| CourseNotes

Perception Flashcards

1860179601	Perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events	0
1860179602	Form Perception	we must perceive a figure from its ground	1
1860179603	Depth Perception	transforms 2D into 3D	2
1860179604	Motion Perception	brain computes motion as images move across the retina	3
1860179605	perceptual interpretation	how we recognize an object	4
1860179606	Selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus	5
1860179607	cocktail party effect	the ability to attend selectively to one voice among many	6
1860179608	inattentional blindness	inability to see an object or person in our midst ex. Simmons and Chabris showed 1/2 observers failed to see a gorilla suited assistant in a ball passing game	7
1860179609	changed blindness	a form of inattentional blindness; when you do not notice when something changes because you are so focused on something else	8
1860179610	Muller-Lyer Illusion	lines that look different lengths but are actually the same or that look the same but one is significantly longer. Cultures that use many right angles see the lines as having different lengths while cultures that do not can usually tell that they are the same length	9
1860179611	Ames room	designed to demonstrate the size-distance illusion	10
1860179612	Visual Capture	the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses	11
1860179613	Gestalt	an organized whole; the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes	12
1860179614	Law of Pragnanz	people tend to perceive objects in a simple, orderly way	13
1860179615	Figure-Ground	the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)	14
1860179616	Form Perception	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups	15
1860179617	Proximity	group nearby figures together	16
1860179618	simularities	group figures that are simular	17
1860179619	continuity	perceive continuous patterns	18
1860179620	connectedness	spots, lines, and areas are seen as a unit when connected	19
1860179621	closure	fill in the gaps	20
1860179622	depth perception	the ability to see things in 3-D and allow us to judge distance	21
1866176787	Visual cliff	Gibson & wak suggested that human infants have depth perception	22
1866180471	Binocular cues	Require both eyes	23
1866183974	Monocular cues	Available to each eye separately	24
1866187856	Retinal disparity	Images from 2 eyes differ; closer the object, longer the disparity	25
1866201063	Convergence	Neuromuscular cue; 2 eyes move inward for near objects; brain uses angle at which eyes are turned to gauge distance	26
1866203052	Relative size	Smaller image is more distant	27
1866206468	Interposition	If one object partially blocks another, we perceive it as closer	28
1866209467	Relative clarity	Hazy objects are seen as more distant	29
1866212977	Texture gradient	Course objects appear closer and fine objects are distant	30
1866216777	Relative height	Objects higher in our field of vision appear far away; verticle rather than horizontal	31
1866219809	Relative motion	Closer objects seem to move faster	32
1866223107	Linear perspective	Parallel lines seem to converge with distance	33
1866229946	Light and shadow	Closer objects appear brighter, shading produces depth	34
1866235716	Motion perception	Objects traveling towards us grow in size and those moving away shrink in size	35
1866241274	Phi phenomenon	An illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession	36
1866248632	Stroboscopic movement	The brain will interpret a rapid series of slightly varying images as continuous movement	37
1866271801	Perceptual constancy	Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change	38
1866278641	Size	Car driving away appears smaller	39
1866280487	Shape	Look at a dinner plate from various angles	40
1866282214	Lightness	Shirt looks different in different light	41
1866286918	Template matching	Our brains have a template for everything we need to know and we match what we see to the templates	42
1866296412	Prototype matching	We see what the best example of something is and see if they are close enough to match	43
1866302216	Feature Analysis	We break down a feature into parts and analyze what it is	44
1866311025	Immanuel Kant and John Locke	Knowledge comes from inborn way of organizing sensory experiences. Locke said through our experiences we learn to perceive the world.	45
1866320626	Blackmore and Cooper	Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars	46
1866330487	Perceptual Adaptation	Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field. An example is prism glasses.	47
1866335388	Perceptual Set	A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.	48
1866339691	Perception/Human Factor	Explores how humans and machines interact and how ,achenes and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors.	49
1866345287	Extrasensory Perception(ESP)	The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input.	50
1866363411	Parapsychologists	People who study beyond normal occurrence.	51
1866366054	Telepathy	Mind-mind communication	52
1866368433	Clairvoyance	Perceiving remote events.	53
1866370825	Precognition	Perceiving future events.	54
1866375025	Psychokinesis	Mind over matter	55

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HWH Ch. 1 Physical Geography/Human Geography Flashcards

Decide whether each terms is an example of physical geography or human geography.

