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AP Government Killer Vocab Flashcards

For Ms. Watts' "Killer Vocabulary Test" at Longmont High School 2008-09.

17244762	radical	Political extremes to the right or left.	0
17244763	developed	Countries with a high standard of living and strong economies	1
17244764	nationalism	Pride in one's people, and the belief that they have their own unique political destiny.	2
17244765	political economy	the relationship between political and economic systems.	3
17244766	fascism	Authoritarian regimes, such as Hitler's and Mussolini's; Totalitarian attempts to impose state control on all aspects of life.	4
17244767	single member districts	Winner-take-all; Whoever wins the most votes gets the one seat available in an election.	5
17244768	proportional representation	Votes for parties, rather than candidates, Parties are represented in the legislature according to the percentage of votes received.	6
17244769	globalization	The process of expanding and intensifying the interconnectedness among states, societies, and economies.	7
17244770	developing	Countries attempting to improve their economic status. Currently with low average income and less sophisticated infrastructure. Might be described as the "third world."	8
17244771	human development index	A measure of a country's standard of living, including health and education.	9
17244772	under-developed	The poorest countries. The bottom 12. Might be described as the "fourth world."	10
17244773	GINI Index	A formula that measures economic inequality within a country.	11
17244774	PPP	The buying power of income in a country.	12
17244775	neoliberal economies	Reforms that focus on the free market with few restrictions on business and property rights.	13
17244776	GDP	The total value of goods and services produced in a country.	14
17244777	causation	When a change in one variable causes a change in another variable.	15
17244778	legitimacy	Generally accepted view that a government has the right to rule.	16
17244779	correlation	An apparent connection between variables.	17
17244780	traditional legitimacy	The right to rule because "it has always been that way."	18
17244781	revolution	The overthrow and replacement of a regime based upon broad popular support.	19
17244782	charismatic legitimacy	The right to rule based on the personality of an individual.	20
17244783	sovereignty	The ability to carry out actions independent of internal or external forces.	21
17244784	rational-legal legitimacy	The right to rule based on a widely accepted system of laws and procedures.	22
17244785	co-optation	Granting special favors in exchange for a benefit. "Buying off" critics.	23
17244786	democracy	A system of government that allows citizens to choose policy makers in free, competitive elections.	24
17244787	corporatism	When groups, such as business and/or labor, work closely with the government in policy-making.	25
17244788	liberal democracy	A system with political competition, economic freedom, civil rights and liberties, and open access to information.	26
17244789	authoritarian	A system of government based on coercion.	27
17244790	illiberal democracy	A procedural democracy, with elections, but without real competition, and lacking some civil rights and liberties.	28
17244791	Marxism	The theory that in a struggle over resources, the elite will dominate. Eventually the proletariat will create a classless state.	29
17244792	social democracy	A system with competitive elections and civil rights, coupled with an emphasis on economic equality.	30
17244793	country	The state, government, regime, and people who live in a political system.	31
17244794	political culture	The history, values, beliefs, and traditions that influence political behavior.	32
17244795	society	A complex human organization with shared institutions.	33
17244796	politics	Who gets what. The process through which people are governed.	34
17244797	institutions	The executive, legislature, judiciary, and bureaucracy.	35
17244798	regime	The fundamental norms and rules established by administrations over time.	36
17244799	reactionaries	Those who want to restore political, social, and economic institutions that existed in the past.	37
17244800	bureaucracy	A form of government where religion and politics are intertwined.	38
17244801	liberalism	An attitude favoring evolutionary transformation of the system.	39
17244802	political ideology	A set of political beliefs and values about the goals of government.	40
17244803	political attitude	Views about the policy-making, the government's role, the pace of change, and freedom and equality.	41
17244804	libertarian	An ideology favoring little government interference in the economy and personal freedoms.	42
17244805	conservatism	An ideology that questions whether change is necessary.	43
17244806	nation	A group of people with a psychological sense of identity based upon cultural, geographic, or linguistic ties.	44
17244807	normative question	A question that asks, "What should be the case?"	45
17244808	state	Institutions, people, and groups that have the power to effect change, including a monopoly of force.	46
17244809	empirical question	A question that has a factual, scientific, or mathematical, verifiable answer.	47
17244810	cleavages	Factors that separate groups.	48
17244811	cross-cutting cleavages	A division that include people with differences, strengthening society.	49
17244812	coinciding cleavages	A division that strengthens feelings of difference and discrepancy, weakening society.	50

