large surge in this area during and after WWII17
437636807CognitionThe mental processes used to acquire knowledge18
437636808Evolutionary PsychNatural selection meets Psych. Our brains have developed over time, resulting in our modern ways of thinking.19
437636809PsychiatryThe medicinal aspect of psychology, prescribes treatments for those with mental issues20
437636810Counseling PsychFocuses on counseling the everyday struggles that most humans have.21
437636811EmpiricismThe belief that knowledge should be obtained through observation.22
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Psychology 3.3 Brain and Behavior Flashcards

From Psychology Themes & Variations Briefer Version 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten

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917083911Myelencephalon/MedullaMost posterior division of the brain, carries signals between brain and rest of body0
917083912Contains Reticular Formationsleep attention, movement, cardiac reflexes, circulatory resources, respiratory reflexes1
917083913Cerebellumbalance and movement, first structure to be affected by alchol2
917083914Thalamussensory info stops here on way to cerebral cortex3
917083915Hypothalamusregulation of 4 F's, autonomatic, pituitary gland4
917083916Limbic System Includesthe Hippocampus, Amygdala and Reward pathway5
917083917Hippocampusstorage of memory6
917083918Amygdalafear7
917083919Reward Pathwaypleasure drugs stimulate this pathway including dopamine8
917083920Ceribral Cortexconvoluted outer layer of cerebrum, a lot of surface area without taking up too much volume9
917083921Substantia Nigraassociated with dopamine-releasing neurons, movement degeneration causes Parkinson's Disease10
917083922Cerebrumlargest most complex brain region, learning thought, consciousness and memory two hemispheres11
917083923Corpus Colosumwhat connects the left and right hemispheres12
917083924Prefrontal CortexExecutive Control System, Monitor, organize, and direct thought processes, Personality13
917083925Left Hemisphere involved withVerbal Processing14
917083926Right Hemisphere involved withVisual-spatial tasks, Musical, Emotions15
917083927Neurogenesisformation of new neurons involve the hippocampus and olfactory bulb16
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Psychology 3.2 Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

From Psychology Themes & Variations Briefer Version 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten

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917020380Peripheral Nervous Systemmade up of all nerves that lie outside brain and spinal cord (PNS0
917020381Nervesbundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system1
917020382Somatic Nervous Systemnerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors2
917020383Afferent Nerve Fiberaxons that carry information inward to the central system from the PNS3
917020384Efferent nerve fiberaxons that carry information outward from the CNS to the PNS4
917020385Autonomatic Nervous Systemnerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands (ANS)5
917020386Sympathetic divisionbranch of the ANS that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies6
917020387Parasympathetic Nervous Systembranch of ANS that conserves bodily resources7
917020388Central Nervous Systemconsists of brain and spinal cord8
917020389What protects the Central Nervous SystemBone: Spine and Skull Cerebrospinal Fluid (supports and cushions brain and spinal cord) Blood Brain Barrier (selectively permeable, keeps toxins from entering brain)9
917020390Spinal CordTransmit somatosensory information to brain, distribute motor fibers, some reflexes (Withdrawal reflex)10
917020391Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Measure of waves emitted by H+ atoms when activated by magnetic field, High spatial resolution, Better 3D images than CT scan Examine abnormalities in brain structure11
917020392Positron Emission TechnologyImages of Brain Activity, Injection of radioactive dye that helps to measure glucose metabolism12
917020393Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)Images of brain activity Measures Oxygen flow No injection needed 3D brain activity More precise than PET scan Predominant brain recording technique in cognitive neuroscience13
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Marriages, Families, and Relationships chapters 1-6 Flashcards

