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Biology: Chapter 5: The Working Cell Flashcards

Biology
Concepts and Connections
7th Edition
Chapter 5: The Working Cell

1044252159	Fluid Mosaic	Membranes composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded and attached proteins	0
1044252160	Steroid Cholesterol	Help stabilize the membrane at warm temperature but also helps keep the membrane fluid at lower temperatures	1
1044252161	Signal Transduction	A membrane protein may be have a binding site with (signal) may cause a conformational changes in the protein (receptor) that relays the message to the inside of the cell.	2
1044252162	Cell-Cell Recognition	The attached carbohydrates of glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells. This recognition allows cells in embryo to sort into tissues and enables cells of the immune system to recognize and reject foreign cells, such as infectious bacteria.	3
1044252163	Selective Permeability	A critical function of membranes. They allow for substances to transport across the membrane more easily than others.	4
1044252164	Phospholipids	Key ingredient of biological membranes. Were probably among the first organic molecules formed from chemical reactions on early Earth. Can spontaneously Self-assemble into simple membranes.	5
1044252165	Passive transport	Diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment. No work being done	6
1044252166	Thermal motion	Molecules vibrate and move randomly as a result of a type of energy	7
1044252167	Diffusion	The tendency for particles of any kind to spread out evenly in an available space. The result of thermal motion	8
1044252168	Diffusion down concentration gradients	Oxygen enters the cells and carbon dioxide passes out of them creating an equilibrium.	9
1044252169	Can ions and polar molecules diffuse across the hydrophobic interior of a membrane?	They can if they are moving down their concentration gradients and if they have transport proteins to help them cross	10
1044252170	Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane using passive transport.	11
1044252171	Solute	A substance that dissolves in a liquid solvent, producing a solution.	12
1044536970	____ _____ between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms	Water balance	13
1044536971	Tonicity	The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.	14
1044536972	Tonicity of a solution	Depends on its concentration of solutes that cannot cross the plasma membrane relative to the concentration of solutes inside the cell	15
1044536973	Isotonic	Iso, Same, and tonos, tension. When a cell is immersed in a solution and the cell's volume remains constant. EX. Intravenous fluids (IV) to blood, Seawater to cells of many marine animals	16
1044536974	Red blood cells are transported in	The isotonic plasma of the blood	17
1044536975	Hypotonic	A solution with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell (hypo, Below). The cell gains water, swells, and may BURST (lyse) like an over filled balloon.	18
1044536976	Hypertonic	A solution with a higher solute concentration (Hyper, above). The cell shrivels and can die from water loss.	19
1044536977	Osmoregulation	The control of water balance. Prevents excessive uptake or excessive loss of water	20
1044536978	A freshwater fish, which lives in hypertonic environment, has kidneys and gills that work constantly to prevent an excessive buildup of water in the body. This control of water lose is called	osmoregulation	21
1044536979	An animal cell immersed in hypotonic solution	is Lysed	22
1044536980	An animal cell immersed in isotonic solution	is Normal	23
1044536981	An animal cell immersed in hypertonic solution	is Shriveled	24
1044536982	A plant cell immersed in hypotonic solution	is Turgid (normal or healthy state). Needs a net flow inflow of water	25
1044536983	A plant cell immersed in isotonic solution	is Flaccid (limp)	26
1044536984	A plant cell immersed in hypertonic solution	is Shriveled (plasmolyzed). Loses water	27
1044536985	Plasmolysis	The process in which a plant cell loses water and shrivels, and the plasma membrane pulling away from the cell wall. This causes the plant to wilt and can be lethal to the cell and the plant.	28
1044536986	Transport protein	Facilitates diffusion across membranes.	29
1044536987	Facilitated Diffusion	A process in which polar or charged substances can move across a membrane with the help of specific transport proteins	30
1045203500	Facilitated diffusion does not require energy, therefore is a _____ ______.	Passive transport	31
1045203501	In all passive transport, the driving force is the ______ ______.	Concentration Gradient	32
1045203502	Aquaporin	A protein channel which allows the entry or exit of up to 3 billion water molecules per second. EX. Plant cells, kidney cells, and red blood cells)	33
1045203503	Why are aquaporins important in kidney cells?	Kidney cells must reabsorb a large amount of water when producing urine	34
1045203504	Active Transport	A cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient across a membrane toward the side where the solute is more concentrated.	35
1045203505	The energy molecule ______ supplies the energy for most active transport.	ATP	36
1045203506	____ ____ allows a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules and ions that are different from concentrations in its surroundings	Active transport	37
1045203507	Exocytosis	A process the cell uses to export bulky materials such as proteins or polysaccharides. EX. When we weep cells our tear glands use this to export a salty solution containing proteins	38
1045203508	Endocytosis	A transport process that is the opposite of exocytosis. A cell takes in large molecules.	39
1045203509	Phagocytosis	"cellular eating" A cell engulfs a particle by wrapping extensions called pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a membrane-enclosed sac large enough to be a vacuole	40
1045203510	Pinocytosis	"cellular drinking" The cell "gulps" droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles. Not specific, takes in any and all solutes dissolved in droplets	41
1045203511	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	Highly selective. Receptor proteins for specific molecules are embedded in regions of the membrane that are lined by a layer of coat proteins	42
1045203512	Low-density lipoproteins	cholesterol circulates in the blood in particles. LDLs bind to receptor proteins and then enter cells by endocytosis.	43
1045203513	Energy	The capacity to cause change or to perform work	44
1045203514	Two basic forms of energy	Kinetic and potential energy	45
1045203515	Kinetic Energy	The energy of motion. Ex. movement of your legs pushing bicycle pedals	46
1045203516	Heat	Thermal energy or type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules	47
1045203517	Light	A type of kinetic energy used to harness the power of photosynthesis	48
1045203518	Potential energy	Second main form of energy. Energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure. EX. molecules	49
1045203519	Chemical Energy	The potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. Most important type of energy for living organisms. Energy that can be transformed to power the work of the cell.	50
1045203520	Thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter	51
1045300110	An organism is open system exchanging both ______ and ______ with its surroundings	energy and matter	52
1045300111	First Law of Thermodynamics	Know as the law of energy conservation. States that the energy in the universe is constant.	53
1045300112	Energy can be ____ and _____ but cannot be ____ or ____.	Transferred , transformed, created, destroyed	54
1045300113	Entropy	A quantity used as a measure of disorder or randomness	55
1045300114	The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is	The greater its entropy	56
1045300115	Second Law of Thermodynamics	Energy conversions increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe	57
1045300116	Cellular respiration	The process in which chemical energy stored in organic molecules is converted to a form that the cell can use to perform work.	58
1045300117	Chemical reactions do what?	Release or store energy	59
1045300118	Exergonic reaction	A chemical reaction that releases energy (meaning energy outward)	60
1045300119	Endergonic Reactions	Yield products that are rich in potential energy (Energy inward)	61
1057827122	Photosynthesis is an example of what process?	Endergonic process. Starts with energy-poor reactants (carbon dioxide, water molecules), using energy absorbed from sunlight, produces energy-rich sugar molecules	62
1057827123	Metabolism	The total of an organism's chemical reactions	63
1057827124	Metabolic Pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. Ex. The "slow burn" of cellular respiration.	64
1057827125	Energy Coupling	The use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions. Its a crucial ability of all cells.	65
1057827126	What type of molecules are key to energy coupling?	ATP molecules	66
1057827127	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate, Powers nearly all forms of cellular work.	67
1057827128	The adenosine part of ATP contains what?	A nitrogenous base Adenine and ribose, a five-carbon sugar	68
1057827129	The triphosphate part of ATP	A chain of three phosphate groups which are negatively charged	69
1057827130	Phosphorylation	A phosphate group transfer from ATP to some other molecule.	70
1057827131	ATP drives the active transport of solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradient by _________ transport proteins.	Phosphorylating	71
1057827132	The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy that drives what type of reaction?	Endergonic Reaction	72
1057827133	A working muscle cell may consume and regenerate how many ATP molecules each second?	10 million	73
1057827134	How does ATP transfer energy from exergonic to endergonic processes in the cell?	Exergonic processes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP, ATP transfers energy to endergonic processes by phosphorylating other molecules	74
1057827135	Enzymes speed up the cell's chemical reactions by lowering	Energy Barriers	75
1057827136	Activation Energy	An energy barrier that must be overcome before a chemical reaction can begin. Energy must be absorbed to contort or weaken bonds in reactant molecules so that they can break and new bonds can form.	76
1057827137	Enzymes	Molecules that function as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Almost all are proteins, some RNA molecules can function as this.	77
1057827138	Substrate	The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on	78
1057827139	Active site	A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme formed by only a few of the enzyme's amino acids. Where the substrate fits into.	79
1057827140	Induced fit	Contorts substrate bonds or place chemical groups of the amino acids making up the active site in position to catalyze the reaction.	80
1057827141	Cofactors	Nonprotein helpers required by enzymes which bind to the active site and function in catalysis. INORGANIC	81
1057827142	Coenzyme	An ORGANIC cofactor	82
1057827143	Competitive Inhibitor	Reduces enzyme's productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the active site	83
1057827144	Noncompetitive Inhibitor	Does not enter the active site. Binds to the enzyme somewhere else, a place called allosteric site. Changes the shape of enzyme so that the active site no longer fits the substrate.	84

