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|Microeconomics| Ch.16-Monopolistic Competition (Part 5-Firm Behavior and the Organization of Industry) Flashcards

Class: Principles of Microeconomics II (ECON 121)
Book: Principles of Microeconomics (6th Edition)
Author: N. Gregory Mankiw

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1458395162Three characteristics of monopolistic competition1. Many sellers 2. Product differention (price maker) 3. Free entry and exit (no or low barriers)0
1458395163Monopolistic Competition (4 things)1. Face downward sloping demand, since they are the only producer of their exact product. 2. Sets price off of the demand curve. 3. P>MR after first unit sold. 4. Profit maximization occurs where MR=MC.1
1458395164In a short run, they can...1. Earn profit (P>ATC) 2. Incur loss (P2
1458395165The short run profit graph looks similar to Monopoly, but more...'elastic' type of demand curve (because there are other options)3
1458395166Long run equilibrium: If firms in the industry are earning profits... (4 things)1. There is incentive for new firms to enter. 2. This increases the numbers of products from which consumers can choose. 3. The demand curve for the firms will shift(left) and become more elastic. 4. As demand(falls), price(falls) and profits(decline).4
1458395167Long run equilibrium: If firms in the industry are incurring losses... (4 things)1. There is an incentive to exit. 2. This decreases the numbers of products from which to choose. 3. The demand curve for the remaining firms will shift(right) and become more 'inelastic'. 3. As demand(rises), price(rises) and losses(falls).5
1458395168Long run equilibrium: If the firms are both earning/losing... (3 things)1. Process of entry or exit continues until the remaining firms are earning zero economic profit at long run equilibrium. 2. P=ATC (here) 3. P>MC (here)6
1458395169Monopolistic vs. Perfect competition: (in a long run equilibrium) (2 things)1. Excess Capacity. 2. Markup over MC.7
1458395170Excess Capacity (3 things)1. The quantity of output that the monopolistic competitor produces is smaller than what would minimizes ATC (efficient scale). 2. This implies they have excess capacity (they could increase output and lower ATC). 3. In perfect competition, P=minATC (efficient scale)8
1458395171Markup over MC (2 things)1. Monopolistic competition, P>MC since they are a price maker (one source of inefficiency, implies DWL) 2. Perfect competition, P=MC9
1458395172Externalities associated with entry (2 things)1. Product variety externality. 2. Business stealing externality.10
1458395173Product variety externalityAs new firms enter, consumers gain surplus by having more choices (positive externality).11
1458395174Business stealing externalityWhen new firms enter they take away customers and profits from existing firms (negative externality)12

AP ART HISTORY WORKS AND DATES Flashcards

Prehistoric Art
Ancient Near-Eastern Art
Egyptian Art
Aegean Art
Greek Art
Etruscan Art
Roman Art
Early Christian, Early Jewish, and Byzantine Art
Islamic Art
Asian Art
Early Medieval Art
Romanesque Art
Gothic Art

