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AP US History 60 Hot Topics Flashcards

The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)

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2236991661	Puritan motive	- Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England	0
2236991662	Motive of settling Virginia	- paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England	1
2236991663	First Great Awakening	- led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards	2
2236991664	Deism	- 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs	3
2236991665	Albany Congress, 1754	- led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected	4
2236991666	Legal rights of women	-no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers	5
2236991667	Stamp Act, 1765	- tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax	6
2236991668	Slavery in pre-independence times	- unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy	7
2236991669	Indentured servants	- extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years	8
2236991670	Proclamation of 1763	- created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve"	9
2236991671	Articles of Confederation, 1777	- first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification)	10
2236991672	Bill of Rights	- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government - was wanted by the Antifederalists	11
2236991673	Hamilton's economic plans	- national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports	12
2236991674	Shays' Rebellion 1786-87	- farmers revolt - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts - showed that the Articles of Confed. weren't working, leading to its end	13
2236991675	XYZ affair, 1797-98	- France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan	14
2236991676	Marbury v. Madison, 1803	- Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck - said his appointment was unconstitutional - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review	15
2236991677	Louisiana Purchase, 1803	- Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port	16
2236991678	Hartford Convention, 1814	- group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future	17
2236991679	Eli Whitney	- invented cotton gin in 1793 - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle	18
2236991680	Henry Clay's "American System"	- high tariffs on imports (20%-25%) - provide federal funding for internal improvements - support and maintain Bank of the United States	19
2236991681	Monroe Doctrine, 1823	- done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy	20
2236991682	Andrew Jackson, 1829-37	- Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank	21
2236991683	Trail of Tears, 1838	- removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot)	22
2236991684	Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations, 1828	- South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it - Jackson passes Tariff of Abominations harshly limiting trade - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them	23
2236991685	Transcendentalists	- an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson	24
2236991686	Ralph Waldo Emerson	- transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence	25
2236991687	William Lloyd Garrison	- published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights	26
2236991688	Harriet Tubman	- escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape	27
2236991689	Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857	- Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court	28
2236991690	Popular Sovereignty	- measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s	29
2236991691	Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854	- legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise	30
2236991692	Douglas's Freeport Doctrine, 1858	- statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty	31
2236991693	Causes of Civil War	- maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery - war lasted from 1861-65	32
2236991694	Emancipation Proclamation, 1863	- decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free - not effective, simply symbolic - made North the moral side of the war	33
2236991695	Radical Reconstruction	- Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan	34
2236991696	Compromise of 1877	- 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction	35
2236991697	Knights of Labor	- first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886	36
2236991698	Dawes Act	- 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans	37
2236991699	Social Gospel	- Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions	38
2236991700	Populists	- political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry	39
2236991701	Yellow Press	- started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens	40
2236991702	"New Immigration"	- immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions	41
2236991703	Open Door Policy	- European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States	42
2236991704	DuBois & Booker T. Washington	- W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it	43
2236991705	Muckrakers	- term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more	44
2236991706	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	- U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy	45
2236991707	Wilson's 14 Points	- 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization	46
2236991708	Bonus Army	- 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945	47
2236991709	100 Day Congress, New Deal	- passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency	48
2236991710	Civilian Conservation Corps	- FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects	49
2236991711	Cuban Missile Crisis	- 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference	50
2236991712	Brown v. Board of Education	- ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement	51
2236991713	Sputnik	- 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school	52
2236991714	Sit-Ins	- form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point	53
2236991715	Civil Rights Act of 1964	- most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting	54
2236991716	Malcolm "X"	- leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism	55
2236991717	Gulf of Tonkin incident	- said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam	56
2236991718	Watergate, 1972-74	- scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned	57
2236991719	Tet Offensive, 1968	- Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks	58
2236991720	Camp David Accords, 1978	- meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high	59

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U.S. History Semester I Final Flashcards

