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Chpt 9 1776-1790 (The American Pageant) Flashcards

2224134895	Civic Virtue	the notion that democracy depened on the unselfish commitment of each other to the public good	0
2224154258	Articles of Confederation	the original constitution; ratified by all states in 1781	1
2224171458	Old Northwest	immense part of the public domain recently acquired from the state; this land lays northwest of the ohio river, east of the mississippi river and south of the great lakes	2
2224192205	Land Ordinance of 1785	red-letter law that provided that the acerage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the processed should be used to help pay off the national debt	3
2224200500	Northwest Ordinance	The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British Canada and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south. The upper Mississippi River formed the Territory's western boundary.	4
2224241514	Shays Rebellion	An upsrising ,led by Daniel Shay, demanded that Massachusetts issue paper money,lighten taxes, and suspend property take overs	5
2224257799	Virgina Plan	representation in both house of a bicameral congress abould be based on population	6
2224270414	New Jersey Plan	provided equal representation in a unicameral congress by states regardless of size and population	7
2224282153	Great Compromise	was one of the most important compromises reached during the drafting of the United States Constitution in 1787. The delegates were trying to figure out how each state would be represented in Congress.	8
2224287596	Common Law	provided a flexible guide t obroad rules of procedure, rather than fixed set detailed laws; law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes	9
2224309479	Civil Law	the system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs.	10
2224317844	3/5 Comprimise	3/5 of an Afirican American counted as a white person; as a comprimise between total representation and none at all, it was decided that a slave might count as three-fifths of a person	11
2224345429	Anti-Federalists	a diverse coalition of people who opposed ratification of the Constitution	12
2224354789	Federalists	The supporters of the proposed Constitution their adopted name implied a commitment to a loose, decentralized system of government.	13
2224376585	the Ferderalist Papers	collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution	14
2224388806	Daniel Shays	an American soldier, revolutionary, and farmer famous for being one of the leaders of Shays' Rebellion, a populist uprising against controversial debt collection and tax policies in Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787	15
2224397057	Patrick Henry	an American attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s.	16
2224400580	Checks & Balances	if we spend money on bills then it needsto go through governement; counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.	17
2224413439	Seperation of Powers	act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.	18
2224424165	explain how twin ideas of equlity and liberty are sometimes at odds	their are two types of equality the brit verison which is all about result and then there is american version which is opportunity; liberty is let me do my own thing	19
2228675001	Cincinnatus	a genral in the first decades of Roman time which George Washington was compared ti	20
2228730646	identify which religions supported the Patriots & Tories and the states they were dominant in	The patriots were protestants based in the british colonies and the tories were catholic and were from englandAnnaa	21
2261415452	Annapolis Convention	a meeting of 12 delegates from five states (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia) that called for a constitutional convention.	22
2261420259	The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation	Each state only had one vote in Congress, regardless of size. Congress had not have the power to tax. Congress did not have the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. There was no executive branch to enforce any acts passed by Congress. There was no national court system. Amendments to the Articles of Confederation required a unanimous vote. Laws required a 9/13 majority to pass in Congress.	23
2261427202	What caused the depression in 1787?	It was a post war depression after the Revolutionary War and Shays Rebelion	24
2261431976	Constitutional Convention	Who Came? 73 apponited 18 declined=55 delagets; John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.=founding fathers;	25
2261451126	Slavery and the Constitution	Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction; but the comprimise during that time was the 3/5 rule	26
2261457279	3 major compromises	1. The Conneticut Compromise: two members in senate and Reps. based on popultaion 2. 3/5 rule: 3/5 of a slave would count as someone in the sate 3.Commerece Compromises: congress can't tax, congress can regualte trade, the president can make treaties but 2/3 of the Sen. have to agree	27
2261465274	James Madisons defense and ability of a Republican form of government in a large country	Madison changed such views when he himself became a partisan in the 1790s. Believing that Hamilton's financial, economic and diplomatic plans for the young republic were both bad policy and contrary to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, he organized an opposition in Congress that was called "Mr. Madison's party." This became the basis for the nation's first organized national political party, the Democratic Republicans, led by Madison and Jefferson in opposition to the policies of president John Adams. Their party efforts in the press and through local political clubs helped to bring about Jefferson's defeat of Adams in the presidential election of 1800.	28

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A.P.U.S History Chapter 9 Vocabulary: The Confedration And The Constitution. 1776-1790 Flashcards

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968080812	Disestablish	To separate an official state chuch from its connection with the government.	0
968080813	Emancipation	Setting free from servitude or slavery.	1
968080814	Chattel	An article of personal or movable property; hence a term applied to slaves, since they were considered the personal property of their owners.	2
968080815	Abolitionist	Favoring the end of slavery.	3
968080816	Ratification	The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval.	4
968080817	Bill of rights	A list of fundamental freedoms assumed to be central to society.	5
968080818	Aliens	Foreigners; also, persons resident in but not citizens of a country.	6
968080819	Township	In America, a surveyed territory six miles square; the term also refers to a unit of social government, smaller than a country that is often based on these survey units.	7
968080820	Territory	In American, government an orginized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of state.	8
968080821	Annex	To make a smaller territory or political unit part of a larger one.	9
968080822	Requisition	A demand for something issued on the basis of public authority.	10
968080823	Foreclosure	Depriving someone of the right to redeem mortgaged property because the legal payments on the loan have not been kept up.	11
968080824	Quorum	The minimum number of persons who must be present in a group before it can conduct valid business.	12
968080825	Anarchy	The theory that formal government is unnecessary and wrong in principle; the term is also used generally for lawlessness or anti-governmental disorder.	13
968080826	Bicameral, unicameral	Referring to a legislative body with two houses (bicameral) or one (unicameral). "...Representation in both houses of a bicameral congress should be based on population..."	14

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AP US History: 1776-1790 (Chapter 9) Flashcards