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2475527729Woman of WillendorfPrehistoric (Paleolithic). 28,000-21,000 BCE. Limestone. Austria. (symbol of fertility)0
2475527730Venus of BrassempouyPrehistoric (Upper Paleolithic). 22,000 BCE. Ivory. (bust with first realistic depiction of face)1
2475527731Caves at AltamiraPrehistoric (Upper Paleolithic). 12,500 BCE. Limestone. Spain. (bison)2
2475527732Lascaux CavesPrehistoric (Paleolithic). 15,000 BCE. Limestone. Southern France. (cows, bulls, horses, deer)3
2475527733Chauvet CavePrehistoric (Upper Paleolithic). Oldest cave.4
2475527734StonehengePrehistoric (Neolithic). 21,000 BCE. Stone. Wiltshire, England. (burial site, post and lintels, mortise and tennon, cromlech: menhir and megalith)5
2475527735Ziggurat of UrAncient Near Eastern (Sumer). 2100 BCE. Mud Brick. Ur, Iraq. (for moon god Nanna, had temple at top)6
2475527736Stele of Naram SinAncient Near Eastern (Akkadian). 2254-2218 BCE. Sandstone. Louvre, Paris. (Depicted victory over Lullubi, blessed by gods but accomplished by Naram Sin wearing crown of divinity).7
2475527737Votive of GudeaAncient Near Eastern (Neo-Sumerian). 2141-2122 BCE. Diorite. (Depicts ancient Mesopotamian leader in worship)8
2475527738Stele of HammurabiAncient Near Eastern (Babylonian). 1780 BCE. Basalt. Louvre, Paris. (earliest written law code: 300 law entries, sun god Shamash hands Hammurabi a rope, a ring, a rod)9
2475527739Narmer PaletteEgyptian (Early Dynastic, Dynasty 1). 3000 BCE. Mudstone. Hierakonpolis. (Narmer wears crown of Upper Egypt and bull's tail (strength) triumphing over foes and holds rope around head with papyrus (lower egypt) HoS. Horus:falcon god. barefoot:sacred ground. 3 registers on back side and used to make makeup).10
2475527740Stepped Pyramid of DjoserEgyptian (Old Kingdom, Dynasty 3). 2630-2575 BCE. Created by Imhotep. Sandstone. Saqqara. (6 unequal steps: stairway to heavens? solid, except burial chamber below grounds believed ka inhabited it)11
2475527741Human-headed Winged BullAncient Near Eastern (Assyrian). 721-705 BCE. (Protective spirit guarding throne room)12
2475527742Seated ScribeOld Kingdom Egypt Dynasty 5. 2450-2325 BCE. Limestone, Louvre. (realistic/lifelike, red ochre, eyes are crystal more engaging)13
2475527743Mortuary Temple of HatshepsutNew Kingdom Egypt Dynasty 12. 1473-1458 BCE. Deir el-Bahri. (temple is coordinated with cliffs surrounding it, celebrates achievement of a woman)14
2475527744Temple of Ramses II at Abu SimbelNew Kingdom Egypt Dynasty 19. 1279-1213 BCE. Rock Cut tomb. (4 statues of Ramses II carved in situ w/small statues of Nefertari, sun god is visible)15
2475527745Coffin/Death Mask of TutankhamenNew Kingdom Egypt Dynasty 18. 1332-1322 BCE. Mask: Gold enamel with stones. Coffin: Gold inlaid with glass and stones. Lapis Lazuli. (discovered by Howard Carter in 1922. Tut found inside with 143 objects.)16
2475527746Cycladic FigurinesAegean (Cycladic). 2500 BCE. Marble. Athens. Both small, geometric shapes. Male: always doing something. EX: harpist, idea of harpist than depiction, holds harp. Female: outnumber male figurines, nude, found in graves, Idea > depiction. pelvic triangle & meant to lie on back17
2475527747Palace at KnossosAegean (Minoan). 1700-1400 BCE. Crete. stone, wood, paint. Columns: wood, mostly painted red. megaton design with black capitals. (meant for meeting place)18
2475527748Snake GoddessAegean (Minoan) 1600 BCE. Faience. Crete. Thin waist, exposed chest, layered ruffled skirt and apron and wide eyed (lol like sumerians) holds snakes and cat on head.19
2475527749Bull Leaping (Toreador Fresco)Aegean (Minoan) 1550-1450 BCE. Crete. Wall Painting from Palace at Knossos (reconstructed). Geometric border, typical clothing and pinched waist, ORGANIC shapes. asserted manhood. men depicted darker. no ground or straight lines.20
2475527750Harvester VaseAegean (Minoan) 1650-1450 BCE. Steatite. Rowdy scene of men marching to drum, not orderly but overlapping. Much emotion not idealized. EX of rhyton (poured liquids during religions ceremonies)21
2475527751Octopus JarAegean (Minoan) 1500-1450 BCE. Ceramic. Crete. Organic shape, as if flask was made for octopus' tentacles. very graceful and harmonious with sea creatures and energy of natural forms.22
2475527752Funerary Mask aka "Death Mask of Agamemnon"Aegean (Mycenaean) 1600 BCE. Gold. Athens. REPOUSSE (punched from back, opposite of chasing). Probably altered (mustache was not Mycenaean)found in 1876 in royal shaft. Had curlycue ears and slit eyes.23
2475527753Warrior VaseTRANSITION PIECE. Aegean (Mycenaean) 1300-1100 BCE. Ceramic. Woman bid farewell to men going to war, unemotional, more symbolic (woman's raised arm) Very different than Harvester Vase. Greek-styled spears, nonrealistic.24
2475527754Dying WarriorGreek (Archaic Period) 500-480 BCE. From Temple of Aphaia at Aegina. Marble. West: 500-480, statue has archaic smile, idealized form, little sense of struggle/pain. East: 490-489, twisted body, realistic, more emotion and sense of pain. Attempt to evoke Pathos by the depiction of the ideaaof dying warrior (west).25
2475527755KourosGreek (archaic) . 600 BCE. Marble. (General representation, grave marker, rigid like egyptian, nude with freed arms and legs (not attached to body). knotted hair with eyes wide open, shoulders broader than hips. idealized).26
2475527756Anavysos KourosGreek (archaic) 530 BCE. Marble with paint. hands clenched, nude, SLIGHT Archaic smile, freed, more lifelike/proportionate, round not rigid, eyes open and large. still a "type"27
2475527757"Peplos" KoreGreek (Archaic) 530 BCE. Marble. From Acropolis (remember calf bearer too, 560 bCE) Rounded body, clothed woman, accurate anatomy with archaic smile, type rather than specific. knotted hair28
2475527758"Kritios" BoyGreek (Classical) TRANSITIONAL. 480 BCE, Athens, Marble. Contrapposto, hair and eyes suggest archaic (knotted and large) suggested archaic smile, with blank look, angle.d29
2475527759Aphrodite of KnidosGreek (Late Classical) 350-340 BCE. Made by Praxiteles (Marble copy). Contrapposto. first depiction of a woman nude. (Aphrodite is bathing:humanizing gods) Suggests S-Curve. Transitional to Hellenistic. assembled from different copies30
2475527760Apollo from VeiiEtruscan. 510-500 BCE. Terra-Cotta. Pediment-peak statue. more energetic (stride forward) clothed, Greek Archaic Smile31
2475527761Tomb of the TricliniumEtruscan 480-470 BCE. Painted. AKA Tomb of the Leopards. From Tarqinia. Depicts Celebration with high energy. Geometric pattern.32
2475527762Reclining Couple on a SarcophagusEtruscan. 520 BCE. Terra Cotta. from Cerveteri. Very welcoming/engaging, welcome you in, robs held wine or good. More focus on upper body than legs.33