Chapters from The American Anthem U.S. History Textbook

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50529680	Had a very high mathematical system. invention of the use of paper. large pyramids over 3,000 structures. 145 feet tall pyramids. there were 3 massive pyramids. they were good at crafts. grew lots of crops, chili peppers, corn, squash, beans. were sea traders. built canoes. Who are they?	Mayans	0
50529681	300,000 inhabitants of the capital city their holy empire was about 5 mil. The capital's name was known as Tenochtitlan. Who are they?	Aztecs	1
50529682	These people grew master farms. They were known for growing tobacco, corn, and beans. They built temples/mounds. The French lived with them. They would choose who people wed to. If wife or husband died, the other would then kill themselves so the coud be with their spouse in the afterlife. Who are they?	Mississippian Indians	2
50529683	stories of how man came about	creation stories	3
50529684	Ice age flowed over the bering straight land bridge from Asia to N.A.	Bering Strait Theory	4
50529685	went to Spain, convinces the king and queen to "sponsor" his trip. took the Pinta, Santa Maria, and Mayflower lands in Bahamas area.	Christopher Columbus	5
50529686	went to florida, claimed for Spain. trying to search for the fountain of youth.	Juan Ponce De Leon	6
50529687	supposedly held in florida. holding the key to "everlasting youth."	fountain of youth	7
50529688	Spanish conquistador. central mexico -- took over aztecs. Received help from tribes.	Hernan Cortes	8
50529689	traveled down to the Andes --> Inca Empire. Established power by killing their emperor. Married his daughter	Francisco Pizzaro	9
50529690	Slave trade in the Americas. Wanted to get more rich. went around Mississippi area to find gold	Hernandode Soto	10
50529691	the governor of area of Southern Mexico. 7 cities of Cibola (gold)	Francisco Cornando	11
50529692	Successful raids against Spanish shipping angers king of Spain and he mobilized for war at sea. led the english attack for the Spanish Armada	Sir Francis Drake	12
50529693	spanish navy that protected naval trade ships	Spanish Armada	13
50529694	French - sailed down the St. Lawrence river. establishes Quebec and Montreal	Jacques Cartier	14
50529695	Sailed for Dutch. found the Hudson River. gets booted off ship with his son. Dies in the Hudson Bay.	Henry Hudson	15
50529696	Henry Hudson and Jacques believed to be an all water route.	Northwest Passage	16
50529697	Roanoke. left back to England. Came back in three years and everyone was gone. Attacked, migrated, and starved.	Governor John White	17
50529698	Joint stock company based out of London that funded Americas for tobacco.	Virginia Company	18
50529699	led the colony of Jamestown. "You don't work, you don't eat."	John Smith	19
50529700	Name of Tribe and Chief	Powhatan	20
50529701	Also known as the "lost colony." Between 1585 and 1587, several groups attempted to establish a company.	Roanoke Colony	21
50529702	from Powhatan tribe. wanted peaceful relations. Married John Raulph.	Pocahontas	22
50529703	First form of European representative. Democracy.	House of Burgesses	23
50529704	Someone who is signed up to work for 4-7 years for food, to cross the Atlantic Ocean or lodging.	Indentured Servant	24
50529705	Protestants who separated from church of England to establish their own Mayflower.	Puritans	25
50529706	Left on the Mayflower, for a site near Jamestown but fell off course.	Cape Cod	26
50529707	All agreed to work together to improve their religion.	Mayflower Comp act	27
50529708	North of Cape Cod	Massachusetts Bay Company	28
50529709	English civil war. Tractive land given to group of individuals in the Americas from the King. New York, New Jersey, and Carolina.	Proprietary Colonies	29
50529710	Religion without a church structure. One on one relationship with God	Quakers	30
50529711	Established Quakers in Philadelphia.	William Penn	31
50529712	Capital of Quakers	Philadelphia	32
50529713	Colonial goods must be shipped on British ships, british captain on crew, also.	Navigation Acts	33
50529714	Started in Europe. 7 year war. Euroquoy split into both sides. William Pitt took over. British was successful.	French and Indian War	34
50529715	The fighting along the St. Lawrence River. British Win.	Battle of Quebec	35
50529716	Statesman. 2nd member of the continental congress	Ben Franklin	36
50529717	Treasurer for the British Parliament. his idea to increase taxes on colonists	William Pitt	37
50529718	Chief of Ottowa Tribe	Chief Pontiac	38
50529719	The colonists left at their own affairs. Very little to no taxation of the colonists	Salutary Neglect	39
50529720	Increased tax on wine, coffee. First tax in which colonists had no representative.	Sugar Act	40
50529721	Special tax on tea. Led to British Tea Party	Tea Act	41
50529722	A law passed by Parliament that raised tax money by requirng coonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought	Stamp Act	42
50529723	Prime Minister during Revolutionary War	Prime Minister Lord North	43
50529724	Act passed by Parliament in reaction to the Boston Tea Party. Also called Cohersive Act. Closed Boston Harbor	Intolerable Acts	44
50529725	An incident where British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing 5 people.	Boston Massacre	45
50529726	Established the minutemen - Also In attendance were Parck Henry, George Washington, John and Samuel Adams, and John Jay. Hey areed that each colony would have one vote, despite differences in size.	First Continental Congress	46
50529727	Massachusetts malicia in 60 seconds	Minutemen	47
50529728	General Congress said to round up Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Said to stop the attack	Battles of Lexington and Concord	48
50529729	First gunfire at lexington. First event in a colony separating from Britain	"The Shot heard around the World"	49
50529730	Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. Calling for the colonists to formally separate from Great Britian	Common Sense	50
50529731	He is the drafter of Declaration of Independence	Thomas Jefferson	51
50529732	Battle in New York. British FTW	Battle of Long Island	52
50529733	Said that colonists must find quarters, or living space, for the British soldiers stationed in America	Quartering Act	53
50529734	German mercenaries made up 1/4 of entire British fighting force	Hessians	54
50529735	American general, pushes Lord Cornwallis towards Chesapeake Bay.	Nathanael Greene	55
50529736	Fought in upstate NY - John Burgoyne being surrounded by mericans. Turning point of Revolutionary War. Americans FTW	Battle of Saratoga	56
50529737	In charge for war in the British. Had to surrender at Battle of Saratoga	General John Burgoyne	57
50529738	Known as the father of the U.S. Navy	John Paul Jones	58
50529739	French General, fights alongside Washington	Marquis de Lafayette	59
50529740	The general of the Southern British campaign	Lord Cornwallis	60
50529741	"The day the world was turned upside down." - a 3-week-long siege by the Americans and French that rapped most of the British Army at Yorktown, Virginia.	Battle of Yorktown	61
50529742	Formally ended fighting between Americans and British	Paris Peace Treaty	62
50529743	Created symmetric grid to divvy up the land	Northwest Territory	63
50714629	This new land law promised religious freedom, land free from slavery, and the protection of civil rights in the new lands west of the 13 states. This law also established the requirements for these new lands to eventually become states.	Northwest Ordinance	64
50714630	George Washington was the president. Helped with constitution.	Constitutional Convention	65
50714631	Father of the Constitution	James Madison	66
50714632	President of convention	George Washington	67
50714633	Proposed by Edmund Randolph, this plan for representation in the national government consisted of a two house legislature that would have the lower house (whose member were elected by popular vote) elect the upper house's members. Opponents claimed that this plan gave too much power to the larger states.	Virginia Plan	68
50714634	This idea for sending representatives to the lower house of the national government was proposed by William Paterson. It called for a one house, or unicameral, legislature and it wanted each state to have equal representation in this legislature. Those who supported this felt that basing representation on population would favor the large states and leave out the smaller states.	New Jersey Plan	69
50714635	Upper house (Senate) have two representatives from each state. Lower house - representatives based on population.	Great Compromise	70
50714636	3/5 of slaves would be counted for taxing	Three Fifths Compromise	71
50714637	When the Constitution was submitted to the states for ratification, there was a group of statesmen who were trying to get public support for the Constitution's passage by writing influential editorials in the major newspapers. The pro-Constitution letters that they were writing were called the...	Federalist Papers	72
50714638	Against strong government. (Country poor people)	Anti-Federalist Papers	73
50714639	10 amendments; Key for southern states to ratify constitution	Bill of Rights	74
50714640	All powers not given to the government are reserved for the states	Reserved Powers	75
50714641	Take power from state	U.S. Constitution	76
50714642	30 years old and a U.S. citizen for 9 years	U.S. Senate	77
50714643	9 Supreme court justices	Supreme Court	78
50714644	Where Washington kept his troops during the winter	Valley Forge	79
50714645	Was a document written stating that the people of the U.S. were now independent of Britain and owed them nothing and would make their own government	Declaration of Independence	80
50728857	Plan to have a regular source of revenue for our country to get our country out of debt	Alexander Hamilton's Debt Bill	81
50728858	Taxes on carriages, liquor, tobacco, and sugar	Excise Tax	82
50728859	Opened up the Mississippi River to American navigation	Pinckney's Treaty	83
50728860	House of Representatives voted over and over. Burr Vs. Jefferson. Hamilton hated both men,but hated Jefferson the least. Asked someone to not change their vote, but to just not vote.	Election of 1800	84
50728861	Was a famous case that made sure the judicial branch would be in equal power to the executive and legislative branches.	Marbury v. Madison	85
50728862	Wrote the star spangled banner. Was captured and then inspired to write a poem after seeing the bombing of Ft. McHenry	Francis Scott Key	86
50728863	Lead by W.H. Harrison, British-Indian alliance was broken after their leader had died.	Battle of New Orleans	87
50728864	Large colonial port city	Charleston	88
50728865	Ran for VP in the 1800 Election	Aaron Burr	89
50728866	American/Canadian border. Tukumseh dies. William Henry Harisson leads.	Battle of the Thames	90
50728867	Ordinary sailers in the Royal Navy were badly paid and brutally treated. To find crews, men were often impressed--kidnapped and forced to work on ships. Many deserted whenever they could.	Impressment	91
50728868	Prohibited exports to foreign countries.	Embargo Act	92
50728869	The Prophet's brother and an inspiring leader. In 1809 he began to unite his brother's followers. But in 1811, while he was away, Harrison's army attacked. Both sides suffered heavy losses, and Prophetstown was burned.	Tecuseh	93
50728870	Most came from the western states. They were less concerned with world affairs than they were with frontier events. They hated the British and even hoped for a conquest of Canada.	War Hawks	94
50728871	American and British diplomats were eager for peace. The Napoleonic Wars had been costly for England. In America, New Englanders were near rebellion over the war. No territory changed hands, but Americans had proved themselves as a nation.	Treaty of Ghent	95
50728872	The United States acquired Florida and established a firm boundary between the Louisiana territory and Spanish territory farther to the west.	Adams-Onis Treaty	96
50728873	Stated that the United States would view any European attempts to further colonize the Americas "as dangerous to our peace and safety."	Monroe Doctrine	97
50728874	Under this agreement, Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine was to be admitted as a free state. Thus, the balance between the number of free states and slave states was preserved. The agreement also banned slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.	The Missouri Compromise	98
50728875	The Cherokee suffered so badly--from hunger, exposure, disease, and bandits--that their exodus became known as the ___________________.	Trail of Tears	99
50728876	Connects the Great Lakes with the Hudson R.--and with the Atlantic Ocean. Provided a quick and economical way to ship manufactured gods to the West and farm products to the East.	Erie Canal	100
50728877	Device that sends messages using electricity through wires. Thought of by Samuel F. B. Morse	telegraph	101
50728878	VP under Adams and Jackson. Resigns to go back home to South Carolina. All about nullification.	John C. Calhoun	102
50728879	The States' right to ignore a fed. law.	Nullification	103
50728880	State of Maryland tries to tax the national bank. Brought up in the Supreme Court	McCulloch v. Maryland	104
50728881	In the Mexican - American war. Invaded CA, secured it for the United States.	General Stephen Kearny	105
50728882	Was a war hawk, secretary of state, speaker of the house. Ran for President. Pulled out of election. Known as "the great compromiser."	Henry Clay	106
50728883	Leader of early Texas	Stephen F. Austin	107
50728884	Name 5 Civilized Tribes:	Seminole, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek	108
50728885	Made an announcement that reverberated around the cuntry The gold mines in California "are more extensive and valuable that was anticipated," he told the Congress.	James Polk	109
50728886	Workers began building mills and other buildings here. Within two years, the mills were turning out great amounts of cotton cloth--and earning great profits.	Lowell, Massachusetts	110
50728887	Tennessee militia leader led a force against Tecumseh and the Creeks. He massacred Creek women, children, and warriers. He then seized the fort at Pensacola in Spanish Florida.	Andrew Jackson	111
50728888	Congress organized the judicial branch. It had a six-person Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associates. Washington named John Jay as the first chief justice of the United States. Congress also created district courts and courts of appeal.	Judiciary Act of 1789	112
50728889	This act created new positions in the judicial branch. Departing President John Adams hurried to fill them with Federalists.	Judiciary Act of 1801	113
50739275	Young Shoshone woman. The wife of a French Canadian fur trapper.	Sacagawea	114
50739276	Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas; the site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in 1836	The Alamo	115
50739277	The three alien laws were aimed mainly at French and Irish refugees, most of whom supported France. Those measures increased the period of residency required for citizenship from 5 years to 14; required foreigners to register with the government; and allowed the president to jail or expel any foreigner thought to be "dangerous to the peace and safety" of the country.	Alien and Sedition Acts	116
50739278	An expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that began in 1804 to explore the Louisiana Purchase	Lewis and Clark Expedition	117
50739279	The purchase of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains that doubled the size of the United States	Louisiana Purchase	118
50739280	The idea that the nation had a God-given right to all of North America.	manifest destiny	119
50739281	The mass migration to California of miners--and businesspeople who made money of the miners--is known as the ________.	Gold rush of 1949	120
50739282	Ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico was forced to turn over to the U.S. a huge tract of land known as the mexican Cession.	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	121

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Cambell Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Seventh Edition
Test on Nov. 14, 2011