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Chemistry Chapter 11 Intermolecular Forces Flashcards

Intermolecular forces

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1078608856	Type of compound that has highest boiling point	ionic	0
1078608857	ionic compounds have higher boiling points than ________ compounds, also called ________ compounds	covalent, molecular	1
1078608858	if 2 molecular compounds have similar molecular weight, but no H-bonds, then if one is a __________ molecule it has the higher boiling point	polar	2
1078608859	which has the higher boiling point, polar molecules or non-polar molecules (if no H-bond is present)	polar	3
1078608860	if 2 molecular compounds have no H-bonds and one has a significantly higher weight, which one has the highest boiling point? the lighter one or the heavier one	heavier	4
1078608861	the 3 exothermic processes are?	deposition, condensation, freezing	5
1078608862	the 3 endothermic processes are?	sublimation, evaporation, melting	6
1078608863	solid to gas =	sublimation	7
1078608864	evaporation	liquid to gas	8
1078608865	melting	solid to liquid	9
1078608866	deposition	gas to solid	10
1078608867	condensation	gas to liquid	11
1078608868	freezing	liquid to solid	12
1078608869	________ happens when liquid turns rapidly to gas	boiling	13
1078608870	normal boiling point of a substance is determined by what 2 factors	molecular weight, intermolecular forces	14
1078608871	attractions between molecules =	intermolecular forces	15
1078608872	intermolecular forces play a part in what 3 things?	melting point, boiling point, shape	16
1078608873	attractions between polar molecules =	dipole dipole	17
1078608874	weak temporary dipole dipole interactions =	London forces	18
1078608875	most common intermolecular force can be found in polar and non-polar molecules	London forces	19
1078608876	the larger the non-polar molecule, the ________ the boiling point (higher or lower)	higher	20
1078608877	an especially strong (5 times stronger) type of dipole dipole=	H-bond	21
1078608878	in hydrogen bonding a hydrogen must be ___________ bonded with _____, ______ or ______	covalently, F, O, N	22
1078608879	If 2 molecular compounds do not have H-bonds the one with the _______ _______ _______will have the higher boiling point	higher molecular weight	23
1078608880	highest boiling point	ionic compound	24
1078608881	2nd highest boiling point	H-bond	25
1078608882	third highest boiling point if similar weight but no H-bond	polar	26
1078608883	4th highest boiling point if both are polar	highest molecular weight	27
1078608884	metal to non-metal bond =	ionic	28
1078608885	non-metal to non-metal bond =	covalent	29
1078608886	metal to metal bond =	metallic	30
1078608887	intermolecular force that exists all types of molecules & is only one for non-polar molecules	London Force	31
1078608888	dipole-dipole and H-Bonds are found in _______ molecules only	polar	32
1078608889	covalent bond within molecule =	London force	33
1078608890	forces between molecules =	intermolecular forces	34
1078608891	ionic, H-bond, polar, non-polar =	strongest to weakest bonds, highest to lowest boiling points	35

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Chapter 21: The Furnace of War, 1861-1865 Flashcards

US History AP
Chapter 21: Furnace Of Civil War

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2094842657	Clement L. Vallandigham	Was a copperhead leader. He called the war 'Wicked & Cruel.' He was sentenced to prison time, but Lincoln decided if he liked the S., he should be banished to their lines	0
2094842658	Andrew Johnson	Was Lincoln's running mate in this election. He was a small time slave owner when the war began, & was placed on the ballot to attract the Border States votes	1
2094842667	John Wilkes Booth	was an Am'n stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abe Lincoln, the 16th Prez. of the US, at Ford's Theatre in WA, DC on 4/14/1865.	2
2094842628	Robert E. Lee	the commander of the Confederate Army. He won many battles, usually by suffering many more casualties than the Union.	3
2094847366	Thomas J. Jackson	"Stonewall" Jackson. Confederate commander & hero at the 1st Battle of Bull Run. R.E.Lee's closest adviser & "right arm." He was accidentally killed by 1 of his own men at the battle of Chancellorsville.	4
2094842646	Ulysses S. Grant	Was the Union's War hero. He led the Union Army for a time, & undoubtedly helped the Union tremendously. He is arguably the best general the Union had through the war.	5
2094842626	George B. McCellan	was the leader of a Union Army. He was a very cautious man & strongly disliked losing his troops, b/c of this, his men loved him, but he was often ridiculed	6
2094842652	William T. Sherman	Was a ruthless N.'ern commander. He captured Atlanta, & then proceeded to destroy 60 miles of Geo'a. practically created "total war" methods.	7
2094842642	George B. Meade	given the command after Hooker, & right before the Battle of Gettysburg. Meade's position at the battle was an accident, & ended up leading to his victory.	8
2094846828	Salmon P. Chase	Am'n pol'n & jurist in the Civil War era who served as US Senator from Ohio & Governor of Ohio; as US Treasury Secretary under Prez. Abe Lincoln; & as Chief Justice of the US.	9
2094842644	George Pickett	U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the Am'n Civil War. remembered for his participation in the futile & bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.	10
2094847727	"total war"	A war in which distinctions btwn the soldiers on the battlefield & civilians at home are blurred, & where the gov't plans & controls econ'c social life in order to supply the armies at the front w/ supplies & weapons.	11
2094848676	unconditional surrender	General U.S.G's NN, taken from his military demand to the enemy at Fort Donelson & elsewhere	12
2094849513	doctrine of ultimate destination	it was this idea that shipments & ships going into the confederacy or any other place in general that was under a blockade could be seized. Used to justify seizing Br'h ships.	13
2094849653	Virginia	"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional rep'n in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states & thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning rep'n.	14
2094842635	Emancipation Proclamation	declared all slaved in the Confederate states free, however there was no real effect from this proc'n, as Lincoln had no power in the revolting states.	15
2094849986	13th Amendment	1865. Amendement abolishing & continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of committing a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude.	16
2094850311	Union party	Name used by the Rep'n party in the 1864 election to attract War Democrats to the party. Nominated Abe Lincoln & VP A.Johnson who won by a landslide.	17
2094842624	First Battle of Bull Run	The 1st battle of the Civil War, this battle became the point in which both the Union & the Confederates realized the potential length of this war & their troop strength.	18
2094850994	Battle of Antietam	Civil War battle in which the N. suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25k casualties	19
2094842643	Battle of Gettysburg	1863-most disastrous event of civil war & perhaps US history. Over 50k soldiers from N. & S. lost their lives. After 5 yrs of fighting & 1k's of lives lost, in 1865 Confederate commander R.E.Lee, surrendered to General U.S.Grant, commander of the Union forces.	20
2094842645	Gettysburg Address	The Gettysburg address was given by Lincoln following the battle. The speech lasted 2 min's, & took place during the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg	21
2094842651	Battle of Vicksburg	1863, Union gains control of Miss., confederacy split in 2, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins. Splits the S.	22
2094842627	Peninsula Campaign	The Union's grand plan for victory early on in the war. The plan was to capture Richmond so as to stop the war as early as possible.	23
2094842666	Ford's Theater	Ford's Theatre was the location of Lincoln's assignation. He was shot in the head during a performance by an actor.	24