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AP Government Test Prep (AP Government by the People 23rd AP edition questions and answers) Pearson Education Flashcards

Fun and games for the whole family! (If your family happens to be a bunch of stressed out AP government students about to take a final AP exam, that is.) :D

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2120576078	Government	Is the procedures and institutions by which a people govern and rule themselves	0
2120576717	Politics	Is the process by which people decide who should govern and what policies should be adopted	1
2120580523	The study of the principles, procedures, and structures of government and the analysis of political ideas, institutions, behavior, and practices is called	Political science	2
2120583289	Oligarchies are examples of	government by the few	3
2120585921	Which of the following is not an example of a form of direct democracy?	presidential elections through the electoral college	4
2120595216	The government where those who have governmental authority get that authority as a result of winning free and relatively frequent elections is called	Representative democracy	5
2120607636	The united states operates under a system of	constitutional democracy	6
2120611177	The set of arrangements (including checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, rule of law, due process, and a bill of rights) that require leaders to listen, think, bargain, and explain prior to making laws is called	constitutionalism	7
2120613288	The three broad categories for dividing the meanings of democracy are	a system of interacting values, a system of interrelated processes, and a system of interdependent political structures	8
2120619618	Statism is the idea that the rights of the nation are supreme over the rights of the	individual	9
2120622309	Under America's first constitution, the Articles of Confederation,	congress was a unicameral body	10
2120624797	Which of the following founders was the principal architect of the constitution?	James Madison	11
2120627296	who was not the principal architect of the constitution or the person who protected life liberty and property, and was only put into this quizlet to make sure there were enough people to make it challenging?	Thomas Jefferson	12
2120631391	The Three-Fifths compromise at the constitutional convention (aside from being evil)	provided a formula by which slaves would be counted for apportioning the house of representatives	13
2120635241	Any law passed by a legislature that punishes an individual without a trial, under the constitution, violates the constitutional concept of	a bill of attainder. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bill+of+attainder (I didn't know this one, so I provided a link for if you feel the same)	14
2120644078	The idea of limiting the role of government to protecting "life, liberty, and property" is generally attributed to	John Locke	15
2120647216	The outcome of a conflict between the constitution and the states is determined by	The supremacy clause	16
2120652091	The founding fathers designed a system of checks and balances for the national government. Which of the following best illustrates that concept? I. Congress overrides a president's veto II. The supreme court declares a law unconstitutional III. The president issues an executive order reducing the size of the bureaucracy IV. The House and Senate cannot agree on a Conference Committee report. (But can they ever?)	I and II this goes to the question on checks and balances as a possible answer.	17
2120657729	wrong answer on checks and balances question.	II and III this goes to the question on checks and balances as a possible answer	18
2120660573	wrong answer on checks and balances question.	III and IV this goes to the question on checks and balances as a possible answer	19
2120662234	wrong answer on checks and balances question.	II and IV this goes to the question on checks and balances as a possible answer	20
2120664665	wrong answer on checks and balances question.	I and IV this goes to the question on checks and balances as a possible answer	21
2120669014	A law goes into effect declaring that a business practice that has been legal in the past will be illegal in the future, and the law is made retroactive. Why would the supreme court likely rule the new law unconstitutional?	It would be an ex post facto law.	22
2120676801	Which plan proposed at the constitutional convention called for a bicameral legislature with one chamber having members from states calculated by proportion of population and the other having two members per state?	Connecticut compromise	23
2120678747	The case of Marbury vs. Madison established which principle?	judicial review	24
2120682675	Which of the following forms of fiscal federalism allow the states the broadcast financial discretion?	block grants	25
2120684792	The constitution grants congress the power to establish post offices and post roads. Aside from just being nice, this is an example of	enumerated powers	26
2120686508	In a confederation	power is held at the regional level with the central government exercising only such influence as the regional governments give it	27
2120690870	The fiscal relationship between the national and state governments involves complex relationships. Which would LEAST likely be favored by state governments?	Unfunded mandates	28
2120693234	Enumerated powers are those given to	The national government	29
2120695523	The system of federalism that allowed states to do most of the fundamental governing from 1789 to 1937 was	Dual federalism https://apgovernmentchs.wikispaces.com/Types+of+Federalism	30
2120698756	The case of McCulloch v. Maryland ruled that I. The federal government could exercise only the enumerated powers of the Constitution II. The implied powers in Article I of the constitution allowed congress to create a nationally chartered bank III. the state governments could lvy taxes on national government institutions IV. neither states nor the federal government could tax one another V. the state courts had sole jurisdiction over regulatory affairs within their boundaries http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_mcculloch.html	II and IV answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	31
2120710778	wrong answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	I, III, and V answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	32
2120712213	wrong answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	I and IV answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	33
2120713024	wrong answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	II and III answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	34
2120713773	wrong answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	IV and V answer to case of McCulloch v. Maryland question	35
2120736527	Dual federalism refers to the fact that	the constitution provides two layers of government- national and state	36
2120739528	the power of the national government to regulate interstate commerce was expanded in	Gibbons v. Ogden	37
2120742317	The notion that when state and federal laws conflict, the national laws will prevail is	supremacy clause	38
2120754609	Reapportionment consists of	reallocating congressional seats proportionally to states based upon census data every ten years	39
2120757625	The nurturing process through which people learn their knowledge, feelings, and evaluations about the political world is called	political socialization	40
2120760784	Sampling error refers to (other than when you accidentally eat too many samples and offend your host/hostess)	the level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll	41
2120764158	The failure of the literary digest poll occurred because	the survey over-sampled voters with high incomes	42
2120806089	The failure of the literary digest poll DID NOT occur because	the sample was too small to predict the outcome of the election	43
2120811840	Which type of poll is most likely to be used by the media to predict the outcome of an election?	An exit poll.	44
2120813803	Liberals are not likely to support	prayer in schools	45
2120815125	The gender gap refers to the idea that women	are more likely to vote for democrats than are their counterpart. (cannot say what counterpart means or the answer would be obvious. Sorry!)	46
2120819563	What would older Americans support? compared to younger.	protection of social security	47
2120820414	What would younger Americans support? compared to older.	homosexual people serving in the military	48
2120823943	What is the most common form of political participation in the US?	voting in a presidential election	49
2120829149	Which of the following are true? I. Older Americans are more likely to vote than younger Americans II. Men are more likely to vote than women III. Those with higher education are more likely to vote than those with lower education IV. Democrats are more likely to vote than Republicans V. Hispanic voters are more likely to vote than non-Hispanic voters	I and III. voting question	50
2120831918	voting question wrong answer	II and IV voting question	51
2120832786	voting question wrong answer	III and V	52
2120833630	voting question wrong answer	I, II, and IV	53
2120834485	voting question wrong answer	II, III, and V	54

