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F-APUSH PAGEANT CHAPTER 6 THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA (1606-1763) (CLASS DISCUSSION) Flashcards

2760958454	The over-arching theme of chapter 6 is that England defeated France to gain control over North America. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America.	The over-arching theme of chapter 6 is that England defeated France to gain control over North America. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America.	0
2398107175	I. FRANCE FINDS A FOOTHOLD IN CANADA!	I. FRANCE FINDS A FOOTHOLD IN CANADA!	1
2398118669	Edict of Nantes	Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in the race for the colonies. It was convulsed in the 1500s by foreign wars and domestic strife. In 1598, THIS was issued, allowing limited toleration to the French Huguenots.	2
2398137691	Quebec	When King Louis XIV became king, he took an interest in overseas colonies. In 1608, France established THIS, overlooking the St. Lawrence River.	3
2398153073	Samuel de Champlain	HE was an intrepid soldier and explorer, became known as the "Father of New France." He entered into friendly relations with the neighboring Huron Indians and helped them defeat the Iroquois.	4
2398196316	English	The Iroquois, however, did hamper French efforts into the Ohio Valley later. Unlike THESE colonists, French colonists didn't immigrate to North America by hordes. The peasants were too poor, and the Huguenots weren't allowed to leave.	5
2398203491	II. NEW FRANCE FANS OUT!	II. NEW FRANCE FANS OUT!	6
2398206227	beaver	New France's (Canada) one valuable resource was THIS.	7
2398218867	coureurs de bois	Beaver hunters were known as THIS (runners of the woods) and littered the land with place names, including Baton Rouge (red stick), Terre Haute (high land). Des Moines (some monks) and Grand Teton (big breasts).	8
2398229727	Indians	The French voyagers also recruited THEM to hunt for beaver as well, but they were decimated by the white man's diseases, and the beaver population was heavily extinguished.	9
2398244507	Detroit	French Catholic missionaries zealously tried to convert Indians. To thwart English settlers from pushing into the Ohio Valley, Antoine Cadillac founded THIS ("city of straits") in 1701.	10
2398420946	Louisiana	THIS city was founded in 1682, by Robert de LaSalle, to halt Spanish expansion into the area near the Gulf of Mexico. He was killed by mutinous men in Spanish Texas (in 1687).	11
2398443985	III. THE CLASH OF EMPIRES! King William's War and Queen Anne's War	III. THE CLASH OF EMPIRES! King William's War and Queen Anne's War	12
2398465276	Quebec and Montreal	The English colonists fought the French coureurs de bois and their Indian allies. Neither side wanted to waste real troops. The French-inspired Indians ravaged Schenectady, New York, and Deerfield. The British tried to capture THESE two French cities, failed, but did temporarily have Port Royal.	13
2398484920	Treaty of Utrecht 1713	THIS peace deal in 1713 gave Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to England, pinching the French settlements by the St. Lawrence. It also gave Britain limited trading rights with Spanish America.	14
2398556646	Jenkins The War for Jenkins's Ear	THIS English Captain had his ear cut off by a Spanish commander. THIS war was confined to the Caribbean Sea and Georgia.	15
2398607752	King George's War	Jenkins's War soon merged with War of Austrian Succession and came to be called THIS War in America.	16
2398636163	Louisbourg	France allied itself with Spain but England's troops captured the reputed impregnable fortress of Cape Breton Island (THIS Fort).	17
2398676004	the colonists	However, peace terms for this war gave strategically located Louisbourg, which the New Englanders had captured, back to France, outraging THEM, who feared the fort.	18
2398699130	IV. GEORGE WASHINGTON INAUGURATES WAR WITH FRANCE!	IV. GEORGE WASHINGTON INAUGURATES WAR WITH FRANCE!	19
2398713552	Ohio Valley	THIS area became a battleground among the Spanish, British, and French. It was a lush, fertile, and very good land.	20
2398723603	George Washington	In 1754, the governor of Virginia sent THIS 21 year old to the Ohio country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia minutemen.	21
2398740640	Fort Duquesne	Encountering some Frenchmen in the forest about 40 miles from THIS fort, the troops opened fire, killing the French leader.	22
2398758332	Fort Neccessity - He was permitted to march his men away with full honors.	Later, the French returned and surrounded THIS Washington hastily constructed THIS Fort, fought "Indian style" (hiding and guerrilla fighting), and after a 1o-hour siege, made him surrender.	23
2398767675	V. GLOBAL WAR AND COLONIAL DISUNITY!	V. GLOBAL WAR AND COLONIAL DISUNITY!	24
2398776985	French and Indian War	The fourth of these four wars actually started in America, unlike the other three. THIS war (AKA Seven Years' War) began with Washington's battle with the French.	25
2401077583	Great	It was England and Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, and Russia. In Germany (Prussia), Frederick the Great won his title of "THIS" by repelling French, Austrian, and Russian armies, even though he was badly outnumbered.	26
2401088151	Albany Albany Congress	Many Americans sought for the American colonies to unite, for strength lay in numbers. In 1754, 7 of the 13 colonies met for an inter-colonial congress held in ?, New York, known simply as THIS.	27
2401097340	"Join or Die"	A month before the Congress, Ben Franklin had published his famous "THIS" cartoon featuring a snake in pieces, symbolizing the colonies.	28
2401098149	sovereignty	Franklin helped unite the colonists in Albany, but the Albany plan failed because the states were reluctant to give up their THIS or power. Still, it was the first step towards unity.	29
2401105737	VI. BRADDOCK'S BLUNDERING AND ITS AFTERMATH!	VI. BRADDOCK'S BLUNDERING AND ITS AFTERMATH!	30
2401207265	General Edward Braddock	In the beginning, the British sent THIS haughty 60 year-old General to lead a bunch of inexperienced soldiers with slow, heavy artillery.	31
2401222303	George Washington	In a battle with the French, the British were ambushed and routed by using "Indian-tactics." In this battle, HE reportedly had two horses shot from under him and four bullets go through his coat.	32
2401235778	Indian	Afterwards, the frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina felt the wrath of THEIR attacks throughout the frontier. As the British tried to attack a bunch of strategic wilderness posts, defeat after defeat piled up.	33
2401240292	VII. PITT'S PALMS OF VICTORY!	VII. PITT'S PALMS OF VICTORY!	34
2401247989	William Pitt	In this hour of British trouble, HE, the "Great Commoner," took the lead. In 1757, he became a foremost leader in the London government and later earned the title of "Organizer of Victory."	35
2401260851	Quebec Montreal	Changes Pitt made. . . He soft-pedaled assaults on the French West Indies, assaults which sapped British strength, and concentrated on THESE two strategic French controlled cities (since they controlled the supply routes to New France). And he replaced old, cautious officers with younger, daring officers.	36
2401277158	Louisbourg	In 1758, THIS strategic Fort fell. This root of a fort began to wither the New France vine supplies dwindled.	37
2401293072	James Rolfe	THIS 32 year-old dashing and attentive to detail, commanded an army that boldly scaled the cliff walls of a part protecting Quebec, met French troops near the Plains of Abraham, and in a battle in which he and French Commander Marquis de Montcalm both died, the French were defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered.	38
2401300480	Battle of Quebec	THIS 1759 battle ranks as one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.	39
2401325423	the British	In the Peace Treaty at Paris in 1763. . . . . France was totally kicked out of North America. This meant the THEY got Canada and the land all the way to the Mississippi River.	40
2760901322	fishing stations	The French were allowed to retain several small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies and two never-to-be-fortified islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to be used for THIS.	41
2401353433	Louisiana	France's final blow came when they gave THIS to Spain to compensate for Spain's losses in the war.	42
2760897643	naval	Great Britain took its place as the leading THIS power in the world, and a great power in North America.	43
2401368788	VIII. RESTLESS COLONISTS!	VIII. RESTLESS COLONISTS!	44
2401382032	British invincibility	The colonists having experienced war firsthand and come out victors, were very confident. However, THIS myth was shattered.	45
2760911574	Captain	Ominously, friction developed between the British officers and the colonial "boors." For example, the British refused to recognize any American officers above the rank of THIS.	46
2402253114	Middle Colonies	However, the hardworking Americans believed that they were equals with the redcoats, and trouble began to brew. Brits were concerned about American secret trade with enemy traders during the war; In fact, in the last year of the war, the British forbade the export of all supplies from New England to THESE colonies.	47
2402274317	the French and Indian	Also, many American colonials refused to help fight the French until Pitt offered to reimburse them. During THIS war, though, Americans from different parts of the colonies found, surprisingly to them, that they had a lot in common (language, tradition, ideals) and barriers of disunity began to melt.	48
2402280071	IX. WAR'S FATEFUL AFTERMATH!	IX. WAR'S FATEFUL AFTERMATH!	49
2402296020	colonists	Now that the French had been beaten, THEY could now roam freely, and were less dependent upon Great Britain. The French hoped that the Brits would lose a great empire someday the way they had.	50
2402303031	Spain	THEY were now eliminated from Florida, and the Indians could no longer play the European powers against each other, since it was only Great Britain in control now.	51
2402322563	Chief Pontiac	In 1763, THIS Ottawa Chief led a few French-allied tribes in a brief but bloody campaign through the Ohio Valley, but the whites quickly and cruelly retaliated after being caught off guard.	52
2402330593	smallpox	One commander ordered blankets infected with THIS to be distributed. The violence convinced whites to station troops along the frontier.	53
2402344082	Proclamation of 1763	Now, land-hungry Americans could now settle west of the Appalachian, but in 1763, Parliament issued THIS Act prohibiting any settlement in the areas beyond the Appalachians.	54
2402360606	Indian	Actually, the Proclamation of 1763 was meant to work out the THIS problem by drawing the "out of bounds" line. But colonists saw it as another form of oppression from a far away country. Americans asked, "Didn't we just fight a war to win that land?"	55
2402375163	Revolutionary War	In 1765, an estimated 1,000 wagons rolled through the town of Salisbury, North Carolina, on their way "up west" in defiance of the Proclamation. The British, proud and haughty, were in no way to accept this blatant disobedience by the lowly Americans, and the stage was set for THIS.	56
2402382136	X. MAKERS OF AMERICA: THE FRENCH!	X. MAKERS OF AMERICA: THE FRENCH!	57
2402384758	1713 1763	Louis XIV envisioned a French empire in North America, but defeats in THESE two years snuffed that out.	58
2402521359	Acadians	THEY were first French to leave Canada. The British who had won that area had demanded that all residents either swear allegiance to Britain or leave. In 1755, they were forcefully expelled from the region.	59
2402548384	Louisiana	The Acadians fled far south to the THIS French colony, there they settled among sleepy bayous, planted sugar cane and sweet potatoes, and practiced roman Catholicism.	60
2402573044	1930s	The Acadians spoke the French dialect that came to be called cajun. Cajuns married the Spanish, French, and Germans. They were largely isolated in large families until THIS decade, when a bridge-building spree engineered by Governor Huey Long, broke the isolation of these bayou communities.	61
2402605420	English	In 1763, a second group of French settlers in Quebec began to leave, heading toward New England because poor harvests led to lack of food in Quebec because . . . . The people hoped to return to Canada someday. They notably preserved their Roman Catholicism and their language. Yet today, almost all Cajuns and New England French Canadians speak THIS language.	62
2402612542	Quebec	Today, THIS Canadian city is the only sign of French existence that once ruled. French culture is strong there in the form of road signs, classrooms, courts, and markets, eloquently testifying to the continued vitality of french culture in North America.	63
2760953565	THE END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!	THE END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!	64