From the American Pageant version 12
The Confederation and the Constitution

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278867551	ratify	approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation	0
278867552	alien	a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country	1
278867553	township	A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.	2
278867554	annex	attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; incorporate (territory) into a larger existing political unit (by force)	3
278867555	requisition	seizing property that belongs to someone else and holding it until profits pay the demand for which it was seized	4
278867556	foreclosure	when a bank takes back a property and auctions it off to recover the unpaid loan amount	5
278867557	quorum	a gathering of the minimal number of members of an organization to conduct business	6
278867558	anarchy	a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)	7
278867559	plurality	in an election, the number of votes that the leading candidate obtains over the next highest candidate	8
278867560	bicameral	composed of two legislative bodies	9
278867561	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the home front. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.	10
278867562	Daniel Shays	a leader in a rebellion against the state of Massachusetts due to the amount of discontent of farmers that lost their land due to mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies during the war while they were off fighting. The rebellion, though put down by the state militia, signaled the need for a stronger central government.	11
278867563	Alexander Hamilton	(1797-1801) federalist *America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."	12
278867564	James Madison	(1809-1817) democratic-republican, *4th President of the United States. member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights	13
278867565	mobocracy	Lawless control of public affairs by the mob or populace.	14
278867566	sovereignty	ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states	15
278867567	popular sovereignty	The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government	16
278867568	federation	the act of constituting a political unity out of a number of separate states or colonies or provinces so that each member retains the management of its internal affairs	17
278867569	consent of the governed	agreement by the people of a nation to subject themselves to the authority to a government. Natural rights philosophers, such as John Locke, believe that any legitimate government must draw its authority from the consent of the governed.	18
278867570	confederation	a political system in which a weak central government has limited authority, and the states have ultimate power.	19
278867571	check and balances	the ability of each branch of govt. to exercise check on the other	20
278867572	republicanism	A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.	21
278867573	states' rights	the right of states to limit the power of the federal government	22
278867574	Society of the Cincinnati	A society established by former officers of the Revolutionary war as a sort of aristocracy in which traditionalism and social status was important. Thomas Jefferson and other civilians thought that this movement threatened the newly formed republic and feared it could turn into an aristocracy so they worked to disband it. This was showed that nothing would stand in the way of a democratic government. This was crucial as this is the point when most revolutions fail, but the determination from Jefferson ceased this early threat.	23
278867575	3/5 Compromise	the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress	24
278867576	Large-state Plan	aka VA Plan; plan to set up a bicameral congress based on POPULATION; gives LARGE STATES the advantage	25
278867577	Great Compromise	the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators [New Jersey Plan]) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population [Virginia Plan]).	26
278867578	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the WESTERN territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states	27
278867579	US Constitution	The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.	28
278867580	Articles of Confederation	this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage	29
278867581	anti-federalists	opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states	30
278867582	Federalists	Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.	31
278867583	Electoral College	group of persons chosen in each state and the district of columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the president and vice president	32
278867584	Shays' Rebellion	this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes	33
278867585	Federalist Papers	a series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers that defended the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the federal government.	34
278867586	Land Ordinance of 1785	A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers; a success of the Articles of Confederation	35
278867587	small-state plan	Plan proposed by New Jersey for equal representation regardless of size or population. Unicameral.	36

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APUSH- unit 4 (1776-1790) Flashcards

chapter 9

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492290855	AMERICAN REV. WAS ACCELERATED EVOLUTION NOT OUTRIGHT REVOLUTION	...	0
492290856	loyalists	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence	1
492290857	voting	most states rid of property req.	2
492290858	patriot elite (ppl who stay loyal to u states not england, loyal to individual rights, no rebellion, no person will try to grab power (they will fail) ) classic ex: society of cinncinatti	by kicking out torries what was created?	3
492290859	Society of Cincinnati	A society established by Continental Army Officers as a sort of aristocracy in which traditionalism and social status was important. Thomas Jefferson and other civilians thought that this movement threatened the newly formed republic and feared it could turn into an aristocracy so they worked to disband it. This was showed that nothing would stand in the way of a democratic government. This was crucial as this is the point when most revolutions fail, but the determination from Jefferson ceased this early threat.	4
492290860	NO PRIMOGENITURE	...	5
492290861	where did struggle between religion and gov prove most fiercest?	virginia	6
492290862	when the usa was formed what did congress call states to write first?	state constitutions NOT colony constitutions	7
492290863	which colony was first to outlaw slavery	pennsylvannia	8
492290864	virginia statute for religious freedom	drafted by jefferson but secured by madison with its adoption in the Virginia legislative/ basically said..u can practice whatever you want and you won't be made fun of	9
492290865	abolition of the slave trade in 1774	called by the first continental congress/ Several northern states went further and either abolished slavery altogether or provided the gradual emancipation of slaves. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery.	10
494120358	in new jersey women enabled for some time to vote, but overall.. women maintained doing traditional work, edu opportunities expanded, more resp 4 survivalof nation	women's status during this time	11
494120359	civic virtue	notion that democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good	12
494120360	2nd continental congress in 1776	who called the states to draft new constitutions?	13
494120361	called a special convention to draft its constitution and submitted the final draft to the people for ratification (this process was later mimicked in the drafting n ratification of federal constitution)	Massachusetts and its constitution?	14
494120362	no titles of nobility/ sep of powers/ one year elections/ some outlawed slavery (penn)/ relig and prop qualification (gone?)	qualities of state constitutions	15
494120363	legislative	The branch of government that makes the laws	16
494120364	executive	the branch of government that enforces and carries out the laws/ aka prezz	17
494120365	judiciary	n. That department of government which administers the law relating to civil and criminal justice.	18
494120366	intended to represent fundamental law, superior to the dumb laws of ordinary legislation (aka bill of rights) All of them deliberately created weak executive and judicial branches	purpose of state constitutions?	19
494120367	by the presence of enfranchised members of the poorer western districts	how was the democratic character of the new state legislatures was vividly reflected?	20
494120368	New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia	during the revolutionary era, which states' capitals moved westward?	21
494120369	noteworthy but not overwhelming	economic changes were	22
494120370	confiscated and eventually turned into small farms	what happened to many of the large loyalist holdings?	23
494120371	political democracy	economic democracy preceded what	24
494120372	due to the independence from Britain, the United States had to make everything on its own which it no longer imported from Britain// American ships were now barred from British and British West Indies harbors//	drawbacks in independence: economically	25
494120373	Americans could now trade freely with foreign nations, subject to local restrictions// Enterprising Yankee shippers ventured boldly and profitably into the Baltic and China Seas; war had spawned demoralizing extravagance, speculation, and profiteering, with profits for some as indecently high as 300 percent	New commercial outlets compensate partially for the loss of old ones	26
494120374	articles of confederation, appointed by congress before declaring independence	constitution for the nation	27
494120375	the 13 states/// maryland	how much approval for articles of confederation? and who was last to sign	28
494120376	argument over western lands.. virginia didn't wanna surrender western lands	why did it take so long for us to pass the articles?	29
494120377	each state could sign a foreign treaty// states allowed to print own currency( continental value: no common value ).	stuff that could happen under articles	30
494120378	articles of confederation	how did america convince france it had a genuine government in the making	31
494120379	purposely weak central govt one house leg body e/a state had one vote	articles of confederation	32
494120380	It had no power to regulate commerce, and this loophole left the states free to establish conflictingly laws regarding tariffs and navigation. Congress couldn't enforce its tax collection program. The states were NOT required to pay the government taxes, they were merely asked.	Congress had 2 major handicaps	33
494120381	revenue tariff (import tax): to raise money//protective tariff	two types of tariff	34
494120382	hate iT. they feel and if they don't need to industrialize as long as they get products cheap	colonists' belief on tariffs	35
494120383	land ordinance of 1785 and northwest ordinance of 1787	what are the two laws that articles did	36
494120384	land ordinance 1785	a way to survey// create concept of township// each township sold and benefits go to public schools and PUBLIC DEBT//	37
494120385	northwest ordinance	how area will be governed// no slavery in northwest// judiciary compromise: support them with equality	38
494120386	alaska and hawaiii	last two states to become states	39
494120387	pirates..americans no longer have protection from them that britain used to provide	dey of algiers	40
494120388	shay's rebellion	impoverished backcountry farmers were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies; led by Captain Daniel Shays these desperate debtors demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers	41

