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Tech and Culture of War Test One Flashcards

2211859769	Bronze	3500bc, first technology to have impact on war. Maintains shape, easy to sharpen, strong, easy to shape. Mesopotamia	0
2211859770	Iron 1200bc,cheap,Body Armor, Asyria		1
2211859771	Chariots	1800 bc, first tech to have impact on war. Radical tech, wheels had spokes, straight axel, fort to sit in, tongue 2 harnesses. But broke easily, not a shock weapon. Mesopotamia	2
2211859772	Bows		3
2211859773	Euthytonon	300bc, crank bow bolt style catapult, Greeks/Macdonia, Alexander the Great, Siege equipment technology	4
2211859774	Palintonon	" " sling along railing	5
2211859775	Monankon " " traditional catapult, 4lb rock		6
2211859776	Long spear and body armor	400's Bc roughly, leather, then metal, metal was cheap, Romans, used shields, helmets, first leather then metal, javelins.	7
2211859777	Mirrors	200bc, Archimedes of Syracuse s used this scientific breakthrough to burn enemy ships by direction rays of light on ships	8
2211859778	Road building	200BC, Roman new engineeringtechnology, allowed legions to move quicker	9
2211859779	Adaptation of catapults to ships	200BC, Roman Navy utilized it in Punic Wars	10
2211859780	Rams	" " metal, bronze, used in shock combat Navy battles	11
2211859781	Spade	200BC, Romans used to build camps and entrench themselves, allowed them to never be defeated in their own camps because they would use trenches to guard themselves, set up in 3 hours	12
2211859782	Mail and plate armor	1000AD medieval period, utilized by knights as forms of armor. Very expensive and hard to make. Plate armor came into toward the latter part of Knight era. Chain armor used by range warriors on horses.	13
2211859783	Castles	1000AD, allowed for defense and fortified cities. Held knights in it, utilized and built by Fulk Nerra (builder) and Vauban. Castle walls were made very thick and were sophisticated	14
2211859784	Stirrup	400AD invented by Chinese, utilized by Charles Martel in 600-700s and Allowed for shock combat w/ horses (martel was first to use it).	15
2211859785	Wing lance	700AD used by Norman Knights in Medieval period. Long Sharp arrows utilized in horsemanship and shock combat allowed for mounted knights to keep distance from their enemy. Used in Battle of Hastings. Used in tandem with armor	16
2211859786	Longbow and pike	1200AD, Knights in Medieval period, wooden long bows used in archery and peasants were required to have them. Took lots of training. Used in Battle of Crecy and Agincourt by Henry V (English).	17
2211859787	Pike	1200 Middle Ages dual purpose weapon, long spear used by INFANTRY in medieval period(also used against cavalry defense), 1200s.	18
2211859788	Musket		19
2211859789	Castle (Star bastions	kept soldiers from hiding from archers. Was a Mini Fort outside perimeter of a castle, 1000AD medieval period, middle ages. Made Merchants very important in societies.	20
2211859790	Cannon (Mahometta)	1500AD gunpowder revolution used effectively by the west. Mohomatta used it to conquer. Originally invented in China but exploited by the West. Showed how the West was open to scientific advancement and reasoning.	21
2211859791	Arquebus	1500AD Europe, evolution of the cannon as s a part of the gun powder revolution. Was a shoulder weapon, one of the first handheld weapons where a tube was tied to a pike w/ touch hole, prime pan and load. Very inaccurate, but could pierce through armor at close ranges. First used with pikes but then replaced them	22
2211859792	Musket 1600s replaced arquebus Europe, shoulder fired, American version. Designed for infantry, men who had it were called the Musketeers		23
2211859793	Caravelles	1500s, Europe, small maneuverable ships that were forecastles (which were later moved below deck) that held cannons on top of decks of boats that were used in artillery seawar by the Portugese against the English. Parts of English/Portugese Arms Race	24
2211859794	Canister shells	1800s- tin shell filled with lead balls used in Napoleonic wars, developed by Gribeauval as a part of a mobile artillery and gun powder revolution in Europe/France. Anti Infantry weapon. Turned gun into a wagon.	25
2211859795	Mobile artillery1700	1800 Europe, Gribeauval made artillery mobile by turning guns/cannons into wagons where battle field accessories made it possible. Napoleon developed mobile artilery	26
2211859796	Brown bess musket	1700-1800 British weapon, easy to train. Standard infantry musket used in American revolution	27
2211859797	Bayonet	1700's Europe, addition created Musketeer, eliminated the pike for the infantryman. Could be attached to muskets.	28
2211859798	Minieball	Minie 1800's, rifle bullet that used spin to control accuracy and firepower that was used in the civil and Crimean wars that only had 9 steps loading process used by US Army and by both sides in the civil war and was also a result of the industrial revolution where the ball and powder were placed together.	29
2211859799	Railroad	1800s utilized by the North (Union) in civil war, were well designed and Herman Haupt was in charge of coordinating troops to lay down tracks.	30
2211859800	Breech loading gun	later 1844, break through by Sharp. Was fast at loading at ordered by American War Dept., changed warfare in that calvary could no longer charge the infantry	31
2211859801	Repeating rifles1863, was approved by Lincoln to be used in the Union Army in the civil war. Was a carbine, rifle barreled rifle. Eventually bought by Col. Wilder and used in the Battle of Hoovers Gap where heavy fire was used to overtake a 1:15 ratio of enemy		32
2211859802	Gatling gun	1863 Dr. Gatling, impractical artillery gun that was mulitiple barreled, first machine gun that was on wheels. However, it had a bad range	33
2211859803	Parrot guns	1860's invted by the Union in American civil war, was a giant gun that wa used against fortification	34