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Unit 1.2 / C3: Expansion and Diversity: The Rise of Colonial America, 1625-1700 Flashcards

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2765255535	within England's mainland colonies, four distinct regions emerged:	New England, the Chesapeake, Carolina, and the middle colonies	0
2780115864	the Englishwoman who drew up a list of her relatives to see who might deserve bequests of property in case her only son- a sailor being held for ransom in a N. African prison- died.	Sarah Horbin	1
2780116031	Sarah Horbin and her far-flung clan were part of this	a massive migration of European women and men, predominantly English, who built new communities in N.A. and the Caribbean during the 17th cent.	2
2780116142	by 1700, there were more than _____ people of European discent, most of them English, within the modern-day U.S.	250,000	3
2780116299	in 1672 another recently widowed immigrant, this woman, of Maryland, conducted a similar survey of her kin as she drew up a will, but she was a slave	Mary Johnson	4
2780116668	the vast majority of the 300,000 Africans taken to the Caribbean and North America during the 17th cent. went to	the sugar plantations in Barbados and elsewhere in the West Indies	5
2780116926	it is estimated that about this many North Amer. Indians died as a result of contact w. Euros. by 1700	1 million	6
2780117364	after Charles I (ruled 1625-49) became king of Engl., Anglican authorities undertook a systematic campaign to ...	eliminate Puritan influence w.in the Church of England	7
2765256352	this gave New England a distinctive regional identity	Puritanism	8
2765257872	after Charles I (ruled 1625-49) became king of Engl., Anglican authorities undertook a systematic campaign to eliminate Puritan influence w.in the Church of England. In the face of such harassment, several Puritan merchants obtained a charter to colonize this place, north of Plymouth, in 1628	Massachusetts Bay	9
2765258859	unlike in Plymouth, Mass. Bay leaders were this, advocating the reform of, rather than the sep. from, the Anglican church	nonseparatists	10
2765259388	this man delivered an address titled "A Model of Christian Charity," spelling out the new Massachusetts colony's utopian goals	Governor Winthrop	11
2780117672	in outlining a divine plan in which all people, rich and poor, served one another, Winthrop of Mass. expressed a _____ European's understanding of social hierarchy	conservative	12
2780117762	like Plymouth, Mass. Bay primarily attracted ... who quickly established a healthier, more stable colony than did their contemporaries in Virginia	landowning farm fams. of modest means, most of them Calvinist	13
2780118045	by 1642, more than ____ colonists had settled in New England	15,000	14
2780119020	a reserved praying town for Mass. Bay Indians established by the English	Natick	15
2780119123	when English settlers moved inland, Indian resistance was stronger. For example, friction developed btw. the ___ Indians and this colony	Pequot Indians and Connecticut	16
2765263077	After the Pequot War between Mass. and Connecticut vs. the Pequot Indians, the Pequot's land went to colonists of Connecticut and another new Puritan colony, ___ _____ (which Connecticut absorbed in 1662)	New Haven	17
2780119624	To ensure harmony, ministers in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven struggled to define a set of orthodox practices called	the New England Way	18
2780119858	one means of establishing orthodoxy was through ____. Puritans insisted that conversion required ____ __ _ ___ and, therefore, _____.	education; familiarity w. the Bible; literacy	19
2780119970	Puritans agreed that the church must be free of ___ ____, and they opposed _______. But Winthrop and other leaders insisted otherwise.	state control; theocracy (gov. run by clergy)	20
2780120145	Massachusetts had a ____-____, or "_____" church, whose relationship to civil gov. was symbolized by the fact that a single building-called a meetinghouse rather than a church-was used for both religious services and town business	state-sponsored, or "established," church	21
2765268623	this man argued that civil gov. should remain uninvolved w. religious matters and opposed any kind of compulsory church service or gov. interference w. religious practice bc the state (a creation of sinful human beings) would corrupt the church and New England banished him from their colony because he was opposing the New England way. He moved south to a place he called Providence, which he purchased from the Narragansett Indians and it eventually became the ____ ____ colony.	Roger Williams; Rhode Island	22
2765269618	this was the only New Engl. colony to practice religious toleration at first	Rhode Island	23
2765272000	this woman asserted that most New Engl. ministers implicitly endorsed the Cathl. idea that one's "good works" on earth were the key to salvation thereafter; Puritans thought good works were a false road to heaven, instead following John Calvin in maintaing that God had predetermined everything. Winthrop branded her followers _________s, meaning those opposed to the rule of law	Anne Hutchinson; Antinomians	24
2780120545	By casting doubt on the New England clergy's spiritual state, this person undermined its authority over laypersons.	Anne Hutchinson	25
2780120798	After the Mass. General Court banished the leading Antinomians from their colony, the largest group, led by Hutchinson, settled in this colony	Rhode Island	26
2780121016	Antinomianism's defeat was followed by...	new restrictions on women's independence and religious expression	27
2780121413	the most fundamental threat to Winthrop's city was that people would ...	abandon the ideal of a close-knit community to pursue self-interest	28
2780121535	in 1635, when the Massachusetts General Court forbade pricing any item more than 5% above its cost and this man was selling nails at 25% to 33% above cost, he was fined and forced to make a humiliating apology before his congregation.	Keayne	29
2780122056	despite sharp limits on dissent, New England's religious and political institutions were based on greater ____ ____ than elsewhere in Europe and its colonies	popular participation	30
2780122514	in 1634, after public protest that the governor and council held too much power in New England, each town gained the option of ...	sending two delegates to the General Court	31
2780122974	in 1644 the General Court of New England became a _____ lawmaking body when the towns' ____s separated from the appointed Governor's Council	bicameral (2 chamber); deputies	32
2780123101	a distinctly New England institution; county courts served strictly as courts of law, and local administration was conducted by this; decentralized authority over political and economic decisions to a degree unknown in England and its other colonies	the town meeting	33
2765289106	____ labor was the only system that most New Englanders could afford	family labor	34
2780123501	in England and Virginia, these administered local gov. through county courts	justices of the peace	35
2780123606	New England tried to keep towns ___ ____ by granting house lots near the town center and by granting families no more land than they needed to support themselves	tightly clustered	36
2780123825	there was a "___ __ ____" within each New England town that helped enforce morals and protect the poor and vulnerable	community of women	37
2780126001	this colony's women had more opportunity than other European women to escape failed marriages	New England's	38
2765290131	the efforts of this king to impose taxes in England w.out Parliament's onset sparked a civil war in 1642	Charles I	39
2765291716	Puritans beheaded this king in this year	Charles I in 1649	40
2765293218	the consolidation of power by Puritan ____ _____ raised New Englanders' hopes that England would finally heed their example and establish a truly reformed church, but he proved more receptive to this man's way than to advocates of the New England Way	Oliver Cromwell; Rhode Island's Roger Williams	41
2765295691	in 1662 a synod of clergy proposed this, which would permit the children of baptized adults, including nonsaints, to receive baptism, because most third generation children weren't going to be baptized and saints' numbers would dwindle and Puritan rule would end.	the Half-Way Covenant	42