2475527763The Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)Roman. 72-80 CE. Rome. Concrete core in Brick covered in a limestone known as travertine. Rows of arches on top of each other with engaged columns: Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian, Flattened Corinthian. with barrel and groin vaults. Used for violent sports.34
2475527764The PantheonRoman. 118-125 CE. Rome. Dedicated to gods of ROme. Marcus Agrippa apparently built it. Round AND Square. contains porch with Corinthian capitals.35
2475527765Column of TrajanRoman. 113-116 CE. Marble. Covered n reliefs commemorating Trajan's victory over Dacians.36
2475527766Sarcophagus of Junius BassusChristian. Marble 359 CE. Rome. Christ is enthroned in this. Seen as Philosopher. Rome baptized on deathbed.Depict Adam and Eve being exiled from Paradise which is a parallel to the enthronement symbolizing Jesus' redemption37
2475527767Old St. Peter'sChristian. Built in 320 (after Christianity became accepted) CE Torn Down 1600 CE. Axially planned. Symbolized Christianity's Victory over paganism. Simple outside, fancy inside. glass mosaics wit wooden coffered ceiling.38
2475527768Sutton Hoo Ship BurialEarly Medieval (Saxon) 600-650 CE. gold garnet enamel. purse cover and shoulder clasp. depicts abstract designs based on animals: animal style. interlacing, cloisonne (labor intensive, sign of high status)39
2475527769Lindesfarne GospelsEarly Medieval (hiberno saxon) 700 CE. tempura on vellum St. Matthew depiction. Angel is symbol of matthew. man behind curtain is possibly moses or Christ or divine intervention from God. Byzantine-like. St. Matthew is labeled, Angel's hand is covered. flattened linear elements and unrealistic cloth. gospel writing pose as if a burden.40
2475527770Head of a Roman PatricianAncient Rome. (Republic). 75-50 BCE. Marble. Otricoli, Italy. Depicting wealthy land owners of Rome.41
2475527771Augustus PrimaportaAncient Rome (Early Empire). copy of bronze original. Done in Greek style. Portrayed as a god and a general. c. 20 BCE. Marble.42
2475527772Santa SabinaLate Antiquity (Constantine). 422-432. Rome, Italy. (follows basilica plan)43
2475527773Rebecca and Eliezer at the WellLate Antiquity. Early 16th century. Tempera gold and silver. manuscript.44
2475527774Great StupaSouth[east] Asia. 3rd century BCE. Sanchi, India.45
2475527775Sainte-FoyRomanesque. 11th century. Gold leaf, silver, wood.46
2475527776Bayeux TapestryHoly Roman Empire. embroidered.47
2475527777Chartes CathedralGothic. 1145-1155. Chartes, France.48
2475527778Rottgen PietyGothic. 14th c. Painted wood. German.49
2475527779Giotto's LamentationLate Medieval. 1305. Fresco. Chiaroscura.50
2475527780Arnolfini WeddingItalian Gothic. 1434. Jan Van Eyck. Oil on Canvas.51
2475527781DavidItalian Gothic. 1430. Donatello. Bronze. (possibly represents Donatello's sexuality)52
2475527782Madonna with Child and Two AngelsItalian Gothic. 1457-1460. Filippo Lippi. Oil on Canvas. Florence, Italy.53
2475527783Birth of VenusItalian Gothic. 1486. Botticelli. Oil on Canvas. (commissioned by Medici's)54
2475527784Last SupperNorthern European Ren. 1498. Da Vinci.55
2475527785The Fall of Man (Adam&Eve)Northern European Ren. 1504. Duhrer. Engraving.56
2475527786School of AthensNorthern European Ren. 1509. Raphael. Oil on Canvas.57
2475527787Venus of UrbinoNorthern European Ren. 1538. Titian. OIl on Canvas.58
2475527788Isenheim Altar PieceNorthern European Ren. 1510. Grunewald. Carved Wood.59
2475527789Law and GraceNorthern European. 1530. Cranach. Woodcut.60
2475527790Hunters in the SnowNorthern European. 1565. Bruegel the Elder. Oil on Wood.61
2475527791Ecstasy of Saint TheresaBaroque. 1645. Bernini. Marble. Rome62
2475527792Las MeninasBaroque. 1656. Diego Velazquez. Oil on Canvas.63
2475527793The Calling of St. MatthewBaroque. 1599. Caravaggio. Oil on Canvas64
2475527794Frontis Piece of the Codex MendozaBaroque. 1541. Pigment on Paper. Spain65
2475527795Self Portrait with SaskiaBaroque N. Europe. 1636. Remembrandt. etching.66
2475527796Woman Holding a BalanceBaroque N. Europe. 1664. Vermeer. Oil on Canvas.67
2475527797The SwingNeo-Classicism. 1767. Fragoniard. Oil on Canvas.68
2475527798The Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the OrreryNeo-Classicism. 1763. Joseph Wright of Derby. Oil on canvas.69
2475527799Self PortraitNeo-Classicism. 1790. Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun. Oil on canvas.70
2475527800The Oath of the HoratiNeo-Classicism. 1784. David. Oil on canvas.71
2475527801George WashingtonNeo-Classicism. 1788-1792. Houdon. Marble.72
2475527802Thomas Jefferson's MonticelloNeo-Classicism. 1770-1806. Thomas Jefferson. Virginia.73
2475527803La Grande OdalisqueRomanticism. 1814. Ingres. Oil on canvas.74
2475527804Liberty Leading the PeopleRomanticism. 1830. Delacroix. Oil on canvas.75
2475527805The Slave ShipRomanticism. 1840. William Turner. Oil on canvas.76
2475527806The OxbowRomanticism. 1836. Thomas Cole. Oil on canvas.77
2475527807The StonebreakersRealism. 1849. Gustave Courbet.Oil on canvas.78
2475527808Still Life in StudioRealism. 1837. Daguerre. Daguerre-otype.79
2475527809OlympiaRealism. 1863. Eduoard Manet. Oil on canvas.80
2475527810Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of ArtRealism. 1862. Daumier. lithograph.81
2475527811Horse GallopingRealism. 1878. Muybridge. Photograph.82
2475527812La Gare Saint-LazareRealism. 1877. Monet. Oil on canvas.83
2475527813Starry NightPost Impressionism. 1889. Van Gogh. Oil on canvas84
2475527814The Coiffure StudyPost Impressionism. 1891. Mary Cassatt. Aquatint on paper.85
2475527815Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?Post Impressionism. 1897. Paul Gaugin.86
2475527816Mount St. VictoirePost Impressionism. 1902-1904. Cezanne.87
2475527817The ScreamPost Impressionism. 1893. Munch. Tempera and pastel on cardboard.88
2475527818Les Demoiselles d'AvignonModernism. 1907. Pablo Picasso. Oil on canvas89
2475527819PortugueseModernism. 1911. George Braque. Oil on Canvas.90
2475527820The FountainModernism. 1917. Duchamp. Found object.91
2475527821The Steerage1907. Alfred Stieglitz. Photograph.92
2475527822The Kiss1907. Gustav Klimt. Oil on canvas with gold leaf.93
2475527823The Kiss1907. Brancusi. Limestone.94
2475527824Goldfish1912. Matisse. Oil on canvas.95
2475527825Improvisation1912. Kandinsky. Oil on canvas.96
2475527826Self Portrait as a Soldier1915. Kirchner. Oil on canvas.97
2475527827Memorial sheet for Karl Liebknecht1919. Kathe Kollwitz. Woodcut.98
2475527828Composition with red blue and yellow1930. Mondrian. Oil on canvas.99