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2935484027Why do we study families?1. Appreciate variety and diversity 2. Understand past and present family situations 3. Anticipate future possibilities 4. More conscious of your personal decisions0
29354923183 ways to define the familyAncestry- Biological/blood Structure- marriage or adoption Function- Role: such as support (financial or others)1
2935502221Nuclear familybreadwinner husband, homemaker wife, and children in an independent household2
2935525723Family Declinefamily life is seriously degraded by movement away from traditional marriage blame declines on cultural change ex. breadwinner/homeworker and children3
2935530705Family Changefamily life is diverse, resilient, and adaptive to new circumstances marriage is undergoing a revolution, not a crisis. view the family from a historical viewpoint4
2935538616documented family changesmarriage age rising cohabitation increasing fertility declining non-marital birthrate increasing5
2935546551postmodern familyacknowledges the fact that families today exhibit a multiplicity of forms and that new or altered family forms continue to emerge and develop6
2935591388social institutionpatterned and largely predictable ways of thinking and behaving--beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms--that are organized around vital aspects of group life and serve essential social functions7
2935606816our definition of familyany sexual expressive or parent-child or other kin relationship in which people are usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption AND a. form and economic and/or otherwise practical unit and care for any children or other dependents b. consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group c. commit to maintaining that group over time8
2935636740transitional familiesmembers bridge and maintain relationships across national borders9
2935641419binationalimmigrant nuclear family members having different legal statuses ex. one partner being a legal resident and the other not10
2945266225theoretical perspectivesways of examining family life and relationships lenses through what we view, organize, and interpret what we see11
2945268999family ecology perspectivefamilies are influenced by surrounding environments12
2945270665the 3 environments of family ecology perspectivenatural physical-biological---climate, soil, plants, animals human built----roads and buildings social-cultural----values, laws, languages13
2945276252pros of family ecology perspective1. challenges the idea that family success is solely based on individual efforts 2. also brings to attention how communities can support families14
2945281293cons of family ecology perspectiveso broad and inclusive that nothing is left out; everything affects everything15
2945293294family development perspectivefamily life cycle families change in predictable ways over time16
2945298763changes of the family development perspective1. addition and subtraction of family members 2. stages children go through 3. families connections with other social institutions17
2945296748stages of the family development perspective1. established couple-ends when the first baby comes 2. families of preschoolers 3. families of primary school children 4. in the middle years 5. families with adolescents 6. families in the middle years--help offspring enter into adulthood, and if they have enough time and money they travel or pursue leisure activities 7. aging families--adjust to retirement or health crises, chronic illness 8. death of spouse--ends the family life course18
2945324354structural-functional perspectivefamily is a social institution that performs certain essential functions for society meets the needs of members so the society can survive19
2945333100three functions of families1. raise children responsibly-society needs new dependable members 2. provide economic support-earning to provide practical needs 3. give emotional security-place to be self and belong20
2945342153interaction-constructionist perspectivefocuses on relationships between individuals within a family family members interactions create meaning family identity/connections emerge through rituals21
2945348447exchange perspective1. affect the formation and continuation of relationships-individual resources (ex. education. income, patience) 2. individuals weigh alternatives and make decisions that limit costs and maximize rewards 3. application of economic perspective to relationships22
2945359566family systems perspectivecombination of family members are interrelated and organized into a whole23
2945370080key terms of the family systems perspectiveevents that impact one member affect the lives of all members families tend toward equilibrium (balance) family boundaries ideas about who is in and who is outside the family system24
2945378473Conflict perspective Feminist perspectivenot all family behaviors contribute to family well being gender inequality in families25
2945387244Biosocial perspectivebiology interacts with the social environment to affect behavior nature (genetics) nurture (social relations) interact to produce behavior26
2945413731Attachment theoryduring infancy and childhood a person develops a general style of attaching to others27
2945416552three styles of attachment theory1. secure: trust that relationships will provide support (as an infant, needs will be met) 2. insecure/anxious: fear of abandonment 3. avoidance: evades close relationships ****these attachment styles continue in other adult relationships, but it is possible for them to change over time with therapy28
2945428158different methods of conduction researchhistorical, interviews/questionnaires, and laboratory observations29
2945430794historical research methodgives us a picture of past family relationships30
2945433138interviews and questionnariesgathering information through individual reports31
2945435282laboratory observationsbehavior is observed in a controlled lab, where the researcher plans activities and measures results.32
2945439753Naturalistic observationresearcher spends extensive time with respondents and carefully records their activities, conversations, gestures, and other aspects of everyday life33
2945445039focus groupsform of qualitative research in which, in a group setting, a researcher asks a gathering of 10-20 people about their attitudes or experiences regarding a situation34
2945450016experimentsubjects from a pool of similar participants are randomly assigned to groups that are then subjected to different experiences35
2946157866historical events (1930's)Great Depression was happening families delayed marriage and parenthood, had fewer kids36
2946160901Historical events (1940's)World War II was happening more women in the workplace, end of war increased the divorce rate37
2946164698Events todaywar overseas, unpredictable economy, globalization38
2946166260age structure: impact on familiesliving significantly longer marriages can now last 50-60 years relationships between parent and child can last longer relationships with grandparents or great grandparents number of elderly increasing longer retirement39
2946197764social classoften measured in terms of education, occupation, and income.40
2946177442racea social construction reflecting how people think *****biology doesn't support classification, but division of people into groups remains relevant socially41
2946184805ethinicityrefers to culture, language, customs, history...42