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APUSH Chapter 9 (1776-1790) Flashcards

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1809514544	Society of Cincinnati	Continental Army officers formed an exclusive hereditary/military order in 1783; most Americans ridiculed the lordly pretensions for their aristocratic ideas and tendencies.	0
1809514545	Disestablished	To separate an official state church from its connection with the government; Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational churches well into the 19th century	1
1809514546	Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom	1786; Measure enacted by the virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religious clause of the first amendment of the constitution.	2
1809514547	Civic Virtue	Central to republican ideology was this concept; the notion that democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good	3
1809514548	"Republican motherhood"	the idea that mothers were trusted to morally educate their young and cultivate the virtues of American republicanism. Republican women now bore crucial responsibility for the survival of the nation	4
1809514549	Abigail Adams	The wife of John Adams (second president). She attempted to get rights for "Ladies" from her husband who at the time was on the committee for designing the declaration of independence	5
1809514550	Philadelphia Quakers	1775; Founded world's first anti-slavery society, shows hostility toward trade in "black ivory"	6
1809514551	British constitution	an accumulation of laws, customs, and precedents (not formally written document)	7
1809514552	State constitutions	contracts that defined the powers of the government, as did the old colonial charters, but they drew their authority from the people, not from the royal seal of a distant king. As written documents the state constitutions were intended to represent a fundamental law, superior to the transient whims of ordinary legislation. Most of these documents included bills of rights, required the annal election of legislators and all of them deliberately created weak executive and judicial branches.	8
1809514553	Sovereignty	This is defined as supreme political power. When the Continental Congress in 1776 asked the colonies to draft new constitutions, it was asking them to become new states, whose sovereignty, according to republicanism, would rest on the people's authority. Power in the people's hands is the basis for democracy.	9
1809514554	bills of rights	Laws that specifically guaranteed long-prized liberties against later legislative enroachment	10
1809514555	Executive and Legislative Brach	two branches of government; intentionally weakened because the people were suspicious of former royal governors and judges	11
1809514556	Roger Morris	example of Loyalist property that was confiscated; this man's large New York estate was cut up into 250 parcels	12
1809514557	Brandywine Creek	South of Philadelphia; provided power for many mills/factories; shows how America was trying to rise up the commercial scale	13
1809514558	Empress of China	an example of a Yankee ship that boldly sailed the world to trade with foreign countries; carried ginseng; led the way into the East Asian markets	14
1809514559	Articles of Confederation	The first "constitution" governing the United Sates after the revolution. It was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and ratified in 1781. It provided for a "firm league of friendship." The legislative branch (congress) had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes and there was no national executive or judicial branch. Despite its weaknesses, it was an important step toward the present-day Constitution because without it the states would never have consented to the Constitution.	15
1809514560	Old Northwest	This area of land lays northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes.	16
1809514561	Land Ordinance of 1785	A law establishing a plan for surveying and selling western lands (west of Appalachians). Stated that the disputed land of the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships (6 miles by 6 miles) and sold for federal income. Also promoted education (by reserving the section number 16 for schools) and ended confusing legal disagreements over land	17
1809514562	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Established procedures for western lands to become territories, and, eventually, states. Set requirements for the admission of new states to the Union. It said that sections of land were similar to colonies for a while, and under the control of the Federal Government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 people, then congress would review its constitution and admit it as a state; Slavery was prohibited in the Northwest territories, though it exempted slaves already represent. This plan worked so well it became the model for other frontiers	18
1809514563	Lord Sheffield	Wrote a popular pamphlet in England that proclaimed Britain would win back America's trade and that commerce would naturally follow old channels	19
1809514564	Spain	Country was openly unfriendly to America; controlled the mouth of the all-important Mississippi; closed the river to American commerce in 1784 and closed other ports/rivers. Held Natchez, on disputed soil (which was an important fort).	20
1809514565	John Jay	The First Chief Justice of the United States and Secretary of foreign Affairs. Supporter of the Constitution. Significance: Came up with "Jay's Treaty" to help settle issues with Great Britain that were left unresolved from the American Revolution.	21
1809514566	Shay's Rebellion	A rebellion led by captain Daniel Shays, Revolutionary War veteran. It was an uprising that flared up in Western Massachusetts, in 1786. Impoverished backcountry farmers, (many of them Revolutionary War veterans) were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. They demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures. Hundreds of angry agitators attempted to enforce these demands. However, Massachusetts authorities, supported by wealthy citizens, raised a small army (under General Lincoln). This movement was smashed (and Shays was condemned to death but then later pardoned). Significance: It struck fear in the hearts of the propertied class. The rebellion exposed the need for a stronger central government and helped launched the Constitutional Convention	22
1809514567	Alexander Hamiliton	Hamilton was a high political leader and 32 year old New Yorker who saved the Annapolis convention from complete failure by engineering the adoption of his report. It called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with commerce alone but to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Congress, because of Hamilton's influence, issued the call for a convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising" the Articles of Confederation. Hamilton was present as an advocate of the central government. He gave a five hour speech that did not reach anyone but himself. He was one of the youngest and most brilliant founding fathers.Hamilton joined John Jay and James Madison in penning a masterly series of articles for the New York newspaper called The Federalist Papers. Their essays are the most penetrating commentary ever written on the Constitution. He later became the 1st Secretary of the Treasury and his 4-part financial plan (which was successful) got American on firm financial footing. His plan included: (1) paying the debt in full, (2) a national Bank of the U.S., (3) a tariff, and (4) an excise tax on whiskey.	23
1809514568	James Madison	Nicknamed "the Father of the Constitution," he was a talented politician sent to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. His notable contributions to the Constitution helped to convince the public to ratify it. He later wrote the Bill of Rights	24
1809514569	The "large-state plan"	A plan proposed by Virginia to set up Congress where the number of representative per state would be based on population, giving the larger states an advantage	25
1809514570	The "small-state plan"	A plan proposed by New Jersey that provided for equal representation in a unicameral Congress by states, regardless of size and population, as under the Articles of Confederation	26
1809514571	The Great Compromise	The Constitutional Convention's compromise to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in upper house (Senate) and each state having representation based on its population in the lower house (House of Representatives); was proposed by Roger Sherman Significance: It saved the Constitutional Convention, and, probably, the Union. Also this Compromise set the stage for future compromises at the Convention, like the 3/5 compromise.	27
1809514572	Electoral College	The body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president. A body of electors chosen or appointed by a larger group	28
1809514573	Three-Fifths Compromise	This was a compromise where a black slave counted as 3/5 of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representation in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all, so they came to an agreement and 3/5 was negotiated. Significance: Solved the political issue but not economic issue of slavery. Basically, agreeing to slavery and temporarily solved conflict between North and South.	29
1809514574	Checks and Balances	Three separate branches of government share power. This principle has prevented any one branch from taking over the government and making all the decisions	30
1809514575	Anti-federalists	an opponent of a strong central government. They disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people's rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights. They were angered by dropping annual elections, the non-existence of God in government, a standing army, the strengthening of the federal government and the highly questionable procedure of ratifying with only 2/3 of the states. Significance: Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in the prevention of the adoption of the Constitution but, their efforts were responsible for the creation and implementation of the Bill of Rights.	31
1809514576	Federalists	Federalists believed in advocating a strong federal government and fought for the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787-1788.	32
1809514577	The "Federalists Papers"	a series of essays (85) defending and explaining the constitution. Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Significance: Propaganda for stronger central government. "The Federalist Papers" outlined the form of government preferred by the Federalists and government is still governed based on these principles.	33
1809514578	The Constitution of the United States	This is the foundation of our country's national government. It was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787 and ratified two years later. The Constitution establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual.	34