Terms : Hide Images

1761100540	what are membranes composed primarily of?	phospholipids	0
1761100541	diffusion refers to the movement of what?	particles	1
1761100542	osmosis refers to the movement of what?	water across a membrane	2
1761100543	do channel proteins require energy?	no	3
1761100544	do carrier proteins require energy?	yes	4
1761100545	what molecule is cells is commonly used to provide energy for reactions?	ATP	5
1761100546	what are the characteristics that molecules have that can move across membranes without transport protein?	-hydrophobic -small	6
1761100547	what happens to a plant celled that is placed in distilled water?	becomes turgid	7
1761100548	what happened to an animal cell places in distilled water	it will burst	8
1761100549	facilitated diffusion across a membrane requires what?	transport proteins	9
1761100550	how do molecules cross cell membranes?	passive transport and active transport	10
1761100551	what transports large molecules across membranes?	exocytosis and endocytosis	11
1761100552	cells transform what as they perform work?	energy	12
1761100553	chemical reactions either ______ or _____ energy.	release, store	13
1761100554	how do membranes form?	sponatneously	14
1761100555	plasma membrane	-encloses the cell -acts as a barrier -made of phospholipid bilayer -consistency of oil -gets cold -> membrane gets stiff	15
1761100556	what do proteins do?	span the membrane and drift around	16
1761100557	what keeps the membrane fluid?	unsaturated fats in phosphlipids & good cholesterol	17
1761100558	membrane proteins	-communication -tell other cells what they are	18
1761100559	enzymes	-break or help create bonds -channels - no energy required -carrier proteins- help something get in or out with the use of energy (ATP)	19
1761100560	passive defussion	-tendency of particles to spread out evenly -no energy	20
1761100561	true or false: each type of molecules diffuses independently?	True	21
1761100562	osmosis	the movement of water to areas with more particles	22
1761100563	isotonic solution	solution outside cell has the same concentration of particles as the cell plant - flacid animal - normal	23
1761100564	hypertonic solution	more particles in the solution than in the cell plant - turgid animal- lysed	24
1761100565	hypotonic solution	solution has fewer particles than the cell plant- shriveled animal- shriveled	25
1761100566	osmoregulation	control of uptake of released water	26
1761100567	proteins that ____ the membrane can allow other things to cross	span	27
1761100568	transport protein	1. solute binding 2. phophorylation 3. transport -regules energy -transports solutes against their concentration gradient -with: more -> less -against: less -> more (use ATP)	28
1761100569	channel proteins	holes that allows diffusion of solutes down concentration gradient - no energy gradient	29
1761100570	bulk transport	-endocytosis -exocytosis	30
1761100571	endocytosis	bringing large items in by pinching the plasma membrane into a vesicle	31
1761100572	phagocytosis (endocytosis)	bringing in by particles	32
1761100573	pinocytosis (endocytosis)	bringing many tiny particles	33
1761100574	receptor mediated endocytosis	-by having receptors, they select certain things to come in	34
1761100575	exotysis	-opposite of endocytosis -takes things out of the cell by fusing a vesicle from inside with the plasma membrane and dumping the contents out	35

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Art Before History Ch 1 Flashcards

AACC History of Western Art 1

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136663072	Animal Plaque, Appollo 11 Cave, 23,000 BCE		0
136663073	Human with Feline Head, Hohlenstein-Stadel, 30,000- 28,000 BCE		1
136663074	"Venus" of Willendorf, 28,000- 25,000 BCE		2
136663075	Woman with Bison Horn, Laussel, ca. 25,000- 20,000 BCE		3
136663076	Two Bison, Le Tuc d' Auboubert ca. 15,000- 10,000 BCE		4
136663077	Bison with turned head, La Madeleine, ca. 12,000 BCE		5
136663078	Hall of Bulls, Lascaux, 15,000- 13,000 BCE		6
136770733	Rhinoceros, wounded man, disemboweled bison, Lascaux, 15,000- 13,000 BCE		7
136770734	Deer Hunt, Catal Hoyuk, ca. 5750 BCE		8
136770735	Passage Grave, Newgrange, c. 3200- 2500 BCE		9
136770736	Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, ca. 2550- 1600 BCE		10
136770737	Paleolithic	The "old" stone age, during which humankind produced the first sculptures and paintings.	11
136770738	Neolithic	The "new" stone age.	12
136770739	Burin	A pointed tool used for engraving or incising.	13
136770740	Relief Sculpture	Figures projecting from a background of which they are part.	14
136770741	Mural	A wall painting	15
136770742	Megalith	Greek, "great stone." A large, roughly hewn stone used in the construction of monumental prehistoric structures.	16
136770743	Tumulus	Latin, "burial mound." In Etruscan architecture, tumuli cover one or more subterranean multi-chambered tombs cut out of the local tufa (limestone).	17
136770744	Corbelled Vault	A vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch.	18
136770745	Post and Lintel	a system of construction in which two post support a lintel.	19

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Kievan Rus Flashcards

SG Q#3:
Trace the development of the following empires: the Kievan Rus, Muscovite Russia, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Dynasty, the Ottoman Empire, and the Safavid Empire.

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350503870	How did the Kievan Rus come to be? How did control of Kiev allow the Viking leader Oleg to gain more power?	Slavs invite Vikings to take over & protect them b/c Slavs are not war-like Vikings territory center around Kiev *use water trade route beside Kiev to spread leadership to towns = united them under him	0
350503871	Why did the ruler convert to Eastern Orthodox? What happen to those who did not convert?	After seeing the Hagia Sophia → amazed by grandness = thought Orthodox Christianity to be best religion = decided to use this religion to unite its ppl & kill anyone who does not convert	1
350503872	How did geography influence Kiev?	Kiev prosper b/c lay on the Dnieper River trade route River is what connected it to Viking land → allow for Vikings to come to Kiev *Connected Kiev to Byzantine Empire/Constantinople --> lead to conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy	2
350503873	How did the conversion to Orthodox Christianity bring Byzantine culture to Kievan Rus? Examples (4)?	adopt rituals & icons from Byzantine priests & bishops Schools were established for sons of priests & merchants Byzantine architects build stone churches w/ onion-shaped domes Monasteries built in towns	3
350503874	What happened during the Kiev Golden Age?	establish 1st library in Kiev → encourage spread of learning organized Kievan legal sys basing off Justinian's code	4

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Unit 4 Organizer: The Early Antebellum Era, 1800—1840 Flashcards