2211859804	Telegraphs	used in American civil war, 1860s, part of communications and signals where Lincoln could be telegraphed information. Speed up the process of communications, modern technology.	35
2211859805	Submarines	Hunley, Civil War, used by confederates, marked a huge advanced in Naval Warfare, sunk a battle ship	36
2211859806	KEY PEOPLE:		37
2211859807	Sargon of Akkad	2000BC, had 5000 man army in Mesopotamia. Had conquered land	38
2211859808	Archimedes	200BC of Syracuse, Greek math and science -created catapults, invented screw and water displacement	39
2211859809	Militiades 500BC Greeks had a council of war to decide to fight against Persians (against Darius I)		40
2211859810	Xexes	400BC, son of Darius, Persian Emperor	41
2211859811	Darius I	500BC, was a Persian leader, brought his Army north of Africa to fight against Athens, was destroyed.	42
2211859812	Alexander the Great	300s BC, Macedonia, fought Persia and the greeks and killed them at a rate of 300/minute with Hellenistic empire. FIRST to use cavalry but not in shock combat. Fought the Persians (darius II) at Guagemela 300 BC and destroyed them. USED CATAPULTS!!	43
2211859813	Hannibal Barca	200BC, beat the Romans at BATTLE OF CANNAE, but instead of conquering rome he luted the countryside (because his army was nothing but mercenaries). Then in BATTLE CARTHAGE 200s BC, was defeated by the romans in Carthage Africa. Hannibal then fled to Egypt and was captured and executed	44
2211859814	Scipio Africanus		45
2211859815	Visigoths	Germanic Goths, sack Rome in 400AD, rome split into to	46
2211859816	Ostrogoths and Theodosius	" " Theodosius was the last Emperor of Rome to rule East and the West but was defeated by the Goths in 300s AD	47
2211859817	Attila and the Huns	400AD, Huns and Germans defeated rome at BATTLE OF ATTIKI.	48
2211859818	Gauls and Vercengetorix	80BC, united Gauls in a revolt against romans, eventually defeated by Caesar and the romans and lost at the Battle of Aleshia in 52BC, was then executed by Caesar	49
2211859819	Britains and Baodicea	defense against Romans, British, was a female	50
2211859820	Zealots	Rebelled against Romans, staged a siege of Jerusalem.	51
2211859821	Cincinnatus	was a Roman, agreat fighter, after battle he went home, citizen farmer.	52
2211859822	Cato	Roman senator, Battle of Carthage, wants to totally destroy Carthage, brings about third punic war, where carthage was destructed and Hannibal fled	53
2211859823	Cicero	100BC Roman Philosopher	54
2211859824	Gibbon (decline and fall of roman empire)	1700s wrote "Decline and Fall of Roman Empire" blames Christianity and Barbairicism for the fall of the empire. Rome became pacifist after Christian missionaries traveled their roads to spread Christianity.	55
2211859825	Farril 1990s "fall of roman empire, the military explanation" mercenaries were fighting, economic failure and tons of people were on food support, welfare class, lots of violence, blood		56
2211859826	Lynn White		57
2211859827	Charles Martel	700AD cavalry shock combat. He was French and first used the stirrup for shock combat with knights, heavily armored	58
2211859828	Pope Urban II	1000AD declared nobles at soldiers of Christ. Gave blessing to knights because they were on Holy Missions during the grade crusades.	59
2211859829	Henry V	1400AD, in Agincourt, used English longbow to take out the French. Destroyed the French.	60
2211859830	Knights Templars	1200s, guarded and built temples, protected pilgrims. Germans	61
2211859831	Hospitalers	1500s, built hospitals and were funded by banking and lending. Germans.	62
2211859832	Teutonic Knights	black jersey with white cross, protected Christians on pilgrammages. Germans. Got into banking, loaning, and made a lot of money	63
2211859833	Fulk Nerra	1000AD built castles, made the walls very thick, made castles sustainable, defendable	64
2211859834	Mohatmat II	gun powder revolution, conquered Constaninople and responsible for the fall of the East. Used cannon to conquer	65
2211859835	John II	portugal, developed the caravelle and used it against the British	66
2211859836	Gustavus Adolphus	1600 Sweden, turned his Army into a large army force and invented pre mesure powder.	67
2211859837	Maurice of Nassau	used drill, 1600 and fought the Spanish at the BATTLE OF NIEUPORT. Was from Holland, troops had to be disciplined and trained to shoot muskets	68
2211859838	fRederick the Great	1700s Prussian army, united his armies	69
2211859839	Napoleon	French, 1700s, military conqueror	70
2211859840	Berthier (chief of staff		71
2211859841	Wellington	civilian oversight. Cared about his men.	72
2211859842	Claude Mini	invented minieball, 1800s, french	73
2211859843	Winfield Scott	American union general 1800s used anaconda plan to use navy to blocl the confederate coast	74
2211859844	Spencer	1800s, repeater gun. Lever action rifle	75
2211859845	Halleck		76
2211859846	Rodman	artillery grant gun used on sea forts, civil war, 1800s developed by private sector and sold by military	77
2211859847	Dahlgren	giant gun, breech loading Naval artillery developed by private sector and sold by military	78
2211859848	Parrot	developed Breech loading artillery used by union in the civil war 1800s	79
2211859849	Haupt		80
2211859850	McClellan	union general, moves slowly, well liked and drilled a lot but Lincoln ordered him to attack because he was so slow	81
2211859851	Lee	Genearal, confederate amy, fought against mccelellan.	82
2211859852	Sherman	Union general civil war, march to the sea.	83
2211859853	Grant	US commanding general in the civil war, Union.	84
2215489631	Amputation	1/4 of all amputees died during civil war	85
2215492105	technology in civil war	gave power to the defense	86
2215501791	Clauswitz 1800's	On War, total assault and will to resist	87
2215549949	Henry Halliks book	elements of military art and science, first American military textbook ever written	88