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CHAPTER 9 APUSH (CLASS DISCUSSION) The Confederation and the Constitution, 1776-1790 Flashcards

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2915637027	The over-arching theme of chapter 9 is that the new nation started out of fear of a strong government. And then, out of necessity, strengthened the government.	The over-arching theme of chapter 9 is that the new nation started out of fear of a strong government. And then, out of necessity, strengthened the government.	0
2915643250	the Articles of Confederation	THIS first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose.	1
2915652049	commerce	Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate THIS and the money situation was growing dim fast and	2
2915675399	Shay's Rebellion	(2) THIS frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held.	3
2915683028	Separation of powers	The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesn't get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a THIS was put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been.	4
2915705768	Bill of Rights	After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of THIS, the Constitution was ratified.	5
2915719707	II. Chapter 9 Summary	II. Chapter 9 Summary	6
2904521479	evolution	The American Revolution has been revered by many as a kind of an accelerated THIS rather than a Revolution.	7
2904604680	the Society of the Cincinnati	Continental army officers attempting to form THIS were ridiculed by strong Democratic opposition for their lordly pretensions.	8
2904532001	Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom	Many churches became disestablished as the separation of church and state became fierce. Thomas Jefferson won a complete victory in Virginia with the passage of THIS against established churches.	9
2904541388	Philadelphia Quakers	Egalitarian sentiments challenged the institution of slavery in 1775 and THEY founded the world's first antislavery society.	10
2904553401	northern	Several of THESE states went even further and either abolished slavery or provided for gradual emancipation.	11
2904567804	civic virtue	Women's right were still far off to the future, however, THIS term recognizes that women were an equal asset to society in that they contributed to society by raising children.	12
2904570550	"republican motherhood"	THIS concept of women's contribution through civic virtue took root.	13
2904581776	Massachusetts: These contracts defined the role of government (unlike England)	As the colonies moved to draft new constitutions, THIS colony was unique in that it turned its draft over to the people for a vote to ratify. Theirs is the longest lasting constitution in the world.	14
2904591235	seaports	As a result of the Revolution, many state capitals were relocated westward to get them away from THESE haughty eastern influences.	15
2904616434	economic political	It was highly significant to the course of future events that THIS type of democracy preceded THIS type of democracy.	16
2904639467	the Articles of Confederation	The Second Continental Congress had no constitutional authority. Shortly after declaring independence in 1776, they began drafting THIS.	17
2904643231	1781: less than 8 months before Yorktown	The Articles were initially sent to the French after Saratoga to get their support. It was not ratified by all 13 states until THIS year.	18
2904654549	Western territories	The major hang up in the ratification of the Articles was over THIS.	19
2904661294	taxes	One of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation was that it was unable to collect THESE.	20
2904669782	executive branch also judicial branch left to the states	The Articles of Confederation did not have THIS branch of the government due to bad taste from King George III.	21
2904674217	9	Another problem was that every state had one vote and required THIS number of states out of the 13 for ratifications.	22
2904676782	13	Any amendment to the articles themselves required THIS number of states out of 13.	23
2904683613	weak	Congress was designed to be THIS by the suspicious states which just gained control over taxation and commerce from Britain. The government got no revenue in this way.	24
2904696154	Old Northwest	The lands to the northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi, and south of the Great Lakes were called THIS.	25
2904700134	Land Ordinance 1785	THIS would see that these lands were divided into townships 6 miles square, split into 36 sections 1 square mile each.	26
2904706689	Northwest Ordinance 1787	THIS would establish statehood based on population of 36,ooo forbade slavery, preventing another future war.	27
2904726125	Mississippi	British presence along the northern frontier and Spanish control of the mouth of THIS cut off effective American control of 1/2 of their land.	28
2904734840	Pirates of the North African States including Day of Algiers	America enjoyed protection from THESE pirates when they were British subjects, but now they were being ravaged.	29
2904739662	Shays Rebellion	Disagreement among states, growing individuality, and no respect for the federal government grew larger. THIS uprising in 1786 in Western Massachusetts flared up over foreclosures and taxes.	30
2904755221	"mobocracy"	There was a fear among the wealthy elite that THIS was growing beyond control.	31
2904767861	Alexander Hamilton	So the debate over states rights vs. the strength of the central government. The first attempt to meet to amend the Articles failed as only 5 delegates showed up. THIS charismatic New Yorker called for a convention to meet next year.	32
2904771609	Philadelphia	They would meet HERE to amend the Articles of Confederation. Every state sent a representative except independent minded Rhode Island.	33
2904773735	Benjamin Franklin	Extreme secrecy was important at 81 HE was escorted to dinner to prevent him from gabbing.	34
2904787156	James Madison	At 36 HE made such profound contributions that he has been dubbed "The Father of the Constitution."	35
2904791721	Alexander Hamilton	THIS 32 year old delivered a 5 hour speech advocating a strong central government. (future national bank)	36
2904797499	Europe	Most of the fiery Revolutionary leaders were absent though like Jefferson, John Adams, and Paine were HERE for discussions.	37
2904803466	a rat	Hancock and Samuel Adams were not reelected in Massachusetts and Patrick Henry declined to serve because he said he smelled THIS.	38
2904812703	Democracy	These delegates were conservative slave owners and experienced statesmen. They were very nationalistic and more concerned with preserving the Republic than strengthening THIS.	39
2904823954	fear occupied the 56th chair	Protecting Republicanism meant the Piratical Dey of Algiers, the liberal Lord Sheffield's mercantilism and tariff talk, and Daniel Shays proved to be invisible "founding Fathers" because they struck THIS into the Philadelphia delegates.	40
2904827627	the Virginia Plan	THIS "large-state plan" wanted representation to be based on population.	41
2904829190	the New Jersey Plan	THIS "small state plan" of equal representation where each state would get one vote regardless of size.	42
2904834178	the Great Compromise	THIS decided on two houses one based on population and the other equal representation.	43
2904838420	Separation of Powers	THIS was established to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.	44
2904840816	the Electoral College: In this way if there was no majority then the small states would have a chance as the president would be decided by the House. (Each state would get one vote) Only happened in 1800 and 1824	THIS would decide the president indirectly.	45
2904847727	3/5 Compromise	Now the slave issue had to be decided. How would slaves be decided?	46
2904854050	judges for life President Electoral College Congress by state legislators	To ensure separation of powers Judges served for ? President elected by ? Congress chosen by ?	47