AP Biology Chapter 18 Microbial Models: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria Flashcards

Campbell Reece Biology 6th edition

Terms : Hide Images
294675723capsidsdf0
294675724viral envelopessdaf1
294675725bacteriophages...2
294675726phages...3
294675727host range...4
294675728lytic cycle...5
294675729virulent phage...6
294675730temperate phage...7
294675731prophage...8
294675732lysogenic cycle...9
294675733retrovirus...10
294675734reverse transcriptase...11
294675735provirus...12
294675736HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)...13
294675737AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)...14
294675738vaccine...15
294675739viroid...16
294675740prion...17
294675741nucleoid...18
294675742transformation...19
294675743transduction...20
294675744generalized transduction...21
294675745specialized transduction...22
294675746conjugation...23
294675747F factor...24
294675748plasmid...25
294675749episome...26
294675750F plasmid...27
294675751R plasmid...28
294675752transposon...29
294675753insertion sequence...30
294675754operator...31
294675755operon...32
294675756repressor...33
294675757regulatory gene...34
294675758corepressor...35
294675759inducer...36
294675760cyclic (cAMP)...37
294675761cAMP receptor protein (CRP)...38

AP AB Calculus Flash Cards Flashcards

AP Calculus AB, calculus terms and theorems

Terms : Hide Images
245235911610
245235911701
2452359119f is continuous at x=c if...2
2452359120Intermediate Value TheoremIf f is continuous on [a,b] and k is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number c such that f(c)=k3
2452359121Definition of a Derivative4
2452359122Alternative Definition of a Derivativef '(x) is the limit of the following difference quotient as x approaches c5
2452359123nx^(n-1)6
245235912417
2452359125cf'(x)8
2452359126f'(x)+g'(x)9
2452359128f'(x)-g'(x)10
2452359129uvw'+uv'w+u'vw11
2452359130cos(x)12
2452359131-sin(x)13
2452359132sec²(x)14
2452359133-csc²(x)15
2452359134sec(x)tan(x)16
2452359135dy/dx17
2452359136f'(g(x))g'(x)18
2452359137Extreme Value TheoremIf f is continuous on [a,b] then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [a,b]. The global extrema occur at critical points in the interval or at endpoints of the interval.19
2452359138Critical NumberIf f'(c)=0 or does not exist, and c is in the domain of f, then c is a critical number. (Derivative is 0 or undefined)20
2452359140Mean Value TheoremThe instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line.21
2452359141First Derivative Test for local extrema22
2452359142Point of inflection at x=k23
24523591432nd derivative testIf f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)<0, there is a local max on f at x=c. If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)>0, there is a local min on f at x=c.24
2452359144Horizontal Asymptote25
2452359145L'Hopital's Rule26
2452359146x+c27
2452359147sin(x)+C28
2452359148-cos(x)+C29
2452359149tan(x)+C30
2452359150-cot(x)+C31
2452359151sec(x)+C32
2452359152-csc(x)+C33
2452359153Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #1The definite integral of a rate of change is the total change in the original function.34
2452359154Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #235
2452359155Mean Value Theorem for integrals or the average value of a functions36
2452359156ln(x)+C37
2452359157-ln(cosx)+C = ln(secx)+Chint: tanu = sinu/cosu38
2452359158ln(sinx)+C = -ln(cscx)+C39
2452359159ln(secx+tanx)+C = -ln(secx-tanx)+C40
2452359160ln(cscx+cotx)+C = -ln(cscx-cotx)+C41
2452359161If f and g are inverses of each other, g'(x)42
2452359162Exponential growth (use N= )43
2452359163Area under a curve44
2452359164Formula for Disk MethodAxis of rotation is a boundary of the region.45
2452359165Formula for Washer MethodAxis of rotation is not a boundary of the region.46
2452359166Inverse Secant Antiderivative47
2452359167Inverse Tangent Antiderivative48
2452359168Inverse Sine Antiderivative49
2452359169Derivative of eⁿ50
2452359170ln(a)*aⁿ+C51
2452359171Derivative of ln(u)52
2452359172Antiderivative of f(x) from [a,b]53
2452359174Antiderivative of xⁿ54
2452359175Adding or subtracting antiderivatives55
2452359176Constants in integrals56
2452359183Natural log functionD: (0,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)57
2452359186Absolute value functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: [0,+∞)58
2452359187Greatest integer functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)59
2452359188Logistic functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (0, 1)60
2452359189Given f(x): Is f continuous @ C Is f' continuous @ CYes lim+=lim-=f(c) No, f'(c) doesn't exist because of cusp61
2452359190Given f'(x): Is f continuous @ c? Is there an inflection point on f @ C?This is a graph of f'(x). Since f'(C) exists, differentiability implies continuouity, so Yes. Yes f' decreases on XC so f''>0 A point of inflection happens on a sign change at f''62

Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912 Flashcards

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2234365643Henry Demarest Lloydwrote "Wealth against Commonwealth" which criticized the Standard Oil Company0
2234366712Thorstein Veblenwrote "the Theory of Leisure Class" which attacked the new rich and said that the leisure class engaged in money making simply to make money ("business") instead of money making to satisfy real societal needs ("industry")1
2234367467Jacob RiisDanish immigrant and reported for the New York Sun, wrote "How the Other Half Lives" which detailed the dirt, disease, vice, and misery that was prominent in NY slums. Heavily influenced Roosevelt2
2234367468Lincoln Steffenslaunched a series of articles in "McClure's" titled "The shame of the Cities" which unmasked corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government3
2234368492Theodore Dreiserwrote "The Financier" and "The Titan" which slayed promoters and profiteers4
2234370068Ida Tarbellpioneering journalist who published a devastating but factual expose of the Standard Oil Company5
2234371096Robert M. La Follettemilitant progressive Republican who became governor of Wisconsin in 1901. wrestled with lumber and railroad "interests" and shifted the power from crooked corporations to people6
2234372273Hiram JohnsonRepublican gov of California who entered office in 1910. prosecuted grafters and broke the grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics7
2234372274Frances Willardfounder of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) got 1 million women to join the cause against alcohol. The WCTU was joined by the Anti-Saloon League. They were well-organized and well-financed.8
2234373785Florence KelleyOnce a resident at Jane Addams' Hull House, she later became Illinois' first chief factory inspector and one of the nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions. In 1899, took control of National Consumers League, which motivated female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children9
2234375418Upton Sinclairwrote "The Jungle" which was meant to focus attention on the difficulties workers in big meat canning factories face. instead he disgusted the public with descriptions of unsanitary food10
2234376321John Muirnaturalist that believed Hetch Hetchy Valley, located in Yosemite, was a "temple" of nature that should not be violated by people ever11
2234378030Gifford Pinchota dedicated conservationist, and head of the federal Division of Forestry. said "wilderness was waste" bc he did not support silly romantic efforts to save trees. he wanted to use the nation's nature intelligently12
2234378031Eugene V. Debshero of the Pullman strike (sound familiar?? thats bc it is!)13
2234379268Nelson W AldrichSenator who favored high tariffs; added many increases to the Payne-Aldrich bill while it was in the Senate. When passed and signed by Taft, the Payne-Aldrich Bill actually broke Taft's low-tariff campaign promise and angered many.14
2234380662William Howard Taftpresident that succeeded Roosevelt,15
2234380677Richard Ballinger16
2234381697Initiativeprogressive reformers favored voters being able to directly propose legislation themselves, thus bypassing the boss-bought state legislatures17
2234382877Referenduma device that would place laws on the ballot for final approval by the people, esp. laws that had been railroaded through a compliant legislature by free-spending agents of big business18
2234382878Recallallowed people to remove elected officials, particularly those bribed by bosses or lobbyists19
2234384336Conservationan effort to stop the meaningless squander of valuable natural resources20
2234385257Preservationisman attempt to preserve America's wilderness, esp the western landscape, aka the frontier, since it played a huge part in shaping America's character21
2234385258"rule of reason"22
2234386725muckrackersjournalists who went out of their way to expose scandals and reveal the truth23
2234388181Seventeenth Amendmentestablished the direct election of U.S. senators24
2234388182Eighteenth AmendmentProhibition25
2234390391Elkins Actfines would be imposed on railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them26
2234392057Hepburn Actfree passes, which often included bribery, were restricted by this act. Interstate Commerce Commission expanded to include express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. The commission would be allowed to nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates if shippers complained27
2234393024Northern securities caseTheodore Roosevelt challenged the Northern Securities Company, organized by J.P Morgan. The railroad promoters appealed to the supreme court, but the supreme court backed Roosevelt's antitrust suit and dissolved the company28
2234394217Women's Trade Union Leaguean organization with which female activists hoped to keep children out of mills and sweatshops, attack tuberculosis in airless tenements, win pensions for mothers w/ dependent children, and to make sure only safe food is put onto families' tables29
2234395905Muller v. Oregoncourt case in which Louis D. Brandeis argued that laws protecting women from harsh working conditions should be recognized by the supreme court30
2234397097Lochner v. New Yorkcase in which the supreme court invalidated a NY law establishing 10 hr days. later became a law in 1917 thx to the judiciary court31
2234397098Triangle Shirtwaist firefactory fire that killed 146 workers, mostly immigrant women, bc laws regulating factories were not being enforced by the company. Due to public pressure, NY legislature passed stricter laws enforcing regulations.32
2234398227The Junglebook by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, described in detail the filth, disease, and putrefaction in Chicago's gross slaughterhouses33
2234398228Pure Food and Drug Actdesigned to keep the mislabeling of food and drugs34
2234399042Newlands Actpassed in 1902, allowed the federal government to collect $$$ from the sale of public lands in the west in order to fund the development of irrigation projects35
2234400440Sierra Cluban environmental organization founded by John Muir that hoped to spread conservationist and preservationist efforts36
2234400441Yosemite National Parkrly big national park in California where Hetch Hetchy Valley is located. there was quite a stir when the federal gov. approved San Francisco's plan to turn the valley into a dam37
2234401322Dollar diplomacyPresident Taft encouraged a policy called "Dollar Diplomacy" where Americans invested in foreign countries to gain power.38
2234403910New Nationalismthis bel39
2234403911Ballinger-Pinchot affairSec. of Interior Richard Ballinger said that public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska would be open for development, but Pinchot, a preservationist, disagreed. Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot. This was an unpopular move.40
2234405150Old Guard41

Undergraduate Econometrics Flashcards

ISUP - Undergrad econometrics prep.