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Key Terms: Chapter 9 (1776-1790) Flashcards

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108923350	disestablished (18th Century)	To separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century	0
108923351	Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786)	Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution	1
108923352	Articles of Confederation (1781)	First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789	2
108923353	Old Northwest (1785-1787)	Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions	3
108923354	Land Ordinance of 1785	Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt	4
108923355	Northwest Ordinance (1787)	Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories	5
108923356	Shays's Rebellion (1786)	Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.	6
108923357	Virginia Plan (1787)	"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation	7
108923358	New Jersey Plan (1787)	"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system	8
108923359	Great Compromise (1787)	Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College	9
108923360	three-fifths compromise (1787)	Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.	10
108923361	antifederalists (1787)	Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.	11
108923362	federalists (1787)	Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.	12
108923363	The Federalist (1788)	Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation.	13
108923364	Patrick Henry (1787)	American revolutionary and champion of states rights, he became a prominent anti-federalist during the ratification debate, opposing what he saw as despotic tendencies in the new national constitution	14
108923365	Danial Shays (1786)	revolutionary war veteran who led a group of debtors and impoverished backcountry farmers in a rebellion agaisnt the Massachusetts government in 1786, calling for paper money, lighter taxes and an end to property seizures for debt. Though quickly put down, the rebellion raised the specter of mob rule, precipitating calls for a stronger national government	15

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AP U.S. Ch. 9: The Confederation and Constitution (1776-1790) Flashcards

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1715124548	Society of the Cincinnati	Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions.	0
1715124549	disestablished	To separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century.	1
1715124550	Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom	Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.	2
1715124551	civic virtue	Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic.	3
1715124552	Articles of Confederation	First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.	4
1715146618	Old Northwest	Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.	5
1715146619	Land Ordinance of 1785	Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt.	6
1715146620	Northwest Ordinance	Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.	7
1715146621	Shays's Rebellion	Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.	8
1715146622	Virginia Plan	"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.	9
1715194735	New Jersey Plan	"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system.	10
1715194736	Great Compromise	Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.	11
1715194737	common law	Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government.	12
1715217880	civil law	Body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written.	13
1715217881	three-fifths compromise	Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.	14
1715217882	antifederalists	Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.	15
1715217883	federalists	Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.	16
1715217884	The Federalist	Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation.	17
1724373696	Lord Sheffield	The Englishman who argued in the post-Revolution era that seeking American trade was not necessary but that trade would naturally follow.	18
1724374231	Daniel Shays	A Massachusetts farmer and war veteran who led debt-ridden farmers in a violent protest against the growing financial problems that the Articles of Confederation had caused. Though the rebellion was quickly put down, it notified leaders that our country needed a stronger central government.	19
1724375196	Patrick Henry	He said "Give me liberty or give me death."	20

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Hodges Study Guide Ch. 9 The Confederation and the Constitution 1776-1790 Flashcards