2904862538	9	42/45 remained to sign 17 weeks later. 3/42 refused to sign and left and surely THIS state would veto it they decided ratification would require THIS number of the 13.	48
2904865622	Federalists Alexander Hamilton James Madison John Jay	THEY supported the new Constitution and promoted passage.	49
2904887691	The Federalists	Designed as propaganda, THESE papers supported the Constitution for a strong central government.	50
2904866041	Bill of Rights	The Anti-Federalists like Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee opposed the new Constitution until THIS was added.	51
2904881267	Congress	Antifederalists believed that the sovereignty of the people resided innTHIS branch of government.	52
2904899335	all of them Executive - Legislative - Judicial	The Federalists believed that the sovereignty of the people resided in THIS branch of the government.	53
2915846714	III. MATCHING!	III. MATCHING!	54
2915878558	antifederalists	Group that failed to block the central government they feared but did force the promise of a Bill of Rights.	55
2915890753	James Madison	Father of the Constitution and author of Federalist no. 10	56
2915897127	Society of the Cincinnati	An exclusive order of military officers that aroused strong Democratic opposition	57
2915921661	federalists	Wealthy conservatives devoted to republicanism who engineered a nonviolent political transformation	58
2915941771	Virginian Statute for Religious Freedom	Legislation passed by an alliance of Jefferson and the Baptists that disestablished the Anglican Church	59
2915956245	Daniel Shays	Revolutionary War veteran who led poor farmers in a revolt that failed but had far-reaching consequences	60
2915980411	Benjamin Franklin	Elder statesman who lent his prestige to the Constitutional Convention and promoted the "Great Compromise"	61
2915989748	New York	The only state to allow a direct vote on the Constitution	62
2916003467	John Jay	Frustrated foreign affairs secretary under the Articles; one of the three authors of the Federalist	63
2916016803	Northwest Ordinance 1787	Legislation that provided for the orderly transformation of western territories into states	64
2916031807	Massachusetts	First of key states where Federalists won by a narrow margin over the opposition of antifederalist Sam Adams	65
2916052772	Patrick Henry	Virginia antifederalist leader who thought the Constitution spelled the end of liberty and equality	66
2916069292	George Washington	Unanimously elected chairman of the secret convention of "demi-gods"	67
2916081807	Alexander Hamilton	Young New Yorker who argued eloquently for the Constitution even though he favored an even stronger central government	68
2916089785	Articles of Confederation	Document of 1781 that was put out of business by the Constitution	69
2916099146	IV. Identification	IV. Identification	70
2916110540	Protestant Episcopal Church	New name for the Anglican Church after it was disestablished and de-Anglicinized	71
2916130976	republican motherhood	The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children	72
2916147522	Constitutional Convention	A type of special assembly, originally developed in Massachusetts, for drawing up a fundamental law that would be superior to ordinary law	73
2916157250	Articles of Confederation	The first Constitutional government of the United States	74
2916166317	Old Northwest	The territory north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi governed by the acts of 1785 and 1787	75
2916183916	sections	In the new territories, 6 mile by 6 mile square areas consisting of 36 sections, one of which was set aside for public schools	76
2916200898	territory	The status of a western area under the Northwest Ordinance after it established an organized government but before it became a state	77
2948758519	Protestant Episcopal Church	New name of the Anglican Church after it was disestablished and de-Anglicized in Virginia and elsewhere.	78
2948764639	republican motherhood	The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children.	79
2948770366	Constitutional Convention	A type of special assembly, originally developed in Massachusetts, for drawing up a fundamental law that would be superior to ordinary law	80
2948772402	Articles of Confederation	The first Constitutional government of the United States	81
2948781201	Old Northwest	The territory north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi governed by the acts of 1785 and 1787	82
2948789171	sections = Land Ordinance of 1785	In the new territories, 6 mile by 6 mile square areas consisting of 36 sections, one of which was set aside for public schools	83
2948795352	territory	The status of a western area under the Northwest Ordinance after it established an organized government but before it became a state	84
2948798790	Shay's Rebellion	A failed revolt in 1786 by poor farmers that raised fears of "mobocracy"	85
2948812819	large-state plan	The plan proposed by Virginia at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population	86
2948818158	small-state plan	The plan proposed by New Jersey for a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states regardless of size and population	87
2949875063	3/5 Compromise	The compromise between North and South that resulted in each slave being counted as 60% of a free person for purposes of representation	88
2949891780	anti-federalists	The opponents of the Constitution who argued against creating such a strong central government	89
2949915972	The Federalist	A masterly series of pro-Constitution articles printed in New York by Jay, Madison, and Hamilton.	90
2949942268	president	The official (not person) under the new Constitution who would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces, appoint judges and other officials, and have the power to veto legislation	91
2949957512	Bill of Rights	A list of guarantees that federalists promised to add to the Constitution in order to win ratification	92
2949974433	anti-federalists	Group that failed to block the central government they feared but did force the promise of a Bill of Rights	93
2949992350	James Madison	Father of the Constitution and author of Federalist No. 10	94
2950001927	Society of Cincinnati	An exclusive order of military officers that aroused strong democratic opposition	95
2950023671	federalists	Wealthy conservatives devoted to republicanism who engineered a nonviolent political transformation	96
2950037801	Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom	Legislation passed by an alliance of Jefferson and the Baptists that disestablished the Anglican Church	97
2950059674	Daniel Shays	Revolutionary War veteran who led poor farmers in a revolt that failed but had far-reaching consequences	98
2950070497	Benjamin Franklin	Elder statesman who lent his prestige to the Constitutional Convention and promoted the Great Compromise	99
2950107138	New York	The only state to allow a direct vote on the Constitution	100
2950118777	John Jay	Frustrated foreign affairs secretary under the Articles; one of the three authors of the Federalist	101
2950130141	Northwest Ordinance 1787	legislation that provided for the orderly transformation of western territories into states	102
2950146530	Massachusetts	First of key states where federalists won by a narrow margin over the opposition of anti-federalist Sam Adams.	103
2950156840	Patrick Henry	Virginia anti-federalist leader who thought the Constitution spelled the end of liberty and equality	104
2950165746	George Washington	Unanimously elected chairman of the secret convention of "demi-gods"	105
2950176317	Alexander Hamilton	Young New Yorker who argued eloquently for the Constitution even though he favored an even stronger central government	106
2950198164	Articles of Confederation	Document of 1781 that was put out of business by the Constitution	107
2904903985	The End!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!	The End!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!	108