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1576675683What is the estimated slope of the OLS?0
1576675684What does the ^ in equations mean?The Hat means that this is the PREDICTED values. Hence, not the actual values for the population1
1576675685What is this equations? ûi = Yi-Yhat.iThe error term - Being the deviation from the regression line.2
1576675686What are the 5 Simple linear regression assumption?••Assumption SLR.1 (Linear in parameters) ••Assumption SLR.2 (Random sampling) ••Assumption SLR.3 (Sample variation in explanatory variable) ••Assumption SLR.4 (Zero conditional mean) ••Assumption SLR.5 (Homoskedasticity)3
1576675687What is the total variation and how is it meassured?4
1576675688How do you meassure goodness of fit, and what is the formula?5
1576675689What is the definition and formula for SST?6
1576675690What is the definition and formula for SSE?7
1576675691What is the definition and formula for SSR?8
1576677294If H0: β1 = 0 and β2 = 0, how many restrictions are there?Two9
1576677295Homoskedasticity defn.Variance of error term is constant, Var(Yi I Xi') = Var(Yi I Xi'')10
1576677296Heteroskedasticity defn.Variance of error term is not constant, Var(Yi I Xi') < Var(Yi I Xi'')11
1576677297How does adding additional regressors affect R2?It inflates it, (R2 = 1 - SSR/TSS)...SSR increases. We need the adj. R212
1576677298Pitfalls of R2 and adj. R2 with regards to significance, correlation and causality1. An increase in R2 or adj. R2 does not mean the added variable is statistically significant 2. Correlation does not mean causality 3. A high R2 or adj. R2 does not mean there is not OVB (the reverse is also true) 4. A high R2 or adj. R2 does not mean I13
1576677299How do we know if a regressor is statistically significant?Perform a t-test ( or look at)14
1576677300If R2 is low then we know what about the goodness of fit?Goodness of fit = (SSE/SST); if it is low then there are a lot of extraneous factors effecting Y other than X.15
1576677301What is the regressor ?The X variable16
1576677302What relation do the fitted residuals and the regressor have to satisfy?The values of X must not contain any information about the mean of the residuals: Σ ÛiXi = 017
1576677303What is the equation for the "true" regression model corresponding with the linear empirical model of Y and X?Yi = α + β(Xi) + εi where Xi and Yi need to be specifically defined (say where Xi = age and Yi = earnings)18
1576677304R^2 formula1- SSR/TSS19
1576677305Adj. R^2 formula1 - [(n -1)/(n - k -1)] - SSR/TSS20
1576701555Please list 3 synonyms for the Y-variableThe dependant variable, the explained variable, the response variable, regressant21
1576701556Please list 3 synonyms for the X-variableIndependant variable, explanatory variable, regressor22
1576701557What is the difference between a parameter and a variable?The parameters are the Beta's and the variables are the X's in connection with each beta. Each parameter is the estimated relationship between the independant and dependant variable for the population.23
1576701558Which values can R^2 be?024
1576727579Explain "Exogenous variable" and what it means for MLR 4X is uncorrelated with Ui, meaning that no variation in the variable can be explained by the error terms. MLR.4 holds if all explanatory variables (x's) are exogenous. Exogeneity is the key assumption for a causal interpretation of the regression, and for unbiasedness of the OLS estimators25
1576727580Explain "Endogenous variable" and what it means for MLR 4X is correlated with Ui, meaning that variation in the variable can be explained by the error terms. (bad!). ; endogeneity is a violation of assumption MLR.426
1576727581How can you Fix multicollinarity in a regression?Drop one of the multicollinear variables or a constant and run the regression again.27
1576727582What is the formula for degrees of freedom?(N-k-1)28
1576727583What does zero conditional mean, mean?The value of the explanatory variables must contain no information about the mean of the unobserved factors.29
1576728035Explain the "Unbiasedness of OLS" theorem in words:On average the coefficients will be the same if the drawing is repeated multiple times.30
1576749781What are the standard assumptions for the multiple regression model?Assumption MLR.1 (Linear in parameters) Assumption MLR.2 (Random sampling) Assumption MLR.3 (No perfect collinearity) Assumption MLR.4 (Zero conditional mean) Assumption MLR.5 (Homoscedasticity) Assumption MLR.6 (Normality in error terms)31
1576751967Which equation describes Assumption MLR.1 (Linear in parameters)?Y= B0 + B2X2 +...+ BkXk + u32
1576751968Which equation describes Assumption MLR.4 (Zero conditional mean)?E(Ui I Xi) = 033
1576749782Is Assumption MLR.3 (No perfect collinearity) hard to meet?No. It only rules out PERFECT collinearity. Hence, close to perfect is ok. Constants are ruled out (collinear with intercept)34
1576751969Is Assumption MLR.4 (Zero conditional mean) E(Ui I Xi) = 0 hard to meet? Comparing simple to multiple regressionNo. In a multiple regression model, the zero conditional mean assumption is much more likely to hold because fewer things end up in the error35
1576755753Which equation describes Assumption MLR.5 (Homoscedasticity)?Var( Ui I Xi1, Xi2,..., Xik) = s^236
1576755754When is OLS the best estimator?OLS is only the best estimator (best linear unbiased estimator BLUE) if MLR.1 - MLR.5 hold; if there is heteroscedasticity for example, there are better estimators.37
1581273609What is an interaction term and what is the interpretation?A combination term, allowing the change in Y to be a function of a combination of sex, race etc.38
1581275287What is the equation used to find the T-value? t(calc)39
1581277450With n>120, what is the critical value for the 5% confidence level?1,9640
1581277451With n>120, what is the critical value for the 10% confidence level?1,6541
1581277452With n>120, what is the critical value for the 1% confidence level?2,5842
1581278882According to Carol, should you drop parameters that are not statistically significant?No. While it may not be significant in the population, it will still belong to the model formulated and should be left in. Exception is "^2"-terms. You include both the normal and the quadratic term. If the quadratic term is not significant, you drop it, but keep the normal43
1581281179What is the formula for the T-statistic for other values than 0?44
1584654780What is the equation for normality in error terms?45
1584663655What does the central limit theorem state?Central limit theorem (CLT) states that, the arithmetic mean of a sufficiently large number of iterates of independent random variables, each with a well-defined expected value and well-defined variance, will be approximately normally distributed46
1584663656What is a type 1 error?That you reject a true Ho47
1584663657What is a type 2 error?That you fail to reject a false Ho48
1584663658What is the probability of making a type 1 error?The p-value is the probability of making a type 1 error, GIVEN THAT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS IS TRUE. If the null hypothesis is false, then it is impossible to make a type 1 error.49
1584676198In the population, there is no difference between men and women on a certain test. However, you found a difference in your sample. The probability value for the data was .03, so you rejected the null hypothesis. What type of error did you make?Type 150
1584676199It has been shown many times that on a certain memory test, recognition is substantially better than recall. However, the probability value for the data from your sample was .12, so you were unable to reject the null hypothesis that recall and recognition produce the same results. What type of error did you make?Type 251
1584676200As the p-value gets lower, which error rate also gets lower?Type 152
1584676201If the null hypothesis is false, you cannot make which kind of error?Type 153
1584696096What is the "R. Fisher approach" to conducting significance tests?If the probability is below 0.01, the data provide strong evidence that the null hypothesis is false. If the probability value is below 0.05 but larger than 0.01, then the null hypothesis is typically rejected, but not with as much confidence as it would be if the probability value were below 0.01. Probability values between 0.05 and 0.10 provide weak evidence against the null hypothesis and, by convention, are not considered low enough to justify rejecting it54
1584696097What is the "Neyman and Pearson approach" to conducting significance tests?The analyst specify an α level before analyzing the data. If the data analysis results in a probability value below the α level, then the null hypothesis is rejected; if it is not, then the null hypothesis is not rejected. According to this perspective, if a result is significant, then it does not matter how significant it is. Moreover, if it is not significant, then it does not matter how close to being significant it is. Therefore, if the 0.05 level is being used, then probability values of 0.049 and 0.001 are treated identically. Similarly, probability values of 0.06 and 0.34 are treated identically.55
1584696098What are the benefits of using log functions?Convenient percentage/elasticity interpretation Slope coefficients of logged variables are invariant to rescalings Taking logs often eliminates/mitigates problems with outliers Taking logs often helps to secure normality and homoscedasticity56