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1776237233	"Revolution of 1800"	the first time in U.S. history when one political party transferred power to another	0
1776237234	Marbury v Madison	established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional	1
1776237235	Judicial Review	Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws	2
1776237236	Louisiana Purchase	Doubled the US land in size -It was purchased from France -Purchased by President Jefferson -It leads to the Lewis and Clark expedition	3
1776237237	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	4
1776237238	Embargo Act of 1807	established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional he ordered an embargo and banned all U.S. trade with England and France	5
1776237239	Impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service	6
1776237240	War of 1812	Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war against England	7
1776237241	Treaty of Ghent	ended the war. Though Britain was winning, they were also fighting France and wanted to quickly end the War of 1812	8
1776237242	Era of Good Feelings	The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war. popular president and booming national economy	9
1776237243	Nationalism	Increase the power of the national gov't over the states	10
1776237244	Monroe Doctrine	warned European nations that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere and that the U.S. would not interfere in Europe	11
1776237245	Henry Clay's American System	unify the economies of the North, South, and West. Create a Second Bank of the United States. Create a tariff to encourage industry and limit British manufactured goods. Improve transportation with roads and canals	12
1776237246	Transportation improvements	when Robert Fulton invented the steamboat. created an infrastructure of roads, canals, early. Farmers in the South and the West could get their goods to market	13
1776237247	Erie Canal	The first major link between the East and West	14
1776237248	Lowell Mills	textile mill located in a factory town in Massachusetts that employed farm girls who lived in company-owned boardinghouses	15
1776237249	Second Bank of the U.S.	provided federal money for investment and regulation over the U.S. banking	16
1776237250	Eli Whitney	In 1793, ______ invented the cotton gin making cotton easy to refine and very profitable	17
1776237251	"King Cotton"	Cotton became the dominant cash crop of the Deep South (known as _______)	18
1776237252	Second Great Awakening	From 1800 to the 1830s, a series of religious revivals swept across America called the _______	19
1776237253	Temperance	One of the first reform movements was to get people to stop drinking called________. Reformers convinced people to make a "pledge" to not drink	20
1776237254	Abolition	..., the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery)	21
1776237255	William Lloyd Garrison	designed the most famous textile mill in America. used mechanized machines to mass-produce textiles America's leading abolitionist	22
1776237256	Frederick Douglas	was a runaway slave, popular anti-slavery speaker, and author of the North Star newsletter	23
1776237257	Grimke Sisters	..., were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.	24
1776237258	Nat Turner Rebellion, 1831	..., United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia	25
1776237259	Seneca Falls Convention	..., (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written	26
1776237260	"Jacksonian Democracy"	..., this term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.	27
1776237261	Democratic Party	..., One of the two major U.S political party; founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights	28
1776237262	Whig Party	Opposition to Jackson led to the formation of the ______ and the return of the two-party system	29
1776237263	Know-Nothing Party	..., Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.	30
1776237264	Spoils System	..., A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.	31
1776237265	Sectionalism	..., Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.	32
1776237266	Nullification Crisis	..., 1832-33 was over the tariff policy of the Fed. Gov't, during Jackson's presidency which prompted South Carolina to threaten the use of NULLIFICATION, possible secession and Andrew Jackson's determination to end with military force.	33
1776237267	John C Calhoun	..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification	34
1776237268	Indian Removal Act of 1830	Congress passed and Jackson signed the _________forcing all Indian tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi River.	35
1776237269	Trail of Tears of 1837	In 1838, the U.S. Army forced the Cherokees west _______	36
1776237270	The Bank War	Jackson thought the BUS was unconstitutional and gave too much power to the elite	37
1776237271	Why did settlers in the new states tend to support Democratic - Republican candidates?	they were supporters of strong state government	38
1776237272	Who appointed the "midnight judges?"	..., John Adams	39
1776237273	Which Supreme Court ruling established the principle of judicial review?	Marbury v. Madison	40
1776237274	What was the cost of the Louisiana Purchase and who was sent to explore it?	15 million, Lewis and Clark	41
1776237275	What was the purpose of the Embargo Act of 1807 ?	..., This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	42
1776237276	Who was president when the United States declared war on Great Britain in 1812?	James Madison	43
1776237277	Why did Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans have no impact on the outcome of the War of 1812?	the war was already over.	44
1776237278	What treaty ended the War of 1812?	treaty of Ghent	45
1776237279	Who came up with idea of using interchangeable parts in the manufacturing process?	Bi Sheng	46
1776237280	What were the three parts of the American Plan?	No more future colonization in North America Neutrality against Europe. No European Interference in American Affairs.	47
1776237281	What two important transportation routes helped increased connections between regions?	the Trans Siberian Railroad and panama canal	48
1776237282	Who was president during the "Era of Good Feelings" and also proposed the Tariff of 1816?	James Monroe	49
1776237283	What Supreme Court ruling gave the federal government the sole power to regulate interstate trade?	Gibbons v. Ogden	50
1776237284	In McCulloch v Maryland, why was a law taxing the Bank of the United States declared unconstitutional?	The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the U.S. Bank. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.	51
1776237285	How did the United States gain Florida in 1819?	u.s purchased it from Spain for five million	52
1776237286	What is the Monroe Doctrine ?	..., (1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference.	53
1776237287	What were the three parts of the Missouri Compromise of 1820?	.Maine would separate from Massachusetts and be admitted as a free state; 2.Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state; and 3.The remaining territory of the Louisiana Purchase, which lay north of the 36-30 parallel, would be closed off to slavery.	54
1776237288	Why was the election of 1824 called the "corrupt bargain"? Who was involved?	because John Q. Adams seemed to have made an unsavory bargain deal with Henry Clay. Clay finished fourth in the electoral vote and so was not eligible to win . He was able to get the states that he had carried to vote for Adams even though Jackson would seem to be the more logical choice for their interests. In return Adams appointed him as Secretary of State, a position which at that time was viewed as a stepping-stone to the Presidency.	55
1776237289	What was the "spoils system" ?	..., The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.	56
1776237290	What group of American Indians were the victims of the 1830 Indian Removal Act and "Trail of Tears?"	Cherokee	57
1776237291	Why did John C. Calhoun call the Tariff of 1828 the "Tariff of Abominations?"	The South, was harmed directly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and indirectly because reducing the exportation of British goods to the US made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South.	58
1776237292	Why did South Carolina threaten to secede (or withdraw) from the federal union in 1832?	national government wouldn't allow them to nullify federal laws.	59
1776237293	Who wanted the Force Bill of 1833 and why did he want it?	Andrew Jackson, to protect the power of the national government over the states.	60
1776237294	What new political party, favoring the American System, was created in 1834?	Democratic party	61
1776237295	Why did banks refuse to accept paper currency in 1837, leading to the Panic of 1837?	a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices and wages went down while unemployment went up.	62
1776237296	The Second Great Awakening, which began in the 1790s, was what type of movement?	religious	63
1776237297	Why was western New York state referred to as the "burned over district?"	The name was inspired by the notion that the area had been so heavily evangelized as to have no "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert).	64
1776237298	TRANCENDENTALISM:	a religious and philosophical movement that was developed during the late 1820s and 1830s[1] in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School.	65
1776237299	Define ABOLITION	..., the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery)	66
1776237300	Who created The Liberator, a newspaper calling for the immediate emancipation of slaves?	William Lloyd Garrison	67
1776237301	Who was Frederick Douglass?	..., United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)	68
1776237302	Who led a violent slave uprising in Virginia in 1831?	Nat Turner	69
1776237303	Define ANTEBELLUM:	..., belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War	70
1776237304	Who was Sojourner Truth ?	..., She was a woman who believed God told her to speak about slavery and women's rights.	71
1776237305	Define CAPITALISM:	an economic system based on private ownership of capital	72
1776237306	What is specialization in agriculture ?	the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock	73
1776237307	What invention allowed ships to travel both ways on the Mississippi River?	steam boat	74
1776237308	What was the nation's first major canal? Which U.S. city became the center of American commerce because of this?	Erie canal	75
1776237309	What did John Deere and Cyrus McCormick create that changed American agriculture?	mechanical reaper	76
1776237310	The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as	the Antebellum Era (1800-1860)	77
1776237311	Patriotism surged as Americans claimed the War of 1812 was a	"Second American Revolution"	78
1776237312	was America's leading abolitionist	William Lloyd Garrison	79

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Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy, 1800-1840 Flashcards