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APUSH Chapter 9: The Confederationand the Constitution, 1776-1790 Flashcards

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2597072345	Slave Trade Compromise	Congress could not regulate or outlaw slavery or slave trade until 1808. After that, slaves could not be imported, but could be traded internally.	0
2597072346	"republican motherhood"	An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.	1
2597074197	republicanism	The ideology of governing the nation as a republic, where the head of state is not appointed through hereditary means, but usually through an election , A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.	2
2597074198	James Madison	The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.	3
2597076490	Alexander Hamilton	Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.	4
2597076491	Articles of Confederation	Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789	5
2597078204	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created a policy for administering the Northwestern Territories; it included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. The primary effect of this was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.	6
2597079519	Land Ordinance of 1785	Provided for the sale of land in the old Northwest and earmaked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. The immediate goal of this was to raise money to pay debt through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War.	7
2597080949	Federal (government) system	Delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 agreed that the United States should have a federal system of government with both independent state governments and a national government with limited powers to handle matters of common interest.	8
2597082303	Shay's Rebellion	Unfair taxes in MA; Farms foreclosed; Farmers imprisoned as debtors; Shay & 1200 men attacked courts in western MA; State militia put down rebellion; Uprising was a general threat to property; Threat that rebellion could spread to other states; Articles of Confederation viewed as too weak to maintain law and order; Bolstered call for revisions of Articles of Confederation (Constitutional Convention--1787)	9
2597082304	states' rights	The anti-federalists opposed the constitution because they thought it did not give enough power to the states. They believed that each state deserved certain rights that were not clearly defined in the constitution but were pertinent in democracy. Since these rights were not included in the original draft of the constitution there was a delay in the ratification process until the states were granted individual powers in an added clause.	10
2597084951	"Mobocracy"	To be ruled by a mob. An example of people who used this method would be the American colonists. When England would impose taxes and acts, such as the Stamp Act, the colonists would become angered and protest it by forming mobs and doing such things as ransacking houses and stealing the money of stamp agents. The Stamp Act was eventually nullified because all the stamp agents had been forced to resign leaving no one to uphold it	11
2597085827	Virginia (large state) Plan	Resolutions proposed by James Madison concerning aspects of the system of government. It proposed a bicameral legislature, in which the house's members would be elected in proportion to state populations.	12
2597086984	New Jersey (small state) Plan	The smaller states opposed the Virginia Plan, fearing they would lose influence to the larger states. The plan also supported the Separation of Powers. Called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation	13
2597088042	Great Compromise (Connecticut)	Called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied. At the Constitutional Congress, larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan and smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan. The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each.	14
2597088043	Electoral College	The Electoral College is a group of electors that are elected by the people to elect the President of the United States in every election year. This system was born along side the U.S. Constitution. This system is a way of speeding up Presidential elections and is still in force today. The representatives of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in the Electoral College. That states votes is determined by its population.	15
2597090328	Three-fifths Compromise	The three-fifths compromise was where a black slave was counted as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all.	16
2597091440	separation of powers/checks and balances	Checks and Balances "is the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power." The framers of the constitution for the U.S. saw the policy of checks and balances necessary for the government to run smoothly. Third principle has prevented anyone Branch from taking over the government and making all the decisions.(Having a dictatorship.)	17
2597092534	Federalists & Anti-Federalists	Federalists was political group who believed in a strong and powerful central government/executive branch. They were influential during Washington's presidency and taught America how to walk. Initiated political party system with the Republicans. Anti-Federalists were mostly commoners who were afraid of strong central government and being taken advantage of. They included Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams.	18
2597092535	The Federalists Papers	The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did.	19
2597095349	popular sovereignty	Popular Sovereignty is the idea that people should have the right to rule themselves. This idea had revolutionary consequences in colonial America.	20