2780145208	traders began taking Indian land as ____ and ....	collateral and selling it to settlers	43
2780145346	Anglo-Indian conflict became acute during the 1670s because of pressures imposed on unwilling Indians to sell their land and to accept missionaries and the legal authority of colonial courts. Tension ran especially high in Plymouth colony where this man, the son of the colony's onetime ally Massasoit, was now leading Wampanoag sachem/ prayer leader.	Metacom, or "King Philip"	44
2780145455	Unlike Indians in the Pequot War, the Wampanoags of King Philip's War were familiar with ____	guns	45
2780145713	King Philip's War reduced southern New England's Indian population by about __% and eliminated overt resistance to white expansion	40%	46
2765299235	a minor incident, in which several Wampanoags were shot while burglarizing a farmhouse, ignited the conflict known as this	King Philip's War	47
2765301906	342 accused witches in New England were women who had ....	inherited, or stood to inherit, more property from dead husbands than what was normally given to widows	48
2765303471	this town epitomized witchcraft incidents	Salem Town, Massachusetts	49
2765305729	during the 1650s Virginia's legislature ...	split into two chambers	50
2780146071	tobacco shaped this region from 1630-1670	the Chesapeake	51
2780146193	the isolated folk in Virginia and Maryland and in the unorganized settlements of what would become North Carolina shared a way of life shaped by one overriding fact...	their future depended on the price of tobacco	52
2765306291	the Virginia legislature's two chambers:	1) the House of Burgesses, or elected representatives 2) the Governor's Council, whose members held lifetime appointments	53
2765307934	in contrast to Puritan New England, Virginia's established church was this	the Church of England	54
2765310802	English colonial politicians were called _____s. They assumed responsibility for peopling, governing, and defending their colonies.	proprietors	55
2765311209	this man named Maryland in honor of Engl.'s Queen Henrietta Maria. He secured freedom from royal taxation, the power to appoint all sheriffs and judges, and the privilege of creating a local nobility.	Lord Baltimore	56
2765312053	the only checks on the Lord Baltimore's power in Maryland were the crown's control of ___ and ___ and the requirement that an elected assembly approve all laws	war and trade	57
2765347273	Lord Baltimore wanted to make Maryland a ___ ____. But it didn't work out.	Catholic haven for English Catholics	58
2765349868	this was the second colony (after Rhode Island) to affirm liberty of worship for a bit	Maryland	59
2765353005	Governor William Stone vs. Protestant over throwers in Maryland in 1655	Battle of Severn River	60
2765357937	300 Virginia colonists elected this man to lead them against nearby Indians in April 1676, even though Governor Berkeley and Lord Baltimore wanted friendly Indian relations due to the fur trade	Nathaniel Bacon	61
2765360801	this was an outburst of long pent-up frustrations by marginal taxpayers and former servants in Virginia driven to desperation by the tobacco depression, as well as by wealthier planters excluded form Berk.'s circle of favorites	Bacon's Rebellion	62
2765364707	bc planters needed 3 times as many workers per acre to raise ___ as tobacco, rising ___ production greatly multiplied the demand for labor	sugar cane	63
2765365212	this was the first of several Restoration colonies	Carolina	64
2765366417	this formed the Carolina colony's nucleus	Charles Town	65
2765367796	written by Cooper and Locke; attempted to ensure Carolina's stability by decreeing that political power and social rank accurately reflect settlers' landed wealth	Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina	66
2765368695	Cooper and Locke invented a three-tiered nobility that could make laws through this in Carolina	Council of Nobles	67
2765369732	this colony was becoming the first N. American colony w. a black majority because white servants weren't immune to malaria which occurred due to all the mosquitos around the wet rice paddies and blacks had developed immunities to malaria.	Carolina	68
2765381207	this was N.A.'s first multiethnic colony	New Netherland	69
2765381679	this led to a rapid influx of guns into the New Netherland's Iroquois allies, giving them a distinct advantage over other Natives	Privatization of fur trading	70
2765383027	the fighting between the New Netherland Dutch and the nearby coastal Indians was called	Kieft's War	71
2765383889	in 1638 this nation had planted a small fur-trading colony in the lower Delaware Valley. Annoyed, the Dutch colony's governor, Peter Stuyvesant, marched his militia against this colony in 1655, and they accepted Dutch annexation	Sweden	72
2765385619	only in this colony did upper-class proprietors achieve some success in creating a hierarchical society in which they profit from settlers' rents	New York	73
2765386224	Charles II dispatched a naval force to conquer ___ ___ colony and made his brother James, Duke of York, proprietor of the new province and renamed it __ ___	New Netherland; New York	74
2765387342	the Dutch name for manor lords in N.Y.	patroons	75
2765388580	Berk. and Carteret sold New Jersey to a group of even more contentious religious dissenters called ____, who split the territory into two colonies of W. Jersey and E. Jersey	Quakers	76
2765389745	New York and New Jersey both became ___ ___	royal colonies	77
2765391362	Charles II paid off a large debt by making a supporter's son, William Penn, a Quaker, the proprietor of the last unallocated tract of American territory at the king's disposal called	Pennsylvania	78
2765392940	this man founded Quakerism	George Fox	79
2765393332	George Fox's followers called themselves the ___ of ____	Society of Friends	80
2765393885	the most successful of the many radical religious sects born in Engl. during the 1640s and 50s	Quakers	81
2765395205	William Penn named the capital of Pennsylvania ______	Philadelphia	82
2765395206	"the city of brotherly love"	Philadelphia	83
2765399445	the Company of New France granted extensive tracts, or ________s, to large landlords (_____) in Canada, who could either import indentured servants or rent out small tracts w.in their holdings to prospective farmers	seigneuries; seigneurs	84
2765401509	independent Fr. traders unconstrained by gov. authority	voyagers or coureurs de bois CDB	85
2765402905	this man claimed the entire Mississ. basin for Louis XIV, in whose honor he named the territory _____	La Salle; Louisiana	86
2765409164	the Sp. drove a wedge btw. the ____ ____s and their non farming trade partners, the _____ and _____s	Pueblo Indians; the Apaches and Navajos.	87
2765411872	there was a bad drought and Apaches kept raiding the Pueblos for corn, now riding Sp. horses. Reeling under the effects of these catastrophes, Christian Indians returned this in hopes of restoring the spiritual balance that had brought ample rainfall, good health, etc. before the Sp. arrived	traditional Pueblo beliefs	88
2780148945	matters came to a head btw. Pueblo Indians and the Spanish in 1675 when this man ordered soldiers to sack the kivas and arrest Pueblo religious leaders	Governor Juan Francisco Trevino	89
2765414595	when Pueblo Indians attacked Spanish colonists' homes and New Mex.'s capital, Santa Fe.; this was the most significant event in the history of the colonial Southwest	the Pueblo Revolt of 1680	90
2765416447	this man used violence to reestabl. Sp. rule after the Pueblo Revolt	Diego de Vargas	91
2765417730	to counter the French, Sp. proclaimed the province of ___ in 1691, but no permanent Sp. settlements appeared there until later	Texas	92
2765418555	these colonists embraced the market economy w. far less hesitation than their Puritan neighbors in N.E.	middle colonists	93
2765420073	most Fr. North Amers. lived in the	St. Lawrence Valley	94
2765420106	most Sp. colonists were concentrated in the	Rio Grande valley in New Mexico	95

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APUSH Chapters 1-4 Test Flashcards

This has vocabulary as well as general information that are in chapter 1-4 of the APUSH textbook.