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AP Government Exam- Principle of Government/ Supreme Court Case Flashcards

AP Government- Mr. Fitzpatrick :

Cite the Principle of American Government or the Supreme Court Case for the following statements:

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1488692908	Six Principles of American Constitutional government:	popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, federalism	0
1488692910	The executive, legislative, and judicial powers are divided among three independent and coequal branches of government.	separation of powers	1
1488692912	Government must follow the law as stated or be punished as any citizen.	limited government	2
1488692914	This case ruled that states could no longer ban abortions.	Roe v. Wade (1973)	3
1488692915	The division of power among the federal government and state governments.	federalism	4
1488692917	This case declared that K-12 students are under greater supervision thus is subject to greater control and less protection under the Bill of Rights.	Acton v. Vernonia School Board	5
1488692919	The right of the courts to determine whether executive or legislative acts are or are not Constitutional.	judicial review	6
1488692921	Due to this case, police must now inform you of your rights as soon as you are a suspect in a case.	Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	7
1488692923	The people are the only source of governmental power. The government can only govern with the consent of the people.	popular sovereignty	8
1488692924	This principle gives the people the ability to elect their leaders.	popular sovereignty	9
1488692926	Each branch has certain powers with which it can check the operations and balance the other two.	checks and balances	10
1488692928	Congress's ability to impeach judicial and executive officials.	checks and balances	11
1488692929	This case ruled that segregation was unconstitutional as it was "inherently unequal".	Brown v. Board of Education-1st (1964)	12

