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Campbell Biology 9th Edition: Chapter 12 Flashcards

9th Edition of the famed Campbell Biology Series! Chapter 12

120374585	Why do some species employ both mitosis and meiosis, whereas other species use only mitosis?	They need both if they are producing animal gametes.	0
272224409	A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain?	92	1
272224410	Why is it difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase?	They have uncoiled to form long, thin strands.	2
272224411	Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?	32	3
272224412	Nucleoli are present during _____.	Interphase	4
272224413	Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.	Telophase	5
272224414	Chromosomes become visible during _____.	Prophase	6
272224415	Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.	Anaphase	7
272224416	Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.	Prometaphase	8
272224417	When the separate chromosomes are being pulled from one place to another? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Anaphase	9
272224517	When the two "circular" cells attached become sister cells? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Cytokinesis as it occurs in Animal Cells	10
272224518	When the chromosomes become visible? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Prophase	11
272224519	When chromosomes align laterally (along the metaphase plate: imaginary line located midway between the poles of the duplicated chromosomes and the original chromosomes), before they separate. This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Metaphase	12
272224522	When the chromosomes break the nuclear envelope, and attach to microtubules	Prometaphase	13
272224523	When the two "square" cells attached become sister cells? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Cytokinesis as it occurs in Plant Cells	14
272224535	When the sister cells are completely divided through Cytokinesis. This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Telophase	15
272224577	During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.	Two (2) chromosomes and Four (4) Chromatids	16
272224580	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.	Mitotic Phase	17
272224584	DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.	S Phase	18
272224585	Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.	Interphase	19
272224587	This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.	Mitosis	20
272224594	This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.	G2 Phase	21
272224595	This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.	G1 Phase	22
272224596	This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.	Cytokinesis	23
272224635	During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.	The Mitotic Phase: The Mitotic Phase encompasses both Mitosis and Cytokinesis!	24
272224636	During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.	Interphase	25
272224637	Which of the following is true of kinetochores?	They are sites at which microtubules attach to chromosomes.	26
272224638	Which of the following correctly matches a phase of the cell cycle with its description?	G1: follows cell division	27
272224639	In some organisms, such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. What would result from this?	Large cells containing many nuclei.	28
272224640	Which of the following is found in binary fission but not in mitosis?	Duplicated chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane.	29
272224641	Cytochalasin B is a chemical that disrupts microfilament formation. How would this interfere with cell division?	cleavage	30
272224642	Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle?	G1	31
272224643	Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle?	They remain confined to their original site	32
272224644	Which of the following is a function of the S phase in the cell cycle?	The synthesis of sister chromatids	33
272224645	The copying of chromosomes occurs during which of the following phases of the cell cycle?	S Phase	34
272224646	For the first several divisions of early frog embryos, cells proceed directly from the M phase to the S phase and back to M without gaps. Which of the following is likely to be true about dividing cells in early frog embryos?	The cells get smaller with each generation	35
272224647	True or false? The M phase is characterized by the replication and division of a cell's chromosomes.	False: Cells replicate their chromosomes during the S phase and divide partition their chromosomes during the M phase.	36
272224649	If an organism normally has 34 chromosomes, how many molecules of DNA should there be in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?	34	37
272224650	Which of the following events would cause the cell cycle to arrest?	Poor nutrition conditions	38
272224651	DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules called ______, which separates during mitosis.	Sister Chromatids	39
272224652	After chromosomes condense, the ______ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other	Centromere	40
272224654	During Mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the _______.	Kinetochore	41
272224655	In dividing cells, most of the cell's growth occurs during ______.	Interphase	42
272224657	The ____________ is a cell structure consising of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division	Mitotic Spindle	43
272224658	During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called _______.	Chromatin	44
272224659	In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by ________, when the rest of the cell divides.	Cytokinesis	45
272224660	The ________ are the organzing centers for mcrotubules involed in seperatng chromasomes during mitosis	Centrosomes	46
272224662	Which of the following statements are true of cytokinesis in plant cells? Two that apply.	1. Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules, coalesce at the plane of cell division, and form a cell plate. 2. The cell plate consists of the plasma membrane and cell wall that will eventually separate the two daughter cells.	47
272224663	Which species does this apply to? The cells divide by constriction of a ring protein. (2 apply)	Bacteria & Animal	48
272224664	Which species does this apply to? The presence of a cell wall prevents the cell from dividing by constriction. (1 apply)	Plants	49
272224665	Which species does this apply to? Tubulin subunits or tubulin-like molecules function in the division of the cell. (2 apply)	Bacteria & Plants	50
272224666	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	Benign Tumor	51
272224667	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	Binary Fission	52
272224668	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.	Transformation	53
272224671	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	Malignant Tumor	54
272224672	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	Metaphase Plate	55
272224673	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	Metastasis	56
272224674	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	Somatic Cell	57
272224675	One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells....	continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.	58