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1688111133	Mesoamericans cultivated what crop?	maize	0
1688111134	The Andes region cultivated what crop?	potatoes	1
1688111135	Which tribe built Tenochtitlan in 1325?	Aztecs	2
1688111136	What did the Aztecs believe would sustain the land?	human sacrifice	3
1688111137	What was Cuzco's population?	60,000	4
1688111138	Multi-room structres made out of mud and stone by Pueblo peoples	Adobe	5
1688111139	What were the 3 g's of exploration?	God, glory, gold	6
1688111140	Where did the first ancestors of the Native American peoples come from?	northeastern Asia	7
1688111141	What was the foundation for the prosperous Native American societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley?	cultivation of maize	8
1688111142	Which of the Pueblo peoples built miles across the desert in the American Southwest to facilitate trade?	Anasazis	9
1688111143	True or false kinship bonds were more important than nuclear families in Native American tribes.	True	10
1688111144	What was the social order in Europe around 1450 described as?	hierarchical and authoritarian	11
1688111145	In 1450 what were the majority of European men?	peasants	12
1688111146	Merchants from which of the following countries made inroads in the Arab- dominated trade routes of the Mediterranean in the twelfth century?	Italy	13
1688111147	What was the result of the crusades?	European merchants learned of Asian trade routes	14
1688111148	What idea do Calvanist theologians stress?	predestination	15
1688111149	What prevented Europeans from seeking to conquer territory in Africa?	Coastal kingdoms were well defended	16
1688111150	Why had Christopher Columbus faded from public view by the time he died in 1506?	He didn't find any treasures or kingdoms	17
1688111151	Who conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico?	Cortés	18
1688111152	Did the Native American peoples east of Mississippi River have a single style of political organization?	no	19
1688111153	Why were the modern-day countries of Mexico and Peru originally the most significant conquests?	The Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth	20
1688111154	Who did the Spanish crown grant encomiendas to in the sixteenth century?	conquistadors	21
1688111155	The tribes that lived in present-day Arizona and New Mexico around A.D. 1000 declined because of what?	soil exhaustion and a drought	22
1688111156	What was the trading relationship of Native Americans before European contact?	They only traded among local tribes	23
1688111157	In the 1490 when the Europeans arrived in the New World, where did most Native Americans live?	Mesoamerica and the western coast of South America	24
1688111158	Which European nation was the first to invlove itself in exploration of the Atlantic as a route to Asia and the African slave trade?	Portugal	25
1688111159	What did the encomienda granted by the Spanish crown in the 16th century consisted of...	legal control over American land and Indian labor	26
1688111160	Did American crops increase agricultural yield and population growth in the Old World?	yes	27
1688111161	What was the legacy of the Spanish conquest in the New World?	The spanish government and missionaries started a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures.	28
1688111162	Why was the influx of American gold and silver into the English economy during the sixteenth century significant?	It simulated further economic expansion	29
1688111163	Portuguese colonists in Brazil created an industry based on what resource?	sugar	30
1688111164	What was the main product in the Virginia colony?	tobacco	31
1688111165	What did the French Jesuits do in contrast to the Spanish missionaries of the sixteenth century?	they tried to understand the Indians' worldview	32
1688111166	What colony venture failed to attract many settlers?	Dutch colony of New Netherland	33
1688111167	City upon a Hill refers to which colony?	Massachusets bay	34
1688111168	A system of political economy based on government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain. After 1790, the United States used tariffs and subsidies to bolster national wealth.	mercantilism	35
1688111169	Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. Their religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.	Puritans	36
1688111170	A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.	joint- stock corporation	37
1688111171	A colony ruled by a king or queen and governed by officials appointed to serve the monarchy and represent its interests.	royal colony	38
1688111172	A system of local government in New England in which all male heads of household met regularly to elect selectmen; levy local taxes; and regulate markets, roads, and schools.	town meeting	39
1688111173	Fifty acres of free land granted by the Virginia Company to planters for each indentured servant they purchased.	headright system	40
1688111174	Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants. It was established by the Virginia Company and continued by the crown after Virginia was made a royal colony.	House of Burgesses	41
1688111175	A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.	chattel slavery	42
1688111176	The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. Sixteenth- century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine, which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology.	predestination	43
1688111177	One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, they sought a separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.	pilgrims	44
1688111178	A system whereby workers were contracted for service for a specified period. In the seventeenth century, thousands of these workers came to North America. In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years without wages, the workers received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.	Indentured Servitude	45
1688111179	Lord Baltimore, the founder of Maryland established the colony as a haven for who?	Catholic	46
1688111180	What describes Africans in Virginia after the 1660s?	African slavery became a permanent condition	47
1688111181	What did the French and Spanish aim to do in the New World?	Christianize the native peoples	48
1688111182	Which of the following native groups capitalized on its geographic location in central New York and remained a significant political force in North America long after colonization?	Iroquois	49
1688111183	Why did Plymouth begin to thrive after its first year while Jamestown struggled for many years?	religious discipline encouraged stronger work ethic	50
1688111184	Which of the following New England colonies required church membership in order to be able to vote?	Massachusetts Bay	51
1688111185	Metacom's war (King Philip's War) as a last effort to save what?	Indian lands and culture in New England	52
1688111186	Who dominated the Chesapeake economy and own most land in Virginia?	Wealthy, merchant elite	53
1688111187	Slavery replacing indentured servitude was a consequence of what?	Bacon's Rebellion	54
1688111188	What did spanish conquistadors, Nathaniel Bacon's frontiersmen, and the Puritans have in common?	They treated Native Americans brutally	55
1688111189	What was to goal of Jamestown?	to trade	56
1688111190	Who did the Virginia Company grant land to?	free men	57
1688111191	What was a result of the Indian War of 1622?	one-third of the english were killed	58
1688111192	Who made Virginia a royal colony?	James 1	59
1688111193	What was the goal of Maryland settlement?	Refuge for English Catholics	60
1688111194	What was the solution for Protestants that outnumbered Catholics?	Maryland Toleration Act of 1649	61
1688111195	Made blacks and their children property, or chattel for life of white masters	slave codes	62
1688111196	In 1620 half of the people in Plymouth were what?	sepratists	63
1688111197	How many people came to Massachusetts in 1630?	20,000	64
1688111198	Who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?	John Winthrop	65
1688111199	Where was Roger Williams exiled to?	Rhode Island	66
1688111200	What 2 colonies were Anne Hutchinson exiled to?	Rhode Island and New York	67
1688111201	In what war was an English trader killed and 500 massacred?	Pequots War	68
1688111202	In what year was the Pequot war?	1636-1637	69
1688111203	What kind of slave society was South Carolinas?	hierarchial	70
1688111204	What products did North Carolina raise?	corn, hogs, and tobacco	71
1688111205	In what year did North Carolina separate from South Carolina?	1712	72
1688111206	In what year did William Penn receive a charter from the king to establish a colony?	1681	73
1688111207	Pennsylvania's government allowed religious freedom for who?	Christians	74
1688111208	Who created the Dominion of New England?	James II	75
1688111209	Occurred because James IIs Catholic wife gave birth to a son, thus arousing fear of a return to Catholicism	Glorious Revolution	76
1688111210	Who broke up the Dominion of New England?	Mary and William	77
1688111211	Which colony had harsh working conditions?	South Carolina	78
1688111212	Why did planters preferred ethnic diversity?	to deter slave revolts	79
1688111213	What was the name of the language developed in African American communities?	Gullah	80
1688111214	Who did the gentry imitate?	the English Aristocracy	81
1688111215	When was the colony of Georgia founded?	1733	82
1688111216	Who founded the colony of Georgia?	James Oglethorpe	83
1688111217	Who was the war of Jenkins Ear between?	English vs. Spanish	84
1688111218	Placed tariff on French molasses but was not enforced well but led to smuggling.	Molasses Act of 1733	85
1688111219	Prohibited the use of publicly issued paper money to pay debts	Currency Act of 1751	86
1688111220	Which American colony was established in the 1660s as a haven for Quakers	Massachusetts	87
1688111221	What describes the character of Britain's empire in America before 1660?	haphazard and lax	88
1688111222	Britain won major territorial and commercial gains, including Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay region as well as access to the western Indian trade from what?	Treaty of Utrecht	89
1688111223	The Spanish governor in Florida had promised freedom to fugitive slaves during what?	Stono Rebellion	90
1688111224	Where did the Stono Rebellion take place?	South Carolina	91
1688111225	When was the Stono Rebellion?	1739	92
1688111226	The British colonists in eighteenth- century North America enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy over their royal governors mainly due to...	their control over governors' salaries	93
1688111227	What did english creditors increasingly refuse to accept?	state issued paper money	94
1688111228	The practice of passing family land, by will or by custom, to the eldest son.	primogeniture	95
1688111229	Spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world. Followers of this religion do not worship a supernatural God; instead, they pay homage to spirits and spiritual forces that they believe dwell in the natural world.	animism	96
1688111230	A gender power structure in which men rule autocratically over women, either as heads of families or as rulers of society. This term has also been applied to government leaders who rule autocratically over their subjects.	patriarchy	97
1688111231	Organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into, and the practice of a trade. These organizations did not develop in colonial America because artisans generally were in short supply.	guilds	98
1688111232	The primary avenue for trade for West Africans that passed through the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires. Caravans carried West African goods- including gold, copper, salt, and slaves- from the south to the north across the Sahara, then returned with textiles and other foreign goods.	trans- Saharan trade	99
1688111233	The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland. After a centuries-long effort to recover their lands, the Spainards defeated the Moors at Granada in 1492 and secured control of all of Spain.	reconquista	100
1688111234	A system of family organization in which social identity and property descend through the female line. Children are usually raised in their mother's household, and her brother plays a central role in their lives.	matriarchy	101
1688111235	A religion the considers Mohammed to be God's last prophet. Following the death of Mohammed in A.D. 632, the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread this faith into Sub- saharan Africa, India, and Indonesia, as well as deep into Spain and the Balkan regions of Europe.	Islam	102
1688111236	A cultural transformation in the arts and learning in Italy from 1300 to 1450. During this period, Italian moneyed elites sponsored great artists- Micahelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and others- who produced an unprecedented flowering of genius.	Renaissance	103
1688111237	The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe. Some of these farmworkers owned land, while others leased or rented small pots from landlords. In some regions, they lived in compact communities with strong collective institutions.	peasants	104
1688111238	The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government. During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service to the polity was of critical importance in a self- governing republic.	civic humanism	105
1688111239	Franciscan missionaries located in northern Florida	Spanish	106
1688111240	What is the other name for Pope's Rebellion?	Pueblo Revolt	107
1688111241	The natives became disposable to them when they began to sustain themselves.	British	108
1688111242	Who was famous for fur trapping?	french	109
1688111243	Most of the settlers were men, some of whom married Indian women	French	110
1688111244	Who were the Jesuit missionaries	French	111
1688111245	survived the 1622 Powhatan uprising	British	112
1688111246	This country tries to understand the Native American values	French	113
1688111247	Treated the indians brutally	british	114
1688111248	Who does John Eliot represent?	British	115
1688111249	Who implemented the encomienda system?	Spanish	116
1688111250	Black legend	Spanish	117
1688111251	What year was Jamestown established?	1607	118
1688111252	What year was Plymouth established?	1620	119
1688111253	What year was Massachusetts Bay established?	1628	120
1688111254	What year was New Hampshire established?	1623	121
1688111255	What year was Connecticut and Rhode Island established?	1636	122
1688111256	What year was North Carolina established?	1653	123
1688111257	What year was New York and New Jersey established?	1664	124
1688111258	What year was South Carolina established?	1670	125
1688111259	What year was Pennsylvania and Deleware established?	1681	126
1688111260	What year was Georgia established?	1732	127
1688111261	The movement of diseases and peoples across the Atlantic was part of a larger pattern of biological transformation is called.	The Colombian Exchange	128
1688111262	This group of people condemned extravagance	Quakers	129
1688111263	In what year was the Dominion of England started?	1686	130
1688111264	What were the original 4 colonies of the Dominion of England?	Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth	131
1688111265	The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.	tribalization	132
1688111266	Who was the Covenant Chain between?	New York and Iroquois	133
1688111267	a refined but elaborate lifestyle	gentility	134
1688111268	the practice of giving offices and salaries to political allies	patronage	135
1688111269	When paper money was issued to farmers who pledged their land as collateral for the loans	land banks	136
1688111270	The ability to keep their households solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation	competency	137
1688111271	when families swapped labor and goods is called	household mode of production	138
1688111272	people who settle illegally on land is called being a	squatter	139
1688111273	A flexible form of indentured servitude that allowed families to negotiate their own terms upon arrival is called	redemptioner	140
1688111274	The time period that emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world	Enlightenment	141
1688111275	The evangelical Christian movement that stressed the individual's personal relationship with God is called	Pietism	142
1688111276	A renewal of religious enthusiasm	revival	143