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AP Euro Midterm Flashcards

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625470685	Northern Christian Humanists	Renaissance thinkers whose major goal was the reform of Christianity. Believed in educating everyone in a Christian way to create an inward religious feeling. Wanted the Bible translated into vernacular languages. Desiderius Erasmus was most influential - prepared way for the reformation; believed in an emphasis on education. Thomas More (wrote Utopia) believed in an emphasis on government service.	0
625470686	Martin Luther	95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion, and was against all others.	1
625470687	Edict of Worms	declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire due to his not revoking his beliefs; his works were to be burned and Luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor.	2
625470688	Peace of Augsburg	It was turning point to the historic reformation and it ended the German religious warfare in 1555. It declared that Lutheranism was a legal, permanent religion along with Catholicism. It also stated that German princes could determine the religion over his subjects.	3
625470689	Anabaptists	A radical Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.	4
625470690	Henry VIII	(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.	5
625470691	The Council of Trent	An assembly of high church officials summoned by the Catholic Church to clarify doctrine and address reform in response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation.	6
625470692	The Edict of Nantes	recognized Huguenot religious freedoms and rights of Protestants to participate in French public institutions, and was promulgated by Henry IV and provided for religious toleration in England.	7
625470693	Motives for exploration	curiosity, wealth, fame, national pride, religion, foreign goods, faster and cheaper trade routes	8
625470694	Prince Henry the Navigator	Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.	9
625470695	Ferdinand Magellan	(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.	10
625470696	The Aztecs	-A.D. 1325-1521 -Central Mexico -Conquered much of central Mexico -The Toltecs preceded the Aztecs -The Aztecs built a great city (Tenochtitlan) and ruled an empire -Religion and war dominated Aztec life -Rich mythological and religious traditions -Architecturally accomplished (city planning, Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, temples and palaces) -Artistically advanced	11
625470697	Encomienda	A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.	12

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Psychology: Themes and Variations Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology (22 terms)
pages 0-35;
Transcribed by alexwyllie

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870926214	Structuralism	A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related.	0
870926207	Introspection	Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience.	1
870926205	Functionalism	A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.	2
870926208	Natural selection	Principle stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternate characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time.	3
870926216	Unconscious	According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of unconscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.	4
870926211	Psychoanalytic theory	A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.	5
870926197	Behaviorism	A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.	6
870926196	Behavior	Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.	7
870926206	Humanism	A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.	8
870926195	Applied Psychology	The Branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems.	9
870926198	Clinical psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.	10
870926199	Cognition	The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.	11
870926203	Ethnocentrism	The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.	12
870926204	Evolutionary psychology	Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations.	13
870926209	Positive psychology	Approach to psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.	14
870926212	Psychology	The science that studies behavior and the psychological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.	15
870926210	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.	16
870926202	Empiricism	The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.	17
870926215	Theory	A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.	18
870926201	Culture	The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and any other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations.	19
870926213	SQ3R	A study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite, review.	20
870926200	Critical thinking	The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome.	21

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Wayne Weiten Chapter 16 Flashcards

Psychology: Themes and Variations (with Concept Charts and InfoTrac), 6th Edition