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Ch. 31 AP World History (Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War) Flashcards

The Newest Stage of World History: 1914- Present
Ch. 31 Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War

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1446172389	Ronald Reagan	President from 1980-1988 ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.	0
1446172390	Kent State Shooting	Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.	1
1446172391	Vietnam War	A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.	2
1446172392	Harry Truman	President after Roosevelt died, put the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan into affect, entered US into the Korean War, dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, "Fair Deal"	3
1446172393	NATO	Agreement made in 1949 to stand firm against Soviet military threats, made between the U.S., Great Britain, France, and eight other nations, Center in Brussels.	4
1446172394	Suez Canal Crisis	Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.	5
1446172395	Margaret Thatcher	Prime minister of Britain; strong relationship with Reagan; supported NATO, allowed US to store missiles in England; one of the first Western leaders to act warmly toward reformer Gorbachev. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism	6
1446172396	Marshall Islands	Site of the first test of the Hydrogen Bomb, Bad weather caused a large cloud of nuclear fallout over a large area. Harmed sailors, killing one. Radioactivity forced people to move out.	7
1446172397	Cold War	The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare.	8
1446172398	Eastern Bloc	Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany	9
1446172399	Iron Curtain	Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.	10
1446172400	Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with the help of George c. Marshall to revive war-torn economies of Europe (especially Germany to act as a counter to the Soviet Union. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	11
1446172401	Warsaw Pact	An international defense alliance between the Soviet Union and many of its Eastern European satellite states as a response to NATO. Formed in 1955.	12
1446172402	Welfare State	New activism of the west European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning	13
1446172403	Truman Doctrine	First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.	14
1446172404	Technocrat	New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II.	15
1446172405	Green Movement	Political movement and party that arose in several western European nations in the 1970's that opposed unfettered free market economies and unchecked industrial pollution	16
1446172406	European Union	Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic integration.	17
1446172407	Devolution	The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government	18
1446172408	Thatcherism	The economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Reduced state economic power and introduced free market and privatization with certain constraints. Deregulated the UK's market. This was done at a social cost	19
1446172409	Korean War	Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. Was pretty much a waste of time ,money, and lives .	20
1446172410	Iran-contra Affair	This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.	21
1446172411	Guest Workers	Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.	22
1446172412	Berlin Airlift	Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city.	23
1446172413	Alliance for Progress	A program in which the United States gave billions of dollers to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems in order to counter Communism.	24
1446172414	John F.Kennedy	35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963	25
1446172415	New Feminism	New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female	26
1446172416	Betty Frieden	She wrote The Feminine Mystique to denounce the housewife trap. The National Organization of women owe their popularity to her book.She calls it the problem that has no name and deplored the narrow view that women should seek fulfillment solely as wives and mothers.She wanted women to establish goals that will permit them to find their own identity.	27
1446172417	The Feminine Mystique	Written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities, launched the modern women's movement.	28
1446172418	NOW	National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination	29
1446172419	The Second Sex	Written by Simone de Beauvior, teacher, novelist, and writer; challenged marrige, the basic unit of modern society; theorized that marriage held women back because of male-dominated societies; recognized females as the "Other" and as second-class citizens	30
1446172420	Simone de Beauvior	was a French existentialist philosopher, public intellectual, and social theorist. She is now best known for her metaphysical novels, including She Came to Stay and The Mandarins, and for her 1949 treatise "The Second Sex," a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism.	31
1446172421	The pill	A pill with hormones that alters the way the body works and prevents pregnancy. It can keep a woman from ovulating or alter the lining of the uterus so an egg cannot attach to the uterus wall., gave women greater freedom to be sexually active without the risk of pregnancy	32
1446172422	James Watson	American scientist. With Francis Crick, he elucidated the structure and function of the DNA double helix. He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Crick and Maurice Wilkins. He served as the head of the Human Genome Research program from 1989 to 1992.	33
1446172423	Andy Warhol	An American commercial illustrator and artist famous for his Campbell's soup painting. He was the founder of the pop-art movement, which like all other art movements in history reflected something back on the present society.	34
1446172424	Pop Art	An American school of the 1950s that imitated the techniques of commercial art (as the soup cans of Andy Warhol) and the styles of popular culture and the mass media	35
1446172425	Berlin Wall	Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was torn down at end of Cold War in 1991.	36
1446172426	Solidarity	Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland.	37
1446172427	John Maynard Keynes	British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption, he also wrote "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" which helped consolidate American public opinion agianst the Versailles Treaty in 1919.	38
1446172428	Bretton Woods Conference	The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.	39
1446172429	Lech Walesa	A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.	40
1446172430	Aleksander Solzhenitsyn	Russian author critical of the Soviet regime; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago(1978). Still hated western "materialism".	41
1446172431	The Gulag Archipelago	A book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Told of the "chain of islands" of gulag camps in the Soviet Union. Goes into detail about life inside them.	42
1446172432	Nikita Khrushchev	Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved.	43
1446172433	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.	44
1446172434	Saur Revolution	Name given to the Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) takeover of political power from the government of Afghanistan on 28 April 1978. The name is derived from the Dari name of the second month of the Persian calendar, the month in which the uprising took place	45
1446172435	mujahideen	In Afghanistan, holy warriors who banded together to fight the Soviet-supported government in the late 1970s	46
1446172436	Dwight D. Eisenhower	34th president of the US. Nicknamed Ike. General in the US army. During WWII, was supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe. Supervised invasion of France and Germany.	47
1446172437	Domino Theory	The political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control. (Eisenhower)	48
1446172438	Little Rock Nine	Nine african american students who first integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957.	49
1446172439	Martin Luther King	One of the main leaders of the American civil rights movement, a political activist, a Baptist minister, and was one of America's greatest orators. In 1964, HE became the youngest man to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (for his work as a peacemaker, promoting nonviolence and equal treatment for different races). On April 4, 1968, He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.	50
1446172440	Great Society	The name given to the programs of President Lyndon B. Johnson, which elevated the federal government to the most prominent role it would play in the twentieth century. the philosophy of this program was that government should try to solve large social problems like hunger and poverty.	51
1446172441	Lyndon B. Johnson	1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. His most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.	52