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AP US History American Pagent Ch. 5 Flashcards

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210676081	Population Characteristics of Colonies	Average age of colonists 16 Demographics: Mortality Rates: Nationalities:	0
210676082	Education:	William and Mary: established in Williamsburg, Virginia in 1693. Like Harvard, it was conceived as an academy to train clergymen. Yale: Princeton:	1
210676083	The Great Awakening	religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people	2
210676084	George Whitefield	succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening, (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.	3
210676085	Jon Edwards	Preacher in New England. Thought that you had to be touched by God to be admitted to heaven. Most conservative of preachers. famous sermon was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"?	4
210676086	Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God	title of Jonathan Edward's most famous sermontalks about people who dont believe in god. uses repition, imagery and metaphors. and that these people will go to hell. Also talks about gods mercy and the relationship between god and humanity.	5
210676087	Old and New Lights	In the early 1700's, old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary. New lights were the more modern- thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening. These conflicting opinions changed certain denominations, helped popularize missionary work and assisted in the founding educational centers now known as Ivy League schools.	6
210676088	Printing Presses Ben Franklin	One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He was also the author of Poor Richard's Almanac.	7
210676089	Peter Zenger	(October 26, 1697 - July 28, 1746) was a German-born American printer, publisher, editor and journalist in New York City. His indictment, trial and acquittal on sedition and libel charges against the Governor William Cosby of the New York Colony in 1735[1] were important contributing factors to the development of freedom of the press in America. The Zenger decision helped clarify the beliefs of early Colonial life and lay the groundwork for the responsibilities of both media and government in a functioning democracy.	8
210676090	Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur	A French settler who posed the classic question on the racial identity of an "American"	9
210676091	Phillis Wheatley	A slave girl from Boston, became a distinguished poet and was brought to England, where she published a book of her verses	10
210676092	Paxton Boys	A group of Scots-Irish from the outskirts of Philadelphia, protested the Quakers' leniency toward the Indians. Their actions sparked the Regulator Movement in North Carolina	11
210676093	Rack-renting	The practice of landlords greatly increasing the rent of their tenants, forcing already impoverished tenants to pay more	12
210676094	Regulator Movement	A movement in North Carolina where dissenters, mostly Scots-Irish, believed that tax money was being dealt unfairly	13
210676095	Seditious Libel	The crime of openly criticizing a public official	14
210676096	Triangular Trade	A trade between America, the West Indies, and Africa, which some colonists took advantage of after the fall of the Royal African Company, and yielded great profits to its merchants.	15
210676097	Molasses Act	An act intended to end American trade with the French West Indies passed by Britain, which was largely overridden by smuggling and bribery.	16
210676098	Scots-Irish	A group of people from the Scottish lowlands, who migrated restlessly, moving to Ireland, and ending up in North America. They were very separate from other cultures, and were largely very poor	17
210676099	Naval Stores	Materials used to build and maintain ships, such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine	18
210676100	Pennsylvania Dutch	Germans who migrated from Europe to Pennsylvania fleeing religious persecution, as they were primarily Lutheran. "Dutch" was a corruption of "Deutsch"	19
210676101	French Huguenots	French protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France	20
210676102	Scots Highlanders	Scots from the highlands of Scotland	21
210676103	Jayle Birds	British convicts who were shipped to America involuntarily. They included robbers, rapists, and murderers, but some were simply highly respectable citizens who had simply had been victimized by the strict English penal code	22
210676104	Congregational Church	A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves	23
210676105	Established Churches	Churches funded by taxes, such as the Anglican and Congregational churches	24
210676106	Almshouses	Houses designated to aid the widows and orphans of Philadelphia and New York	25
210676107	Gentry	The most powerful members of a society	26
210676108	Veto	To reject	27
210676109	Secular	Not church-affiliated	28
210676110	Provincial	Limited in outlook to ones own small corner of the world	29
210676111	Revival Meeting	A meeting meant to revive interest in a religion	30
210676112	Poor Richard's Almanac	A bestselling book written by Benjamin Franklin that was a compilation of many different sayings	31
210676113	Pro Bono Publico	One of the pseudonyms used by newspaper columnists on the eve of the Revolution, meaning "For the Public Good"	32
210676114	Melting Pot	A society with a great diversity of cultures and races	33
210676115	Stratification	The arrangement of classes in social structure	34
210676116	Penal Code	A code governing crimes and punishment	35
210676117	Schisms	Rifts in belief between two opposing parties	36
210676118	Presbyterian Church	A branch of Protestantism which was influenced greatly by Calvinism	37
210676119	Baptists Church	A church founded by Roger Williams, which was largely based on Calvinism	38
210676120	Orthodox	Classic or accepted	39