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227993262	Abigail Adams	said ladies form rebellion if not given political rights, married to John Adams; saw implications revolutionary ideas for changing the status of women	0
227993263	Daniel Shays	veteran of the Revolution; rebelled for state to issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers; through rebellion, convince others of need for stronger central government	1
227993264	primogeniture	oldest sons inherit property takeovers, dying out, medieval inheritance law	2
227993265	Federation	strenghtening central gov.t, HAMILTON, union states	3
227993266	checks and balances	Montesquieu; among judicial, legislative, and executive branches	4
227993267	sovereignty	Republicanism (?)	5
227993268	"mobocracy"	from Shays's Rebellion, this fear led to belief of need for stronger central government (Mass. gov.r = effective in putting down rebellion; fear others)	6
227993269	consent of the governed	Locke; people's power, will of people in government, backs up the people	7
227993270	Alexander Hamilton	FEDERALIST; wanted a super-powerful central gov.t	8
227993271	James Madison	"Father of the Constitution," The Federalist- his #10, say possible to extend Republican form of government over large territory	9
228523861	Republicanism	civic virtue, "republican motherhood," universal political participation, political liberty (gov.t mainly out of private lives), sovereignty	10
228523862	states' rights	before Second Continental Congress (?) coin money, raise armies & navies, & erect tariff barriers; Virginia made treaty of alliance w/ Framce	11
228523863	popular sovereignty	consent of the people, power of the people; voting	12
228523864	Confederation	loose states, entities; Jefferson, Samuel, Henry	13
228523865	anarchy	no government	14
228523866	Society of the Cincinatti	Continental Army officers, stimulated social democracy, exclusive hereditary order	15
228523867	"Great Compromise"	House of Representatives by population (large states, Virginia), Senate with equal representation (two members each, small states, New Jersey); every tax bill/ revenue measure must originate in House (where population counted more~ taxing people)	16
228523868	Articles of Confederation	model for loose confederation, weak congress, states with more power, no executive branch & little judicial; siginificent step toward Constitution b/c outlined general powers central government (e.g. treaties, postal service), ideal of union, held states together until Constitution	17
228523869	Electoral College	key compromise in Constitution, elect president indirectly; a state's number of electors based on total amount senators & representative in Congress; small states gain voice if no candidate w/ majority electoral votes, election to House of Representatives where each state with one vote (thought would be frequent but only happened twice~ 1800 & 1824)	18
228523870	Land Ordinance of 1785	first red-letter law re. Old Northwest (nw. Ohio River, e. Mississippi River, s. Great Lakes); acreage Old Nw. be sold & proceeds used help pay nat.nl debt, land to be surveyed before sale & settlement (prevent confusion & lawsuits), divided into townships 6 mi.s sq., each split into 36 sec.tns 1 sq. mi. each, 16th section each township set aside to sell for benefit public schools; orderly settlement	19
228523871	"three-fifths compromise"	sectional jealousy, voteless slaves south count as 3/5 person in apportioning direct taxes & in according rep.tn in House (Art. I); win for South (preview to Civil War, South win all except Missouri)	20
228523872	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	gov.ng Old Nw., temporary tutelage then permanent equality; when terr.try w/ 60,000 might be admitted by Congress as a state w/ all privileges of 13 charter members (what Continental Congress promised states when surrendered lands 1781~ Articles of Confederation); forbade slavery in Old Nw (exempted slaves already present); Congress pledge for w. land areas to be for "common benefit," agree carve "republican" states admitted to union on terms of complete equality w/ all others, not colonies	21
228523873	Antifederalists	Samuel, Henry, Lee, & JEFFERSON; opposed stronger fed.l gov.t; states' rights devotees, backcountry dwellers, & one-horse farmers (poorest); paper-moneyites & debtors fear potent cent.l gov.t force to pay debts @ full value; think Constitution by upper crust to steal common folk power, antidemocr.tc; say freedom individual jeopardized b/c no bill of rights; decried dropping ann.l elections for congress.nl rep.tves, erecting fed.l strong hold 10 sq. mi.s (DC), creating standing army, omission God reference, & ratifying w/ 2/3 of states, say Franklin "fool from age" & Washington "fool from nature;" sovereignty of people reside in single branch gov.t (leg.tr)	22
228523874	Shays's Rebellion	w. Mass. 1786, poor backcountry farmers losing farms through mortgage foreclosures & tax delinquencies, led by Captain Daniel Shays (veteran of Rev.), debtors demand state issue paper money, lighten taxes, & suspend property takeovers; Mass. supported by wealthy citizens form small army, several skirmishes & movement collapse, Shay pardoned death, followers crushed, Mass. legis. pass debtor-relief laws like Shay wanted ("democratic despotism"~ Jefferson), "mobocracy," need stronger cent.l gov.t	23
228523875	Federalists	HAMILTON, union (stronger & tighter group of states), favor stronger federal government; power & influence; Washington & Franklin support; settled areas along seaboard; 3 branchs; wealthier, more educated, & better organized; control press (only 12/ 100+ newspapers support anti___________)	24
228523876	"large-state plan"	Virginia (populous), first pushed forward as framework Constitution; representation in both houses bicameral Congress should be based on population (give larger states adv.tg); in "Great Compromise" receive representation by population in the House of Representatives & every tax bill/ revenue measure must originate in House	25
228523877	Constitution of the United States	firm union people, 2/ state in Senate, # rep.tves by population in House, simple majority vote in Congress subject to presidential veto, laws executed by powerful president, Congress regu. foreign & interstate commerce, Congress extensive power levy taxes, federal ct.s capped by Supreme Court, amendments less difficult, lots power enforce laws by coercion individuals & by some extent of states; Delaware, New Jersey, and Georgia were unanimous; Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Georiga were the first four to ratify (in order); Virginia (antifederalists vs. federalists, federalists win b/c Union being formed anyhow), New York (antifederalist state convention, realize can't prosper apart from Union), North Carolina (individualist state, hostile meeting didn't vote), and Rhode Island (didn't summon convention, reject by popular referendum) were the last to ratify (in order first-last); last states ratify b/c have to (can't safely exist outside fold)	26
228523878	The Federalist	Madison's #10 refute conventional wisdom of day that it was impossible extend republican form government over a large territory & say why a republican form of government was needed; contains propaganda essays by Hamilton & Jay as well	27
228523879	"bundle of compromises"	1. "Great Compromise" (House of Representatives by population, Sentate w/ equal representation for each state; also every tax bill/ revenue measure must originate in House); 2. "3/5 compromise" (slaves for south count as 3/5 person in apportioning direct taxes & in according rep.tn in House Art. I; win for South~ preview to Civil War conflicts); 3. federalists (got Constitution for stronger central government) vs. antifederalists (received promise for Bill of Rights b/c afraid freedom of individual jeopardized without one)	28