Terms : Hide Images

816567926	physical geography	mountains	0
816567927	physical geography	rivers	1
816567928	human geography	way of life	2
816567929	physical geography	oceans	3
816567930	physical geography	rainfall	4
816567931	human geography	homes	5
816567932	human geography	beliefs	6
816567933	physical geography	climate	7
816567934	human geography	travels	8
816569542	physical geography	landforms	9
816569543	human geography	culture	10

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HG Unit 1 - Introduction to Human Geography Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1592930956	geography	The study of the earth and the physical and human features.	0
1592930957	equator	The imaginary line of latitude that encircles the middle of earth, dividing it into northern and southern halves.	1
1592930958	globe	A three-dimensional representation of earth.	2
1592930959	topographic map	A reference map that shows natural features (mountains, rivers, oceans...) in different shades of brown, green, and blue; and man-made features (cities, borders).	3
1592930960	absolute location	The exact place on earth, described using latitude and longitude.	4
1592930961	prime meridian	The imaginary line of longitude that divided the earth into eastern and western hemispheres.	5
1592930962	map	A two-dimensional representation of the earth's surface.	6
1592930963	thematic map	A map that shows a pattern or some other information OTHER THAN what is shown on a topographical or reference map. It all depends on the theme. For example, it may show what religions are most common is certain places, or where Irish people migrated to over the last two hundred years, or could show where bananas are grown in the world, or locations where Star Wars Episode V was shot. There is literally an infinite number of things thematic maps can show. It just depends on the theme.	7
1592930964	relative location	A way to describe where something is in relation to other places around it. There is an infinite number of ways to describe this for any one location. For example, the United States is above Mexico. The United States is west of Europe. I could go on forever. The United States is a six-hour flight from Europe.	8
1592930965	latitude	A set of imaginary lines that run east-west, parallel to the equator, and help find how far north and south places are from the equator.	9
1592930966	cartographer	A mapmaker.	10
1592930967	GIS	A type of computer program that allows cartographers to solve problems by using maps. They layer data for areas on top of each other.	11
1592930968	hemisphere	Each half of the earth (there are four - north, south, east, and west).	12
1592930969	longitude	A set of curving imaginary lines that run north-south, curving away from the prime meridian and coming together at the north and south poles. They help find how far east and west things are from the prime meridian.	13
1592930970	map projection	A way of taking the round surface of the earth and showing/projecting it on a flat surface. It is always going to be distorted, so it will never be totally accurate. For example, this map makes places at the top and bottom of the map look way bigger than they really are. Things in the middle are pretty accurate.	14
1592930971	GPS	A system that uses at least three satellites at one time to find out where you are located.	15
1592930972	scale	How much land a map shows, but it's backwards from what you would think. A small scale map shows a TON of land. A large scale map shows much less land. For example, the map shown here is the smallest scale you can get - it shows the whole world.	16
1592930973	compass rose	A symbol on a map that shows you which way north is.	17
1592930974	location	One of the five themes of geography, used to describe where things are. It includes absolute location and relative location.	18
1592930975	place	One of the five themes of geography, used to describe what a place is like. For example, Chicago is a city in the Midwest United States. It is next to a Lake. It has hot summers and cold winters. It has about three million people, of which about a third are white, a third are black, and a third are Hispanic.	19
1592930976	human-environment interaction	One of the five themes of geography, used to describe how the environment affects humans and how humans affect the environment.	20
1592930977	movement	One of the five themes of geography, used to describe things that move from one location to another.	21
1592930978	region	One of the five themes of geography, used to describe areas where there is something in common. It includes functional, formal, and perceptual versions.	22
1592930979	reference map	A map that has the basics any map should have: boundaries, roads, cities, and sometimes major landforms. For example, when you look up a map on Google, the standard map you see is a reference map.	23
1592956442	formal region	An area that has a measurable boundary. Ex: The area where >50% of people speak French, the "Corn Belt" - where corn is the most common crop, the area where >10% of the population is unemployed...	24
1592956443	functional region	An area that has something in common related to the movement of something. Examples: Chicago's reach could be mapped by who subscribes to the Chicago Tribune newspaper, or where people live that work in Chicago, or people that use Chicago's airports as their main airport.	25
1592956444	perceptual region	An area that doesn't have official boundaries because no one can agree on what is the real boundary (it is up to everyone to PERCEIVE it on their own) Example: what states make up the "Midwest" United States? Not everyone agrees on the same states, but we can at least name many of the same states.	26