1584696099When should log functions not be used?Variables measured in units such as years and percentage points should not be logged Logs must not be used if variables take on zero or negative values57
1584698638What is the equation for adjusted R2?58
1584713440How can you tell if a model has omitted variable bias?occurs when a model is created which incorrectly leaves out one or more important causal factors. The "bias" is created when the model compensates for the missing factor by over- or underestimating the effect of one of the other factors.59
1586244699What is the marginal effect of a log-log model?(%∆y) / (%∆x)60
1586244700What is the marginal effect og a log-lin model?(%∆y) / (∆x)61
1586244701What is the marginal effect of a lin-log model?(∆x) / (%∆y)62
1586244702What is the interpretation of the log-log model ln(y) = -0,85ln(Xi) ? Where y = sales and x= price?A 1% increase in price yields a 0,85% decrease in sales63
1586244703What is the interpretation of the log-lin model ln(y) = 0,08X, where y=wage and x= yrs education?An additional year of education yields an 8% increase in wage64
1586244704What is the interpretation of the lin-log model y=65,32ln(x), where y= consumption spending and x=income in $ ?A 1% increase in X yields a 65,32/100 change in y, or $0,653265
1586967455What is the interpretation of the lin-log model y=36,42ln(x), where y= test score and x=income ?A 1% increase in income yields a 0,3642 increase in test scores66
1586967456What is the interpretation of the log-lin model ln(y) = 0,0128X, where y=earnings and x= age?A 1 year increase in age yields a 1,28% increase in earnings67
1586967457What is the interpretation of the log-log model ln(y) = 0,0554ln(Xi) ? Where y = test scores and x= income?A 1% increase in income yields a 0,0554% increase in test scores68
1586967458Explain how to interpret Lin-log modelsA 1% increase in X gives a 0,01BETA increase in Y69
1586967459Explain how to interpret log-lin modelsA 1 unit increase in X yields a 100*BETA % increase in Y70
1586967460Explain how to interpret log-log modelsA 1% increase in X yields a BETA %increase in Y71
1586967461What is important to note about linearity and parameters/variables?We assume linearity in the PARAMETERS, not the variables72
1586974695What is the formal equation for the confidence interval?β ̂ - (t_crit)*(seβ ̂ ) ≤ β ≤ β + (t_crit) * (seβ ̂ )73
1586974696When using T-test when do you reject the null?When Tcal > tTcrit74
1586974697What is the equation for the F-statistic?F = (R2/K)/((1-R2)/(n-k-1))75
1586974698What does the F-statistic meassure?We are testing whether ANY of the B's are statistically signifikant76
1586974699What is variance inflation factor?The variance inflation factor tells you how much a parameter is inflated, compared to if the variable had been completely uncorrelated to the other variables in the model. It means that there is some degree of multicollinearity in the model.77
1586974700What would it mean if the variance inflation factor of a predictor variable were 5.27 ?This means that the standard error for the coefficient of that predictor variable is 2.3 times (√5.27 = 2.3) as large as it would be if that predictor variable were uncorrelated with the other predictor variables.78
1586976958What is the rule of thumb for the max size of VIF?Below 1079
1586976959If you have multicollinearity (high VIF) in a model, what can you do?1) Drop the offending variable if it makes sense. 2) Get more data if possible 3) Live with it and explain the issue.80
1844430226True or False: The heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors are always bigger than the usual standard errorsFalse. While most often true, it is not a given fact.81
1897390532If there is heteroskedasticity present, can an OLS estimator still be unbiased and efficient?The estimator can still be unbiased (1-4), but the estimator will be asymtotically inefficient in the presence of heteroskedasticity.82
1904556233Whats is the difference between having MLR 1-4, MLR 1-6 and MLR 1-5+large sample?MLR 1-4: Unbiased and consistent. MLR 1-6 is Exact tests MLR1-5+"large sample" means asymtotically valid tests83
1904556234What is MLR 6?Normality in the error term84
1904561649What are the four causes of endogeniety?Wrong functional form. (^2 or similar) Omitted variable bias. Simultaneity Measurement error85
1904561650Which 2 things needs to be fulfilled in order to have an omitted variable bias?An effect: B≠0 and a correlation (X1, X2) ≠ 086
1904569406When carrying out hypothesis tests, which two interpretations are important? And what should always be mentioned before the null hypothesis?Both the statitic and the economic 1) Assumptions 2) Test-size t(375)=xx.x (show how it's calculated) + significance level 3) Conclusion 4) A nice drawing of the standard normal87
1904577419How is the correlation calculated?COV(A,B)/ (σa*σb)88
1904639821Breush pagan and graphic tests are coming for the examn...89
1906294551What is the first order condition for OLS?SUM(Yi-Bohat-B1ihatX1i-B2ihatX2i-...-BjihatXji) = 090
2096510629Which moment is SLR4?The first moment91
2096510650Which moment is SLR5?The 2nd moment92
2096510981What is the mathematical equation for MLR 5?93
2096513282What is the mathematical equation for the variance of the OLS estimator?94
2096514097The true variance is unknown, but how can it be estimated and what is the formula? (for a simple model with 1 regressor)95
2096517526What is the matrix formulation of the OLS estimator?96
2096524148How can you relate two SLR models compared to a single MLR model with aux regress?1) You regress X1 on X2 2) Then regress Y on the errors from this regression97
2096527200What are causes for violations of MLR4?1) Incorrect functional form 2) Omitted variables 3) Simultaneity (x causes y, y causes x) 4) Measurement error (attenuation bias)98
2096537809What is a general formula for omitted variable bias?99
2096538323What is the formula for homoskedasticity?100
2096542355What are the needed steps for hypothesis testing?101
2096547485What is the equation for inconsistency (asymptotic bias) in the OLS? (simple)102
2096552979When is the OLS asymtotically efficient?Under MLR1-5 + a large sample103
2096553814What is the equation for the LM test statistic?104
2096554460How do you carry out an LM test?105
2097430993What is the equation for the chow test with two groups?106
2097431313What is the general form of the chow test?107
2097432745How does the variance look with heteroskedasticity?108
2097433388What are the implications if the errors are heteroscedastic?109
2097434087What is the equation for the robust variance? (White 1980)110
2097447354How does robust OLS and weighted least squares perform in small samples?WLS performs fine, but Robust OLS needs a large sample to be asymtotically valie.111
2097451710What is the equation for the Breusch-Pagan test and what test is used?112
2098567714What is the null and alternative hypothesis for the Breusch Pagan test?Ho= Homoskedasticity Ha= Heteroskedasticity113
2098569820How is the classic (big) white test formulated?The white test, tests that u^2 is uncorrelated with 1) the explanatory variables, 2) their squared terms and 3) the cross products. Hence, for k=3 there will be 9 regressors. It will test against a LM test n*R2114
2098575419How is the simplified White test formulated?The simplified white test, tests that u^2 is uncorrelated with 1) the explanatory variables, 2) their squared terms115
2098578136What is the null and alternatively hypothesis in the white test?116
2098586206How do you apply weighted least squares?If the type of heteroscedasticity is a known function of the explanatory variables "h(x)", by dividing all parameters (and the error term) with the square root of h(x)117
2098590748What is the formal equation for weighted least squares?118
2098591166What is the error term in WLS, and what is it's properties? (both regarding expectations and variance)119
2098592512What is the intercept of WLS? Is WLS unbiased, efficient and BLUE? Which tests are valid using WLS?120
2098599375A121
2098599565A122
2098600956Described in words, what does Feasible GLS do?Feasible GLS tries to model the heterescedasticity and thereafter correct for it.123
2098605341What is the procedure for FGLS?124
2098647670What are the two main assumptions(requirements) an instrument "Z" has to satisfy?125
2098650249What is the equation for the IV estimator?126
2098651575What are generally the main issues with using the IV-estimator?127
2098654191What happens if you have a "weak" instrument (z and x are not highly correlated)?A low correlation will greatly inflate the variance of the IV estimator.128
2098655858What is the difference between the variance of the of the OLS estimator and the IV estimator?129
2098662940What are the requirements for the instruments in a IV regression with more than one instrument?130
2098664032What is the matrix notation for the IV estimator?131
2098666902IV Q1 - answer next slide132
2098667071IV Q1 - answerC133
2098674754What are the 2 steps for 2SLS?134
2098687870What does the dif-in-dif estimator measure?The dif-in-dif estimator measures the difference between a policy change over time.135
2102602150What are the assumptions for the first differences model and which assumptions are different from the OLS?136
2102605743What is the equation for the first difference estimator?137
2102606377How does OLS estimates compare to FD estimates and which should you use?138
2102609188What is the equation for the fixed effects estimator?139