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Avagadro's number Flashcards

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1376030136	carbon -12	12 amu	0
1376030137	relative atomic mass	weighted average mass of isotopes of an element __________________________________________________ 1/12 * mass of one carbon 12 atom	1
1376030138	mole	6.02 *10^23	2
1376030139	mole definition	a unit of measure containing 6.02 *10^23 particles	3
1376030140	Solution	homogeneous mixture of one or more substances(mixed evenly)	4
1376030141	Solvent	The substance that does the dissolving the inert ingredient	5
1376030142	Solute	the substance that is dissolved in the solution active ingredient	6
1376030143	Concentration	the amount of solute in the solution	7
1376030144	molarity	the number of moles per liter	8
1376030145	Saturation	the point at which no more of a solute can be dissolved into a solvent	9
1376030146	supersaturated solution	a solution that contains more dissolved solute than normal at a given temp.	10
1376030147	Polar solvents	solvents that have an uneven amount of electrons	11
1376030148	Nonpolar solvent	distributed amount of electrons	12
1376030149	Freezing point preassure	solutions freeze at a lower temp then the pure solvent	13
1376030150	Boiling point preassure	solutions boil at a higher temp then the pure solvent	14
1376030151	Osmotic pressure	certain membranes allow a solvent to pass through but not the solute eventually the solutions weight builds enough pressure to stop the flow.	15

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Peter Gray's Psychology: Chapter 3 Flashcards

Notes from Peter Gray's Psychology: Sixth Edition (International Edition)

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1290612760	Adaptation	Modification to meet changed life circumstances	0
1290612761	Structural proteins	Class of proteins that forms the structure of every cell of the body	1
1290612762	Enzymes	Class of proteins that controls the rate of every chemical reaction in every cell	2
1290612763	Amino acids	Small molecules that form long chains of several hundred to a thousand, making up protein molecules	3
1290612764	20	The total number of amino acids	4
1290612765	Coding genes	Genes which code for unique protein molecules	5
1290612766	Regulatory genes	Genes that work through various biological means to help activate or suppress specific coding genes	6
1290612767	Environment	Every aspect of an individual and his or her surroundings except the genes themselves	7
1290612768	Genotype	The set of genes that the individual inherits	8
1290612769	Phenotype	The observable properties of the body and behavioral traits	9
1290612770	Chromosomes	Structures which contain DNA within the nucleus	10
1290612771	23	The number of pairs of chromosomes humans typically have	11
1290612772	Mitosis	The process by which cells divide to produce new cells other than egg or sperm cells: each chromosome replicates itself, then the cell divides; one copy of each chromosome moves into each of the two nuclei that form	12
1290612773	Differential activation of genes	The cause of the differences between different types of somatic cells in the body	13
1290612774	Meiosis	The process by which cells divide to produce egg or sperm cells: each chromosome replicates itself once, then the cell divides twice, resulting in each of the four new cells containing only half the full number of chromosomes	14
1290612775	Zygote	A single new cell formed by the combination of a sperm and an egg cell; contains the full set (23 pairs) of chromosomes	15
1290612776	Genetically diverse offspring	The value of sexual reproduction, as opposed to asexual reproduction	16
1290612777	Identical twins	Formed when two bundles of cells separate from each other during the early mitotic divisions following the formation of the zygote; the only people who are genetically identical to one another	17
1290612778	Monozygotic twins	Another name for identical twins	18
1290612779	Fraternal twins	Twins that originate from two zygotes made of different sperm and different egg cells	19
1290612780	Dizygotic twins	Another name for fraternal twins	20
1290654888	Locus	A location on a pair of chromosomes	21
1290654889	Homozygous	Having two identical copies of a gene at the same locus	22
1290654890	Heterozygous	Having two different copies of a gene at the same locus	23
1290654891	Alleles	Different genes that can occupy the same locus	24
1290654892	Dominant gene	A gene that will produce its observable effects in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition	25
1290654893	Recessive gene	A gene that will only produce its observable effects in homozygous condition	26
1290654894	Mendel	Monk whose experiments cross-breeding pea plants have shown how traits are passed from one generation to the next	27
1290654895	John Paul Scott and John Fuller	Two researchers who demonstrated single-gene control of a behavioral trait by crossing basenji dogs, who are timid, with cocker spaniels, who are not naturally timid dogs; their results showed that the allele controlling fearfulness was dominant	28
1290654896	KE family	Family with a rare disorder (SLI) characterized by difficulty articulating words, distinguishing speech sounds from other sounds, and learning grammatical rules; this disorder, controlled by a dominant allele, is found on chromosome 7, and normally codes for a type of protein known as a transcription factor	29
1290654897	Normal distribution	Distribution in which most scores fall near the middle of the range and the frequency tapers off at both extremes	30
1290654898	Polygenic characteristics	Characteristics that vary in a continuous way and are generally affected by many genes	31
1290654899	Selective breeding	Procedure by which individuals lying towards the same extreme characteristic in question are mated together in order to emphasize that specific characteristic	32
1290654900	Robert Tryon	Researcher who mated "maze bright" and "maze dull" rats together in the 1920s, based on their abilities in figuring out a maze; parenting did not affect the rats' maze-solving abilities; later studies proved that the "dull" rats were as good as, if not better than, the "bright" ones at solving other learning tasks	33
1290654901	Artificial selection	Human-controlled selective breeding	34
1290654902	Natural selection	Selective breeding in nature, which is dictated by the obstacles to production that are imposed by the natural environment, including predators, limited food supplies, extreme temperatures, and difficulty finding or attracting mates	35
1290654903	Mutations	Errors that occasionally and unpredictably occur during DNA replication, causing the "replica" to be not quite identical to the original	36
1290654904	Lamarck	Proposed the idea that offspring inherited characteristics that their parents had acquired over their lifetimes; this theory was proven false, as evolution is based entirely on genetic changes	37
1291495790	Functionalism	The attempt to explain behavior in terms of what it accomplishes for the behaving individual	38
1291495791	Ultimate explanations	Functional explanations at the evolutionary level	39
1291495792	Proximate explanations	Functional explanations that deal not with function but with mechanism; statements of the immediate condition	40
1291495793	Vestigial characteristics	Traits that evolved to serve the needs of our ancestors, and remain despite the fact that they are no longer functional today; for example, prematurely born infants grasp so strongly that they can support their own weight; human tailbones and appendixes	41
1291495794	Genetic drift	Genetic variation due to chance alone, without selection	42
1291495795	Species-specific behaviors	Characteristic ways of behaving specific to a certain species; also known as instincts	43
1291495796	Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt	Researcher who documented the cross-cultural universality of many nonverbal signals, including the "eyebrow flash," a gesture of greeting which is usually accompanied by a smile and an upward nod of the head	44
1291495797	Biological preparedness	Predisposition to easily learn behaviors related to survival of the species	45
1291865665	Homology	Any similarity that exists because of the different species' common ancestry	46
1291865666	Analogy	Any similarity that stems not from common ancestry, but from convergent evolution; examples include the wings of birds, bats, and butterflies	47
1291865667	Convergent evolution	A type of evolution that occurs when different species independently evolve a certain characteristic because of some similarity in their habitats or lifestyle	48
1291865668	Smile	People do this for two reasons: 1) when genuinely happy 2) when wishing to show another person that they are favorably disposed toward that person	49
1291865669	Polygyny	Mating pattern in which one male mates with multiple females; related to high female and low male parental investment	50
1291865670	Polyandry	Mating pattern in which one female mates with multiple males; related to high male and low female parental investment	51
1291865671	Monogamy	Mating pattern in which one male mates with one female; related to equivalent male and female parental investment	52
1291865672	Polygynandry	Mating pattern in which multiple makes mate with multiple females; related to investment in the group	53
1291865673	Parental investment	The time, energy, and risk to survival that are involved in producing, feeding, and otherwise caring for each offspring	54
1291865674	Aggression	Fighting and threats of fighting among members of the same species	55
1291865675	Helping	Any behavior that increases the survival chance or reproductive capacity of another individual	56
1291865676	Cooperation	Any behavior in which an individual helps another while helping itself	57
1291865677	Altruism	Any behavior in which an individual increases another's chance of survival, while decreasing their own chance of survival	58
1291865678	Kin selection theory	A theory of altruism that states that altruistic behavior came about through natural selection because it preferentially helps close relatives, who are genetically most similar to the helper	59
1291894966	Reciprocity theory	A theory of altruism that states that seemingly altruistic behaviors are actually forms of long-term cooperation	60
1291894967	Naturalistic fallacy	The equation of "natural" with "moral" or "right"; coined by British philosopher G.E. Moore	61
1291894968	Herbert Spencer	British philosopher who coined the term "survival of the fittest"; his main goal was to apply Darwin's theory to the spheres of social philosophy and ethics	62
1291894969	Social Darwinism	Belief that "the fittest" were those who rose to the top in unchecked capitalism, and the "unfit" were those who fell into poverty or starvation	63
1291894970	Deterministic fallacy	The false assumption that genetic influences on our behavior take the form of genetic control of our behavior, which we can do nothing about	64