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Campbell-Biology-in-Focus-1st-Edition-Chapter-3-Turk Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2655604638	organic compound	A chemical compound containing carbon.	0
2655615058	macromolecule	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids.	1
2655641006	valence	The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bands an atom can form usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost shell.	2
2670124982	hydrocarbon	An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.	3
2670131105	hydroxyl group	A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	4
2670131106	carbonyl group	A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.	5
2670131486	carboxyl group	A chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.	6
2670131487	amino group	A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+.	7
2670132063	sulfhydryl group	A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	8
2670132064	phosphate group	A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.	9
2670138826	methyl group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. May be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.	10
2670143082	functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	11
2670205323	adenosine triphosphate	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.	12
2670226582	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.	13
2670227341	monomer	The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.	14
2670228075	enzyme	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most are proteins.	15
2670228904	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	16
2670248646	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition o water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	17
2670306971	carbohydrate	A sugar (monosaccharide) or one o its dimers (disaccharide) or polymers (polysaccharides).	18
2670308571	monosaccharide	The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, and they have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.	19
2670315007	disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.	20
2670317634	glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	21
2670321340	polysaccharide	A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	22
2670326649	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages.	23
2670471414	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	24
2670481068	cellulose	A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages.	25
2670482992	chitin	A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	26
2670512430	lipid	Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.	27
2670514148	fat	A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.	28
2670519218	fatty acid	A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain. They vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds.	29
2670519219	triacylglycerol	A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.	30
2670521354	triglyceride	Another name for fat that is often found in the list of ingredients on packaged foods.	31
2670524386	saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	32
2670551408	unsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	33
2670616199	phospholipid	A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membranes.	34
2670621072	steroid	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting on four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.	35
2670623595	cholesterol	A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.	36
2670926851	catalyst	A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	37
2670932077	polypeptide	A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	38
2670932078	protein	A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.	39
2670939164	amino acid	An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. They serve as the monomers of polypeptides.	40
2670983786	peptide bond	The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.	41
2670987225	primary structure	The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.	42
2670990209	secondary structure	Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).	43
2670991608	alpha helix	A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).	44
2671021869	beta pleated sheet	One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).	45
2671023750	tertiary structure	The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.	46
2671028237	hydrophobic interaction	A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.	47
2671031736	disulfide bridges	A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.	48
2671047401	quaternary structure	The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.	49
2671114300	sickle-cell disease	A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the beta-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.	50
2671139383	denaturation	In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive.	51
2671141928	x-ray crystallography	A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.	52
2671721504	gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	53
2671721751	nucleic acid	A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers, serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.	54
2671722950	deoxyribonucleic acid	A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	55
2671723576	ribonucleic acid	A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.	56
2671727936	polynucleotide	A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.	57
2671727937	nucleotide	The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.	58
2671728727	pyrimidine	One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).	59
2671730878	purine	One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G).	60
2671730879	deoxyribose	The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	61
2671734041	ribose	The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	62
2671734042	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.	63
2671734286	antiparallel	Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions).	64
2671735219	complementary	Each strand of a DNA double helix is the predictable counterpart of the other.	65

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Campbell-Biology-in-Focus-1st-Edition-Chapter-3-Turk Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2655604638	organic compound	A chemical compound containing carbon.	0
2655615058	macromolecule	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids.	1
2655641006	valence	The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bands an atom can form usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost shell.	2
2670124982	hydrocarbon	An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.	3
2670131105	hydroxyl group	A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	4
2670131106	carbonyl group	A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.	5
2670131486	carboxyl group	A chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.	6
2670131487	amino group	A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+.	7
2670132063	sulfhydryl group	A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	8
2670132064	phosphate group	A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.	9
2670138826	methyl group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. May be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.	10
2670143082	functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	11
2670205323	adenosine triphosphate	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.	12
2670226582	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.	13
2670227341	monomer	The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.	14
2670228075	enzyme	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most are proteins.	15
2670228904	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	16
2670248646	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition o water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	17
2670306971	carbohydrate	A sugar (monosaccharide) or one o its dimers (disaccharide) or polymers (polysaccharides).	18
2670308571	monosaccharide	The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, and they have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.	19
2670315007	disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.	20
2670317634	glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	21
2670321340	polysaccharide	A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	22
2670326649	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages.	23
2670471414	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	24
2670481068	cellulose	A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages.	25
2670482992	chitin	A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	26
2670512430	lipid	Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.	27
2670514148	fat	A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.	28
2670519218	fatty acid	A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain. They vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds.	29
2670519219	triacylglycerol	A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.	30
2670521354	triglyceride	Another name for fat that is often found in the list of ingredients on packaged foods.	31
2670524386	saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	32
2670551408	unsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	33
2670616199	phospholipid	A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membranes.	34
2670621072	steroid	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting on four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.	35
2670623595	cholesterol	A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.	36
2670926851	catalyst	A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	37
2670932077	polypeptide	A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	38
2670932078	protein	A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.	39
2670939164	amino acid	An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. They serve as the monomers of polypeptides.	40
2670983786	peptide bond	The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.	41
2670987225	primary structure	The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.	42
2670990209	secondary structure	Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).	43
2670991608	alpha helix	A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).	44
2671021869	beta pleated sheet	One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).	45
2671023750	tertiary structure	The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.	46
2671028237	hydrophobic interaction	A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.	47
2671031736	disulfide bridges	A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.	48
2671047401	quaternary structure	The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.	49
2671114300	sickle-cell disease	A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the beta-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.	50
2671139383	denaturation	In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive.	51
2671141928	x-ray crystallography	A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.	52
2671721504	gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	53
2671721751	nucleic acid	A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers, serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.	54
2671722950	deoxyribonucleic acid	A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	55
2671723576	ribonucleic acid	A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.	56
2671727936	polynucleotide	A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.	57
2671727937	nucleotide	The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.	58
2671728727	pyrimidine	One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).	59
2671730878	purine	One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G).	60
2671730879	deoxyribose	The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	61
2671734041	ribose	The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	62
2671734042	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.	63
2671734286	antiparallel	Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions).	64
2671735219	complementary	Each strand of a DNA double helix is the predictable counterpart of the other.	65