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AP Biology Chapter 18.1-18.4 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

Vocabulary Terms

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1201804839	operator	In bacterial DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach.	0
1201804840	operon	A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway.	1
1201804841	repressor	A protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, repressors bind to the DNA in or near the promoter.	2
1201804842	regulatory gene	A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.	3
1201804843	corepressor	A small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes its shape, allowing it to switch an operon off.	4
1201804844	inducer	A specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor's shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on	5
1201804845	cylic AMP (cAMP)	Cylic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons	6
1201804846	activator	A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. In prokaryotes, they bind in or near the promotoer; in eukaryotes, they bind to control elements in enhancers	7
1201804847	differential gene expression	The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome	8
1201804848	genomic imprinting	A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whther the allele is inherited from the male or female parent	9
1201804849	epigenetic inheritance	Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome	10
1201804850	control elements	A segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding a transcription factor. Multiple control elements are present in a eukaryotic gene's enchancer.	11
1201804851	enhancer	A segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates	12
1201804852	alternative RNA splicing	A type of eukaryotic gene regularion at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	13
1201804853	proteasome	A giant protein complex that recognizes and destorys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin	14
1201804854	microRNA (miRNAs)	A small, single-stranded RNA molecule, generated from a hairpin structure on a precursor RNA transcribed from a particular gene.	15
1201804855	RNA interference (RNAi)	A technique used to silence the expression of selected genes. Uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA.	16
1201804856	small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)	A small, single-stranded RNA molecule generated by cellular machinery from a long, double-stranded RNA molecule. Associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence. In some cases, it can also block transcription by promoting chormatin modification	17
1201804857	cell differentiation	The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development. Depends on the control of gene expression.	18
1201804858	morphogenesis	The development of body shape and organization	19
1201804859	cytoplasmic determinant	A maternal substance, such as a protein or RNA, placed into an egg that influences the course of early develoment by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.	20
1201804860	induction	The process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, usually by causing changes in gene expression.	21
1201804861	determination	The progressive restriction of developmental potential in which the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops. At the end of determination, a cell is committed to its fate.	22
1201804862	pattern formation	The development of a multicellular organism's spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space	23
1201804863	positional information	Molecular cues that control pattern formation in an animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cell's location relative to the organism's body axes. These cues elicit a response by genes that regulate development.	24
1201804864	homeotic gene	Any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fugi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.	25
1201804865	embryonic lethals	A mutation with a phenotype leading to death of an embryo or larva	26
1201804866	maternal effect gene	A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype, in the offspring, regardless of the offspring's genotype. Maternal effect genes were the first identified in "Drosophila"	27
1201804867	egg-polarity genes	A gene that helps control the orientation (polarity) of the egg; also called a maternal effect gene.	28
1201804868	morphogen	A substance, such as Bicoid protein in "Drosophila", that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis.	29

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AP World History Chapter 20 Reading Quiz Flashcards