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Peter Gray's Psychology: Chapter 2 Flashcards

Notes from Peter Gray's Psychology: Sixth Edition (International Edition)

Terms : Hide Images

1253535905	Clever Hans	"Genius" horse raised by Mr. von Osten, who, after educating Hans, believed that the horse was able to answer practically any question asked of him through hoof taps and head movements	0
1253535906	Mr. von Osten	Eccentric retired schoolteacher and devoted horseman who believed that, with a proper education, horses could become as intelligent as humans; trained Clever Hans; never sought personal gain from Hans	1
1253535907	Oskar Pfungst	Psychologist who discovered that Clever Hans, rather than being a genius horse, instead relied on humans' subtle and subconscious actions to answer questions	2
1253535908	Fact	An objective statement that reasonable observers agree is true; aka an observation	3
1253535909	Theory	An idea, or conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that might be discovered	4
1253535910	Hypothesis	Any prediction about new facts that is made from a theory	5
1253535911	Facts, theories, hypotheses, experiments, facts	The cycle of science	6
1253564247	Independent variable	The variable in an experiment that is hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable	7
1253564248	Dependent variable	The variable in an experiment that is hypothesized to be affected	8
1253564249	Experiment	A procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates one or more variables and looks for changes in one or more dependent variables, while keeping all other variables constant	9
1253818658	Subjects of study	The people and animals that are studied in a research study	10
1253818659	Within-subject experiments	Experiments in which each subject is tested in each of the different condition of the independent variable	11
1253818660	Between-groups experiments	Experiments in which there is a separate group of subjects for each different condition of the independent variable	12
1253818661	Alberto DiMascio	Identified a group of patients suffering from major depression and assigned them randomly to different treatments: drug therapy, psychotherapy, both, or neither; the use of both was the most effective treatment	13
1253818662	Random assignment	A method, relying only on chance, used to assign subjects to treatment groups	14
1253818663	Correlational study	A study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable, but observes or measures two or more already existing variables to find relationships between them	15
1253818664	Diana Baumrind	Studied the relationship between parents' disciplinary styles and children's behavioral development; between authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive disciplinary styles, authoritative was found to be most effective; other interpretations are possible, however	16
1253818665	Authoritarian disciplinary style	Disciplinary style in which there is a high exertion of parental power	17
1253818666	Authoritative disciplinary style	A kinder and more democratic disciplinary style in which the parents are still clearly in charge	18
1253818667	Permissive disciplinary style	Disciplinary style displaying parental laxity in the face of their children's disruptive behaviors	19
1253850080	Descriptive study	A study in which the aim is to describe the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without assessing relationships between different variables	20
1253850081	Jane Goodall	Researcher who performed a descriptive study on wild chimpanzees in Africa for 30 years	21
1253850082	Laboratory study	Any research study in which the subjects are brought to a specially designated area that has been set up to facilitate the researcher's collection of data or control over environmental conditions	22
1253850083	Field study	Any research study conducted in a setting other than a laboratory	23
1253850084	Self-report methods	Procedures in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state in some way; done through a questionnaire or through an interview	24
1253850085	Observational methods	All procedures by which researchers observe and record the behavior of interest, rather than relying on subjects' self-reports	25
1253850086	Naturalistic observation	Research method in which the researcher avoids interfering with the subjects' behavior	26
1253850087	Tests	Research method in which the researcher deliberately presents, problems, tasks, or situations in which the subject responds	27
1253865636	Gilda Morelli	Researcher who spent many months living with the Efe people she was studying so that she could perform a naturalistic observation on them	28
1253865637	Descriptive statistics	Statistics used to summarize sets of data	29
1253865638	Inferential statistics	Statistics used to help researchers decide how confident they can be in judging that the results observed are not by chance	30
1253865639	Mean	The arithmetic average, determined by adding the scores, then dividing the results by the number of scores	31
1253865640	Median	The center score of a set of data, determined by ranking the scores from lowest to highest and finding the middle score	32
1253889352	Variability	The degree to which the numbers in a set differ from one another and from their mean	33
1253889353	Standard deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	34
1253889354	Correlation coefficient	A statistic that describes the strength and direction of a relationship when both variables are measured numerically; produces a result between +1.00 to -1.00; the sign (+ or -) indicates the direction of the correlation (positive or negative) while the absolute value indicates the strength of the correlation	35
1253889355	Positive correlation	Correlation in which an increase in one variable coincides with a tendency in the other to increase as well	36
1253889356	Negative correlation	Correlation in which a an increase in one variable coincides with a tendency in the other to decrease	37
1253901696	Level of significance (p)	The probability that a difference as great or greater than that observed would occur by chance if, in a larger population, there were no difference between the two means	38
1253901697	Statistically significant	Label given to results if the p-value is found to be less than 0.05 (5%)	39
1290272986	Error	Random variability in results	40
1290272987	Bias	Nonrandom (directed) effects caused by some factor or factors extraneous to the research hypothesis	41
1290272988	Biased sample	Sample of two groups who are systematically different from each other, or are different from the larger population that the researcher is interested in	42
1290272989	Face validity	An experiment has this if common sense tells us that a measurement procedure assesses the intended characteristic	43
1290272990	Observer-expectancy effects	Biases resulting from a researchers' wishes and expectations that can affect how they behave and what they observe	44
1290343423	Autism	A congenital disorder of development, characterized by a deficit in the ability to form emotional bonds and to communicate with other people	45
1290343424	Blind	A term in an experiment that means "uninformed"	46
1290343425	Subject-expectancy effects	Expectations of the subject that may affect the results of an experiment	47
1290343426	Double-blind experiment	An experiment in which both the observer and the subjects are kept blind	48
1290343427	Placebo	An inactive substance that looks like the real drug	49
1290343428	Ethical considerations	1. A person's right to privacy 2. The possibility of discomfort or harm 3. The use of deception	50

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Chordates Flashcards

The Chordates 30-1
Fishes 30-2
Amphibians 30-3

Terms : Hide Images

192701574	chordate	any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column	0
192701575	notochord	long supporting rod that runs through a chordate's body just below the nerve cord	1
192701576	pharyngeal gill slits	all chordates share this, appear in the pharynx at some stage in their development, evolved to aid in respiration and filter feeding	2
192701577	vertebra	individual segment of the backbone; encloses and protects the spinal cord	3
192701578	cartilage	strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone	4
192701579	atrium	large muscular upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle	5
192701580	ventricle	the more muscular chamber(s) of the heart that pumps blood	6
192701581	cerebrum	largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory	7
192701582	cerebellum	the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance	8
192701583	medulla oblongata	area of the brain that controls the functioning of many internal organs	9
192701584	lateral line system	sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water	10
192701585	swim bladder	internal gas-filled organ in many bony fishes that adjusts their buoyancy	11
192701586	oviparous	term used to refer to fishes whose eggs hatch outside the mother's body	12
192701587	ovoviparous	fertilized egg develops in mother but does not receive nutrients from her. The mother and embryo are separated	13
192701588	viviparous	producing living young instead of eggs, in the manner of most mammals and some reptiles and fishes	14
192701589	cloaca	a muscular cavity at the end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body	15
192701590	nicitating membrane	transparent substance on an amphibian that protects the eye under water and moist on land	16
192701591	tympanic membrane	eardrum of amphibians inside the skull; vibrates in response to sound, allowing hearing	17