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Chapter 35: "Open-Economy Macroeconomics: The Balance of Payments and Exchange Rates" Flashcards

Principles of Economics, Ninth Edition by Karl E. Case, Ray C. Fair, and Sharon M. Oster: Chapter 35: "Open-Economy Macroeconomics: The Balance of Payments and Exchange Rates"

Terms : Hide Images

66753005	exchange rate	The price of one country's currency in terms of another country's currency; the ratio at which two currencies are traded for each other.	0
66753006	foreign exchange	All currencies other than the domestic currency of a given country.	1
66753007	balance of payments	The record of a country's transactions in goods, services, and assets with the rest of the world; also the record of a country's sources (supply) and uses (demand) of foreign exchange.	2
66753008	balance of trade	A country's exports of goods and services minus its imports of goods and services.	3
66753009	trade deficit	Occurs when a country's exports of goods and services are less than its imports of goods and services.	4
66753010	balance on current account	Net exports of goods plus net exports of services plus net investment income plus net transfer payments.	5
66753011	balance on capital account	In the U.S., the sum of the following (measured in a given period): the change in private assets abroad, the change in foreign private assets in the U.S., the change in U.S. government assets abroad, and the change in foreign government assets in the U.S.	6
66753012	creditor nation	A country that has a positive net worth position vis-à-vis the rest of the world.	7
66753013	debtor nation	A country that has a negative net wealth position vis-à-vis the rest of the world.	8
66753014	Planned aggregate expenditure in an open economy	AE≡C+I+G+EX-IM	9
66753015	net exports of goods and services (EX-IM)	The difference between a country's total exports and total imports.	10
66753016	marginal propensity to import (MPM)	The change in imports caused by a $1 change in income.	11
66753017	open-economy multiplier	1/(1-(MPC-MPM)	12
66753018	trade feedback effect	The tendency for an increase in the economic activity of one country to lead to a worldwide increase in economic activity, which then feeds back to that country.	13
66753019	price feedback effect	The process by which a domestic price increase in one country can "feed back" on itself through export and import prices. An increase in the price level in one country can drive up prices in other countries. This in turn further increases the price level in the first country.	14
66753020	floating, or market-determined, exchange rates	Exchange rates that are determined by the unregulated forces of supply and demand.	15
66753021	appreciation of a currency	The rise in value of one currency relative to another.	16
66753022	depreciation of a currency	The fall in value of one currency relative to another.	17
66753023	law of one price	If the costs of transportation are small, the price of the same good should be roughly the same.	18
66753024	purchasing-power-parity theory	A theory of international exchange holding that exchange rates are set so that the price of similar goods in different countries is the same.	19
66753025	J-curve effect	Following a currency depreciation, a country's balance of trade may get worse before it gets better. The graph showing this effect is shaped like the letter J, hence the name J-curve effect.	20
66753026	balance of trade	dollar price of exports X quantity of exports - dollar price of imports X quantity of imports	21
66753027	A currency depreciation affects the items on the right side of the balance of trade equation because:	(1) the quantity of exports increases and the quantity of imports decreases; both have a positive effect on the balance of trade (lowering the trade deficit or raising the trade surplus). (2) the dollar price of exports changes when the U.S. price level changes, but the initial effect of a depreciation on the domestic price level is not likely to be large. (3) the dollar price of imports increases. An increase in the dollar price of imports has a negative effect on the balance of trade.	22

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acute angle An angle that measures less than 90 degrees.
right angle An angle that measures exactly 90 degrees.
obtuse angle An angle that measures betwwen 90 and 180 degrees.
straight angle An angle that measures exactly 180 degrees.
An angle that measures exactly 180 degrees.
Angles whose measure adds up to 90 degrees.
supplementary angles Angles whose measure adds up to 180 degrees.
vertical angles Angles opposite one another at the intersection of two lines.
adjacent angles Angles that have a common side and a common vertex (corner point).
vertex A point where two or more straight lines meet.
congruent angles Angles that have the same measure

Terms : Hide Images

1832708058	right angle	angle that measures exactly 90 degrees.	0
1832708059	obtuse angle	angle that is >90 degrees and <180 degrees.	1
1832708060	straight angle	angle that measures exactly 180 degrees.	2
1832708061	complementary angles	Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees	3
1832708062	supplementary angles	Angles whose measure adds up to 180 degrees.	4
1832708063	vertical angles	Angles opposite one another at the intersection of two lines. They are congruent ( the same size).	5
1832708064	adjacent angles	Angles that have a common side and a common vertex (corner point).	6
1832708065	vertex	A point where two or more straight lines meet.	7
1832708066	congruent angles	Angles that have the same measure	8
1832708067	acute angle	angles whose measure is >0 degrees and <90 degrees	9
1832708068	degrees	a unit for measuring angles	10
1832708069	parallel lines	Lines (in the same plane) that never intersect. you can prove they are parallel if they have congruent (the same size) corresponding, or alternative angles, or if co-interior angles are supplementary)	11
1832708070	Perpendicular Lines	Lines that intersect to form right angles.	12
1832708071	Transversal	A line that intersects 2 or more lines	13
1832708072	Corresponding Angles	Angles in the same place on different lines they are equal in size.	14
1832708073	Alternative Interior Angles	Interior angles on the alternate sides of the transversal they are both equal in size.	15
1832714014	alternate exterior angles	Angles that lay outside the parallel lines and are on opposite sides of the transversal; They are congruent.	16