AP World History

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2425843309	What effect did World War II have on communism?	It enabled communist parties in Eastern Europe and China to assume power.	0
2425843310	Wich of the following describes popular attitude in Europe toward the prospect of war in the summer of 1914?	Widespread enthusiasm	1
2425843311	Which of the following was a distinctive and central feature of the German expression of fascism?	An insistence on a racial revolution	2
2425843312	Which of the following was a reason for the popularity of the Nazi Party once it seized power in the 1930s?	Its success in bringing Germany out of the Great Depression	3
2425843313	In contrast to what transpired during World War I, Germany during World War II was able	conquer France quickly	4
2425843314	Which of the following was a term of the Treaty of Versailles?	Germany was to accept sole responsibility for casuing World War I	5
2425843316	The new states that had been carved out of which empire were governed as mandates of the League of Nations after World War I?	The Ottoman Empire	6
2425843317	Which country switched sides after World War I began?	Italy	7
2425843318	Japanese politics and society during the 1920s suggested that Japan favored	democratic politics and Western culture	8
2425843320	How did the American occupation of Japan after World War II affect the Japanese economy?	It promoted rapid economic growth and generated economic prosperity	9
2425843321	Which of the following explains how an assassination in Austria-Hungary triggered World War I?	The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente	10
2425843322	Which of the following did Japan, Italy and Germany share in the 1930s?	Aggressive ambition for conquest and empire building	11
2425843323	Which of the following was a factor in causing the Great Depression?	Speculation on the stock market	12
2425843324	What happened to Europe's empires in Asia and Africa after the end of World War II?	European empires collapsed as colonies achieved independence	13
2425843325	What happened to the German sphere of influence in China after World War I ended?	Japan claimed it	14
2425843327	What impact did World War I have on Europe's colonial empires?	The war drove in laborers and soldiers from the colonies	15
2425843328	Which of the following contributed to Western European recovery after the devastation of World War II?	The ability of Western European countries to integrate their economies	16
2425843329	Which country was least affected by the Great Depression?	The Soviet Union	17
2425843330	Which of the following committed the United States to the defense of Europe against the Soviet Union after World War II?	The North Atlantic Treaty Organization	18
2425843331	Which of the following resulted from Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor?	The wars in Asia and Europe merged into a single global war	19
2425843332	Which of the following characterized European and American culture in the 1920s?	A new consumerism	20
2425843334	Which of the following describes the position of the United States after World War I?	It became Europe's main creditor	21
2425843335	Which of the following appealed to fascists?	Nationalism	22
2425843337	The set of reforms packaged as the New Deal was based on the belief that	government actions and spending programs could correct the market	23
2425843338	What drew Japan, Germany, and Italy into a political alliance by 1936-1937?	Hostility towards the Soviet Union	24

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1.6 Solving Quadratic Equations Flashcards

Solve Quadratic Equations by factoring
Solve Quadratic Equations by completing the square
Solve quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula
Model with quadratic equations

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860375470	What is a Quadratic Equation?	A quadratic equation is an equation in the form Ax^2+Bx+C=0	0
860375471	What is the Zero Product Property?	AB=0 if and only if A=0 or B=0	1
860375473	How do we complete the square?	to make x^2 +bx a perfect square, add (b/2)^2, the square of the coefficient of x this gives the perfect square x^2 + bx + (b/2)^2=(x+(b/2))^2	2
860375474	What is the quadratic formula?		3
860375475	What is the discriminant?	The discriminant of the quadratic equation ax^2+bx+c=0 is D=b^2-4ac If D>0, then the equation has two distinct real solutions if D=0, then the equation has exactly one real solution if D<0, then the equation has no real solution	4
860375476	What is a Quadratic Equation?		5

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Chapter 28 & 29 APUSH Key Terms Flashcards

Advanced Placement United States History Chapter 28 and 29 Key Terms.

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144374378	Upton Sinclair	muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.	0
144374379	16th Amendment	Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.	1
144374380	17th Amendment	Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.	2
144374381	18th Amendment	Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.	3
144374382	19th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.	4
144374383	Northern Securities Case	Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.	5
144374384	Hepburn Act	Prohibited free passes. Gave ICC enough power to regulate the economy. It allowed it to set freight rates and required a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies.	6
144374385	Meat Inspection Act	Required strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a program of federal meat inspection. It came about in 1906 as a result of president Roosevelt reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts. To investigate the meat packing industry. Then the commission issued a report backing up Sinclair's account of the disgusting conditions in the industry.	7
144374386	Pure Food and Drug Act	(TR) 1906 , 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.	8
144374387	Bull Moose Party	The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.	9
144374388	Clayton Anti-Trust Act	An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.	10
144374389	Federal Reserve Act	This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.	11
144374390	Insular Cases	These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.	12
144374391	Muckrackers	The nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of money on researching and digging up "muck," hence the name muckrakers. This name was given to them by Pres. Roosevelt- 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems and corruption that needed fixing.	13
144374392	New Nationalism	Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.	14
144374393	Referendum	A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment. One win for Progressives.	15
144374394	Recall	Citizens chance to remove an elected official from office before the person's term ended. A win for the Progressives.	16
144374395	Direct Primary	An intraparty election in which the voters select the candidates who will run on a party's ticket in the subsequent general election.	17
144374396	Scientific Management	Theory promoted by Frederick W. Taylor; held that every kind of work could be broken into a series of smaller tasks and that rates of production could be set for each component task	18
144374397	Ida Tarbell	A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.	19
144374398	Jacob Riis	A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.	20
144374399	Roosevelt's Square Deal	Roosevelt ran for president in his own rights in 1904. During the campaign, he promised Americans this. By this, he meant that everyone from farmers to consumers to workers to owners would have the same opportunity to succeed. That promise helped Roosevelt conquer a huge victory.	21
144374400	Newlands Reclamation Act	1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states	22
144374401	Gifford Pinchot	Head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them.	23
144374402	New Freedom	Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.	24
144374403	Federal Reserve Act (1914)	An act passed in 1914 that legalized a US financial system that involved 12 federally operated district banks that were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board.	25
144374404	Niagara Movement	in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.	26
144374405	Booker T. Washington	Prominent African American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."	27
144374406	W.E.B. du Bois	Fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP. W. E. B. Du Bois wanted talented blacks to accept nothing less than what they deserved and he directed the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of colored People). Drove for equal rights in many court cases.	28
144374407	National American Woman Suffrage Association	Pro-suffrage organization formed by the joining of the national woman suffrage association and the american woman suffrage association. Organization established in 1890 to promote woman suffrage; stressed that women's special virtue made them indispensable to politics.	29
144374408	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People	Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, it emerged out of the Niagara Movement in 1909. It worked for equal rights for African Americans.	30
144374409	National Women's Party	A militant feminist group led by Alice Paul that argued the Nineteenth Amendment was not adequate enough to protect women's rights. They believed they needed a more constitutional amendment that would clearly provide legal protection of their rights and prohibit sex-based discrimination. Founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men.	31