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169178170	Argument	One or more premises used to provide support for a conclusion.	0
169178171	Attachment	A close, emotional bond of affection between infants and their caregivers.	1
169178172	Attitudes	Orientations that locate objects of thought on dimensions of judgment.	2
169178173	Attributions	Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior.	3
169178174	Behavior	Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.	4
169178175	Bystander effect	A paradoxical social phenomenon in which people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone.	5
169178176	Channel	The medium through which a message is sent.	6
169178177	Cognitive dissonance	A psychological state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent.	7
169178178	Collectivism	Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to.	8
169178179	Commitment	An intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise.	9
169178180	Companionate love	Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own.	10
169178181	Concordance rate	The percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder.	11
169178182	Conditioned response (CR)	A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.	12
169178183	Conditioned stimulus (CS)	A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.	13
169178184	Confirmation bias	The tendency to seek information that supports one's decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information.	14
169178185	Conformity	The tendency for people to yield to real or imagined social pressure.	15
169178186	Defensive attribution	The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.	16
169178187	Discrimination	Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.	17
169178188	Empiricism	The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.	18
169178189	Ethnocentrism	The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.	19
169178190	External attributions	Ascribing the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints.	20
169178191	Foot-in-the-door technique	Getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later.	21
169178192	Fundamental attribution error	Observers' bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior.	22
169178193	Gender stereotypes	Widely held beliefs about males' and females' abilities, personality traits, and behavior.	23
169178194	Group	Two or more individuals who interact and are interdependent.	24
169178195	Group cohesiveness	The strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself.	25
169178196	Group polarization	A phenomenon that occurs when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction.	26
169178197	Groupthink	A process in which members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision.	27
169178198	Hindsight bias	The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.	28
169178199	Illusory correlation	A misperception that occurs when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen.	29
169178200	Individualism	Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.	30
169178201	Internal attributions	Ascribing the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings.	31
169178202	Interpersonal attraction	Positive feelings toward another.	32
169178203	Intimacy	Warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.	33
169178204	Lowball technique	Getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before revealing the hidden costs.	34
169178205	Matching hypothesis	The idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.	35
169178206	Message	The information transmitted by a source.	36
169178207	Obedience	A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority.	37
169178208	Outgroup	People who are not part of the ingroup.	38
169178209	Passionate love	A complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion.	39
169178210	Person perception	The process of forming impressions of others.	40
169178211	Prejudice	A negative attitude held toward members of a group.	41
169178212	Pressure	Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.	42
169178213	Receiver	The person to whom a message is sent.	43
169178214	Reciprocity	Liking those who show that they like you.	44
169178215	Reciprocity norm	The rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others.	45
169178216	Script	A type of schema that organizes what people know about common activities.	46
169178217	Self-serving bias	The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors.	47
169178218	Social comparison theory	The idea that people compare themselves with others to understand and evaluate their own behavior.	48
169178219	Social schemas	Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people.	49
169178220	Source	The person who sends a communication.	50
169178221	Stereotypes	Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.	51
169178222	Unconditioned response (UCR)	An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.	52
169178223	Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.	53

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Psychology Themes and Variations Ch. 3 Vocab Flashcards

Vocabulary from Psychology Themes and Variations-Wayne Weiten

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2302745024	Neurons	individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.	0
2302745025	soma	cell body; contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells.	1
2302745026	dendrites	the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information	2
2302745027	axon	a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands	3
2302745028	terminal buttons	small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters	4
2302745029	synapse	a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another	5
2302745030	glia	cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons	6
2302745031	resting potential	a neurons' stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive	7
2302745032	action potential	a very brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along a axon	8
2302745033	absolute refractory period	the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin	9
2302745034	neurotransmitters	chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another	10
2302745035	post synaptic potential (PSP)	a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane	11
2302745036	reuptake	a process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane	12
2302745037	somatic nervous system	made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors	13
2302745038	Afferent nerve fibers	axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system form the periphery of the body	14
2302745039	Efferent nerve fibers	axons that carry information outward form the central nervous system to the periphery of the body	15
2302745040	autonomic nervous system	made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.	16
2302745041	sympathetic division	the branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies	17
2302745042	parasympathetic division	the branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources	18
2302745043	electroencephalograph	a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp	19
2302745044	lesioning	involves destroying a piece of the brain	20
2302745045	hindbrain	includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brain-stem: the medulla and the pons.	21
2302745046	midbrain	the segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain	22
2302745047	forebrain	the largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum	23
2302745048	limbic system	a loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas	24
2302745049	cerebral hemispheres	the right and left halves of the cerebrum	25
2302745050	corpus callosum	the structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres	26
2302745052	split-brain surgery	the bundle of fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres is cut to reduce the security of epileptic seizures	27
2302745053	perceptual asymmetries	left-right imbalances between the cerebral hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing	28
2302745054	The endocrine system	consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning	29
2302745055	oxytocin	a hormone released by the pituitary gland, which regulates reproductive behaviors	30
2302745056	chromosomes	strands of DNA molecules that cary genetic information	31
2302745057	zygote	a single cell formed by the union of a sperm and an egg	32
2302745058	genes	are DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission	33
2302745059	homozygous condition	two genes in a specific pair are the same	34
2302745060	heterozygous condition	two genes in a specific pair are different	35
2302745061	genotype	refers to a person's genetic makeup	36
2302745062	phenotype	refers to the ways in which a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics	37