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Psychology Themes and Variations Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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933119954	Hypothesis	A tenative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.	0
933119955	Variables	Measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.	1
933119956	Theory	System of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.	2
933119957	Operational Definition	Describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.	3
933119958	Participants/Subjects	Persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study.	4
933119959	Data Collection Techniques	Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements.	5
933119960	Journal	Periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrow defined area of inquiry.	6
933119961	Research Methods	Consist of differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies.	7
933119962	Experiment	Research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observers whether any changes occur in a second variable result.	8
933119963	Independent Variable	Condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.	9
933119964	Dependent Variable	Variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable.	10
933119965	Experimental Group	Consists of the subjects who recieve some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.	11
933119966	Control Group	Subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.	12
933119967	Extraneous Variables	Variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.	13
933119968	Confounding of Variables	Occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects.	14
933119969	Random Assignment	When all subjects have an eqaul chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.	15
933119970	Correlation	Exists when two bariables are related to each other.	16
933119971	Correlation Coefficient	Numerical indexof the degree of relationship between two variables.	17
933119972	Naturalistic Observation	Researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects.	18
933119973	Reactivity	Occurs when a subject's behavior is altered by the presence of an observer.	19
933119974	Case Study	In-depth investigation of an individual subject.	20
933119975	Survey	Questionaire or interview to gather information about specific aspects of participants background, attitudes, beliefs, or behavior.	21
933606415	Replication	Repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated.	22
933606416	Meta-analysis	Combines the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate size and consistency of a variable's effects.	23
933606417	Sample	Collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.	24
933606418	Population	Larger collection of animals or people (from which the sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about.	25
933606419	Sampling Bias	exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn	26
933606420	Placebo Effect	Change in a participant's illness that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than the actual treatment	27
933606421	Social Desirability Bias	A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.	28
933606422	Halo Effect	Occurs when someone's overall evaluation of a person, object, or institution spills over to influence more specific ratings.	29
933606423	Experimenter Bias	Occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of the study influence the results obtaine.	30
933606424	Double-blind Procedure	Research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.	31

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APUSH: Out of Many chapter 6 Flashcards