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APUSH Ch. 9 The Confederationand the Constitution, 1776-1790 Flashcards

Chapter 9, random questions.

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95437983	Protestent Episcopal church	new name for the anglican church after it was disestablished and deanglicized in virginia and elsewhere.	0
95437984	Republican Motherhood	the idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate civic cirtue in their children.	1
95437985	Constitutional Convention	A type of special assembly, originally developed in Massachusetts, for drawing up a fundamental law that would be superior to ordinary law.	2
95437986	Articles of Confederation	Firts constitutional government of the US.	3
95437987	Old NW Territory	the territory north of the Ohio river and east of the Mississippi tiver that came to be governed by the confederations acts of 1785 and 1787	4
95437988	Township	6 mile by 6 mile square areas consisting of 36 sections, one of which was set aside for public schools.	5
95437989	Shay's rebellion	a failed revolt in 1786 by poor debtor farmers that raised fears of mobocracy	6
95437990	Virginia Plan	The large-state plan proposed to the Const. Convention by which representation both house of the federal legislature would be based on population.	7
95437991	NJ Plan	The small-state plan proposed to the Const. Convention by which every state would have completely equal representation in a unicameral legislature.	8
95437992	The Federalist	A masterly series of pro-Constitution articles printed in New York by Jay, Madison, and Hamilton.	9
95437993	Benjamin Franklin	Revered elder statesman whose prestige in the Const. Conven. helped facilitate the Great Comp.	10
95437994	George Washington	Unanimously elected chairman of the secret conven. of demigods	11
95437995	FEDERALISTS	Wealthy conservatives devoted to republicanism who engineered a nonviolent political transformation	12
95437996	ANTIFEDERALISTS	Group that failed to block the central government they feared but did force the promise of a bill of rights.	13
95437997	Patrick Henry	Virginia antifederalist leader who thought the Const. spelled the end of liberty and equality.	14
95437998	Alexander Hamilton	Young new yourker who argued eloquently for the Const. even though he favored an even stronger central government	15
95437999	John Jay	Frustrated foregn affairs secretary under the Articles; one of the three authors of The Federalist.	16
95438000	Samuel Adams	Leading Mass. radical during the Amer. Revolution who led the opposition to the Const. in his state in 1787	17

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Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution, 1776-1790 VOCAB Flashcards

The American Pageant

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17035258	chattel	An article of personal or movable property; hence a term applied to slaves, since they were considered the personal property of their owners.	0
17035259	ratification	The confirmation or validation of an act (such as a constitution) by authoritative approval.	1
17035260	bill of rights	A list of fundamental freedoms assured to be the central to society.	2
17035261	speculators	Those who buy property, goods, or financial instruments not primarily for use but in anticipation of profitable resale after a general rise in value.	3
17035262	township	In America, a surveyed territory six miles square; the term also refers to a unit of local government, smaller than a county, that is often based on these survery units.	4
17035263	disestablish	To separate an official state church from its connection with the government.	5
17035264	emancipation	Setting free from servitude or slavery.	6
17035265	abolitionist	An advocate of the end of slavery.	7
17035266	territory	In American government, an organized political entity not yet enjoying the fill an equal status of a state.	8
17035267	annex	To make a smaller territory or political unit part of a larger one.	9
17035268	requisition	A demand for something issued on the basis of public authority.	10
17035269	foreclosure	Depriving someone of the right to redeem mortgaged property because the legal payments on the loan have not been kept up.	11
17035270	quorum	The minimum number of persons who must be present in a group before it can conduct valid business.	12
17035271	anarchy	The theory that formal government is unnecessary and wrong in principle; the term is generally used for lawlessness or antigovernmental disorder	13
17035272	bicameral	Referring to a legislative body with two houses	14
17035273	unicameral	Referring to a legislative body with one house	15

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Ch 9 Building the New Nation 1776-1790 Flashcards