1800-1840

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1413010174	Revolution of 1800	(1) there was a peaceful transfer of power; Federalists stepped down from office after Jefferson won and did so peacefully, though not necessarily happily (2) the Republicans were more of the "people's party" compared to the Federalists.	0
1413010175	Things to know about Jefferson as President:	1. attitude toward Federalist programs --> left Hamilton system intact except pardoning the Sedition act and kicking away the excise tax. 2.Louisiana Purchase and reaction to it 3. foreign policy and neutral rights	1
1413399449	Judiciary Act	This was a law passed by the Federalist Congress. This law allowed the president, then President Adams, to stay up until midnight signing in new federal judges across the nation. These midnight appointments allowed the Federalists to still maintain power in the nation after they were a minority party in Congress. This act brought bitterness between the two parties.	2
1413399451	Chief Justice John Marshall	Lifelong federalist committed to strengthening the power of the federal government. Made a lot of important decisions.	3
1413399453	Marbury vs. Madison	In 1803. Established judicial review, AKA the supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws	4
1413399454	Louisiana Purchase	1. Deal with Napoleon, get all of land west of of New Orleans and the city itself. 2. Huge bargain 3. Doubled the size of the US and set a precedent of acquiring foreign territory through purchase.	5
1413399455	Toussaint L'Ouverture	L'Overture was a Haitian who skillfully led a group of angry ex-slaves against French troops in Santo Domingo. The French were unable to reconquer this valuable island and hence, had no use for Louisiana to serve as a granary for Santo Domingo. The inability of the French to regain possession of the island caused Napoleon to cede the Louisiana territory to the United States for 15 million dollars. Thus, Toussaint L' Overture's military vigor indirectly provoked Napoleon's decision to sell Louisiana to the Americans.	6
1413441450	Lewis & Clark	1. Sent by Jefferson to explore all the new territory they had acquired. 2. Accompanied by Sacajawea	7
1413441451	Election of 1804	Jefferson won with an easy election, but Napoleon had just started war with France and they were both blockading us. Blah.	8
1413441452	Orders of Council	1. London closed ports under french control to foreign shipping. 2. In response, France ordered the seizure of all ships that entered a British port. And we were like hold the hell up, bro.	9
1413441453	The Embargo Act of 1807	1. Passed in response to the British and French seizure of American ships. 2. Thought that they relied on our goods when literally the European nations did not care at all. 3. Ended up hurting the merchants more than it helped, and then everyone was pissed.	10
1413441454	Non-intercourse Act	1. Repealed the hated embargo of 1807 and replaced it with this one, that opened trade with every nation except France and England. Didn't matter.	11
1415709632	Macon's Bill no. 2	Passed by congress in 1810, said that American's could trade with anybody and that they would trade with France/England if either dropped their restrictions.	12
1415709634	Tecumseh and the Prophet	1. Feared the settlers in Kentucky and decided to lead a rebellion 2. Tippecanoe 3. William Henry harrison 4. Andrew Jackson & battle of Horseshoe bend	13
1415709637	Reasons for entering the War of 1812	1. "Freedom of the seas" - The U.S. wanted the right to sail and trade without fear. 2. Possibility of land - The U.S. might gain Canada or Florida. 3. Indian issues - Americans were still upset about British guns being giving to Indians.	14
1415709638	William Henry Harrison	Tippecanoe, Battle of Thames. Both increased enthusiasm and moralf or the war	15
1415709639	Oliver Hazard Perry	Admiral who was in charge of inexperienced men on ships. They won a lot.	16
1415709640	Battle of New Orleans	1. Andrew Jackson defeats a ton of British. 2. Two weeks after the war had officially ended but they didn't know. 3. Britain responded with a naval blockade	17
1415709641	Treaty of Ghent	Basically they just stopped fighting and neither side really got what they wanted. Impressment, the main issue of the war, was completely ignored.	18
1415709642	Hartford Convention	Representatives secretly met to discuss their grievances. They just wanted financial assistant but a few people talked about secession. This marked the death of the Federalist Party.	19
1415709643	Results of War of 1812	1. Americans proved they could stand up for they thought was right and gained more respect 2. Federalist party died out forever 3. Manufacturing prospered during the British blockade 4. Fueled the fire for the bitter conflict with Britain 5. American Nationalism took off	20
1415709644	Rush-Bagot Treaty	The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812	21
1415709645	Tariff of 1816	1. First in US history designed for protection	22
1415709646	The American System	1. Henry Clay's program 2. Strong banking system 3. Protective tariff behind which eastern manufacturing could flourish 4. Roads and canals for internal improvements	23
1415709647	James Monroe	1. Generation between Foudning Fathers and the Age of Nationalism	24
1415709648	Era of Good Feelings	This phrase was coined by a Boston newspaper that was commonly associated with the administration of James Monroe. It represented a time of a sense of nationalism in the country, as well as a sober executive.	25
1416219194	Panic of 1819	1. Brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, etc. 2. OVER-SPECULATION in land prices was a main cause 3. West was especially hit hard 4. BUS was seen as the cause	26
1416219195	Missouri Compromise	1. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state. 2. 36-30 line, above would be free, below would be slave	27
1416219196	McCulloch vs. Maryland	1. Maryland tried to destroy the BUS by taxing it's currency notes 2. Marshall denied right to tax the bank and gave the doctrine of "loose construction" and "elastic clause"	28
1416219197	Cohens vs. Virginia	1. Lottery tickets 2. Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme court to review decisions of the State supreme courts in everything involving powers of the federal government	29
1416219198	Gibbons vs. Ogden	Marshall says only congress can control interstate commerce. Another blow to states' rights	30
1416219199	Fletcher vs. Peck	Marshall ruled that states can't impair a contract. Supreme Court could invalidate state laws that conflicted with the constitution	31
1416219200	Treaty of 1818	Northern boundary of the Lousiana Purchase at the 49th parallel and ten-year joint occupation of Oregon with Britain.	32
1416219201	Florida Purchase Treaty	Spain gave florida and claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas. US paid 5 million	33
1416219202	Monroe Doctrine	1. Europe should not interfere/colonize in the Western Hemisphere. 2. In return, US would not interfere in European affairs 3. Two basic features: non-colonization and non-intervention	34
1416219203	Tecumseh	Tecumseh was a Shawnee Indian twin brother to the Prophet. They made a stand against western movement of white settlers by uniting other tribes. He died in the Battle of Thames while fighting for the British. He was one of the most gifted and noble Indian leaders in American history.	35
1416219204	Election of 1824	1. Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay vs. William H. Crawford vs. John Q. Adams 2. "Corrupt Bargain", in which Clay dropped out and threw his support behind Adams, and in return he was appointed Secretary of State 3. Jackson was absolutely pissed and said that he had been cheated out of it.	36
1416552441	Election of 1828	Was not focused on issues but the personalities of the candidates, the first election under the second party system and a big leap in voters. Adams (Nat. Republican) vs. Jackson (Democrats)- wins the election easily with Calhoun as vp.	37
1416552442	Andrew Jackson as President	1. Old Hickory 2. He was a badass idk	38
1416552443	Jacksonian Democracy	This term is associated with President Andrew Jackson's political philosophy. President Jackson's beliefs consisted of: universal white male suffrage, Manifest Destiny to the West, the Spoils System - giving government jobs to supporters, Laissez-Faire Economics - hands off government control of the economy, and a weaker central government expressing that a strong central government is an enemy to individual liberties. Jackson was in great support of the "common man" and envisioned a nation of yeoman farmers.	39
1416552444	Spoils system	Jackson used this to reward supporters with good positions in office	40
1416552445	Tariff of 1828	(1) An extremely high tariff (45%) that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. (2) caused a sectional split and began the nullification crisis led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. (3) Prelude to the Civil War.	41
1416552446	The South Carolina Exposition	A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written secretly by Vice President John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.	42
1416552447	Tariff of 1832, 1833	1832 -- did away with the worst part of the 1828 tariff, but southerners still hated it. SC ended up nullifying it. 1833 -- squeezed through another compromise	43
1416898621	Force Bill	In response to South Carolina's bullshit about the Tariff of Abominations. Basically the government can use the army and navy if he needs to to collect tariffs	44
1416898622	Five Civilized Tribes	cherokees, creeks, choctaws, chickasaws, and seminoles	45
1416898623	Indian Removal Act	Passed in 1830 (Jackson really wanted this), it said we could forcibly transfer Indians to the west of the Mississippi.	46
1416898624	Trail of Tears	The road indians	47
1416898625	Nicholas Biddle	The corrupt leader of the BUS, he lent out funds to friends and used the money to bribe people.	48
1416898626	Jackson & the Bank of the United States	1. It was highly important and useful, but not necessarily pure. 2. Jackson saw it as a conspiracy to keep the common man down economically, and wanted it to die. 3. Henry Clay tried to recharter the BUS, but Jackson demolished it with a veto that said it was unconstitutional.	49
1416898628	Pet Banks	In order to kill the BUS, Jackson withdrew money and put it in these banks, which led to inflation	50
1416898630	Specie Circular	presidential order that required all purchases of federal lands be made in gold and silver instead of paper money. led to the panic of 1837	51
1416898632	Panic of 1837	1. Caused by "wildcat banks", loans, over-speculation, and the bank war. 2. Banknotes lost their value and land sales plummeted	52
1416898633	Themes of Jacksonian Democracy	1. Increased political democracy 2. Increased the power and prestige of the presidency 3. A period of expansionism and optimism 4. Sectionalist supplanted nationalism.	53
1416898635	Formation of the Whig party	1. Opponents of Jackson despised his iron fist, called him "King Andrew" 2. This grew became known as the Whigs, who generally disliked Jackson and supported Clay's American system	54
1416898637	Election of 1840	1. Jackson nominated Martin Van Buren to make sure his plans were followed through with. 2. Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, war here. "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" Harrison won but died about a month in, and his vice president John Tyler came in, and then he wasn't even much of a whig.	55
1416898639	Stephen Austin	made an agreement with Mexican government to bring about 300 families into Texas to settle.	56
1416898641	Kitchen Cabinet	Informal group of friends who advised Jackson during his administration. Jackson believed that the "official" Cabinet's main function was to carry out his orders.	57
1416898642	The Lone Star Rebellion	1. Led by Sam Housten 2. Mexico freed the slaves and prohibited them in Texas, which infuriated the citizens. 3. Santa Anna raised an army to suppress the Texans, and the next year they declared independence. 4. Big battles -- Alamo and Goliad. 5. Texans win and want to be a state, but slavery blocked this.	58
1416898644	Two party system: Democrats vs. Whigs	Democrats -- individualism, states rights, generally from the south and west, usually poorer Whigs -- favored national bank, protective tariffs, internal approvements, mostly wealthier, generally from the east	59

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Unit 7 Key Terms: "American Progress," or, Industrialization, Westward Expansion, and the Age of Reforms (c. 1800-1840) Flashcards

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2359577915	movement	group of people who share the same ideas or beliefs and who work together to achieve a particular aim	0
2359579330	annex	to take possession of a piece of land	1
2359579879	Manifest Destiny	theory that the US had a special purpose to extend its boundaries and control all land from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean	2
2359580534	factories	group of buildings in which goods are produced in large quantities, using machines	3
2359583259	abolitionist	social movement to stop slavery	4
2359585779	cotton gin	simple machine that separated the a certain plant's fibers from the seeds, invented by Eli Whitney	5
2359588679	rural	related to the areas in the country or outside the city	6
2359588680	steamboat	invention that changed the speed and reliability of transportation on rivers & lakes	7
2359589674	urbanization	process of the growth of cities	8
2359591604	industrialization	era of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a farming society into one that mass-produces goods	9
2359592958	Bessemer process	first method discovered for mass-producing steel; led to increased industrialization and urbanization	10
2359593575	temperance	movement to stop consumption of alcohol	11
2359593576	convention	large meeting of people to organize support for a cause or movement	12
2359594368	canal	man-made waterway for transporting goods and people	13
2359596865	interchangeable parts	large amounts of uniform pieces that can replace any other identical pieces	14
2359598552	cession	land that is given up and given over	15
2359599396	steam locomotive	invention that changed the speed and reliability of transportation over land	16
2359600446	urban	related to the areas in cities, usually with larger populations	17
2359603165	mechanical reaper	invention that changed the speed & efficiency of harvesting crops like wheat & corn	18
2359604098	contribution	something that you give or do in order to help something be successful	19
2359604680	textile mill	factory that employs many people in the process of quickly producing cloth	20
2359605958	free enterprise	economy which allows the consumers and the producers to make the decisions about the cost of goods and services	21
2359607939	reform	change or the action of changing	22
2359609698	Conestoga wagon	heavy, covered wheeled-vehicle that was used extensively during the late 18th and 19th centuries to move settlers into western territories; drawn by horses, mules, or oxen	23
2359610974	clipper ships	fast sailing ships developed and built in the 19th century to move goods across oceans	24
2359612096	innovation	new idea, method, or invention	25
2359612867	expose	to show the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad	26
2359612868	commerce	the buying and selling of goods and services [aka trade]	27
2359613764	market	a particular country or area where a company sells its goods or where a particular type of goods is sold	28
2359614634	consumption	the act of eating or drinking	29
2359615825	territory	land that is owned or controlled by a particular country but is not yet a state	30
2359616562	cede	to give up and give over to someone or a group	31
2359620555	ruling	an official decision, especially one made by a court	32
2359621743	corruption	dishonest, illegal, or immoral behavior, especially from someone with power	33
2359621744	railroad	system of tracks along which trains run, or a system of trains	34

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Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution Flashcards