180038092	nativism	suspicion of foreign born people	0
180038093	Xenophobia	fear of foreigners	1
180038094	isolationism	pulling away from world affairs	2
180038095	communism	an economic and political system that supports government control over property to create equality	3
180038096	anarchists	people who oppose any form of government	4
180038097	Sacco and Vanzetti	anarchists who were arrested for robbery and murder in Massachusetts. Their execution was based on a fear of foreigners	5
180038098	quota system	a limit on how many immigrants from each country could enter the U.S. each year	6
180038099	John L. Lewis	president of United Mine Workers who got miners higher wages	7
180038100	Warren G. Harding	29th president	8
180038101	Charles Evans Hughes	Secretary of State under Harding who urged the US, England, Japan, France and Italy to disarm or reduce their weapons	9
180038102	Fordney-McCumber Tariff	placed a high tax on imports making it impossible for England and France to sell their goods in the US.	10
180038103	Ohio gang	Harding's cabinet members that caused problems	11
180038104	Teapot Dome scandal- Albert B. Hall	(Harding's secretary of interior) secretly leased oil rich land owned by the government to oil companies and received the money and property in return	12
180038105	Calvin Coolidge	30 th president who favored government policies that promoted business and limited government interference	13
180038106	urban sprawl	cities expanding in all directions	14
180038107	installment plan	easy way to borrow money to buy goods	15
180038108	"Red Scare"	a fear of communism swept the country	16
180038109	Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)	was set up by Attorney General MitchellPalmer (Palmer Raids) to arrest communist, socialists, and anarchists	17
180038110	Kellogg-Briand Pact	64 nations agreed they would give up war as national policy	18
180038111	income gap	As businesses grew, business managers made more money than workers did	19
180038112	Prohibition	the ban on alcoholic beverages set forth in the 18th Amendment	20
180038113	speakeasy	hidden saloons and nightclubs that served alcohol illegally	21
180038114	bootlegger	smuggler who brought alcohol in from Canada and the Caribbean	22
180038115	Fundamentalism	a religious movement based on the belief that everything written in the Bible is true	23
180038116	Clarence Darrow	In 1925, Darrow defended John Scopes in the "Monkey Trial."	24
180038117	Scopes Trial	John Scopes was found guilty for teaching evolution	25
180038118	flapper	an emancipated young woman of the 1920's who held independent attitudes and liked new fashions	26
180038119	double standard	set of values accepted by society where women have to follow stricter standards than men	27
180038120	Charles A. Lindbergh	the 1st person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis	28
180038121	George Gershwin	composer who merged jazz with traditional elements creating music with a new American sound	29
180038122	Georgia O'Keefe	artist who painted in NYC and later the Southwest	30
180038123	Sinclair Lewis	novelist who criticized American society and also won a Nobel Prize	31
180038124	F. Scott Fitzgerald	novelist who coined the term "Jazz Age" and wrote The Great Gatsby	32
180038125	Ernest Hemingway	writer who introduced a tough, simple style of writing that changed American literature	33
180038126	Zora Neale Hurston	woman anthropologist and author who collected the folklore of poor Southern blacks	34
180038127	Marcus Garvey	formed a black nationalist group, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)	35
180038128	Harlem Renaissance	the artistic and literary movement celebrated by the African-American culture	36
180038129	Claude McKay	poet who wrote about the pain of prejudice	37
180038130	Langston Hughes	poet who used jazz and blues to write about the daily lives of the working class blacks	38
180038131	Louis Armstrong	musician from New Orleans who brought jazz (ragtime & blues) to the North	39
180038132	Duke Ellington	jazz pianist and one of the nation's greatest composers	40
180038133	urbanization	the movement from rural areas to cities	41
180038134	21st Amendment	1933; prohibition repealed officially	42
180038135	Double standard	Women had to follow stricter standards of behavior than men did	43
180038136	Herbert Hoover	31st president	44
180038137	Hoovervilles	neighborhoods where people lived in shacks (shantytowns)	45
180038138	direct relief	money or food given directly from the government to the poor	46
180038139	Causes for the Great Depression	1. tariffs and war debt policies that cut down the foreign market for American goods. 2. crisis in the farming industry. 3. availability of easy credit. 4. unequal distribution of income	47
180038140	Black Tuesday Oct. 29, 1929	the day the stock market crashed	48
180038141	buying on margin	purchasing stock by paying only a small portion up front, with the agreement to pay the rest later	49
180038142	bread lines	lines of people waiting for free food	50
180038143	soup kitchens	places where free food is served to the needy	51
180038144	dust bowl	the area of the Great Plains that became worthless for farming due to drought and the dust storms of the 1930's	52
180038145	"Okies"	Originally from Oklahoma, migrants who traveled to California and other states looking for better economic opportunities	53
180038146	hoboes	Men and boys who rode the rails looking for work	54
180038147	Hawley-Smoot Tariff	raised taxes on imports but worsened the Depression	55
180038148	Bonus Army	unemployed WWI veterans who marched to D.C. demanding their war bonuses	56
180038149	"rugged individualism"	people should succeed through their own efforts	57
180038150	Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)	32nd president	58
180038151	New Deal	program planned by FDR to end the Depression	59
180038152	Glass-Steagall Act	established the FDIC which protects people's savings in the bank	60
180038153	Federal Securities Act	regulated stock information given by companies	61
180038154	Agricultural Adjustment Act(AAA)	helped farmers by raising crop prices by lowering production	62
180038155	Civilian Conservation Corps(CCC)	work project that put young men to work building roads and planting trees.	63
180038156	National Industrial Recovery Act	codes of fair practice for industries, guarantee of workers' rights, and the set up of the NRA (stop of wage cuts, falling prices, and layoffs)	64
180038157	deficit spending	spending more money than the govt. receives in revenue	65
180038158	Huey Long	senator of Louisiana who proposed a program called Share Our Wealth	66
180038159	Eleanor Roosevelt	Wife of FDR who assisted him on issues involving the poor, women & minorities	67
180038160	Works Progress Administration (WPA)	an agency that used millions of workers to build airports, roads, libraries, schools, and hospitals	68
180038161	National Youth Administration (NYA)	provided aid and part-time jobs to high school & college students	69
180038162	Wagner Act	protected workers' rights: 1. to collective bargaining. 2. by banning unfair labor practices. 3. by setting up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce these reforms	70
180038163	Social Security Act	provided: 1. old-age insurance. 2. unemployment compensation. 3. aid to people with disabilities.	71
180038164	Frances Perkins	1st female cabinet member as secretary of labor and helped create the Social Security system	72
180038165	New Deal coalition	were the voters from different groups (Southern whites, city people, African Americans, and union workers) that supported Roosevelt because of the New Deal.	73
180038166	Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)	labor organization formed by industrial unions.	74
180038167	Orson Welles	actor/director/filmmaker whose radio broadcast "The War of the Worlds" convinced many Americans that Martians had landed in NJ	75
180038168	The Grapes of Wrath	written by John Steinbeck, it is a famous book about the Depression	76
180038169	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)	protects the people's savings in the banks	77
180038170	Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)	regulates the stock markets	78
180038171	National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)	still mediates labor disputes	79
180038172	parity	equal or fair amount	80
180038173	Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)	helped prevent floods and provided electricity	81
180038174	Emergency Banking Relief Act	Act passed by Congress allowing healthy banks to reopen	82
180038175	Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)	provided government loans to homeowners who faced foreclosure because they could not make their loan payments	83

84413469	acute angle	an angle less than 90 degrees but more than 0 degrees	0
84413470	adjacent angles	are a pair of angles with a common vertex and a common side, but no common interior points	1
84413471	angle	two non-collinear rays that have a common endpoint	2
84413472	angle bisector	a ray that divides an angle into two congruent angles	3
84413473	area	the number of square units needed to cover a surface	4
84413474	bases	two parallel congruent faces	5
84413475	between	when three points are collinear, you can say that one point is between the others	6
84413476	circumference	the distance around a circle	7
84413477	collinear	points that lie on the same line	8
84413478	complementary angles	two angles whose measures have a sum of 90 degrees	9
84413479	concave	curving inward	10
84413480	cone	a circular base and a vertex	11
84413481	congruent	the same measure	12
84413482	construction	methods of creating geometric figures without the benefit of measuring tools	13
84413483	convex	curving or bulging outward	14
84413484	coplanar	lying in the same plane	15
84413485	cylinder	a solid with congruent circular bases in a pair of parallel planes	16
84413486	degree	a measure for arcs and angles	17
84413487	edges	line segments where the faces intersect	18
84413488	face	flat surface	19
84413489	line	made up of points and has no thickness or width	20
84413490	linear pair	a pair of adjacent angles with non-common sides that are opposite rays	21
84413491	line segment	a part of a line with two endpoints; can be measured	22
84413492	midpoint	the point on the segment that divides the segment into two congruent segments	23
84413493	obtuse angle	an angle between 90 and 180 degrees	24
84413494	opposite rays	two rays that have the same endpoint and travel indefinitely in opposite directions forming a line	25
84413495	perimeter	the size of something as given by the distance around it	26
84413496	perpendicular	lines, segments, or rays that form right angles	27
84413497	plane	a flat surface made up of points	28
84413498	point	a location	29
84413499	polygon	a closed plane figure bounded by straight sides	30
84413500	polyhedron	a solid figure bounded by plane polygons or faces	31
84413501	prism	a polyhedron with two congruent and parallel faces and whose lateral faces are parallelograms	32
84413502	pyramid	a polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular sides with a common vertex	33
84413503	ray	a part of a line that has one endpoint and extends indefinitely in one direction	34
84413504	right angle	an angle that measures exactly 90 degrees	35
84413505	segment bisector	any segment, line, or plane that intersects a segment at its midpoint	36
84413506	sides	the rays of an angle	37
84413507	space	a boundless, three-dimensional set of all points that contains lines and planes	38
84413508	sphere	a three-dimensional closed surface where every point on the surface is equidistant from the center	39
84413509	supplementary angles	two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 degrees	40
84413510	undefined term	a point, line, or plane because they can only be explained using examples and descriptions	41
84413511	vertex	the common endpoint in an angle	42
84413512	vertical angles	two nonadjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines	43