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Campbell Biology 10th Edition Chapter 1 Flashcards

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2684805255	Nucleotides	Building blocks of nucleic acids	0
2684807142	Base pairing	Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine	1
2684807960	Phosphate-Deoxyribose	The two molecules that when added to A, T, G, or C make up a nucleotide	2
2684811941	Properties of Life	Order, Evolutionary Adaptation, Response to the Environment, Regulation, Energy Processing, Growth and Development, Reproduction.	3
2684814097	Example of Order	human genetic makeup, or the structure of DNA	4
2684816840	Example of Growth and Development	the cycle of a blowfly (application: forensic science)	5
2684818751	Example of Response to Environment	phototropism (stimulus: light, tropism: orientation towards light). also: Venus flytrap closing on a fly (stimulus: touch; response: activating feeding mechanism, or closing)	6
2684822564	Example of Regulation or Homeostasis	insulin and blood glucose level maintenance (negative feedback mechanism)	7
2684826659	Types of Energy	Kinetic, potential, chemical	8
2684830957	Kinetic energy	Energy of motion	9
2684831827	Potential energy	Energy stored in matter due to position	10
2684832589	Chemical energy	Energy stored in chemical bonds (ATP)	11
2684833833	Energy	the capacity to do work	12
2684835083	ATP	Adenosine tri-phosphate - the molecule that cells recognize and tap into for energy in the brain, muscles, etc. ATP releases energy for cellular work, such as respiration, reproduction, etc.	13
2684838446	Uncharged ATP	An ATP molecule with only 2 phosphates becomes ADP and is not usable for energy. It needs to be recharged with another phosphate.	14
2684842667	Two forms of Cellular Reproduction	Asexual & sexual	15
2684844618	Asexual Reproduction	Doesn't involve gametes	16
2684845366	Sexual Reproduction	Involves gametes	17
2684846068	Gametes	Sex cells. Male: sperm. Female: ova.	18
2684847808	Asexual reproduction examples	Binary fission (bacteria), mitosis (humans, cats, dogs, plants)	19
2684849206	Sexual reproduction examples	Meiosis (occurs in gonads to produce gametes)	20
2684851157	Evolutionary Adaptation	natural selection or "survival of the fittest."	21
2684852235	Example of evolutionary adaptation	Sickle cell mutation - one gene provides malaria resistance, both genes creates sickle cell anemia.	22
2684855786	Natural Selection Premise	Organisms with the desired trait will reproduce more successfully than organisms without the trait. Changes occur in DNA (mutation) to create the desired trait.	23
2684858836	Viruses	Viruses are 20x smaller than bacteria; made up of DNA or RNA; made of proteins (non-cellular); reproduce only thru host cell	24
2684860472	Bacteria	20x larger than viruses; made up of DNA; unicellular; asexual reproduction, independent of host	25
2684882186	Emergent Properties	novel properties that appear at higher levels of organization due to the interaction of individual components (ex: cake ingredients become batter become cake, and each stage has different properties tho made up of the same things)	26
2684904547	Cell	The basic unit of life that retains the properties of life.	27
2684912379	How long can viruses survive outside the host?	A few seconds to minutes.	28
2684915800	True or False: Many bacteria don't cause infection.	True.	29
2684919677	True or False: Both viruses and bacteria can cause infection.	True.	30
2684923377	True or False: Antibiotics are effective against viruses.	False.	31
2684925660	True or False: Viral infections never go away without treatment.	False.	32
2684942252	Emergent Properties of Multicellular Organisms	Cell ---> Tissue ---> Organ ---> Organ System ---> Mollecular Organism	33
2684948028	Biosphere	Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.	34
2684958887	Ecosystem	All the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts.	35
2684964447	Community	The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem.	36
2684967024	Population	All the members of one species in a particular ecosystem.	37
2684969488	Organelle	A functional component present in a cell. Organelle is to cell as organ is to organ system. Example: mitochondria	38
2685001963	Eukaryote	Cells containing membrane-enclosed organelles	39
2685003560	Prokaryote	Cells lacking a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.	40
2685007485	Taxonomic Levels of Organization	Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species	41
2685014599	Domains	The highest level of classification of living organisms. Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria	42
2685015467	Archaea	The domain that includes prokaryotes that live in Earth's most extreme environments.	43
2685018647	Kingdoms	High-level classification of organisms distinguished partly by their modes of nutrition.	44
2685027122	Eukarya	The domain that includes Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi.	45
