| 1411862935 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School | | 0 |
| 1411862936 | Adlai E. Stevenson | Gaining the support of Truman who did not want to run again, this man of Illinois was the clear choice to be the democratic candidate in 1952. Unable to produce a war record like Eisenhower, he was solidly defeated everywhere but the deep south, gaining only 89 electoral votes | | 1 |
| 1411862937 | Richard M. Nixon | He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President. | | 2 |
| 1411862938 | "Checkers" speech (1952) | Given by Richard Nixon when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal. | | 3 |
| 1411862939 | Korean armistice | July 27th, 1953 - divided Korea into two nations at the 38th parallel | | 4 |
| 1411862940 | Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy | Led the search for communists in Washington, conservative politicians at the state and local levels discovered that all manner of real or perceived social changes. | | 5 |
| 1411862941 | Gen. George Marshall | United States secretary of state who formulated a program providing economic aid to European countries after World War II. The Marshall Plan provided massive American economic assistance to help Europe recover from the war. | | 6 |
| 1411862942 | Army-McCarthy hearings (1954) | Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace. (951) | | 7 |
| 1411862943 | Jim Crow laws | The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 | | 8 |
| 1411862944 | Emmett Till (1955) | o Murdered for alleged inappropriateness toward a white woman
o Galvanized what had been smaller regional movements into a national movement
o His murderers were acquitted | | 9 |
| 1411862945 | Gunnar Myrdal | Swedish economist; writes "The American Dilemma" says US biggest problem is racism because of stereotype of blacks as inferior among whites; blacks treated as second class by gov. | | 10 |
| 1411862946 | Jackie Robinson | The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. | | 11 |
| 1411862947 | NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional | | 12 |
| 1411862948 | Executive Order 8802 (1941) | prohibited employment discrimination in defense jobs; established Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor compliance; significant shift in public policy towards equal opportunity for blacks | | 13 |
| 1411862949 | Walter White | A spokesman for African Americans as the executive secretary of the NAACP | | 14 |
| 1411862950 | Thurgood Marshall | American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. | | 15 |
| 1411862951 | Rosa Parks (1955) | Parks arrested for refusing to give up bus seat to white man, African American leaders called for city-wide boycott of bus system (lasted almost 400 days); Supreme Court ruled segregated buses unconstitutional | | 16 |
| 1411862952 | Montgomery bus boycott | In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. | | 17 |
| 1411862953 | Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. | He was the young minister that organized the Montgomery bus boycotts and later the SCLC. His "I have a dream speech" is one of the most famous speeches in American history. He was gunned down in 1968 in Memphis, TN. | | 18 |
| 1411862954 | Earl Warren | United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1891-1974) | | 19 |
| 1411862955 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) | Linda Brown was forced to walk 21 blocks over tracks even, to go to school. Thurgood Marshal argued that this was unconstitutional and Earl Warren agreed. Segregation was struck down finally (however it was far from over)! Most people were happy, but many in the South resisted | | 20 |
| 1411862956 | Declaration of Constitutional Principals | n this date, Howard Smith of Virginia, chairman of the House Rules Committee, introduced the Southern Manifesto in a speech on the House Floor. Formally titled the "Declaration of Constitutional Principles," it was signed by 82 Representatives and 19 Senators—roughly one-fifth of the membership of Congress and all from states that had once composed the Confederacy. It marked a moment of southern defiance against the Supreme Court's 1954 landmark Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka (KS) decision, which determined that separate school facilities for black and white school children were inherently unequal. The Manifesto attacked Brown as an abuse of judicial power that trespassed upon states' rights. It urged southerners to exhaust all "lawful means" to resist the "chaos and confusion" that would result from school desegregation. Smith had cooperated with several Senators to develop the Manifesto, and Walter F. George of Georgia introduced it in the other chamber. Under Smith, the Rules Committee became a graveyard for numerous civil rights initiatives in the 1950s. In his prefatory remarks, Smith declared that the ship of state had "drifted from her moorings," and described the high court's record on civil rights as one of "repeated deviation" from the fundamental separation of powers and constitutionally implied autonomy of the states. A small group of southern Members rose on the House Floor to applaud Smith's brief speech; no Member rose to speak against it. | | 21 |
| 1411862957 | Orval Faubus | The Governor who opposed the integration of Central High, Sent the Little Rock National Guard to keep them out. Then gave them no protection at all. | | 22 |
| 1411862958 | Little Rock Central High (1957) | A 1957 incident when federal troops were sent to Little Rock Central High School to protect Black students from opposition to de-segregation efforts. Govern Orval Faubus was in charge when the crisis took place.