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2. US History - American Revolution Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2471250423	Enlightenment Ideas	A philosophy that says that all people have certain natural rights such as: - life, liberty (freedom), property and the pursuit of happiness. - ability to govern (rule) themselves - "consent of the governed".	0
2471300246	John Locke	A Enlightenment Philosopher who talked about the right to "life, liberty and property" and "consent of the governed"	1
2471206105	Declaration of Independence	A list of reasons for separating from Britain by the American colonists. Written by Thomas Jefferson and inspired by John Locke and Enlightenment Ideas.	2
2471231277	Thomas Jefferson	Wrote the Declaration of Independence; he was the third president of the U.S.A.	3
2471393399	No Taxation without Representation	One of the reasons Americans wanted independence. Colonists believed that it was unfair for Britain to tax them when they had no representatives (leaders they voted for) in the British government. AKA the British did not have "consent of the governed" .	4
2471563401	Sugar and Stamp Act	Major event leading to Revolutionary War; Taxes on foreign molasses and printed material	5
2471581883	Townsend Acts	Major event leading to Revolutionary War; Taxes on imported goods and tea.	6
2471611255	Quartering Act	Major event leading to Revolutionary War; Required colonists to house and feed British soldiers.	7
2471615536	Boston Massacre	Major event leading to Revolutionary War; Five peopled killed in Boston by British soldiers.	8
2471477902	Thomas Paine	Wrote a pamphlet called "Common Sense" to convince people to support Independence.	9
2471500927	Committees of Correspondence	Resistance Tactic: Colonists organized together to spread the ideas of independence.	10
2471502751	Non-importation Agreements	Resistance Tactic: Colonists agreed not to buy or sell any products from Britain.	11
2471512031	Boston Tea Party	Resistance Tactic: Colonists dumped British tea into the Port of Boston to protest taxes on tea.	12
2471620182	Revolutionary War	War that started after the signing of the Declaration of Independence; American colonies won the war against Great Britain with the help of foreign aid (help) from France. America becomes an independent country with the Mississippi River as the Western border of U.S.A.	13

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Peter Gray's Psychology: Chapter 2 Flashcards

Notes from Peter Gray's Psychology: Sixth Edition (International Edition)

Terms : Hide Images

2953108479	Clever Hans	"Genius" horse raised by Mr. von Osten, who, after educating Hans, believed that the horse was able to answer practically any question asked of him through hoof taps and head movements	0
2953108480	Mr. von Osten	Eccentric retired schoolteacher and devoted horseman who believed that, with a proper education, horses could become as intelligent as humans; trained Clever Hans; never sought personal gain from Hans	1
2953108481	Oskar Pfungst	Psychologist who discovered that Clever Hans, rather than being a genius horse, instead relied on humans' subtle and subconscious actions to answer questions	2
2953108482	Fact	An objective statement that reasonable observers agree is true; aka an observation	3
2953108483	Theory	An idea, or conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that might be discovered	4
2953108484	Hypothesis	Any prediction about new facts that is made from a theory	5
2953108485	Facts, theories, hypotheses, experiments, facts	The cycle of science	6
2953108486	Independent variable	The variable in an experiment that is hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable	7
2953108487	Dependent variable	The variable in an experiment that is hypothesized to be affected	8
2953108488	Experiment	A procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates one or more variables and looks for changes in one or more dependent variables, while keeping all other variables constant	9
2953108489	Subjects of study	The people and animals that are studied in a research study	10
2953108490	Within-subject experiments	Experiments in which each subject is tested in each of the different condition of the independent variable	11
2953108491	Between-groups experiments	Experiments in which there is a separate group of subjects for each different condition of the independent variable	12
2953108492	Alberto DiMascio	Identified a group of patients suffering from major depression and assigned them randomly to different treatments: drug therapy, psychotherapy, both, or neither; the use of both was the most effective treatment	13
2953108493	Random assignment	A method, relying only on chance, used to assign subjects to treatment groups	14
2953108494	Correlational study	A study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable, but observes or measures two or more already existing variables to find relationships between them	15
2953108495	Diana Baumrind	Studied the relationship between parents' disciplinary styles and children's behavioral development; between authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive disciplinary styles, authoritative was found to be most effective; other interpretations are possible, however	16
2953108496	Authoritarian disciplinary style	Disciplinary style in which there is a high exertion of parental power	17
2953108497	Authoritative disciplinary style	A kinder and more democratic disciplinary style in which the parents are still clearly in charge	18
2953108498	Permissive disciplinary style	Disciplinary style displaying parental laxity in the face of their children's disruptive behaviors	19
2953108499	Descriptive study	A study in which the aim is to describe the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without assessing relationships between different variables	20
2953108500	Jane Goodall	Researcher who performed a descriptive study on wild chimpanzees in Africa for 30 years	21
2953108501	Laboratory study	Any research study in which the subjects are brought to a specially designated area that has been set up to facilitate the researcher's collection of data or control over environmental conditions	22
2953108502	Field study	Any research study conducted in a setting other than a laboratory	23
2953108503	Self-report methods	Procedures in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state in some way; done through a questionnaire or through an interview	24
2953108504	Observational methods	All procedures by which researchers observe and record the behavior of interest, rather than relying on subjects' self-reports	25
2953108505	Naturalistic observation	Research method in which the researcher avoids interfering with the subjects' behavior	26
2953108506	Tests	Research method in which the researcher deliberately presents, problems, tasks, or situations in which the subject responds	27
2953108507	Gilda Morelli	Researcher who spent many months living with the Efe people she was studying so that she could perform a naturalistic observation on them	28
2953108508	Descriptive statistics	Statistics used to summarize sets of data	29
2953108509	Inferential statistics	Statistics used to help researchers decide how confident they can be in judging that the results observed are not by chance	30
2953108510	Mean	The arithmetic average, determined by adding the scores, then dividing the results by the number of scores	31
2953108511	Median	The center score of a set of data, determined by ranking the scores from lowest to highest and finding the middle score	32
2953108512	Variability	The degree to which the numbers in a set differ from one another and from their mean	33
2953108513	Standard deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	34
2953108514	Correlation coefficient	A statistic that describes the strength and direction of a relationship when both variables are measured numerically; produces a result between +1.00 to -1.00; the sign (+ or -) indicates the direction of the correlation (positive or negative) while the absolute value indicates the strength of the correlation	35
2953108515	Positive correlation	Correlation in which an increase in one variable coincides with a tendency in the other to increase as well	36
2953108516	Negative correlation	Correlation in which a an increase in one variable coincides with a tendency in the other to decrease	37
2953108517	Level of significance (p)	The probability that a difference as great or greater than that observed would occur by chance if, in a larger population, there were no difference between the two means	38
2953108518	Statistically significant	Label given to results if the p-value is found to be less than 0.05 (5%)	39
2953108519	Error	Random variability in results	40
2953108520	Bias	Nonrandom (directed) effects caused by some factor or factors extraneous to the research hypothesis	41
2953108521	Biased sample	Sample of two groups who are systematically different from each other, or are different from the larger population that the researcher is interested in	42
2953108522	Face validity	An experiment has this if common sense tells us that a measurement procedure assesses the intended characteristic	43
2953108523	Observer-expectancy effects	Biases resulting from a researchers' wishes and expectations that can affect how they behave and what they observe	44
2953108524	Autism	A congenital disorder of development, characterized by a deficit in the ability to form emotional bonds and to communicate with other people	45
2953108525	Blind	A term in an experiment that means "uninformed"	46
2953108526	Subject-expectancy effects	Expectations of the subject that may affect the results of an experiment	47
2953108527	Double-blind experiment	An experiment in which both the observer and the subjects are kept blind	48
2953108528	Placebo	An inactive substance that looks like the real drug	49
2953108529	Ethical considerations	1. A person's right to privacy 2. The possibility of discomfort or harm 3. The use of deception	50

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