2685041163	Bacteria (Domain)	The domain that includes prokaryotes which are the most diverse and widespread of all kingdoms.	46
2685043430	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	47
2685045489	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	48
2685046672	Control	The group in an experiment which is used as a standard for comparison.	49
2685047875	Constant	A factor in an experiment that does not change.	50
2685053055	Feedback Regulation	A process in which the output, or product, of a process regulates the very process itself.	51
2685055947	Negative Feedback Mechanism	A loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus.	52
2685056959	Positive Feedback Mechanism	A loop in which the response speeds up its own production.	53
2685057990	Null Hypothesis	States that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.	54
2685058694	Metric Conversion Chart	Kilo Hecto Deka (Base Unit m/l/g) Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Pico	55
2685080338	Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius	(F-32) x .556	56
2685081634	Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit	C x 1.8 + 32	57
2685086385	Scientific Method	Prior Knowledge Observations Questions Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Conclusion/Analysis	58
2685115896	Classic Experimental Design	Test Population (100 identical rats) Experimental Group (given DDT in food) Controlled Group (no DDT, everything else constant) Independent Variable (under study, manipulated & changing) Dependent Variable (variable that changes based on independent variable) Controlled variables (water, amt. of food, everything not manipulated)	59
2685123606	Mean	Average of a group of measurements	60
2685125967	Median	The value that is in the middle of a group of measurements.	61
2685127461	Range	The difference between the smallest and the largest measurements. R = Max - Min	62
2685130530	Deviation	Measures how the measurements vary from the mean (+ or -). In other words, what is the difference between an actual measurement and the mean, or average, of the sample?	63
2685133631	Variance	Measures how much difference, or variation, there is between the values you have obtained. The smaller the variance, the closer the values will be to the mean.	64
2685136017	Standard Deviation	Standard deviation gives you an idea of how widely spread your values are about the mean. Smaller = closer values to the average. (Picture a tall, thin, bell-shaped curve. Larger - wide bell curve.)	65
2685143233	Inductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. Seeks to reduce uncertainty of claims. "Informal" - looks for probability, not certainty.	66
2685145789	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. Seeks absolute certainty of conclusions. "Formal" - seeks truth and certainty, not probability.	67
2685153482	Genes	Discrete units of hereditary information consisting of a special nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)	68
2685154899	Gene expression	Process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function.	69
2685155942	Genome	A "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.	70
2685157224	Genomics	The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species	71
2685158409	Proteomics	The study of sets of proteins and their properties.	72
2685159582	Producers	Plants and other photosynthetic organisms.	73
2685160549	Consumers	Organisms that feed on producers and other consumers.	74
2685166531	Inquiry	The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.	75
2695666426	Cell Theory	1. The cell is the basic unit of life. 2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. 3. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.	76
2695667964	Classification of organisms on the cellular level	1. Unicellular: bacteria, some protists such as amoeba, paramecia, etc. 2. Multicellular: humans, trees, etc. 3. Prokaryiotic: bacteria, and blue-green algae only; no nucleus 4. Eukaryotic: animals, plants (multicellular), some protists (unicellular); have a nucleus	77
2695670688	4 Common Cellular Features	1. Plasma membrane 2. DNA Region 3. Cytoplasm 4. Free Ribosomes	78
2695673067	Plasma membrane	Regulates and controls what goes in and out of the cell	79
2695673547	DNA Region	DNA is organized into chromosomes; each segment of DNA that codes for a trait is a gene. In a eukaryotic cell, the DNA region is the nucleus.	80
2695674338	Cytoplasm	The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion of the cell outside the nucleus.	81
2695677599	Free Ribosomes	Organelles that function in protein synthesis.	82
2695678185	Whittaker System - 5 Kingdoms	1. Monera (Bacteria) 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia	83
2695678862	Taxonomy	The science of classification and nomenclature (naming)	84
2695679222	Ecology	The study of organisms in their physical and chemical environment	85
2695680926	Autotroph	Self-feeder	86
2695681336	Heterotroph	Other-feeder	87