(With relation to cooperative federalism) Ironically, as Grodzins notes in the book, the school superintendent of Benton chose not to speak about segregation when describing the wide range of federal services to the schools. | | 23 |
| 1411862959 | Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957) | was started by Martin Luther King Jr. and advocated the practice of nonviolent protest | | 24 |
| 1411862960 | Greensboro "sit-ins" (1960) | The Greensboro Sit-ins were protests where 4 students from the NC Agricultural and Technical College sat down at whites only lunch counter. Once they were there, they refused to move. Each day, they came back with many more protesters. Sometimes, there were over 100. These sit-ins led to the formation of the SNCC. Led to sit-ins across the country. | | 25 |
| 1411862961 | Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (1960) | 4 black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina demanded service at a whites-only lunch counter.Within a week, the sit-in reached 1,000 students, spreading a wave of wade-ins, lie-ins, and pray-ins across the South demanding equal rights. SNCC was formed to help them out. | | 26 |
| 1411862962 | Bracero program | United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico. | | 27 |
| 1411862963 | "Operation Wetback" (1954) | A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States. The program was promoted in part by the Mexican government and reflected burgeoning concerns about non-European immigration to America. (957) | | 28 |
| 1411862964 | Indian New Deal | 1930's legislation that gave Indians greater control of their own affairs and provided further funding for schools and hospitals. | | 29 |
| 1411862965 | Interstate Highway Act (1956) | $27 billion plan to build forty two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways | | 30 |
| 1411862966 | AFL and CIO merger | The passage of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 and the growing conservatism in U.S. national labour policies implicit in the statute aroused unions to renewed political activity. The CIO joined the AFL in opposition to the new law, but political unity was only gradually translated into union solidarity. After Murray's death late in 1952, Walter P. Reuther, head of the CIO's United Automobile Workers, became president of the CIO. Three years later, in 1955, the AFL and the CIO merged, with George Meany, former head of the AFL, becoming president of the new federation (a post he held until November 1979, a few months before his death). Membership in the new labour entity included about one-third of all nonagricultural workers in 1955. Membership declined steadily thereafter. | | 31 |
| 1411862967 | John Foster Dulles | United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959) | | 32 |
| 1411862968 | Strategic Air Command (SAC) | main instrument in American policy of massive retaliation in the event of provocation; essentially long range fliers capable of remaining in air for extended periods of time to fly across continents and drop atomic weapons (used B-47 bombers, KC-97 tankers to refuel mid-flight); main means of atomic war before inter-continental missile era | | 33 |
| 1411862969 | "Massive retaliation" | The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. | | 34 |
| 1411862970 | Nikita Khrushchev | ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation | | 35 |
| 1411862971 | Geneva summit (1955) | Ike and Khrushchev meet to discuss disarmament and Germany; shows that Ike tried to help but was rejected by Soviets | | 36 |
| 1411862972 | Hungarian uprising (1956) | Series of demonstrations in Hungary against the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev violently suppressed this pro-Western uprising, highlighting the limitations of America's power in Eastern Europe. (959) | | 37 |
| 1411862973 | Ho Chi Minh | 1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable | | 38 |
| 1411862974 | Dienbienphu (1954) | The final battle in which the Vietminh defeated the French forces, and won the war. Thus allowing them to maintain their freedom. | | 39 |
| 1411862975 | Geneva Conference (1954) | Peace conference between France and Ho Chi Minh. France wanted Ho Chi Minh to stop attack French troops and Ho Chi Minh wanted the troops gone. | | 40 |
| 1411862976 | Ngo Dinh Diem | American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963. | | 41 |
| 1411862977 | Warsaw Pact (1955) | Soviet Union formed this in 1955. It included the Soviet Union and seven of its satellites (countries alligned with them) in Eastern Europe. This was also a defensive alliance, promising mutual military cooperation. | | 42 |
| 1411862978 | Shah of Iran | Leader of Iran who wanted to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979) | | 43 |
| 1411862979 | Suez crisis (1956) | military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam | | 44 |
| 1411862980 | Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) | Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East. | | 45 |