The Scarlet Letter Vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
36537123thronga great number of persons crowded together0
36537124edificea large, usually impressive building1
36537125allotto divide or distribute in shares2
36537126congenialpleasant, friendly3
36537127betokenedgiven evidence of4
36537128indubitablyunquestionably5
36537129heterodoxholding unorthodox opinions or doctrines6
36537130firewaterstrong alcoholic beverage7
36537131venerablemade sacred especially by religious or historical association8
36537132improprietythe quality or state of being improper9
36537133malefactressa person who violates the law or does evil10
36537134hussya saucy or mischievous girl11
36537135meridianmidday; noon12
36537136iniquitywickedness13
36537137mienappearance; aspect14
36537138contumelyrude language or treatment arising from haughtiness and contempt15
36537139remonstranceobjection16
36537140furrowswrinkles17
36537141abateput an end to18
36537142sojourna temporary stay19
36537143sagacitywisdom20
36537144garbclothing21
36537145amenablewilling to yield or submit, agreeable22
36537146peremptoryleaving no opportunity for denial or refusal23
36537147paramouran illicit lover24
36537148vivifyto endure w/ life or renew life; animate25
36537149fainrather26
36537150plebeianone of the common people27
36537151talismansomething producing apparently magical or miraculous effects28
36537152mutabilitysubject to change29
36537153capricea sudden, impulsive change; whim30
36537154dearthscarcity, lack, or famine31
36537155repletefully or abundantly provided or filled; complete32
36537156wanpale or sickly33
36537157antiquatedobsolete, outdated34
36537158piousof or pertaining to religious devotion35
36537159emaciatedvery thin, as to lack of nutrition or to disease36
36537160boona favor37
36537161appellationan identifying name or title38
36537162propoundto offer up for discussion or consideration39
36537163commodiousnesscomfortable or conveniently spacious; roomy40
36537164palliateto cover by excuses or apologies41
36537165balkedto stop short and refuse to proceed42
36537166dankcold and damp43
36537167eruditepossessing or displaying knowledge; learned44