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biology vocab for 11.4, cell division, and chapters 14, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 3
Links to individual sets:
http://quizlet.com/7869541/biology-ch-114-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/7954678/biology-vocab-for-cell-division-unit-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9066684/biology-ch142-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9450790/biology-ch-12-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10243166/biology-ch-15-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10493073/biology-ch-16-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11086905/biology-ch-19-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11452840/biology-ch-20-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11801196/biology-ch-3-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/

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2297889952	ecology	scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment	0
2297889953	biosphere	part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere	1
2297889954	species	group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring	2
2297889955	population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area	3
2297889956	community	assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area	4
2297889957	ecosystem	collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment	5
2297889958	biome	group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities	6
2297889959	autotroph	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer	7
2297889960	producer	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph	8
2297889961	photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	9
2297889962	chemosythesis	process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates	10
2297889963	heterotroph	organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer	11
2297889964	consumer	organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph	12
2297889965	herbivore	organism that obtains energy by eating only plants	13
2297889966	carnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating animals	14
2297889967	omnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals	15
2297889968	detritivore	organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter	16
2297889969	decomposer	organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter	17
2297889970	food chain	series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	18
2297889971	food web	network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem	19
2297889972	trophic level	step in a food chain or food web	20
2297889973	ecological pyramid	diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web	21
2297889974	biomass	total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level	22
2297889975	biogeochemical cycle	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another	23
2297889976	evaporation	process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas	24
2297889977	transpiration	loss of water from a plant through its leaves	25
2297889978	nutrient	chemical substance that an organism requires to live	26
2297889979	nitrogen fixation	process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia	27
2297889980	denitrification	conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas	28
2297889981	primary productivity	rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem	29
2297889982	limiting nutrient	single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem	30
2297889983	algal bloom	an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient	31
2297889984	phytoplankton	population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton	32
2297889985	food vacuole	small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food	33
2297889986	cilium	short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells	34
2297889987	contractile vacuole	Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell	35
2297889988	prokaryote	unicellular organism lacking a nucleus	36
2297889989	nitrogen fixation	process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia	37
2297889990	virus	a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells	38
2297889991	bacteriophage	virus that infects bacteria	39
2297889992	retrovirus	virus that contains RNA as its genetic information	40
2297889993	gene pool	combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population	41
2297889994	relative frequency	number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur	42
2297889995	single-gene trait	trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles	43
2297889996	polygenic trait	trait controlled by two or more genes	44
2297889997	directional selection	form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve	45
2297889998	stabilizing selection	form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end	46
2297889999	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle	47
2297890000	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations	48
2297890001	founder effect	change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population	49
2297890002	Hardy-Weinberg principle	principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change	50
2297890003	genetic equilibrium	situation in which allele frequencies remain constant	51
2297890004	evolution	change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms	52
2297890005	theory	well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations	53
2297890006	fossil	preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism	54
2297890007	artificial selection	selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation	55
2297890008	struggle for existence	competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life	56
2297890009	fitness	ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment	57
2297890010	adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival	58
2297890011	survival of the fittest	process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection	59
2297890012	natural selection	process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest	60
2297890013	descent with modification	principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time	61
2297890014	common descent	principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors	62
2297890015	homologous structures	structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues	63
2297890016	vestigial organ	organ that serves no useful function in an organism	64
2297890017	transformation	process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria	65
2297890018	bacteriophage	kind of virus that infects bacteria	66
2297890019	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)	67
2297890020	base pairing	Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine	68
2297890021	chromatin	long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes	69
2297890022	histone	protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin	70
2297890023	replication	(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division	71
2297890024	DNA polymerase	enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication	72
2297890025	gene	sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait	73
2297890026	mRNA (messenger RNA)	RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell	74
2297890027	rRNA (ribosomal RNA)	type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes	75
2297890028	tRNA (transfer RNA)	type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis	76
2297890029	transcription	process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA	77
2297890030	RNA polymerase	enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription	78
2297890031	promoter	region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA	79
2297890032	intron	sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein	80
2297890033	exon	expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein	81
2297890034	codon	three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid	82
2297890035	translation	decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain	83
2297890036	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	84
2297890037	mutation	a change or alteration in form or qualities	85
2297890038	frameshift mutation	mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide	86
2297890039	polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes	87
2297890040	sex-linked genes	genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male	88
2297890041	nondisjunction	occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate	89
2297890042	homologous	term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent	90
2297890043	diploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes	91
2297890044	haploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes	92
2297890045	meiosis	process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell	93
2297890046	tetrad	structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis	94
2297890047	crossing-over	process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis	95
2297890048	cell division	process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells	96
2297890049	mitosis	part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides	97
2297890050	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm during cell division	98
2297890051	chromatid	one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome	99
2297890052	centromere	area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached	100
2297890053	interphase	period of the cell cycle between cell divisions	101
2297890054	cell cycle	series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide	102
2297890055	prophase	first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus	103
2297890056	centriole	one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope	104
2297890057	spindle	fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis	105
2297890058	metaphase	second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	106
2297890059	anaphase	the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles	107
2297890060	telophase	fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material	108
2297890061	cyclin	one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells	109
2297890062	cancer	disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth	110
2297890063	homologous	term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent	111
2297890064	diploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes	112
2297890065	haploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes	113
2297890066	meiosis	process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell	114
2297890067	tetrad	structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis	115
2297890068	crossing-over	process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis	116