| 1411862981 | OPEC (1960) | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. | | 46 |
| 1411862982 | James R. Hoffa | Leader of the Teamsters who did jail time and disappeared, the rumor being that he had been killed by gangsters | | 47 |
| 1411862983 | Landrum-Griffin Act (1959) | Also called the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act was passed in reponse to allegations of criminal activity in unions, to safe guard union members from the union. Required detailed reporting of union finances, etc. | | 48 |
| 1411862984 | Sputnik (1957) | was the world's first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It circled the earth in 96.2 minutes. Launched into a low altitude eliptical orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the Space Race within the Cold War | | 49 |
| 1411862985 | Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) | The longest-range ballistic missiles, able to travel 5,000 miles | | 50 |
| 1411862986 | "Missile gap" | The United States and the Soviet Union were involved in a race to discover who had more missiles and war equipment. The missile gap was the difference in how much the United States had compared to how much the Soviet Union had. | | 51 |
| 1411862987 | National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) | is the organization that was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958. NASA has led U.S. efforts for space exploration ever since, resulting in the Apollo missions to the Moon, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. Currently NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is developing a new manned spacecraft called Orion. After the Soviet's space program's launch of the world's first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to national security and technological leadership (known as the "Sputnik crisis"), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of debate produced an agreement that a new federal agency was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was also created at this time to develop space technology for military application. | | 52 |
| 1411862988 | National Defense and Education Act (1958) | Passed in response to Sputnik, that was designed to improve the teaching of science and languages through student loans | | 53 |
| 1411862989 | Lebanon intervention | The 1958 Lebanon crisis was a Lebanese political crisis caused by political and religious tensions in the country. It included a U.S. military intervention. | | 54 |
| 1411862990 | "Spirit of Camp David" (1959) | When Krushchev met Eisenhower in the US and said that his evacuation plans of Berlin would be extended indefinitely | | 55 |
| 1411862991 | U-2 spy plane | U.S. spy plane shot down over the USSR which ended a move toward "rapprochement" at the end of the Eisenhower administration. | | 56 |
| 1411862992 | Guatemalan intervention | The 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état (18-27 June 1954) was the CIA covert operation that deposed President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán, with a paramilitary invasion by an anti-Communist "army of liberation". | | 57 |
| 1411862993 | Fulgencio Batista | He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets. | | 58 |
| 1411862994 | Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) | | 59 |
| 1411862995 | Richard Nixon | he was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam | | 60 |
| 1411862996 | "Kitchen debate" | was a famous discussion between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev. It signaled that the U.S acknowledged their setback in technology since Nixon focused on technological luxuries. | | 61 |
| 1411862997 | Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. | Nixon's running mate for the presidential campaign of 1960; had served for seven years as the US representative to the UN | | 62 |
| 1411862998 | John F. Kennedy | president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. | | 63 |
| 1411862999 | Lyndon B. Johnson | signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid. | | 64 |
| 1411863000 | "New Frontier" | The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. | | 65 |
| 1411863001 | Nixon-Kennedy TV debates | first televised presidential debate aired by CBS | | 66 |
| 1411863002 | Twenty-second Amendment (1951) | limited the number of years an individual may serve as president. according to the amendment, a president may be elected no more than twice | | 67 |
| 1411863003 | Alaska and Hawaii | These were the 49th and 50th states added to the union, both under Eisenhower in 1959 | | 68 |
| 1411863004 | Betty Friedan | United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921) | | 69 |
| 1411863005 | Television | a telecommunication system that transmits images of objects (stationary or moving) between distant points | | 70 |
| 1411863006 | Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Fulton Sheen | famous evangelists who used the new medium of television | | 71 |