1865-1896

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1364982431	Sitting Bull	American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War	0
1364982432	George A. Custer	United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. defeated and killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, against a coalition of Native American tribes composed almost exclusively of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors. "Last Stand"	1
1364982433	Chief Joseph	Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations	2
1364982434	Geronimo	Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona.	3
1364982435	Helen Hunt Jackson	A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans.	4
1364982436	William F. Cody	Buffalo Bill; he was an American adventurer, soldier, and showman of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His popular "Wild West Show," begun in the 1880s, featured acts such as the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, mock battles between Native Americans and army troops, and breathtaking displays of cowboy skills and horsemanship.	5
1364982437	Oliver H. Kelley	considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.	6
1364982438	William Hope Harvey	Wrote a popular pamphlet titled Coin's Financial School; this pamphlet overwhelmed the bankers and professors of economics with his brilliant arguments on behalf of free silver	7
1364982439	Mary Elizabeth Lease	became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.	8
1364982440	Frederick Jackson Turner	American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.	9
1364982441	James B. Weaver	American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate (1880) and as the Populist candidate (1892).	10
1364982442	Jacob S. Coxey	a wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts	11
1364982443	Eugene V. Debs	leader of the american railway union, he voted to aid workers in the pullman strike. he was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.	12
1364982444	William McKinley	25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist	13
1364982445	Marcus Alonzo Hanna	Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics.	14
1364982446	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)	15
1364982447	Sioux Wars	lasted from 1876-1877. gold-greedy miners rushed into native american land, breaking treaties. sitting bull v. Custer until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. native americans were forced into canada until they starved or surrendered	16
1364982448	Nez Perce	in 1877 Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry. Before this retreat the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 Army soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,600 miles toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and an Indian nation	17
1364982449	Apache	any member of Athapaskan tribes that migrated to the southwestern desert (from Arizona to Texas and south into Mexico); , the language of the Apache people	18
1364982450	Battle of Wounded Knee	A 1890 battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance", which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.	19
1364982451	Dawes Severalty Act	An action that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers. (Taking children)	20
1364982452	Battle of the Little Big Horn	A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also known as "Custer's last Stand." In two days, June 25 & 26, 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain in the reservations and the Native Americans tried to defend territory from white gold-seekers. This Indian advantage did not last long,however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and the United States Army soon exacted retribution.	21
1364982453	Buffalo Soldiers	Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s	22
1364982454	Comstock Lode	First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.	23
1364982455	Long Driver	moving of cattle from distant ranges to busy railroad centers that shipped the cattle to market	24
1364982456	Homestead Act	A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward - moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.	25
1364982457	Sooner State	Oklahoma's nickname because about 500.000 people illegal entered that state before it became an offical state in 1907	26
1364982458	Safety-valve theory	This states that when hard times hit, the unemployed move west, took up farming and became prosperous. With the close of the frontier the less fortunate had no place to start a new life, thus leading to urban overcrowding and inner city problems.	27
1364982459	Bonanza farms	Large scale farms often over 50,000 acres, where farmers set up companies to operate	28
1364982460	National Grange	social and educational organization for farmers	29
1364982461	Granger laws	Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional	30
1364982462	Farmers' Alliance	A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy	31
1364982463	Colored Farmers National Alliance	More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.	32
1364982464	Populist (People's) Party	The Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that the U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a gradual income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver.	33
1364982465	Coin's Financial School	popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors	34
1364982466	Coxey's Army	a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time	35
1364982467	Pullman Strike	1894 - Strike by railway workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed forces to combat work stoppages.	36
1364982468	Cross of Gold Speech	An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.	37
1364982469	Gold Bugs	referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver	38
1364982470	16 to 1	The ratio of silver to gold promoted by Bryan's Democratic political platform in 1896.	39
1364982471	Fourth party system	A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy.	40
1364982472	Dingley Tariff Bill	passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits.	41
1364982473	Gold Standard Act	Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign.. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.	42
1364982474	Reservation System	The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.	43
1364982475	Mining Industry	After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the 19th century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to the U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines.	44
1364982476	Mechanization of Agriculture	The development of engine-driven machines,like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.	45

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Campbell Biology; Tenth Edition; Chapter 5; The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

Key Concepts:

• Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.
• Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material.
• Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
• Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions.
• Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.
• Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications.