1725306139	Whose idea was communism?	Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, two German social philosophers.	0
1725306140	How did they spread communism?	Marx and Engels published a pamphlet, Communist Manifesto.	1
1725306141	The government and public	According to communist belief, ____ should own the land and means of production.	2
1725306142	Societies in history	There have always been two classes - rich and poor, oppressor and oppressed, opposing one another. This has been an endless struggle. Marx titles them the "haves" and "have nots."	3
1725306143	Bourgeoisie	The middle class in modern, industrialized societies.	4
1725306144	Proletariat	The working class	5
1725306145	Conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat	Marx says that the bourgeoisie exploit, or use, the proletariat in order to enrich themselves.	6
1725306146	Marx's prediction	A revolution would occur, where the proletariat would rise against the bourgeoisie and form a classless society, and the gov't would own everything.	7
1725306147	Europe's outcome in 1800s	History did not follow the prediction of an uprising. The working class rights continued to improve.	8
1725306148	Communist revolutions	Communism appealed to Russia (the first to adopt Communism), China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, etc.	9
1725306149	What is religion?	Marx says, "Religion is the opiate (pain-killing drug) of the masses (people)."	10
1725306150	Religion in Communist countries	Countries that followed communism were atheist. There were no temples, churches, etc. and no God.	11

1725306139	Whose idea was communism?	Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, two German social philosophers.	0
1725306140	How did they spread communism?	Marx and Engels published a pamphlet, Communist Manifesto.	1
1725306141	The government and public	According to communist belief, ____ should own the land and means of production.	2
1725306142	Societies in history	There have always been two classes - rich and poor, oppressor and oppressed, opposing one another. This has been an endless struggle. Marx titles them the "haves" and "have nots."	3
1725306143	Bourgeoisie	The middle class in modern, industrialized societies.	4
1725306144	Proletariat	The working class	5
1725306145	Conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat	Marx says that the bourgeoisie exploit, or use, the proletariat in order to enrich themselves.	6
1725306146	Marx's prediction	A revolution would occur, where the proletariat would rise against the bourgeoisie and form a classless society, and the gov't would own everything.	7
1725306147	Europe's outcome in 1800s	History did not follow the prediction of an uprising. The working class rights continued to improve.	8
1725306148	Communist revolutions	Communism appealed to Russia (the first to adopt Communism), China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, etc.	9
1725306149	What is religion?	Marx says, "Religion is the opiate (pain-killing drug) of the masses (people)."	10
1725306150	Religion in Communist countries	Countries that followed communism were atheist. There were no temples, churches, etc. and no God.	11