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Chapter 34 AP World History Questions and Answers Flashcards

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1385506387	not a problem for the new nations created in the wake of the	reconquest by Europeans	0
1385506389	What happened in 1947 during the decolonization of India that established a precedent throughout the Third World?	the partition of the subcontinent as a result of ethnic and religious strife	1
1385506391	impact of colonizers on new nations is most accurate?	Europeans hastily colonized Africa and established boundaries without reference to ethnic groups or cultural homogeneity.	2
1385506394	Which of the following statements is not true?	Factors making for sustained population increases only began to take effect in the late-nineteenth century.	3
1385506396	regions currently has the highest rate of population growth?	africa	4
1385506397	One of the chief by-products of population growth in the Third World nations has been	mass migration to cities.	5
1385506398	Third World urbanization	Third World cities lacked the rapidly expanding industrial sectors that make absorption of migrants possible.	6
1385506399	women was not a head of state of an independent Third World nation?	Imelda Marcos	7
1385506400	continued relegation of the Third World to economic dependency after decolonization is sometimes referred to as the	"neocolonialism."	8
1385506401	ruler associated with the establishment of charismatic populism in Ghana was	Kwame Nkrumah.	9
1385506402	nations experienced a military takeover of its government?	uganda	10
1385506403	military in Third World nations	were more resistant to division by religious and ethnic rivalries.	11
1385506404	movement did Hasan al-Banna found in 1928 in Egypt?	Muslim Brotherhood	12
1385506405	Gamal Abdul Nasser	participated in the Free Officer movement that toppled the Khedive Farouk in 1952.	13
1385506406	Nasser's greatest foreign policy coup was the	expulsion of the British from the Suez Canal Zone in 1956.	14
1385506407	India similar to Egypt following decolonization?	emphasis on socialism and state intervention in the economy	15
1385506408	typical of post-independence India?	one-party control of the national government	16
1385506409	Iranian revolution of 1979 not like the nineteenth century Mahdist revolt in the Sudan?	Both revolutions were Sunnite movements.	17
1385506410	From 1948 South African politics were dominated by	Nationalist Party.	18
1385506411	One of the most common elements of African and Asian governments since decolonization is	military takeovers.	19
1385506412	One of the signs of slightly diminished racial tensions in South Africa in 1990 was the freeing of	Mandela	20
1385506413	NOT used by the South African government to suppress dissent among the black populations?	Use of state programs to improve the conditions of the black townships	21
1385506414	From 1948, South African politics were dominated by	Nationalist Party.	22
1385506415	Iran, unlike other areas of the Third World,	Had not been formally colonized by European powers, but had been reduced to an informal sphere of influence.	23
1385506416	cornerstone of Egyptian development after 1952 was	Aswan dam project	24
1385506417	NOT experienced a military takeover of its government?	South Africa	25
1385506418	Kwame Nkrumah's political and economic programs	Led to failed development schemes and his eventual ouster from power in 1966	26
1385506419	One of the most common elements of African and Asian governments since decolonization is	Military takeovers	27
1385506420	Neocolonialism" refers to	continued relegation of the Third World to economic dependency after decolonization.	28
1385506421	On what have third world countries traditionally depended to finance industrialization?	Sale of cash crops and minerals	29
1385506422	European colonizers contributed to African population growth by all of the following means EXCEPT	By encouraging immigration of large numbers of whites.	30
1385506423	attitudes of African leaders with respect to altering unnatural boundaries created in the colonial era?	African leaders seek to maintain boundaries for fear that adjustment could provide precedents for dissident minorities in their own states.	31
1385506424	NOT a problem for the new nations created in the wake of the withdrawal of the European imperialists?	Reconquest by Europeans	32
1385506425	Kwame Nkrumah's response to the failure of his programs of social reform and economic uplift?	He forcibly crushed all opposition parties and assumed dictatorial powers.	33
1385506426	Muslim Brotherhood embraced all of the following EXCEPT	non-violence.	34
1385506427	NOT a factor in explaining the frequency of military takeover in third world nations?	Military forces in third world nations often received support from the Soviet bloc.	35
1385506428	urban poor in third world cities is most accurate?	Development specialists have concluded that slums provide the only urban housing the poor are likely to find.	36
1385506429	In what export commodity have some third world nations been able to improve the terms under which they participate in the global economy, at least for periods of time?	oil	37
1385506430	military government of Egypt after 1952 attempted all of the following reforms EXCEPT	government employment programs	38
1385506431	third world cities lack that had made possible the absorption of a similar migrant influx in the West?	Expanding industrial sectors	39
1385506432	of the chief by-products of population growth in third world nations has been	mass migrations to cities.	40
1385506433	NOT a factor in the high birth rate of third world nations?	The ability to import food to feed the increased population	41
1385506434	Development schemes in Iran in the 1980s were forestalled because of	a lengthy and exhausting border war with neighboring Iraq.	42
1385506435	homelands established by the government of South Africa?	areas for main ethno-;inguistic groups of indigenous people within South Africa	43
1385506436	the khedive furouk was toppled from power in 1952 by a coup led by	free officer movement	44
1385506437	NOT used by the South African government to suppress dissent among the black populations?	Use of state programs to improve the conditions of the black townships	45
1385506438	Why have ethnic rivalries and communal violence been endemic in decolonized african states	europeans colonized africa and established boundaries without reference to ethnic groups	46