2168264709	Mesoamericans cultivated what crop?	maize	0
2168264710	The Andes region cultivated what crop?	potatoes	1
2168264711	Which tribe built Tenochtitlan in 1325?	Aztecs	2
2168264712	What did the Aztecs believe would sustain the land?	human sacrifice	3
2168264713	What was Cuzco's population?	60,000	4
2168264714	Multi-room structres made out of mud and stone by Pueblo peoples	Adobe	5
2168264715	What were the 3 g's of exploration?	God, glory, gold	6
2168264716	Where did the first ancestors of the Native American peoples come from?	northeastern Asia	7
2168264717	What was the foundation for the prosperous Native American societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley?	cultivation of maize	8
2168264718	Which of the Pueblo peoples built miles across the desert in the American Southwest to facilitate trade?	Anasazis	9
2168264719	True or false kinship bonds were more important than nuclear families in Native American tribes.	True	10
2168264720	What was the social order in Europe around 1450 described as?	hierarchical and authoritarian	11
2168264721	In 1450 what were the majority of European men?	peasants	12
2168264722	Merchants from which of the following countries made inroads in the Arab- dominated trade routes of the Mediterranean in the twelfth century?	Italy	13
2168264723	What was the result of the crusades?	European merchants learned of Asian trade routes	14
2168264724	What idea do Calvanist theologians stress?	predestination	15
2168264725	What prevented Europeans from seeking to conquer territory in Africa?	Coastal kingdoms were well defended	16
2168264726	Why had Christopher Columbus faded from public view by the time he died in 1506?	He didn't find any treasures or kingdoms	17
2168264727	Who conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico?	Cortés	18
2168264728	Did the Native American peoples east of Mississippi River have a single style of political organization?	no	19
2168264729	Why were the modern-day countries of Mexico and Peru originally the most significant conquests?	The Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth	20
2168264730	Who did the Spanish crown grant encomiendas to in the sixteenth century?	conquistadors	21
2168264731	The tribes that lived in present-day Arizona and New Mexico around A.D. 1000 declined because of what?	soil exhaustion and a drought	22
2168264732	What was the trading relationship of Native Americans before European contact?	They only traded among local tribes	23
2168264733	In the 1490 when the Europeans arrived in the New World, where did most Native Americans live?	Mesoamerica and the western coast of South America	24
2168264734	Which European nation was the first to invlove itself in exploration of the Atlantic as a route to Asia and the African slave trade?	Portugal	25
2168264735	What did the encomienda granted by the Spanish crown in the 16th century consisted of...	legal control over American land and Indian labor	26
2168264736	Did American crops increase agricultural yield and population growth in the Old World?	yes	27
2168264737	What was the legacy of the Spanish conquest in the New World?	The spanish government and missionaries started a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures.	28
2168264738	Why was the influx of American gold and silver into the English economy during the sixteenth century significant?	It simulated further economic expansion	29
2168264739	Portuguese colonists in Brazil created an industry based on what resource?	sugar	30
2168264740	What was the main product in the Virginia colony?	tobacco	31
2168264741	What did the French Jesuits do in contrast to the Spanish missionaries of the sixteenth century?	they tried to understand the Indians' worldview	32
2168264742	What colony venture failed to attract many settlers?	Dutch colony of New Netherland	33
2168264743	City upon a Hill refers to which colony?	Massachusets bay	34
2168264744	A system of political economy based on government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain. After 1790, the United States used tariffs and subsidies to bolster national wealth.	mercantilism	35
2168264745	Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. Their religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.	Puritans	36
2168264746	A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.	joint- stock corporation	37
2168264747	A colony ruled by a king or queen and governed by officials appointed to serve the monarchy and represent its interests.	royal colony	38
2168264748	A system of local government in New England in which all male heads of household met regularly to elect selectmen; levy local taxes; and regulate markets, roads, and schools.	town meeting	39
2168264749	Fifty acres of free land granted by the Virginia Company to planters for each indentured servant they purchased.	headright system	40
2168264750	Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants. It was established by the Virginia Company and continued by the crown after Virginia was made a royal colony.	House of Burgesses	41
2168264751	A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.	chattel slavery	42
2168264752	The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. Sixteenth- century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine, which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology.	predestination	43
2168264753	One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, they sought a separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.	pilgrims	44
2168264754	A system whereby workers were contracted for service for a specified period. In the seventeenth century, thousands of these workers came to North America. In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years without wages, the workers received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.	Indentured Servitude	45
2168264755	Lord Baltimore, the founder of Maryland established the colony as a haven for who?	Catholic	46
2168264756	What describes Africans in Virginia after the 1660s?	African slavery became a permanent condition	47
2168264757	What did the French and Spanish aim to do in the New World?	Christianize the native peoples	48
2168264758	Which of the following native groups capitalized on its geographic location in central New York and remained a significant political force in North America long after colonization?	Iroquois	49
2168264759	Why did Plymouth begin to thrive after its first year while Jamestown struggled for many years?	religious discipline encouraged stronger work ethic	50
2168264760	Which of the following New England colonies required church membership in order to be able to vote?	Massachusetts Bay	51
2168264761	Metacom's war (King Philip's War) as a last effort to save what?	Indian lands and culture in New England	52
2168264762	Who dominated the Chesapeake economy and own most land in Virginia?	Wealthy, merchant elite	53
2168264763	Slavery replacing indentured servitude was a consequence of what?	Bacon's Rebellion	54
2168264764	What did spanish conquistadors, Nathaniel Bacon's frontiersmen, and the Puritans have in common?	They treated Native Americans brutally	55
2168264765	What was to goal of Jamestown?	to trade	56
2168264766	Who did the Virginia Company grant land to?	free men	57
2168264767	What was a result of the Indian War of 1622?	one-third of the english were killed	58
2168264768	Who made Virginia a royal colony?	James 1	59
2168264769	What was the goal of Maryland settlement?	Refuge for English Catholics	60
2168264770	What was the solution for Protestants that outnumbered Catholics?	Maryland Toleration Act of 1649	61
2168264771	Made blacks and their children property, or chattel for life of white masters	slave codes	62
2168264772	In 1620 half of the people in Plymouth were what?	sepratists	63
2168264773	How many people came to Massachusetts in 1630?	20,000	64
2168264774	Who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?	John Winthrop	65
2168264775	Where was Roger Williams exiled to?	Rhode Island	66
2168264776	What 2 colonies were Anne Hutchinson exiled to?	Rhode Island and New York	67
2168264777	In what war was an English trader killed and 500 massacred?	Pequots War	68
2168264778	In what year was the Pequot war?	1636-1637	69
2168264779	What kind of slave society was South Carolinas?	hierarchial	70
2168264780	What products did North Carolina raise?	corn, hogs, and tobacco	71
2168264781	In what year did North Carolina separate from South Carolina?	1712	72
2168264782	In what year did William Penn receive a charter from the king to establish a colony?	1681	73
2168264783	Pennsylvania's government allowed religious freedom for who?	Christians	74
2168264784	Who created the Dominion of New England?	James II	75
2168264785	Occurred because James IIs Catholic wife gave birth to a son, thus arousing fear of a return to Catholicism	Glorious Revolution	76
2168264786	Who broke up the Dominion of New England?	Mary and William	77
2168264787	Which colony had harsh working conditions?	South Carolina	78
2168264788	Why did planters preferred ethnic diversity?	to deter slave revolts	79
2168264789	What was the name of the language developed in African American communities?	Gullah	80
2168264790	Who did the gentry imitate?	the English Aristocracy	81
2168264791	When was the colony of Georgia founded?	1733	82
2168264792	Who founded the colony of Georgia?	James Oglethorpe	83
2168264793	Who was the war of Jenkins Ear between?	English vs. Spanish	84
2168264794	Placed tariff on French molasses but was not enforced well but led to smuggling.	Molasses Act of 1733	85
2168264795	Prohibited the use of publicly issued paper money to pay debts	Currency Act of 1751	86
2168264796	Which American colony was established in the 1660s as a haven for Quakers	Massachusetts	87
2168264797	What describes the character of Britain's empire in America before 1660?	haphazard and lax	88
2168264798	Britain won major territorial and commercial gains, including Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay region as well as access to the western Indian trade from what?	Treaty of Utrecht	89
2168264799	The Spanish governor in Florida had promised freedom to fugitive slaves during what?	Stono Rebellion	90
2168264800	Where did the Stono Rebellion take place?	South Carolina	91
2168264801	When was the Stono Rebellion?	1739	92
2168264802	The British colonists in eighteenth- century North America enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy over their royal governors mainly due to...	their control over governors' salaries	93
2168264803	What did english creditors increasingly refuse to accept?	state issued paper money	94