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2204836747	Alpha	a coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)	0
2204836748	Amino Acid	an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides	1
2204836749	Amino Group	a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+	2
2204836750	Antiparallel	referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5′ ? 3′ directions)	3
2204836751	Beta	one form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth; two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)	4
2204836752	Carbohydrate	a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)	5
2204836753	Catalyst	a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction	6
2204836754	Cellulose	a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages	7
2204836755	Chaperonin	a protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins	8
2204836756	Chitin	a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods	9
2204836757	Cholesterol	a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones	10
2204836758	Dehydration Reaction	a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule	11
2204836759	Denaturation	in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix; denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature	12
2204836760	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins	13
2204836761	Deoxyribose	the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides	14
2204836762	Disaccharide	a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction	15
2204836763	Disulfide Bridge	a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer	16
2204836764	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins	17
2204836765	Double Helix	the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape	18
2204836766	Enzyme	a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins	19
2204836767	Fat	a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride	20
2204836768	Fatty Acid	a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain; fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called triacylglycerol or triglyceride	21
2204836769	Gene	a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)	22
2204836770	Gene Expression	the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs	23
2204836771	Glycogen	an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch	24
2204836772	Glycosidic Linkage	a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction	25
2204836773	Hydrolysis	a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers	26
2204836774	Hydrophobic	having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water	27
2204836775	Hydrophobic Interaction	a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water	28
2204836776	Lipid	any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water	29
2204836777	Macromolecule	a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction; polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules	30
2204836778	Monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer	31
2204836779	Monosaccharide	the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides; also called simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O	32
2204836780	Nucleic Acid	a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA	33
2204836781	Nucleotide	the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups	34
2204836782	Peptide Bond	the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction	35
2204836783	Phospholipid	a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head; phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes	36
2204836784	Polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds	37
2204836785	Polynucleotide	a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; the nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA	38
2204836786	Polypeptide	a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds	39
2204836787	Polysaccharide	a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions	40
2204836788	Primary Structure	the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids	41
2204836789	Protein	a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure	42
2204836790	Proteomics	the systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions	43
2204836791	Purine	one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring; adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines	44
2204836792	Pyrimidine	one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring; cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines	45
2204836793	Quaternary Structure	the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide	46
2204836794	Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)	a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, in gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses	47
2204836795	Ribose	the sugar component of RNA nucleotides	48
2204836796	Saturated Fatty Acid	a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton	49
2204836797	Secondary Structure	regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains)	50
2204836798	Sickle-Cell Disease	a recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals	51
2204836799	Starch	a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages	52
2204836800	Tertiary Structure	the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges	53
2204836801	Trans Fat	an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds	54
2204836802	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton	55
2204836803	X-Ray Crystallography	a technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules; it depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule	56
2204836804	What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers? a. protein formation b. coiling c. monomerization d. dehydration reaction e. hydrolysis	dehydration reaction When monomers are linked together to form a more complex polymer, a water molecule is removed by dehydration reactions.	57
2204836805	In a hydrolysis reaction, __________, and in this process water is __________. a. monomers are assembled to produce a polymer ... produced b. a monomer is broken up into its constituent polymers ... produced c. a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... consumed d. monomers are assembled to produce a polymer ... consumed e. a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... produced	a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... consumed The meaning of hydrolysis is "to break with water."	58
2204836806	The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond. a. covalent b. van der Waals c. hydrogen d. peptide e. ionic	covalent Monomers are joined together by a dehydration reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule.	59
2204836807	Which of the following is a polymer? a. triacylglycerol, or fat b. fructose, a component of sucrose c. glucose, an energy-rich molecule d. testosterone, a steroid hormone e. cellulose, a plant cell wall component	cellulose, a plant cell wall component The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls. It is a polymer composed of many glucose monomers joined together by glycosidic linkages.	60
2204836808	Cellulose is a __________ made of many __________. a. protein ... amino acids b. lipid ... triacylglycerols c. polypeptide ... monomers d. polymer ... glucose molecules e. carbohydrate ... fatty acids	polymer ... glucose molecules Cellulose is a polysaccharide and therefore a polymer, constructed from many monosaccharide glucose monomers.	61
2204836809	Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? a. They have to eat a lot of grass. b. Cows and other herbivores are exceptions and make some cellulose-digesting enzymes. c. Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units. d. The flat teeth and strong stomach of herbivores break the cellulose fibers so that the cows get enough nutrition from the cell contents. e. All of the listed responses are correct.	Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units. Cows have digestive chambers populated by microorganisms that can produce certain hydrolytic enzymes that cows cannot. The enzymes hydrolyze (digest) the cellulose polymer into glucose monomers.	62
2204836810	In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source? a. protein b. starch c. fatty acids d. cellulose e. glycogen	starch Starch is a glucose storage polymer in plants.	63
2204836811	Which of the following carbohydrate molecules has the lowest molecular mass? a. glucose b. chitin c. sucrose d. cellulose e. lactose	glucose Glucose is a monosaccharide.	64
2204836812	Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide? a. C25H43O8 b. C22H49O10N5 c. C51H98O6 d. C6H12O6 e. C45H84O8PN	C6H12O6 Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are multiples of CH2O.	65
2204836813	At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________. a. collagen b. palmitic acid c. glycogen d. cellulose e. chitin	chitin Chitin is the structural polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons.	66
2204836814	Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________. a. membrane construction b. building genetic material c. energy storage and release d. lipid storage e. structural molecules, such as hair and fingernails	energy storage and release Simple sugar molecules, stored in polysaccharides such as glycogen in animals and starch in plants, are a major energy source for cellular work.	67
2204836815	The polysaccharide that you are most likely to have eaten recently is __________. a. ribose b. lactose c. glucose d. starch e. chitin	starch Starch is a storage polysaccharide found especially in certain plant tissues.	68
2204836816	One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________. a. they are all indigestible by humans b. they are all monosaccharides c. they are all disaccharides d. they are all polysaccharides e. they all contain fructose	they are all disaccharides A disaccharide consists of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage.	69
2204836817	A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________. a. glycogen b. chitin c. starch d. cellulose e. glucose	glycogen Humans and other vertebrates store glucose as a polysaccharide called glycogen in their liver and muscles.	70
2204836818	Carbohydrates can function in which of the following ways? a. structural support b. energy storage c. enzymatic catalysis d. information storage e. structural support and energy storage	structural support and energy storage Carbohydrates function as both storage molecules (starch, glycogen) and structural support molecules (cellulose).	71
2204836819	In a 1-4 glycosidic linkage, __________. a. one glycerol molecule is bound to four fatty acids b. the number 1 carbon in one nucleotide is bound to the number 4 carbon in another nucleotide c. the number 1 carbon in one monosaccharide is bound to the number 4 carbon in another monosaccharide d. one monosaccharide is bound to four others e. there are four possible isomers of the structure	the number 1 carbon in one monosaccharide is bound to the number 4 carbon in another monosaccharide Glycosidic linkages, the covalent bonds that link simple sugars, are named according to the carbon atoms they join.	72
2204836820	Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why cannot the same enzyme break down cellulose? a. The bonds between the monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are much stronger. b. The enzyme cannot attack cellulose because of its helical shape. c. The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently than those in starch. d. Starch is made of glucose; cellulose is made of fructose. e. Cellulose molecules are much too large.	The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently than those in starch. The glucose monomers in cellulose are bonded in a β glycosidic linkage, whereas those in starch have an α glycosidic linkage. The enzyme amylase is specific for the α glycosidic linkage.	73
2204836821	The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________. a. peptide bonds b. glycosidic linkages c. ionic bonds d. phosphodiester linkages e. ester linkages	glycosidic linkages The glucose monomers of cellulose are linked together by a specific type of covalent bond known as a glycosidic linkage.	74
2204836822	Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least? a. starch (in the croutons) b. cellulose (in the lettuce) c. sugar (in the dressing) d. oil (in the dressing) e. protein (in the bacon bits)	cellulose (in the lettuce) Cellulose contains glycosidic linkages that cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes.	75
2204836823	What is a distinguishing feature of most naturally occurring unsaturated fats? a. They all share four fused rings as a carbon skeleton. b. They are distinguished from other lipid forms by their chief role as components of cell membranes. c. All organisms share an equal ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. d. Nearly all naturally occurring unsaturated fats have cis double bonds. e. Most unsaturated fats have trans double bonds, causing a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur.	Nearly all naturally occurring unsaturated fats have cis double bonds. Naturally occurring unsaturated fats, such as those found in plants and fish, are distinguished by the presence of one or more cis double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains.	76
2204836824	Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they __________. a. are much larger b. do not contain nitrogen and phosphorus atoms c. are not truly polymers d. do not contain carbon e. do not have specific shapes	are not truly polymers Lipids are not all made of the same type of monomer. Their association as a group (fats, phospholipids, and steroids) is related to their solubility behavior.	77
2204836825	Which of the following terms can be correctly used to describe compounds that do NOT mix with water? a. proteins b. hydrophilic c. hydrogen-bonded d. hydrophobic e. phospholipids	hydrophobic Hydrophobic compounds are those that are insoluble in water.	78
2204836826	Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triacylglycerols. What is the difference between them? a. Saturated triacylglycerols have more double bonds than unsaturated triacylglycerols do. b. Saturated triacylglycerols are liquid at room temperature. c. Saturated triacylglycerols are fats; unsaturated triacylglycerols are carbohydrates. d. For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do. e. All of the listed responses are correct.	For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do. Saturated triacylglycerols are saturated with hydrogen atoms.	79
2204836827	The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________. a. carbohydrates b. proteins c. triacylglycerols d. cholesterol e. phospholipids	phospholipids Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. This permits the phospholipids to be arranged in a bilayer, or double layer, which forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment.	80
2204836828	If a small droplet of triacylglycerol molecules is suspended in water, the fat molecules form a "ball of spaghetti" with no particular orientation. But if a droplet of phospholipid molecules is put in water, all the molecules point outward, toward the water. Phospholipids are forced into this orientation because phospholipids have __________. a. both a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid b. three fatty acid molecules, all pointing in different directions c. two fatty acid molecules pointing in different directions d. a charged or polar end and an uncharged or nonpolar end e. two charged or polar ends	a charged or polar end and an uncharged or nonpolar end The nonpolar hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic—that is, they are excluded from water. The negatively charged phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water.	81
2204836829	Which of the following is a true statement comparing phospholipids and triacylglycerols (fats and oils)? a. In nature, phospholipids occur in fused rings (sterol form), whereas triacylglycerols maintain a straight-chain form. b. Phospholipid molecules have a distinctly polar "head" and a distinctly nonpolar "tail," whereas triacylglycerols are predominantly nonpolar. c. Triacylglycerols may be saturated or unsaturated, but all phospholipids are saturated. d. Phospholipids are the primary storage form for fats in our bodies. e. Both molecules contain a phosphate group.	Phospholipid molecules have a distinctly polar "head" and a distinctly nonpolar "tail," whereas triacylglycerols are predominantly nonpolar. Triacylglycerols consist of three (nonpolar) fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol molecule. Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head containing a negatively charged phosphate group.	82
2204836830	The sex hormones estradiol and testosterone belong to which class of molecules? a. lipids b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. nucleic acids e. amino acids	lipids Steroids, such as estradiol and testosterone, are lipids based on their insolubility in water. The molecules are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings of carbon atoms.	83
2204836831	High cholesterol levels are considered a major risk factor for heart disease. If it is so bad for humans, why does the body make cholesterol in the first place? a. Cholesterol is an important constituent of nucleotides. b. Cholesterol is an important energy storage molecule. c. Cholesterol aids in the formation of amino acids that are used to build proteins. d. Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones. e. Cholesterol is not important for humans anymore. It is a holdover from hunter-gatherer days when food was scarce.	Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones. Cholesterol is the basis for many steroid molecules, including sex hormones.	84