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Ap World History Unit 5 Vocab Flashcards

Definition and Historical Significance

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2225562055	Abolition	End to Slavery; US abolished slavery after the civil war in 1865	0
2225575915	Bureaucracy	A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials; civil service exams were used civil service exams in British India	1
2225587683	Business Cycle	Alternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession; China's economy expanded while recieving silver but was hurt after they recieved Opium because they lost their advantage	2
2225605308	Capitulations	agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality—the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their laws; in 16 century the Ottomans didn't want to govern foreign merchants, 19 century agreements were humiliating intrusions on their sovereignty.	3
2225614777	Cash Crops	crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit; slaves in the americas worked on plantations to produce them	4
2225620276	Coerced Labor Systems	forced labor: indentured servants, serfs, slaves; serfdom began to slow in Russia as they endered the beginnings of an industrial revolution in the 1890s	5
2225642026	Colonialism	Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory; British expansionist impulse in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries	6
2225655100	Corporation	A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts; corporations increased throughout the world with westernization and industrialization	7
2225662113	Elites	A group or class of persons or a member of such a group or class, enjoying superior intellectual, social, or economic status; british colonizers became the new elites in the regions they settled	8
2225678830	Empire	A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler; British Empire in India from 1850s to the 1940s	9
2225689543	Extraterritoriality	Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country; 19th/Early 20th centuries European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.	10
2225692509	Feudal	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land; was ended in Japan as they industrialized	11
2225710801	Free-Trade Imperialism	Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state; late nineteenth century, characterized the relations between the Latin American republics, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States, on the other.	12
2226210532	Humanitarian Values	values that promote better conditions for people; Increased throughout the period, ex: slavery abolished	13
2226234562	Ideology	A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals; changed beliefs in Japan as westernized	14
2226237504	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically; British imperialism affected people in India, Africa, and the Americas	15
2226241487	Indentured Servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years; British sent colonists to North America	16
2226250275	Industrialization	Development of a system which supports machine production of goods; Began in Britian, spread throughout Europe and to Americas	17
2226255735	Joint-Stock Companies	an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business; increased with industrialization because of shared risk	18
2226263691	Labor Union	An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members, arose in France for peasants	19
2226268606	Laissez-Faire Capitalism	economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference; started in France	20
2226288112	Liberalism	.	21
2226293043	Marxism	..., the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded;	22
2226299087	Bourgouise	person in middle class; existed in France	23
2226304536	Missionaries	Person sent on a religious mission, mostly Christian; fwent to British territories to convert indigenous peoples	24
2226894328	Modernization	The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies; happened in Russia and lead to increase of its stature in world power standings and revitalized the economy and industry	25
2226903082	Monetary	Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates; China controlled what came in and opium	26
2226913890	Monopoly	A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller; Dutch colonized in India for control of monopoly over spices	27
2226918974	Nation-State	A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality; Asian countries wanted to become nation states like those in rhe West	28
2226921621	Natural Rights	the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property; Believed in the U.S. and proposed by John Locke	29
2226927461	Orientalism	An entire system of thought and scholarship dominated by imperatives, perspective, and ideological biases that expresses the image of the orient as inferior or alien to the west; China didn't want to be associated with the west until they realized they had superior technology	30
2226929354	Political Reforms	a reform in the political structure of a country/state/entity; Tanzimat reforms in Ottoman Empire to westernize	31
2226957520	Proletariat	Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production, typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries	32
2226957521	Revolution	A forcible overthrow of a government or social order for a new system; French revolution in 1789	33
2226964150	Sanitary Systems	Used to improve health and kill germs; improved with industrial revolution	34
2226972068	Sepoys	Troops that served the British East India Company and recruited from various warlike peoples of India; caused a rebellion that was one of the first wars of Indian independence	35
2226974393	Slave trade	European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe; legally camera to an end in late 1900s	36
2226974394	Social Darwinism	Belief that supremacy can't be learned and caucasians born with it ; justification for European imperialist expansion.	37
2226974847	Social Heiarchy	the division of society by rank or class	38
2226987816	Socialism	A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production; began in Europe	39
2226987817	Sovreignty	the absolute authority that government has over its citizens; authoritarian rule became common in Spanish colonies after gaining independence	40
2226988475	Suffrage	Right to vote; not given to poor, women, or slaves	41
2226996050	Syncretism	A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith; developed over time in European colonies	42
2226999788	The State	The power that governs the people; supreme power	43
2226999789	Treaties	formal agreements between nations; October Manifesto in 1905 gave reforms including Russia including the Duma	44
2226999790	Victorian	1832-1901 when Queen Victori ruled England; industrial Progress and colonial expansion	45