2168264804	The practice of passing family land, by will or by custom, to the eldest son.	primogeniture	95
2168264805	Spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world. Followers of this religion do not worship a supernatural God; instead, they pay homage to spirits and spiritual forces that they believe dwell in the natural world.	animism	96
2168264806	A gender power structure in which men rule autocratically over women, either as heads of families or as rulers of society. This term has also been applied to government leaders who rule autocratically over their subjects.	patriarchy	97
2168264807	Organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into, and the practice of a trade. These organizations did not develop in colonial America because artisans generally were in short supply.	guilds	98
2168264808	The primary avenue for trade for West Africans that passed through the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires. Caravans carried West African goods- including gold, copper, salt, and slaves- from the south to the north across the Sahara, then returned with textiles and other foreign goods.	trans- Saharan trade	99
2168264809	The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland. After a centuries-long effort to recover their lands, the Spainards defeated the Moors at Granada in 1492 and secured control of all of Spain.	reconquista	100
2168264810	A system of family organization in which social identity and property descend through the female line. Children are usually raised in their mother's household, and her brother plays a central role in their lives.	matriarchy	101
2168264811	A religion the considers Mohammed to be God's last prophet. Following the death of Mohammed in A.D. 632, the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread this faith into Sub- saharan Africa, India, and Indonesia, as well as deep into Spain and the Balkan regions of Europe.	Islam	102
2168264812	A cultural transformation in the arts and learning in Italy from 1300 to 1450. During this period, Italian moneyed elites sponsored great artists- Micahelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and others- who produced an unprecedented flowering of genius.	Renaissance	103
2168264813	The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe. Some of these farmworkers owned land, while others leased or rented small pots from landlords. In some regions, they lived in compact communities with strong collective institutions.	peasants	104
2168264814	The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government. During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service to the polity was of critical importance in a self- governing republic.	civic humanism	105
2168264815	Franciscan missionaries located in northern Florida	Spanish	106
2168264816	What is the other name for Pope's Rebellion?	Pueblo Revolt	107
2168264817	The natives became disposable to them when they began to sustain themselves.	British	108
2168264818	Who was famous for fur trapping?	french	109
2168264819	Most of the settlers were men, some of whom married Indian women	French	110
2168264820	Who were the Jesuit missionaries	French	111
2168264821	survived the 1622 Powhatan uprising	British	112
2168264822	This country tries to understand the Native American values	French	113
2168264823	Treated the indians brutally	british	114
2168264824	Who does John Eliot represent?	British	115
2168264825	Who implemented the encomienda system?	Spanish	116
2168264826	Black legend	Spanish	117
2168264827	What year was Jamestown established?	1607	118
2168264828	What year was Plymouth established?	1620	119
2168264829	What year was Massachusetts Bay established?	1628	120
2168264830	What year was New Hampshire established?	1623	121
2168264831	What year was Connecticut and Rhode Island established?	1636	122
2168264832	What year was North Carolina established?	1653	123
2168264833	What year was New York and New Jersey established?	1664	124
2168264834	What year was South Carolina established?	1670	125
2168264835	What year was Pennsylvania and Deleware established?	1681	126
2168264836	What year was Georgia established?	1732	127
2168264837	The movement of diseases and peoples across the Atlantic was part of a larger pattern of biological transformation is called.	The Colombian Exchange	128
2168264838	This group of people condemned extravagance	Quakers	129
2168264839	In what year was the Dominion of England started?	1686	130
2168264840	What were the original 4 colonies of the Dominion of England?	Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth	131
2168264841	The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.	tribalization	132
2168264842	Who was the Covenant Chain between?	New York and Iroquois	133
2168264843	a refined but elaborate lifestyle	gentility	134
2168264844	the practice of giving offices and salaries to political allies	patronage	135
2168264845	When paper money was issued to farmers who pledged their land as collateral for the loans	land banks	136
2168264846	The ability to keep their households solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation	competency	137
2168264847	when families swapped labor and goods is called	household mode of production	138
2168264848	people who settle illegally on land is called being a	squatter	139
2168264849	A flexible form of indentured servitude that allowed families to negotiate their own terms upon arrival is called	redemptioner	140
2168264850	The time period that emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world	Enlightenment	141
2168264851	The evangelical Christian movement that stressed the individual's personal relationship with God is called	Pietism	142
2168264852	A renewal of religious enthusiasm	revival	143
2168264853	nation state	The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity.	144
2168264854	matrilinear	the form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side.	145
2168264855	confederacy	An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation.	146
2168264856	primeval	Concerning the earliest origin of things.	147
2168264857	saga	A lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heroes.	148
2168264858	middlemen	In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.	149
2168264859	caravel	A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails.	150
2168264860	plantation	A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor.	151
2168264861	ecosystem	A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment.	152
2168264862	demographic	Concerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on.	153
2168264863	conquistador	A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas.	154
2168264864	capitalism	An economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets.	155
2168264865	encomienda	The Spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them.	156
2168264866	mestizo	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.	157
2168264867	province	A medium sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire.	158
2168264868	nationalism	Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state.	159
2168264869	primogeniture	The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land.	160
2168264870	joint stock companies	An economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment.	161
2168264871	charter	A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations.	162
2168264872	census	An official count of population, often also describing other information about the population.	163
2168264873	feudal	Concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between rulers and ruled.	164
2168264874	indentured servant	A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor.	165
2168264875	toleration	Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority.	166
2168264876	squatter	A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement.	167
2168264877	matriarch	A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan.	168
2168264878	melting pot	Popular term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" towards some eventual commonality.	169
2168264879	predestination	The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned.	170
2168264880	elect	In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.	171
2168264881	conversion	A religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable person experience.	172
2168264882	visible saints	In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expect to lead godly lives.	173
2168264883	calling	In Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work.	174
2168264884	heresy	Departure from correct or officially defined belief.	175
2168264885	seditious	Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government.	176
2168264886	commonwealth	An organized civil government or social order.	177
2168264887	autocratic	Absolute or dictatorial rule.	178
2168264888	passive resistance	Nonviolent action or opposition to authority in accord with religious or moral beliefs.	179
2168264889	asylum	A place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate.	180
2168264890	proprietary	Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch.	181
2168264891	naturalization	The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants.	182
2168264892	blue laws	Laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality	183
2168264893	ethnic	Concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Anglo-Saxon background.	184
2168264894	headright	The right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer	185
2168264895	disenfranchise	To take away the right to vote.	186
2168264896	civil war	A conflict between the citizens of inhabitants of the same country.	187
2168264897	tidewater	The territory adjoining water affected by tides-this is, near the seacoast or coastal rivers.	188
2168264898	middle passage	That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas.	189
2168264899	fertility	The ability to mate and produce abundant young.	190
2168264900	menial	Fit for servants; humble or low.	191
2168264901	militia	An armed force of citizens called out only in emergencies.	192
2168264902	hierarchy	a social group arranged in ranks or classes.	193
2168264903	corporation	A group or institution granted legal rights to carry on certain specified activities.	194
2168264904	jeremiad	A sermon or prophecy warning of doom and calling for repentance.	195
2168264905	lynching	The illegal killing of an accused person by mob action without due process.	196
2168264906	hinterland	Inland region back from a port, river, or the seacoast.	197
2168264907	social structure	The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society.	198
2168264908	blue blood	Of noble or upper-class descent	199