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Campbell Biology 10th Edition Chapter 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2684805255	Nucleotides	Building blocks of nucleic acids	0
2684807142	Base pairing	Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine	1
2684807960	Phosphate-Deoxyribose	The two molecules that when added to A, T, G, or C make up a nucleotide	2
2684811941	Properties of Life	Order, Evolutionary Adaptation, Response to the Environment, Regulation, Energy Processing, Growth and Development, Reproduction.	3
2684814097	Example of Order	human genetic makeup, or the structure of DNA	4
2684816840	Example of Growth and Development	the cycle of a blowfly (application: forensic science)	5
2684818751	Example of Response to Environment	phototropism (stimulus: light, tropism: orientation towards light). also: Venus flytrap closing on a fly (stimulus: touch; response: activating feeding mechanism, or closing)	6
2684822564	Example of Regulation or Homeostasis	insulin and blood glucose level maintenance (negative feedback mechanism)	7
2684826659	Types of Energy	Kinetic, potential, chemical	8
2684830957	Kinetic energy	Energy of motion	9
2684831827	Potential energy	Energy stored in matter due to position	10
2684832589	Chemical energy	Energy stored in chemical bonds (ATP)	11
2684833833	Energy	the capacity to do work	12
2684835083	ATP	Adenosine tri-phosphate - the molecule that cells recognize and tap into for energy in the brain, muscles, etc. ATP releases energy for cellular work, such as respiration, reproduction, etc.	13
2684838446	Uncharged ATP	An ATP molecule with only 2 phosphates becomes ADP and is not usable for energy. It needs to be recharged with another phosphate.	14
2684842667	Two forms of Cellular Reproduction	Asexual & sexual	15
2684844618	Asexual Reproduction	Doesn't involve gametes	16
2684845366	Sexual Reproduction	Involves gametes	17
2684846068	Gametes	Sex cells. Male: sperm. Female: ova.	18
2684847808	Asexual reproduction examples	Binary fission (bacteria), mitosis (humans, cats, dogs, plants)	19
2684849206	Sexual reproduction examples	Meiosis (occurs in gonads to produce gametes)	20
2684851157	Evolutionary Adaptation	natural selection or "survival of the fittest."	21
2684852235	Example of evolutionary adaptation	Sickle cell mutation - one gene provides malaria resistance, both genes creates sickle cell anemia.	22
2684855786	Natural Selection Premise	Organisms with the desired trait will reproduce more successfully than organisms without the trait. Changes occur in DNA (mutation) to create the desired trait.	23
2684858836	Viruses	Viruses are 20x smaller than bacteria; made up of DNA or RNA; made of proteins (non-cellular); reproduce only thru host cell	24
2684860472	Bacteria	20x larger than viruses; made up of DNA; unicellular; asexual reproduction, independent of host	25
2684882186	Emergent Properties	novel properties that appear at higher levels of organization due to the interaction of individual components (ex: cake ingredients become batter become cake, and each stage has different properties tho made up of the same things)	26
2684904547	Cell	The basic unit of life that retains the properties of life.	27
2684912379	How long can viruses survive outside the host?	A few seconds to minutes.	28
2684915800	True or False: Many bacteria don't cause infection.	True.	29
2684919677	True or False: Both viruses and bacteria can cause infection.	True.	30
2684923377	True or False: Antibiotics are effective against viruses.	False.	31
2684925660	True or False: Viral infections never go away without treatment.	False.	32
2684942252	Emergent Properties of Multicellular Organisms	Cell ---> Tissue ---> Organ ---> Organ System ---> Mollecular Organism	33
2684948028	Biosphere	Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.	34
2684958887	Ecosystem	All the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts.	35
2684964447	Community	The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem.	36
2684967024	Population	All the members of one species in a particular ecosystem.	37
2684969488	Organelle	A functional component present in a cell. Organelle is to cell as organ is to organ system. Example: mitochondria	38
2685001963	Eukaryote	Cells containing membrane-enclosed organelles	39
2685003560	Prokaryote	Cells lacking a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.	40
2685007485	Taxonomic Levels of Organization	Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species	41
2685014599	Domains	The highest level of classification of living organisms. Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria	42
2685015467	Archaea	The domain that includes prokaryotes that live in Earth's most extreme environments.	43
2685018647	Kingdoms	High-level classification of organisms distinguished partly by their modes of nutrition.	44
2685027122	Eukarya	The domain that includes Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi.	45