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APHG Chapter 11 Flashcards

ID's

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747992614	Organic Agriculture	crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers	0
747992616	agriculture	A form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control. farming	1
747992627	primary economic activity	economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture	2
747992632	secondary economic activity	Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector	3
747992633	tertiary economic activity	economic activity associated with the provision fo services (transportation, banking, retailing, education, routine, office-based jobs)	4
747992634	quaternary economic activity	service sector industires concerned with the collection, processing, and manipuation of information and capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services)	5
747992635	quniary economic activity	The main categories of industry today include the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The quinary sector could be seen as a further division of the tertiary sector, which is a part of the economy that provides services	6
747992669	plant domestication	genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention	7
747992672	root crops	crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants	8
747992673	seed crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants	9
747992675	first agricultural revolution	Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication	10
747992923	animal domestication	the taming of animals through generations of breeding to live in close association with humans as a pet or work animal	11
747992924	subsistence agriculture	Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family	12
747992925	shifting cultivation	A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.	13
747992926	slash and burn agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	14
747992927	second agricultural revolution	Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.	15
747992928	von Thunen model	A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market	16
747992929	third agricultural revolution	Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)	17
747992934	green revolution	A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output	18
747992935	genetically modified organisms	An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique.	19
747992936	rectangular survey system	Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.	20
747992937	township and range system	A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.	21
747992938	metes and bounds system	A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.	22
747992939	long-lot survey system	distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals	23
747992940	primogeniture	the state of being the firstborn child	24
747992941	commercial agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	25
747992942	monoculture	farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year	26
747992943	Koppen climatic classification system	Developed by Wladimir Köppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation	27
747992944	climatic regions	Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics	28
747992947	plantation agriculture	Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives	29
747992948	luxury crops	Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco	30
747992952	livestock ranching	An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.	31
747992953	mediterranean agriculture	An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,	32
747992955	agribusiness	Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.	33
965183213	cash crops	The term cash crop is applied exclusively to the agricultural production of plants; animal agriculture is not a part of the terminology. The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family.	34
146882651	food desert	A food desert is a geographic area where affordable and nutritious food is difficult to obtain, particularly for those without access to an automobile.	35

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