1455200054	Angle	Two rays with a common endpoint form this. The rays and vertex are used to name it.	0
1455200055	vertex	- the common endpoint of the rays forming an angle	1
1455200056	congruent angles	- angles that have the same measure	2
1455200057	vertical angles	opposite angles formed by the intersection of two lines. They are congruent.	3
1455200058	adjacent angle	angles that have the same vertex, share a common side, and do not overlap	4
1455200059	complementary angles	two angles whose sum of their measures is 90°	5
1455200060	supplementary angles	two angles whose sum of their measures is 180°	6
1455200061	transversal	the third line formed when two parallel lines are intersected	7
1455200062	alternate interior angles	angles that are on opposite sides of the transversal and inside the parallel lines	8
1455200063	alternate exterior angles	angles that are on opposite sides of the transversal and outside the parallel lines	9
1455200064	corresponding angles	angles in the same position on parallel lines in relation to a transversal	10
1459733947	congruent segments	sides with the same length	11
1459733948	scalene triangle	a triangle with no congruent sides	12
1459733949	isosceles triangle	a triangle having at least two congruent sides	13
1459733950	equilateral triangle	- a triangle having three congruent sides	14
1459733951	quadrilateral	- a closed figure having four sides and four angles	15
1459733952	parallelogram	a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and opposite sides congruent	16
1459733953	rhombus	a parallelogram having four congruent sides	17
1459733954	trapezoid	a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides	18
1459733955	polygon	a simple closed figure formed by three or more straight line segments	19
1459733956	pentagon	a polygon having 5 sides	20
1459733957	hexagon	a polygon having 6 sides	21
1459733958	heptagon	a polygon having 7 sides	22
1459733959	octagon	a polygon having 8 sides	23
1459733960	nonagon	a polygon having 9 sides	24
1459733961	decagon	a polygon having 10 sides	25
1459733962	equiangular	all angles are congruent	26
1459733963	regular polygon	a polygon that has all sides congruent and all angles congruent	27

1455200054	Angle	Two rays with a common endpoint form this. The rays and vertex are used to name it.	0
1455200055	vertex	- the common endpoint of the rays forming an angle	1
1455200056	congruent angles	- angles that have the same measure	2
1455200057	vertical angles	opposite angles formed by the intersection of two lines. They are congruent.	3
1455200058	adjacent angle	angles that have the same vertex, share a common side, and do not overlap	4
1455200059	complementary angles	two angles whose sum of their measures is 90°	5
1455200060	supplementary angles	two angles whose sum of their measures is 180°	6
1455200061	transversal	the third line formed when two parallel lines are intersected	7
1455200062	alternate interior angles	angles that are on opposite sides of the transversal and inside the parallel lines	8
1455200063	alternate exterior angles	angles that are on opposite sides of the transversal and outside the parallel lines	9
1455200064	corresponding angles	angles in the same position on parallel lines in relation to a transversal	10
1459733947	congruent segments	sides with the same length	11
1459733948	scalene triangle	a triangle with no congruent sides	12
1459733949	isosceles triangle	a triangle having at least two congruent sides	13
1459733950	equilateral triangle	- a triangle having three congruent sides	14
1459733951	quadrilateral	- a closed figure having four sides and four angles	15
1459733952	parallelogram	a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and opposite sides congruent	16
1459733953	rhombus	a parallelogram having four congruent sides	17
1459733954	trapezoid	a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides	18
1459733955	polygon	a simple closed figure formed by three or more straight line segments	19
1459733956	pentagon	a polygon having 5 sides	20
1459733957	hexagon	a polygon having 6 sides	21
1459733958	heptagon	a polygon having 7 sides	22
1459733959	octagon	a polygon having 8 sides	23
1459733960	nonagon	a polygon having 9 sides	24
1459733961	decagon	a polygon having 10 sides	25
1459733962	equiangular	all angles are congruent	26
1459733963	regular polygon	a polygon that has all sides congruent and all angles congruent	27

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