31336885	Battle of Hastings	the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest	0
31336886	William the Conquerer	Duke of Normandy;he defeated Harold, the Anglo-Saxon king, to become the first Norman king of England	1
98497351	William of Normandy	"The Conqueror" who defeated Harold at Hastings and established feudalism in England	2
31336917	Feudalism	The society that centered around castle life with the hierarchy of kings, barons, knights, franklins, and serfs; the Medieval Period is characterized by this	3
31336919	Sir Gawain and the Green Knight	One of such stories written about the courtly life of King Arthur's court, written in the alliterative style of Anglo-Saxon England	4
31337241	Sir Thomas Malory	Compiled many of the stories into his seminal work Morte d' Arthur	5
31337247	Geoffrey Chaucer	wrote Canterbury Tales	6
31337328	Canterbury Tales	A frame story in which pilgrims on a trip to a Canterbury Cathedral have a story telling contest; every segment of Medieval society is represented in the characters of this story	7
31337329	1375	the year that Canterbury Tales was first published (around)	8
31337331	1066-1485	The time span of the Medieval Period	9
31337334	Christian Church	very powerful under the Pope of Rome during these years; monasteries and priories were everywhere	10
31337341	Hierarchy	Pope, archbishops, bishops, priests, monks, and nuns mirrored the __ of society.	11
31337346	Black Plague	killed a third of the population in Europe	12
31337347	1066	year in which William the Conquerer won the Battle of Hastings	13
31337348	Morality Plays	featured abstract ideas such as Good Deeds, Mercy, and Death as characters; particularly popular in the15th century; Ex: Everyman; forerunners to John Bunyan's great allegorical work The Pilgrim's Progress (17th century)	14
182074666	Act of Homage	ceremony in which a vassal promises loyalty to a lord	15
280182172	Roger Bacon	English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation known as "father of English philosphy"	16
277571353	Ballads	Are songlike poems that tell stories. They often deal with adventure and romance.	17
242329103	Baron	A title given out to a ruler's powerful supporter	18
349327903	St. Thomas á Becket	Friend of Henry 2 who was appointed archbishop of Canterbury but defied the king and appealed to the pope	19
557241318	Archbishop of Canterbury	Saint Thomas Becket	20
543672314	Cathedrals	Christian churches which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese also a social cornerstone in the middle ages	21
1007001902	William Caxton	London merchant; Brought printing press to England; enabled all people to have access to books	22
704031380	Chivalry	Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages that stressed truth honor and courtesy	23
803749601	Common Law	Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. Decisions were applied to similar situations and gradually became common to the nation.	24
882308078	Crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	25
819385543	Domesday Book	A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth	26
236158368	"Everyman"	Most famous morality play - important piece in Middle English literature	27
111435305	Gothic	A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries	28
769957108	Guilds	Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests	29
732588544	Henry 7	(1485-1509) The first Tudor king of England, he worked to end the struggle for power between the Yorks and Lancasters by marrying Elizabeth of York, effectively merging the two sides into Tudors. Helps to affirm his position on the throne with marriage of son Arthur to Ferdinand and Isabella's Catherine of Aragon, later securing a hereditary monarchy for his son Henry.	30
47719277	House of Lancaster	the English royal house that reigned from 1399 to 1461 --- red rose	31
301410837	House of York	the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485 --- white rose	32
144183840	Hundred Years War	Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413)	33
128845491	King John	King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.	34
591612588	Le Morte d'Arthur	"Death of Arthur" 15th century prose work by Sir Thomas Malroy	35
986255488	Magna Carta	(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John of Englad was forced to sign; made it so king could not tax without meeting with barons	36
242865659	Medieval Church	The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in medieval times. It promoted a society that shared a common culture and religious beliefs.	37
113821758	Normans	"Northmen"; the Vikings who settled in the northern part of France (Normandy). --- 1066	38
932716677	Parliament	A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation	39
313966011	Piers Plowman	an allegoric work by William Langland	40
437167670	Plantagenets	300-year line of English kings descended from Geoffrey Plantagenet (named for the plant sprig he wore in his hat)	41
273104380	Primogeniture	A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.	42
872182231	Richard 1	king of England during the 3rd crusade(lionhardt) He was captured in Austria - (Before King John) militaristic King	43
933190815	Romances	adventure stories that feature kings, knights, and damsels in distress and tell of quests, battles, and doomed love	44
520718553	Serfs	A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times	45
691415067	War of the Roses	struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII	46
2284485178	Medieval Period Traits	Value of Courtly Love Code of Chivalry Quest Supernatural Christianity Allegiance to King	47
2284511780	Arthurian Legend	Adventure in which a knight breaks the code of Chivalry but learns something	48
2284591856	Essay Question	Much of the story is about the timeless nature of mankind Vernacular-written language Shows traits of society many character are reminiscent of spirt and traits that are still part of socity today like greed, corruption and social classes Characters: Doctor-plastic surgeon Friar-politician Knight-factory worker Pardoner-salesman Similar morals as today Pardoners tale	49
2284619863	Bob and Wheel	a short line of one, two or three syllables followed by four rhymed lines	50

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