2685041163	Bacteria (Domain)	The domain that includes prokaryotes which are the most diverse and widespread of all kingdoms.	46
2685043430	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	47
2685045489	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	48
2685046672	Control	The group in an experiment which is used as a standard for comparison.	49
2685047875	Constant	A factor in an experiment that does not change.	50
2685053055	Feedback Regulation	A process in which the output, or product, of a process regulates the very process itself.	51
2685055947	Negative Feedback Mechanism	A loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus.	52
2685056959	Positive Feedback Mechanism	A loop in which the response speeds up its own production.	53
2685057990	Null Hypothesis	States that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.	54
2685058694	Metric Conversion Chart	Kilo Hecto Deka (Base Unit m/l/g) Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Pico	55
2685080338	Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius	(F-32) x .556	56
2685081634	Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit	C x 1.8 + 32	57
2685086385	Scientific Method	Prior Knowledge Observations Questions Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Conclusion/Analysis	58
2685115896	Classic Experimental Design	Test Population (100 identical rats) Experimental Group (given DDT in food) Controlled Group (no DDT, everything else constant) Independent Variable (under study, manipulated & changing) Dependent Variable (variable that changes based on independent variable) Controlled variables (water, amt. of food, everything not manipulated)	59
2685123606	Mean	Average of a group of measurements	60
2685125967	Median	The value that is in the middle of a group of measurements.	61
2685127461	Range	The difference between the smallest and the largest measurements. R = Max - Min	62
2685130530	Deviation	Measures how the measurements vary from the mean (+ or -). In other words, what is the difference between an actual measurement and the mean, or average, of the sample?	63
2685133631	Variance	Measures how much difference, or variation, there is between the values you have obtained. The smaller the variance, the closer the values will be to the mean.	64
2685136017	Standard Deviation	Standard deviation gives you an idea of how widely spread your values are about the mean. Smaller = closer values to the average. (Picture a tall, thin, bell-shaped curve. Larger - wide bell curve.)	65
2685143233	Inductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. Seeks to reduce uncertainty of claims. "Informal" - looks for probability, not certainty.	66
2685145789	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. Seeks absolute certainty of conclusions. "Formal" - seeks truth and certainty, not probability.	67
2685153482	Genes	Discrete units of hereditary information consisting of a special nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)	68
2685154899	Gene expression	Process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function.	69
2685155942	Genome	A "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.	70
2685157224	Genomics	The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species	71
2685158409	Proteomics	The study of sets of proteins and their properties.	72
2685159582	Producers	Plants and other photosynthetic organisms.	73
2685160549	Consumers	Organisms that feed on producers and other consumers.	74
2685166531	Inquiry	The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.	75
2695666426	Cell Theory	1. The cell is the basic unit of life. 2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. 3. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.	76
2695667964	Classification of organisms on the cellular level	1. Unicellular: bacteria, some protists such as amoeba, paramecia, etc. 2. Multicellular: humans, trees, etc. 3. Prokaryiotic: bacteria, and blue-green algae only; no nucleus 4. Eukaryotic: animals, plants (multicellular), some protists (unicellular); have a nucleus	77
2695670688	4 Common Cellular Features	1. Plasma membrane 2. DNA Region 3. Cytoplasm 4. Free Ribosomes	78
2695673067	Plasma membrane	Regulates and controls what goes in and out of the cell	79
2695673547	DNA Region	DNA is organized into chromosomes; each segment of DNA that codes for a trait is a gene. In a eukaryotic cell, the DNA region is the nucleus.	80
2695674338	Cytoplasm	The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion of the cell outside the nucleus.	81
2695677599	Free Ribosomes	Organelles that function in protein synthesis.	82
2695678185	Whittaker System - 5 Kingdoms	1. Monera (Bacteria) 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia	83
2695678862	Taxonomy	The science of classification and nomenclature (naming)	84
2695679222	Ecology	The study of organisms in their physical and chemical environment	85
2695680926	Autotroph	Self-feeder	86
2695681336	Heterotroph	Other-feeder	87