2946186660minority groupexperience some disadvantage exclusion, or discrimination compared to dominant groups43
2946192557status of parenthoodreproductive technology; egg donors, sperm donors, surrogate. baby born with 3 moms--lady who wanted to baby, lady who donated the egg, and the lady who carried the baby. sperm donor-does this mean dad?44
2946224595meddling with natureone sperm donor-150 offspring women who have babies alone45
2946230612blue collaremployed as mechanics, truckers, machine operators, and factory workers; requires durable work clothes or uniforms46
2946236108white collarpolice officers, occupy an intermediate position between blue collar and pink collar47
2946243682pink collarlower paying jobs held mostly by women; waitressing, retail sales, and secretarial positions48
2950475633sexmale or female anatomy and physiology; biological, usually seen as dichotomous: male or female49
2950484797intersexsome people are born with anatomical, chromosomal. or hormonal, variation50
2950490030gendersocietal attitudes and behaviors expected of and associated with the sexes; social construction, usually seen as dichotomous: masculine OR feminine51
2950504143transgenderidentity adopted by people who are uncomfortable with gender ascribed to their sex52
2950513138what three things do gender norms do?1. reflects the usual way we think about being male and female---beliefs about what is "normal" for women and men 2. we tend to not notice gender until someone steps outside of the norms 3. organize our expectations 4. can simplify our life 5. can limit choices53
2950549739socializationprocess by which society influences member to internalize attitudes and expectations ***happens from the earliest part of life and is strongly enforced throughout life.54
2950566166gender in the familyencouragement of gender-typed interests and activities house hold chores (number and kinds) adhere to gender norms **fathers more than mothers enforce gender stereotypes, especially for sons.55
2950577588gender and marriage1. "superwoman" role- traditional mother role and successful professional work 2. "new man" -- traditional breadwinner role and involved father 3. movement toward marriage of equally dependent spouses--both spouses are earners as well as care takers56
2950605534gender identitythe degree to which an individual sees herself or himself as feminine or masculine57
2950634688traditional sexismthe belief that women's roles should be confined to the family and that women are not as fit as men for certain tasks or for leadership positions.58
2950644775modern sexismreplaced traditional sexism, takes the form of agreement with statements such as the following "discrimination in the labor force is no longer a problem59
2950721763agentic or instrumental character traitsconfidence, assertiveness, and ambition, that enable them to accomplish difficult tasks or goals60
2950732989communal or expressive characteristic traitswarmth, sensitivity, the ability to express tender feelings, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest.61
2950740270masuclinitiesa recent and subtly change meant promote our appreciation for the differences among men62
2950774448femininitiesthe pivotal expectation for a woman requires her to offer emotional support.63
2969854619what are the different sexual orientations?gay, straight, bisexual, asexual64
2969909420interaction constructionistinterpersonal negotiation of sexual relationships within the context of sexual scripts65
2969913762sexual scriptscultural messages about what is normal and appropriate in sexual relationships **sex has different cultural meanings and plays a different role in relationships ***scripts evolve and change over time66
2969923325Early American: Patriarchal sexcharacterized by belief that men have urgent sex drives, and women are naturally passive men control women's sexuality sex was primarily for reproduction67
2969931951Expressive Sexualitysexuality is a basic part of being human for both men and women. Sexuality more than reproduction, enhances human intimacy---recreational, used to express feelings and emotions68
2969941735Risk, Caution, and Intimacytoday, people are more cautious about risk of STI's (majority of unmarried young adults report having sex) more open-minded sexual environment (potentially more satisfying sexual relationships)69
2969951811abstinence onlypromotes abstinence as only choice until marriage70
2969955463comprehensivecompile information on contraception and STI protection71
2969961229cyberadulterythe internet has created new opportunities for development of secret relationships72
2969971510permissive with affectionpermits non-marital intercourse for both men and women equally, provided they have a fairly stable, affectionate relationship73
2969978283permissiveness without affectionallows intercourse for men and women without regard of how much affection and stability is present within their relationship74
2969984610double standardwomen's sexual behavior must be more conservative than men's75
2969990715martyringmaintaining relationships by consistently minimizing one's own needs while trying to satisfy those of one's partner76
2969995277manipulatingseeking to control the feelings, attitudes, and behavior of your partner or partners in underhanded ways rather than by directly77
2970008073inter-generational transmission of divorce riska divorced parental family transmits to its children a heightened risk of getting divorced78
2970014261mate selection riskyouths from divorced families were more likely to select high-risk partners who were also from divorced families79
2970021384arranged marriagefuture spouses can be brought together in various ways. ex. in India, parents typically chekh prospective partners' astrological charts to assure future compatibility80
2970030880free-choice culturepeople choose their own mates while seeking support from family members and friends physical attraction, common interests, and values/goals81
2970036804Strenberg's Triangle1. Intimacy-close connected bonded feeling 2. Passion-romance, physical attraction 3. Commitment-to love and maintain that love 4. Consummate love-complete love, all three components are present82
2970049355relational connections (3)`Independence Dependence Interdependence83
2970051260Independenceself-reliant and self-sufficiency H-frame partners virtually stand alone, each self sufficient, not much influence on each other84
2970055828dependencereliance on another for continual support or assurance A-frame Strong couple identity but little sense of self as individuals85
2970060078Interdependencedegree of autonomy and sense of self, yet make commitment to another M-frame sense of self with mutual influence and emotional support86
2970065422Love languages5 ways of showing and receiving love 1. words of affirmation 2. gifts 3. acts of service 4. quality time 5. physical touch87
2970071080pool of eligiblesgroup of individuals who due to background or birth are considered most likely to make compatible marriage partners individuals gradually sort out or filter out those who won't make the best spouse88
2970081863Homagamytendency to choose partners like ourselves89
2970086218reasons for homagamy (3)1. geographic availability: meet others around us 2. social pressure: cultural values encourage us to marry someone who is similar to ourselves 3. feeling at home: easier to communicate/feel comfortable around others with similar education, social class, and racial/ethnic background90
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