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1581897725	The Federalist Papers	was a series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution.	0
1581897726	Confederation	a group of sovereign states, each of which is free to act independently from the others. In 1776, when America gained its independence, a loose confederation was formed among the thirteen colonies. Under this confederation, the states were united by a weak national government, which was completely lacking constitutional authority. The national government had some control over issues such as military affairs and foreign policy. The states, however, took the majority of power into their own hands, such as the power to coin money and raise armies.	1
1581897727	Constitution of the United States	The foundation of our country's national government; was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787; the Constitution establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual.	2
1581897728	Anti-Federalists	People against federalists in 1787; disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people's rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights; also did not agree with annual elections and the non-existence of God in the government.	3
1581897729	Shays's Rebellion	Led by Captain Daniel Shays, Revolutionary war veteran. An uprising that flared up in western Massachusetts. Impoverished backcountry farmers, many of them Revolutionary war veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. They demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures. Hundreds of angry agitators attempted to enforce these demands. Massachusetts authorities, supported by wealthy citizens, raised a small army under General Lincoln.	4
1581897730	American Party System	featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.	5
1581897731	Federalists	A United States political party consisting of the more respectable citizens of the time; Federalists lived along the eastern seaboard in the 1790's; believed in advocating a strong federal government and fought for the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787-1788.	6
1581897732	Virginia Plan	It was the plan purposed by Virginia to set up a bi-cameral congress based on population, giving the larger states an advantage. It was first written as a framework for the constitution.	7
1581897733	New Jersey Plan	A framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states; its key points were a one-house legislature with one vote for each state, the establishment of the acts of Congress as the "supreme law" of the land, and a supreme judiciary with limited power.	8
1581897734	Articles of Confederation	The first "constitution" governing the Untied States after the Revolution; it was ratified in 1781 and it provided for a "firm league of friendship;" the legislative branch (Congress) had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes and there was no national executive or judicial branch; it was an important stepping-stone towards the present constitution because without it the states would never have consented to the Constitution.	9
1581897735	Electoral College	a group that are elected by the people to elect the President of the United States in every election year. This system was born along side the U.S. Constitution. This system is a way of speeding up Presidential elections and is still in force today. The representatives of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in the Electoral College.	10
1581897736	Land Ordinance of 1785	A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income; promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land.	11
1581897737	Three-Fifths Compromise	where a black slave was counted as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all.	12
1581897738	Northwest Ordinance	said that sections of land were similar to colonies for a while, and under the control of the Federal Government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 then congress would admit it as a state. The original thirteen colonies were charters. Slavery was prohibited in these Northwest Territories.	13
1581897739	States' Rights	The anti-federalists opposed the constitution because they thought it did not give enough power to the states. They believed that each state deserved certain rights that were not clearly defined in the constitution but were pertinent in democracy. Since these rights were not included in the original draft of the constitution there was a delay in the ratification process until the states were granted individual powers in an added clause.	14
1581897740	Popular Sovereignty	the idea that people should have the right to rule themselves. This idea had revolutionary consequences in colonial America.	15
1581897741	Connecticut (Great) Compromise	This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.	16
1581897742	Republicanism/Democracy	The theory of Republicanism was that the government was under the authority of the people it governs. The power in the peoples hand's is the basis for Democracy. The writers of the constitution used the Republicanism theory.	17
1581897743	Checks & Balances	"the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power." The framers of the constitution for the U.S. saw the policy of checks and balances necessary for the government to run smoothly. Third principle has prevented any one Branch from taking over the government and making all the decisions. (Having a dictatorship.)	18
1581897744	Alexander Hamilton	32 year old New Yorker who saved the convention from complete failure by engineering the adoption of his report. It called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with commerce alone but to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Congress, because of Hamilton's influence, issued the call for a convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising" the Articles of Confederation. Hamilton was also an advocate of a powerful central government.	19
1581897745	James Madison	Nicknamed "the Father of the Constitution"; talented politician sent to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787; his notable contributions to the Constitution helped to convince the public to ratify it.	20
1581897746	Federation	Thomas Jefferson wanted a tightly knit federation. This involved the yielding by the states of their sovereignty to a completely new federal government. This would give the states freedom to control their local affairs.	21
1589888639	Annapolis Convention	Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation	22
1589917939	Republican Motherhood	An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational opportunities for women expanded due to this. Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.	23
1589921025	Critical Period	the period between the end of the revolutionary war and the ratification of the constitution	24
1591268489	Perpetual Union	Under American constitutional law, this concept means that states are not permitted to withdraw from the Union.	25

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Revolutionary Period: 1776-1790 Flashcards

Events/Documents/Policies enacted during the Revolutionary period that pertain to US Isolationism

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375081347	Declaration of Independence-1776	The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain.	0
375081348	Treaty of Paris-1783	Treaty Between England and the Colonies , formally ended the American Revolutionary War	1
375081349	French Revolution-1789	The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799.	2

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Pageant CH 9 - The Confederation and the Constitution 1776-1790 Flashcards