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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 36 Flashcards

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

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1200543268	leaf area index	the ratio of total upper leaf surface of a plant divided by the surface area of land on which it grows	0
1200543269	phyllotaxy	the arrangement of leaves on a stem, is specific to each species	1
1200543270	mycorrhizae	network of hyphae and plant roots that helps plants absorb water and minerals from soil	2
1200543271	apoplast	In plants, the continuum of cell walls plus the extracellular spaces.	3
1200543272	symplast	in plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells.	4
1200543273	osmosis	diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	5
1200543274	water potential	the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.	6
1200543275	solute potential	A component of water potential that is proportional to the number of dissolved solute molecules in a solution and measures the effect of solutes on the direction of water movement; also called osmotic potential, it can be either zero or negative.	7
1200543276	Pressure potential	A component of water potential that consists of the physical pressure on a solution, which can be positive, zero, or negative.	8
1200543277	megapascal	unit of pressure used to measure water potential	9
1200543278	protoplast	The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.	10
1200543279	turgor pressure	the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell	11
1200543280	flaccid	limp	12
1200543281	plasmolysis	the contraction or shrinking of the cell membrane of a plant cell in a hypertonic solution in response to the loss of water by osmosis	13
1200543282	turgid	swollen as from a fluid; bloated	14
1200543283	wilting	The drooping of leaves and stems as a result of plant cells becoming flaccid.	15
1200543284	aquaporins	A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal, or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of water across the membrane.	16
1200543285	bulk flow	The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.	17
1200543286	xylem sap	the solution of water and minerals that accumulates in the root xylem and flows through xylem vessels in a plant	18
1200543287	transpiration	the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants	19
1200543288	endodermis	The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder.	20
1200543289	Casparian strip	A water-impermeable ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls.	21
1200543290	root pressure	The upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots.	22
1200543291	guttation	The exudation of water droplets, caused by root pressure in certain plants.	23
1200543292	cohesion-tension hypothesis	transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots	24
1200543293	xerophytes	Plants adapted to arid climates	25
1200543294	circadian rhythms	Internally generated patterns of body functions, including hormonal signals, sleep, blood pressure, and temperature regulation, which have approximately a 24-hour cycle and occur even in the absence of normal cues about whether it is day or night	26
1200543295	abscisic acid	plant hormone that inhibits cell division in buds and vascular cambium	27
1200543296	Phloem sap	a mixture of sugar, nutrients, and water that flows through phloem vessels in a plant	28
1200543297	translocation	the transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants	29
1200543298	sugar source	A plant organ in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch. Mature leaves are the primary sugar sources of plants.	30
1200543299	sugar sink	A plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar. Growing roots, shoot tips, stems, and fruits are sugar sinks supplied by phloem.	31
1200543300	Plasmodesmata	an open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells	32

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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 9 Flashcards

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

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1147384231	fermentation	a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.	0
1147384232	aerobic respiration	in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel	1
1147384233	anaerobic respiration	a catabolic pathway in which oxygen is not consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel	2
1147384234	oxidation	loss of electrons	3
1147384235	reduction	Gain of electrons	4
1147384236	reducing agent	The electron donor in a redox reaction.	5
1147384237	oxidizing agent	The electron acceptor in a redox reaction	6
1147384238	NAD+	a derivative of the vitamin niacin, well suited as an electron carrier because it can cycle easily between oxidized and reduced states. As an electron acceptor it functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration	7
1147384239	electron transport chain	A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. (see electron transport chain cards)	8
1147384240	citric acid cycle	A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration (see citric acid cards)	9
1147384241	glycolysis	first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid (see glycolysis cards)	10
1147384242	oxidative phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.	11
1147384243	substrate level phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.	12
1147384244	chemiosmosis	in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP	13
1147384245	proton motive force	the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis	14
1147384246	alcohol fermentation	The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol	15
1147384247	lactic acid fermentation	The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.	16
1147384248	obligate anaerobes	organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present	17
1147384249	facilitative anaerobes	organisms that can grow with or without oxygen aerobic or anaerobic . grow better aerobically ...because anaerobically they use less efficient respiration	18
1147384250	beta oxidation	A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.	19

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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 8 Flashcards

An Introduction to Metabolism

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1200520706	metabolism	an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules.	0
1200520707	metabolic pathway	begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product	1
1200520708	catabolic pathway	metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds	2
1200520709	anabolic pathway	consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones	3
1200520710	bioenergetics	the study of how energy flows through living organisms	4
1200520711	energy	The ability to do work or cause change	5
1200520712	kinetic energy	energy of motion	6
1200520713	thermal energy	the total amount of energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules in a sample of matter	7
1200520714	potential energy	The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure	8
1200520715	chemical energy	potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction	9
1200520716	thermodynamics	study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter	10
1200520717	first law	energy is never created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another	11
1200520718	second law	energy will spontaneously flow in a direction in which entropy of the universe increases. Change in entropy of the universe is always > 0.	12
1200520719	entropy	a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system	13
1200520720	spontaneous process	a process that can occur without an input of energy	14
1200520721	free energy	The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature is uniform throughout the system.	15
1200520722	exergonic reaction	A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.	16
1200520723	endergonic reaction	A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.	17
1200520724	energy coupling	The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one	18
1200520725	ATP	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.	19
1200520726	phosphorylated intermediate	A molecule with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive that the unphosphorylated molecule.	20
1200520727	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	21
1200520728	enzyme	A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction	22
1200520729	catalyst	substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction	23
1200520730	substrate	reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	24
1200520731	enzyme substrate complex	a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecules	25
1200520732	active site	The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.	26
1200520733	induced fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.	27
1200520734	competitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.	28
1200520735	cofactor	a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result	29
1200520736	coenzyme	An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions	30
1200520737	noncompetitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.	31
1200520738	allosteric regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.	32
1200520739	feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	33

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