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1936893353	Salutary Neglect	The way the British acted towards the Navigation Acts due to cost and effort	0
1936893354	7 years' war/French and Indian war	(American name, European name) The war that led to increased friction between Britain and the colonies, due to the colonists seeing Britain's unfair hierarchies, and after the war with Britain taking its economic failure out on the colonies through taxes. Also led to the expansion of British colonists farther West.	1
1936893355	Treaty of Paris, 1763	(Item, year) The resolution to the 7 years' war that took away a lot of Indian land (supposedly French land that the Indians believed did not belong to the French and was not theirs to give away). Affected the siding of the Indians during the Revolutionary War (sided with the British because the colonists were expanding too much).	2
1936893356	Proclamation of 1763	*AP TERM: Created in response to the Indians' discontent over the Treaty of Paris. Created a line along the Appalachians beyond which colonists could not settle. Intended to suppress Indian revolts and avoid another war. The colonists grew angry because they thought that with the French out of the way, they could settle wherever. People moved West anyway and the Indians complied, weakened by the war.	3
1936893357	Benjamin Franklin's (Albany) Plan of Union, 1754	*AP TERM (Name, date) Would create a separate government appointed by the crown to deal with affairs involving western settlement and disputes with Indians.	4
1936893358	Colonists feared loss of autonomy, British feared a large force gaining power	Why was Franklin's plan of union rejected by both the colonists and the British?	5
1936893359	American	What new word being used after the French and Indian war symbolized the beginning of a sense of nationalism among the colonists?	6
1936893360	Whigs	The name for members of the republican party, who were advocates for colonial resistance. In Britain, just a small radical party, in the colonies, a fairly powerful group organizing resistance.	7
1936893361	Republicanism	The political theory that wanted liberty for individuals, against tyranny, government dependent on the people. Very unpopular in England, where people wanted the state to be controlled by a hereditary elite.	8
1936893362	The Sugar Act	*AP TERM: The act that placed a duty on sugar in the colonies. The tax was actually lowered from before (6-3 pence, but in the colonists' minds it went from 0-3 due to salutary neglect). Judged by admiralty courts (Halifax) run by the British navy. Not extremely enraging, however, because sugar was a commodity and could somewhat easily be avoided.	9
1938812525	The Stamp Act	*AP TERM: Made people pay for a special paper needed for all legal documents, newspapers, etc. It was a bigger deal than the sugar act because it affected all social classes, and lawyers-people with a lot of power-were hit the hardest. One of the worst moves that Britain could have made, possibly the main catalyst for the war.	10
1938812526	James Otis	Said "no taxation without representation"	11
1938812527	Virtual Representation	*AP TERM: A concept brought up by James Otis, stated that America was only getting this in parliament and deserved actual representatives from the colonies because it was a separate community.	12
1938812528	Stamp Act Congress	The group formed in resistance to the Stamp Act that stopped importations* to Britain until demands to repeal the act were met. Eventually riots made all of the stamp distributors leave, so the SA was impossible to enforce. *Non-importation movement	13
1938812529	Declaratory Act	A statement issued by the British government (in response to the riots around the Stamp Act) that stated that Parliament had control over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It was an attempt to make Britain seem powerful, but the colonists saw right through it. Allowed Britain to make the Townshend Acts.	14
1938812530	Townshend Acts	*AP TERM: 1767, After the Declaratory Act Parliament passed these acts to make up for riots in Britain, which had brought taxes down by 25%. Set up import duties on commodities, intended to pay the salaries of royal officials. John Dickinson argued against this, but mildly, so there was not much revolt yet.	15
1938812531	Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer	*AP TERM: John Dickinson wrote these to argue against the Townshend Acts. They were reasonable and well supported, so he won a lot of colonist support. He said that Parliament could control the British Empire as a whole, but not place taxes on the colonies separately. Also argued that taxes to raise revenue were unconstitutional.	16
1938812532	Non-Importation Agreements	*AP TERM: A movement started in Boston in 1767 to fight against unfair taxes. It was a significant period because for the first time, all of the classes were joining together in an effective boycott, even smaller, rural towns who really wanted nothing to do with all of the shenanigans going on in the big cities.	17
1938812533	Sons of Liberty	*AP TERM: A group of middle-class radicals, mostly lawyers, originally formed in opposition to the Stamp Act, who organized boycotts-the most effective anti-Britain strategy in the colonies. Set up liberty poles as "gesture politics" to appeal to lower-class, illiterate people.	18
1938812534	Boston Massacre	*AP TERM: 1770. A conflict between soldiers, who were stationed in the colonies to control riots over the Townshend Acts, and colonists. Grew in fame because of Paul Revere's biased depiction of innocent colonists and brutal soldiers. Soldiers were defended by John Adams and ruled innocent.	19
1938812535	Crispus Attucks	The first person who died in the Boston Massacre, supposedly the first casualty of the revolution.	20
1939951734	British military occupation of Boston	What occured because of Samuel Adams's letter approved by Mass. House of Representatives that aimed to separate royal officials from colonial assemblies, and was approved by many colonial assemblies?	21
1939951735	Tea Act	A controversial action made by Thomas Hutchinson that took the duty off of a certain item to help the East India Company make more sales. Was not taken well by the colonists, who saw it as a restriction on their liberties.	22
1939951736	Lexington and Concord	1774, Two battles in which King George initiated the fighting against the colonists. At the first, the colonists were not ready and lost, but at the second, they struck back harder and won.	23
1939951737	Lexington and Concord	What battle featured the "shot heard 'round the world?"	24
1939951738	Patrick Henry	Who said "give me liberty or give me death," a statement meaning that there was no hope for a peaceful resolution to the conflict.	25
1942412479	Battle of Bunker Hill	The battle in which the British army underestimated the colonists, so they foolishly marched up a hill in lines, getting shot down.	26
1942412480	Benjamin Franklin's Plan of Union	The colonists' reaction to what item reflected their desire not to work together?	27
1942412481	Benjamin Franklin	Who said this quotation about the British military occupation of Boston: "It's like setting up a blacksmith's forge and putting it in a gunpowder magazine"?	28
1947220927	Intolerable Acts	*AP TERM: The name of a series of acts made in 1774 that really set Americans over the edge.	29
1947220928	Boston Port Act	IA: An act that made it illegal to load or unload ships in Boston until the colony had compensated the East India Company amd customs office for the tea. A big issue because Boston was a huge center for trade.	30
1947220929	Massachusetts government act	IA: Made it so that all of the government officials in Massachusetts were appointed by the king or royal governors. Also restricted town meetings to less than once a year.	31
1947220930	Quartering Act	IA: One that forced colonists to be willing to house British soldiers at their own expense.	32
1947220931	Quebec Act	IA: Created an authoritarian government for the territory taken from France. It was a feudal system and tolerated Catholicism-which was horrendous to the colonists farther South.	33
1947220932	Vice-admiralty Courts	Created by the Administration of Justice Act, these were created to strengthen enforcement of the Navigation Acts and did not entitle defendants to a jury.	34
1947220933	Administration of Justice Act	IA: an act that sent British officials home to Britain for trial if arrested, and only allowed accusations to be made by royal courts, not colonial ones.	35
1947220934	First Continental Congress	*AP TERM: a group made up of representatives from all colonies but Georgia, met in Philidelphia. Goal was to avoid war but still wanted British constitutional rights: Set up a Declaration and Resolves.	36
1947220935	Second Continental Congress	*AP TERM: a group made up of representatives from all colonies but Georgia, met in Philidelphia. Goal was to create a unified defense against Britain following Lexington and Concord. Acted as the direction of military affairs during the war.	37
1947220936	Olive Branch Petition	*AP TERM: A document written by John Dickinson, a well-respected voice of moderation in the colonies, pleading for peace from Britain.	38
1947220937	Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking up Arms	*AP TERM: Written by Jefferson and Dickinson the day after writing the olive branch petition. Sent to Britain to explain that they were tired of ineffective riots and would begin a war if needed. At this point, they would rather die freemen than live slaves.	39
1947220938	Common Sense	*AP TERM: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that was written simply enough that all classes could understand it (necessary especially for the lower class-least motivated to fight). Explained that Britain was not helping America at all.	40

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Economics Flashcards

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2416242972	Investment	refers to the use of resources by businesses, individuals, or government to increase productive capacity by developing new technology, obtaining new capital resources, or improving the skills of the work force.	0
2416301336	Productivity	is defined as the quantity of goods and services produced by an individual, a company, a sector of the economy, or an economy in a given amount of time.	1
2416319090	Inflation	may be defined as a rise in the general level of prices in an economy.	2
2416490334	Profit	The difference between the total revenue and the total cost of a business.	3
2416498826	Profit motive	A person's motivation to make a profit, and to earn money as an entrepreneur.	4
2416538301	Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	The most inclusive measure of an economy's output. It is defined as the market value of the total output of final goods and services produced in one year.	5
2416554452	Opportunity costs	the most important alternative that is given up as a result of a specific economic decision.	6
2416888945	Economic growth	When the economy experiences an increase in the actual amount of goods and services produced in a given time,	7
2417450054	Production	refers to the activity of combing resources to make goods and services.	8
2417476452	Resource	anything used to produce goods and services	9
2417848223	Entrepreneurship	the risk-taking that occurs when a person starts a new business.	10
2417921964	Business cycle	the continuous sequence of ups and downs in the economy	11
2417925176	Recession	decline in business activity.	12
2417930201	Depression	recession that continues for too long.	13
2417949587	Expansion	economic growth.	14
2418026552	Boom	Economic expansion in the business cycle	15
2418037940	Bust	Economic recession in the business cycle	16
2460013592	Land	all natural resources: including land, water, air, and wildlife.	17
2460024588	Capital	the money, buildings, machinery, and equipment used to produce goods and services.	18