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1587528654	Chattel (Definition)	Slave; personal property.	0
1587528655	Chattel (Significance)	1775; Penn. Quakers found world's 1st antislavery society. 1774; Cont. Congress called for complete abolition of slave trade, north states agreed, but southern states didn't. Most slave masters freed their human chattels. However, Congress didn't force the abolition of slavery b/c they feared that a fight over slavery would lead to a breakup of national unity.	1
1587528656	Ratification (Definition)	To confirm by expressing consent, approval, or formal sanction.	2
1587528657	Ratification (Significance)	Massachusetts comes up w/ idea of constitutional convention to draft constitution and submit it directly to the people for ratification. Federalists, former Loyalists, helped to ratify the new Constitution; only 9 states were needed to ratify the new Constitution. Basically, the Constitution could be ratified when 2/3 of the states expressed their consent.	3
1587528658	Quorum (Definition)	The # of members of a group/organization required to be present to transact business legally, usually a majority.	4
1587528659	Quorum (Significance)	May 25-Sept 17 1787; The quorum of 55 chosen delegates from 12 states met at Pennsylvania to write the new Constitution. Demigods were George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, and Alex Hamilton. Most were of the conservative and wealthy class.	5
1587528660	Daniel Shays (Definition)	American Rev. War soldier: leader of a Shay's Rebellion in MA (1786-87).	6
1587528661	Daniel Shays (Significance)	Veteran of the American Revolution who led poor backcountry farmers in Shay's Rebellion that were upset about farm foreclosures and taxes. The rebels demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of property takeovers. Shays was convicted but pardoned. His rebellion sparked conservative fears of uprising, and it motivated the desire for a stronger federal government.	7
1587528662	Alexander Hamilton (Definition)	American statesman and writer on government: 1st Secretary of the Treasury 1789-97, killed by Aaron Burr in a duel.	8
1587528663	Alexander Hamilton (Significance)	1786; Met at Annapolis, MA convention with 5 state representatives. Hamilton was NY-er who saved the convention from failure by calling Congress to meet in PA in 1787 to deal w/ commerce issues and revise the Articles of Confederation. He was an advocate of strong, central gov. He later joined John Jay and James Madison to write the Federalist Papers for NY newspapers.	9
1587528664	Checks and Balances (Definition)	Limits imposed on all branches of a gov. by vesting in each branch the right to amend/void those acts of another that fall within its purview.	10
1587528665	Checks and Balances (Significance)	Federalists believed every branch of gov. (executive, legislative, judicial) represented the people. It embedded the doctrine of self-rule in self-limiting system to checks and balances.	11
1587528666	Republicanism (Definition)	Gov. in which people have power over government. Offices of state aren't hereditary or monarchical (elections).	12
1587528667	Republicanism (Significance)	Authority rested w/ people. Republicanism was a good gov. but there was a need for a stronger central gov. after Shay's Rebellion.	13
1587528668	Popular Sovereignty (Definition)	The doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern, as trustees of such power, must exercise it in conformity with the general will.	14
1587528669	Popular Sovereignty (Significance)	1776; Power rests w/ people; Cont. Congress calls on colonies to draft their own constitutions. The states coined money, raised armies/navies, and erected tariffs. The Articles of Confederation couldn't act directly upon citizens of state; w/ the new Constitution, antifederalists claimed the sovereignty of the states was being jeopardized. Constitution redefined popular sovereignty: every branch represented people w/ checks and balances.	15
1587528670	Great Compromise (Definition)	1787; Agreement between large and small states during the Constitutional Convention that had bicameral Congress with representation by population in the House of Representatives for larger states, and equal representation (2 senators) in the Senate for smaller states. Taxation originated in the House (population based).	16
1587528671	Great Compromise (Significance)	There was a debate between VA's large-state plan and NJ's small-state plan. The G.C. was worked out so that Congress would have 2 houses, the House of Representatives, where representation was based on population, and the Senate, where each state got 2 representatives. All tax bills would start in the house (tax based on population).	17
1587528672	Articles of Confederation (Definition)	1781; Agreement among the 13 original colonies that provided loose federal gov. There was no chief executive/judiciary, and it didn't have the authority to collect taxes; replaced by Constitution of U.S. in 1788.	18
1587528673	Articles of Confederation (Significance)	1777; Adopted by Congress but wasn't put into effect until 1781 b/c of western lands dilemma that was later resolved by the Northwest Ordinance 1787. There was a loose central gov. and Congress; no ex./jud. branch; no power to regulate commerce/tax. The weak gov. allowed pirates/foreigners to attack the U.S.; Shay's Rebellion led conservatives to want a stronger central gov.; U.S. Constitution replaced A. of C. in 1788.	19
1587528674	Land Ordinance of 1758 (Definition)	Law passed by Congress that allowed for sales of land in the Northwest Territory and set up standards for land sale that became precedents. Among them was the idea of selling mile-square sections of land.	20
1587528675	Land Ordinance of 1758 (Significance)	Acreage of Old Northwest should be sold/proceeds used to help pay off national debt. Area divided into townships 6 miles square, each split into 36 sections of 1 square mile each; 16th section sold to schools.	21
1587528676	"three-fifths compromise" (Definition)	Delegates agreed to count slaves as 3/5 of a person when apportioning representation/taxation.	22
1587528677	"three-fifths compromise" (Significance)	Compromise in the Constitution in which slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in census counts for representation.	23
1587528678	Northwest Ordinance (Definition)	July 13, 1787; 2nd Cont. Congress chartered gov. for Northwest Territory (northeast of Ohio River, east of Mississippi River, south of Great Lakes); provided method for admitting new states to Union from territory; listed bill of rights guaranteed in territory; accelerated westward expansion of U.S.	24
1587528679	Northwest Ordinance (Significance)	Pledged in 1781 to resolve issue of western lands, in effect in 1787. Governing of Old Northwest: temporary tutelage, then permanent equality; 2 evolutionary territory stages (area subordinate to gov.; admitted as state when population was 60,000); forbade slavery.	25
1587528680	Shay's Rebellion (Definition)	1786-87; Uprising in western Massachusetts by American Rev. War veteran Daniel Shays. Started over financial difficulties. MA private army defeated attack at Springfield. Called for reevaluation of Articles of Confederation and raised fears that democracy had gotten out of hand.	26
1587528681	Shay's Rebellion (Significance)	1786 Western Massachusetts; Daniel Shays disgruntled over getting farmland mortgages and foreclosures. The rebels demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of property takeovers. Shays was convicted, but later pardoned. The importance of Shay's Rebellion was that the fear of uprising motivated a desire for a stronger federal gov.constitution	27
1587528682	Federalists (Definition)	Members/supporters of stronger federal gov./U.S. Constitution in 1788 (Federalist party).	28
1587528683	Federalists (Significance)	Favored stronger gov. (for Constitution). Were usually more respectable, cultured, propertied groups, former Loyalists (lived nearer coast in older areas), believed every branch of gov. represented people.	29
1587528684	Federalist Papers (Definition)	A series of 85 essays (1787-88) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, written in support of the Constitution.	30
1587528685	Federalist Papers (Significance)	Articles written by John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton for NY newspapers. Designed as propaganda, commentaries on the Constitution, stating that it was possible to extend a republican gov. over a large territory. NY was swayed by these papers (esp. No. 10,15, 51) and finally yielded.	31
1587528686	Anti-Federalists (Definition)	Opponent of stronger federal gov./U.S. Constitution in 1788 (Antifederalist party).	32
1587528687	Anti-Federalists (Significance)	Opposed to Constitution, cried that it was drawn up by aristocratic elements and was anti-democratic. Were mostly poor, illiterate farmers, states' rights devotees (lived westward toward frontier), against the dropping of annual elections of gov. representatives and erecting of Washington D.C., and creation of standing army. Believed only legislative branch represented people. Forced the promise of a bill of rights.	33
1587528688	Large State Plan (Definition)	Also known as Virginia/Randolph Plan. Proposed by Virginia delegates for bicameral Congress in which representation would be based on population; gave larger states an advantage.	34
1587528689	Large State Plan (Significance)	Proposed by Virginia during Constitutional Convention in Philly (1787). Representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress should be based on population, gave larger states an advantage.	35
1587528690	Bundle of Compromises (Definition)	Another name for the U.S. Constitution because delegates at the Constitutional Convention 1787 had to compromise on numerous key points in order to make a new Constitution that was acceptable to each of the states: Great Compromise, three-fifths compromise, commerce compromise, slave trade compromise, election of the president.	36
1587528691	Bundle of Compromises (Significance)	Constitution was a bundle of compromises which included : the Great Compromise; strong, independent executive branch w/ president who was military commander-in-chief and could veto legislation; election of president through the Electoral College; three-fifths compromise.	37
1587528692	James Madison (Definition)	4th president of the U.S. 1809-17.	38
1587528693	James Madison (Significance)	Attended 1787 Constitutional Convention in which he was viewed as a demigod and dubbed "Father of the Constitution." He wrote the famous No. 10 in Federalist Papers with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. He developed the ideal of extensive republic.	39