2204836832	Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by __________. a. adding hydrogen atoms to the single-bonded carbon atoms of the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains b. removing hydrogen atoms and forming additional single bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains c. removing hydrogen atoms and forming additional double bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains d. adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, thereby converting carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds e. None of the listed responses is correct.	adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, thereby converting carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds The phrase "hydrogenated vegetable oils" found on food labels means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by the addition of hydrogen.	85
2204836833	Which of the following is the major energy storage compound of plant seeds? a. cellulose b. oils c. amylose d. lipids e. glycogen	oils Vegetable oils are generally obtained from seeds, in which lighter weight makes dispersal easier.	86
2204836834	Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by __________. a. glycosidic linkages b. phosphodiester linkages c. ester linkages d. ionic bonds e. peptide bonds	ester linkages In making a fat, each of the three fatty acid molecules is bonded to a glycerol molecule by an ester linkage type of covalent bond.	87
2204836835	The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are __________ because they __________. a. hydrophobic ... consist of units assembled by dehydration reactions b. hydrophilic ... are easily hydrolyzed into their monomers c. hydrophobic ... have no charges to which water molecules can adhere d. hydrophilic ... consist of units assembled by dehydration reactions e. hydrophobic ... dissolve easily in water	hydrophobic ... have no charges to which water molecules can adhere Phospholipid tails, which consist of nonpolar hydrocarbon chains, are hydrophobic.	88
2204836836	The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called its __________. a. secondary structure b. tertiary structure c. primary structure d. double helix e. quaternary structure	tertiary structure The tertiary structure is determined by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic R groups, ionic bonds between R groups, van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bridges.	89
2204836837	When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality? a. The protein's pH changes, and the change causes the protein to lose its functionality. b. Different amino acids are substituted into the sequence, so the protein's properties change. c. Denaturation breaks the intramolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function. d. Denaturation destroys the primary structure of the protein, and the protein breaks down to monomers. e. Denaturation breaks the covalent bonds that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function.	Denaturation breaks the intramolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function. Denaturation disrupts secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure, causing the protein to lose its form, and thus its function.	90
2204836838	Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size from smallest to largest? a. water, glucose, sucrose, protein b. water, sucrose, glucose, protein c. glucose, water, sucrose, protein d. water, protein, sucrose, glucose e. protein, water, glucose, sucrose	water, glucose, sucrose, protein In this case, the ranking is from smallest to largest.	91
2204836839	Which of the following represents a specific description of a polypeptide? a. carbohydrates with a hydrogen bond holding them together b. organic monomers covalently bonded c. organic molecules linked by dehydration reactions d. amino acids linked by hydrolysis e. None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct. A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration reactions.	92
2204836840	Enzyme molecules require a specific shape to perform their catalytic function. Which of the following might alter the shape of an enzymatic protein? a. denaturing the protein b. a change in salt concentrations or pH c. treating the protein with a chemical that breaks hydrogen bonds d. heating the protein e. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct. All of the listed responses would affect the shape and therefore the catalytic activity of the enzymatic protein.	93
2204836841	The α helix and β pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure? a. tertiary structure b. pentiary structure c. secondary structure d. quaternary structure e. primary structure	secondary structure Both the α helix and the β pleated sheet are localized regions of polypeptides held in a given structure by hydrogen bonds.	94
2204836842	The peptide bond is __________. a. a covalent bond joining simple sugars together to form a polypeptide b. a covalent bond joining nucleotides together to form a nucleic acid c. a hydrogen bond joining nucleotides together to form a nucleic acid d. a hydrogen bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide e. a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide	a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide The specific type of covalent bond joining two amino acids is a peptide bond.	95
2204836843	Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________. a. fatty acid molecules b. DNA molecules c. purines and pyrimidines d. sucrose molecules e. amino acid molecules	amino acid molecules Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides folded into specific conformations.	96
2204836844	The "primary structure" of a protein refers to __________. a. interactions among the side chains or R groups of the amino acids b. the weak aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains into one functional macromolecule c. the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain d. the α helix or β pleated sheets e. coiling due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids	the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.	97
2204836845	Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form? a. receptor proteins b. fibrous proteins c. antibodies d. chaperonins e. enzymes	chaperonins Chaperonins shield proteins from "bad influences" (interactions with other molecules in the cytoplasm) while they are folding into their functional forms.	98
2204836846	What do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common? a. All cause the misfolding of nucleic acids. b. All are associated with the buildup of lipids in brain cells due to faulty lysosome activity. c. All are caused by the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells. d. All are associated with plaque buildup in arteries (atherosclerosis). e. All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells.	All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells. These diseases and others are associated with a buildup of misfolded versions of various proteins within cells.	99
2204836847	A glucose molecule is to starch as __________. a. an amino acid is to a nucleic acid b. a nucleic acid is to a polypeptide c. a steroid is to a lipid d. a protein is to an amino acid e. a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid	a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid Nucleotides are the monomers that make nucleic acid polymers, just as glucose is the monosaccharide (monomer) from which starch (polymer) is constructed.	100
2204836848	A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________. a. fatty acids b. proteins c. DNA d. sucrose e. cellulose	DNA The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.	101
2204836849	Based on complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of __________ to be equal to the percentage of __________. a. adenine ... guanine b. thymine ... cytosine c. thymine ... guanine d. adenine ... cytosine e. adenine ... thymine	adenine ... thymine Adenine and thymine form a complementary base pair.	102
2204836850	Which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA? a. thymine and cytosine b. thymine and adenine c. uracil and guanine d. adenine and guanine e. guanine and cytosine	thymine and cytosine Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines found in DNA.	103
2204836851	Which of the following describes a difference between DNA and RNA? a. RNA molecules generally consist of a single polynucleotide chain, whereas DNA molecules generally consist of two polynucleotide chains organized into a double helix. b. Both molecules contain adenine, guanine and cytosine, but DNA also contains thymine and RNA also contains uracil. c. They contain different sugars. d. The first and second listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA. e. The first three listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA.	The first three listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA. The first three listed responses describe distinctions between DNA and RNA.	104
2204836852	Which of the following lists represents the chemical components of a nucleotide? a. a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar b. a nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a pentose sugar c. a nitrogenous base, a fatty acid, and an amino acid d. a series of nitrogenous bases, a nucleic acid backbone, and a hexose sugar e. a nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a phosphate group	a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar Each nucleotide consists of three parts: an organic molecule, called a nitrogenous base; a 5-carbon sugar, called a pentose; and a phosphate group that serves in the phosphodiester covalent bond that forms a bridge between adjacent nucleotides.	105
2204836853	Which of the following is true regarding complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA molecules? a. Complementary base pairing promotes an antiparallel orientation in the structure of DNA and RNA molecules. b. Although a DNA molecule demonstrates complementary base pairing between two DNA polynucleotides to form a double helix, an RNA molecule can base-pair only along stretches of nucleotides in the same RNA molecule, such as in transfer RNA molecules. c. Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules. d. Complementary base pairing within single strands of DNA and RNA gives them particular three-dimensional structures that are necessary for their function. e. None of the listed responses is correct.	Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules. Complementary base pairing provides an accurate way to synthesize a new DNA molecule from an existing one, and gives RNA molecules particular three-dimensional shapes necessary for their function.	106
2204836854	Which of the following categories includes all others in the list? a. disaccharide b. monosaccharide c. carbohydrate d. starch e. polysaccharide	carbohydrate	107
2204836855	The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the a form. Which of the following could amylase break down? a. starch, amylopectin, and cellulose b. glycogen and cellulose c. starch and chitin d. glycogen, starch, and amylopectin e. cellulose and chitin	glycogen, starch, and amylopectin	108
2204836856	Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? a. They generally solidify at room temperature. b. They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. c. They are more common in animals than in plants. d. They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. e. They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule.	They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.	109
2204836857	The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the a. primary level. b. quaternary level. c. tertiary level d. secondary level. e. All structural levels are equally affected.	primary level.	110
2204836858	Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? a. The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken. b. The two strands of the double helix would separate. c. The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. d. The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. e. All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.	The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.	111
2204836859	The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? a. C60H100O50 b. C60H111O51 c. C60H102O51 d. C6H12O6 e. C60H120O60	C60H102O51	112
2204836860	Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? a. 5′-GCGC-3′ with 5′-TATA-3′ b. 5′-ATGC-3′ with 5′-GCAT-3′ c. 5′-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3′ with 3′-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5′ d. 5′-AGCT-3′ with 5′-TCGA-3′ e. All of these pairs are correct.	5′-ATGC-3′ with 5′-GCAT-3′	113
2204836861	Signal proteins	Signal proteins include hormonal proteins that help coordinate an organism's activities by acting as signals between cells. For example, insulin, a hormonal protein secreted by the pancreas, signals an animal's cells to take in and use sugar. The hormone receptor is also a protein.	114
2204836862	Receptor molecules	Receptor molecules bind to signal molecules and can then emit second messengers which trigger changes inside a cell. Receptors are thus important links in the system of communication among cells. Some signal molecules, such as hormones, are also proteins.	115
2204836863	Structural proteins	Structural proteins have many functions. Like tent poles and ropes, they shape cells and anchor cell parts. They may serve as tracks along which cell parts can move. They bind cells together, making organized units such as muscles, ligaments, and the tendons that bind muscles to bones. The silk of spiders and the hair of mammals are also structural proteins.	116
2204836864	Sensory proteins	Sensory proteins detect environmental changes such as light, and respond by emitting or producing signals that call for a response	117
2204836865	Transport proteins	Transport proteins carry molecules from place to place. The example shown here allows certain solute molecules to enter the cell. Hemoglobin is the transport protein that carries oxygen in the blood.	118
2204836866	enzyme	An enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process. Enzymes promote and regulate virtually all chemical reactions in cells.	119
2204836867	Storage proteins	Storage proteins stockpile building components that cells can use to make other proteins. Storage proteins in seeds provide raw materials used by the developing plant-- unless an animal eats them first!	120
2204836868	Ovalbumin	Ovalbumin, the main substance in egg white, serves as a storage protein for developing chick embryos	121
2204836869	Gene	Gene regulatory proteins bind to DNA in particular locations and control whether or not certain genes will be read. This allows cells to become specialized for different functions and respond to changes in their surroundings.	122
2204836870	antibodies	The immune system makes defensive proteins called antibodies that bind to invaders (such as the virus shown here) and mark the foreign objects for destruction.	123
2204836871	Most proteins are folded into a complex globular shape. Each protein molecule consists of one or more chains of amino acid monomers. **	**The amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, so a protein polymer is often called a polypeptide. Because they are so complicated, proteins are usually described in terms of four levels of structure.	124
2204836872	Secondary structure results from hydrogen bonding between atoms along the polypeptide backbone. Oxygen and nitrogen atoms along the backbone are highly electronegative, giving them partial negative charges, and leaving nearby hydrogen atoms with partial positive charges. **	**These negatively and positively charged atoms are attracted to one another at regular intervals along the chain, causing parts of the protein to twist or fold back upon itself.	125
2204836873	tertiary structure	Superimposed on primary and secondary structure is tertiary structure, irregular loops and folds that give the protein its overall three-dimensional shape.The irregular folding of tertiary structure results from interactions among the R groups of amino acids.	126
2204836874	The irregular folding of tertiary structure results from interactions among the R groups of amino acids. Acidic and basic R groups ionize, and these positively and negatively charged groups may form ionic bonds. Polar forces also contribute to tertiary structure. **	**Hydrophilic (polar) R groups may hydrogen bond with one another, or turn outward and hydrogen bond with the surrounding water. Hydrophobic (nonpolar) R groups cluster on the inside of the protein, away from water. Tertiary structure may be further stabilized by strong covalent bonds between sulfur atoms in certain R groups.	127
2204836875	quaternary structure	Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains. The fourth level of protein structure-- quaternary structure-- results from the combination of two or more polypeptide subunits.	128
2204836876	DNA structure 1	Cells make nucleic acid polymers by linking together four kinds of monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base-- abbreviated G, A, C, or T. Like letters in a sentence, the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid carries information. The DNA of every organism has a unique nucleotide sequence.	129
2204836877	DNA structure 2	DNA normally consists of two strands of nucleotides that twist around one another, forming the famous double helix. The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogenous bases. The base A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G.	130
2204836878	RNA structure	This is a closeup view of an RNA polymer. RNA looks a lot like DNA, except it is typically single-stranded, contains a different sugar (called ribose), and has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). RNA is copied from part of a DNA molecule, so it is shorter than DNA-- dozens to thousands of nucleotides.	131

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