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Chapter 9 The Confederation and the Constitution 1776-1790 Part 2 Flashcards

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869974530	Spain	a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	0
869974531	France	a republic in western Europe	1
869974532	Dey of Algiers	assigned governors of the Algerian territory under the Ottoman Empire	2
869974533	Shay's Rebellion	an armed uprising that took place in Massachusetts between 1786 and 1787	3
869974534	Alexander Hamilton	Founding Father of the United States; George Washington's chief of staff; founder of the United States financial system; founder of the Federalist Party	4
869974535	George Washington	first constitutional president of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution; Founding Father of the United States	5
869974536	James Madison	key author of the United States constitution; fourth president of the Unites States; 5th United States Secretary of State	6
869974537	Large State Plan	a proposal of Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch	7
869974538	Small State Plan	a proposal of New Jersey delegates for a unicameral legislative branch	8
869974539	Great Compromise	an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution	9
869974540	Electoral College	institution that is officially assigned to to elect the president and vice president of the United States	10
869974541	3/5 Compromise	a decision between the Southern and Northern states during the the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the slave population of a state would be counted towards the state's representation	11
869974542	Anti-Federalists	members of a movement set against the formation of a stronger, central United States government	12
869974543	Federalists	members and supporters of the political party formed by Alexander Hamilton who are proponents of a stronger, national United States government	13
869974544	The Federalist	a collection of articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that promoted the the ratification of the United States Constitution	14

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