AP World History Greece and Rome Flashcards

Classical Civilization Mediterreanean : Greece and Rome

Terms : Hide Images
1531808618I. The Persian Tradition...0
15318086191. Describe the achievements and significance of the Persians.550 B.C.E., Cyrus the Great= Persian Empire across northern Middle East & into n.w India. Persians tolerant of local cus¬toms; developed iron technology; new religion-Zoroastrianism; and lively artistic style. Persians =limited influence on Mediterranean coast> ulti¬mately defeated Alexander the Great, Persian language /culture survived periodically affecting developments in region into 20th century.1
1531808620II. Patterns of Greek and Roman History...2
15318086212. Describe the characteristics of Greek political development 800 - 600 B.C.E.Political development in Greece based on city-states, rather than single political unit. Each city-state had its own government, typically a tyranny of one ruler or aristocratic coun¬cil. Penin¬sula was so divided by mountains that unified government would have been difficult to establish.3
15318086223. Describe the differences between Sparta and Athens and explain when Athens reached its greatest height.Sparta=military aristocracy dominating a slave population; Athens= commercial state with extensive use of slaves. 500- 449 B.C.E., two states cooperated to defeat a huge Persian invasion. After Persian war period Athenian culture =highest point, developed more colonies in e. Mediterranean & s. Italy.4
15318086234. Describe the rule of Pericles in Athens.Pericles leader of Athens during Golden Age Peloponnesian.5
15318086245. Explain the cause and long term effects of the Peloponnesian War. (Philip II of Macedon)Athens & Sparta fought for control of Greece in Peloponnesian Wars. (431-404 B.C.E.) Sparta won, but war greatly weakened both sides. Philip II of Macedon invaded from north & conquered Greece 338 B.C.E.6
15318086256. Describe the extent of the empire of Alexander the Great.Philip II's son Alexander extended Macedon¬ian Empire through Middle East, across Persia to border of India& southward through Egypt.7
15318086267. Describe the characteristics of the Hellenistic period.After Alexander's death empire divided among 3 generals. Greek art/ culture merged with other Middle Eastern cultures in Hellenistic period. Trade flour¬ished & important scientific advancements were made in centers Alexandria in Egypt. Hellenistic =spread of Greek civilization even after its political decline.8
15318086278. Describe the establishment and spread of the Roman Republic.(Punic Wars)Roman state began as local monarchy in central Italy 800 B.C.E. Roman aristocrats drove out monarchy 509 B.C.E. New Roman republic gradually extended its influence over rest of Italy & conquering Greek colonies in south. Roman conquest spread more widely during three Punic Wars 264 to 146 B.C.E., against armies of Phoenician city of Carthage on northern coast of Africa. After defeating Carthage Romans seized entire western Mediterranean & Greece & Egypt.9
15318086289. Describe the events that led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of the Roman Empire.(Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar) Civil wars between generals>vic¬tory by Julius Caesar, in 45 B.C.E. & end of traditional institutions of Roman Republic. Caesar's grandnephew, later called Augustus Caesar, seized power in 27 B.C.E., following another period of rivalry after Julius Caesar's assassination; Augustus established basic structures of Roman Empire.10
153180862910. Describe the extent of the Roman Empire by 180 B.C.E.brought peace/ prosper¬ity to Mediterranean world from Spain/north Africa in west to eastern shores of Med.> moved northward conquering France & southern Britain& pushing into Germany.11
153180863011. Describe the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.(Diocletian and Constantine) it suffered slow, decisive fall over 250 years; invaders from north conquered Rome in 476 C.E. Decline reflected in economic deterioration & population loss: trade & birth rate both fell. Govern¬ment =less effective. Emperors Diocletian &Constantine tried to reverse tide. Constantine in 313 recognized legality of Christianity; decline in west continued. Roman armies depended increasingly on non-Roman recruits, whose loyalty was suspect. Invasion of nomadic peoples from north= end of classical period of Mediterranean civi¬lization; like its counterparts in Gupta India & Han China it could no longer defend itself.12
1531808631III. Greek and Roman Political Institutions...13
153180863212. Describe the characteristics of politics in Mediterranean Civilization.Political interests were part of life in Greece &Rome. The "good life" for upper-class Athenian or Roman = active par¬ticipation in politics. Citizens participated in military> sense of political interest/responsibility. In Roman Empire political concerns restricted by power of emperor, but local area retained some autonomy in Italy, Greece, eastern Mediter¬ranean;14
153180863313. Explain the similarities between Greco- Roman political values and Confucianism values of classical China and India.Strong political ideals/ interests =similarities between Greco-Roman society & Confucian values of classical China; con¬cept of active citizenship was distinctive in Mediterranean cultures. Greece & Rome did not develop a single or cohesive set of political institutions to rival China's divinely sanctioned emperor or its elaborate bureaucracy; in addition to political intensity & localism in Mediterranean civilization-also diver¬sity in political forms; comparison extends to India, where various political forms—including participation in governing councils—ran strong15
153180863414. Describe the types of political rule in the Mediterranean.Roman republic & most Greek city-states had abolished early monarchies. Rule by individual strongmen=more common' "tyranny" in classical Greece. Many tyrants= effective rulers in promoting public works & protect¬ing common people against abuses of aris¬tocracy. Some Roman generals who seized power in later days republic had similar characteristics, as did Hellenistic kings who suc¬ceeded Alexander.16
153180863515. Describe the characteristics of democracy in Athens.5th-century Athens major decisions of made by general assemblies in which all citizens could participate= direct democracy, not rule through elected representatives. Executive officers chosen for brief terms to control their power & subject to review by assem¬bly: chosen by lot, not elected on principle any citizen could serve; only minority of Athenian population= citizens. Women=no rights of political participation; half of all adult males= slaves or foreigners; it> popular participation & included principles we would recog¬nize as truly democratic.17
153180863616. Describe the most widely preferred polit¬ical framework in the Mediterranean world.centered on aristocratic assemblies, whose deliberations established guidelines for state policy & served as a check on executive power. Sparta governed by mil¬itaristic aristocracy determined to keep power overlarge slave population. Other Greek city-states also= aristocratic assem¬blies. Even democratic Athens found leadership in many aristocrats, including Pericles.18
153180863717. Describe the structure of government in the Roman Republic.(assembly, Senate, consuls) All Roman citizens in republic could gather in periodic assemblies to elect officials to represent interests of common people. Aristocrats held almost all execu¬tive offices. Senate =mainly aristocrats; 2 consuls shared executive power, Senate could choose dictator to hold emergency authority in time of crisis. In Roman Senate, as in aristocratic assemblies of Greek city-states, ideal of public service, featuring elo¬quent public speaking and arguments that sought to identify general good, came closest to realization.19
153180863818. Why did a significant body of political theory develop in classical Mediterranean civilization?The diversity of Greek and Roman political forms, as well as the importance ascribed to political participation, helped generate a significant body of political theory in classical Mediterranean civilization. True to the aristocratic tradition, much of this theory dealt with appropriate political ethics, the duties of citizens, the importance of incorruptible service, and key political skills such as oratory.20
153180863919. Describe the similarities between Greco-Roman society and Confucian values.Some political writ¬ing resembled Confucianism, but less emphasis on hierarchy or bureaucratic virtues & more on participation in deliberative bodies to make laws & judge actions of executive officers. Classical Mediterranean writers also paid attention to structure of state itself, debating virtues & vices of various political forms. This expressed politi¬cal interests & diversity of Mediterranean world & served as key heritage to later societies.21
153180864020. Describe the political system in the Roman Empire.Roman Empire=different polit¬ical system from earlier city-states, but it preserved some older institutions, such as Senate which> meaningless forum for debates. Empire developed organi¬zational capacities on a far larger scale than city-states; but considerable local autonomy was allowed in many regions. Only in rare cases, such as forced disso¬lution of Jewish state in 63 C.E. after a major local rebellion did Romans take over dis¬tant areas completely. Careful organization in hierarchy of Roman army whose officers wielded great political power.22
153180864121. Describe the role of laws in Greece and Rome.(Twelve Tables) In addition to tolerance for local customs & religions & strong military organiza¬tion Romans emphasized laws as one factor that would hold their vast territories together. Greek &Roman republican leaders had developed an understanding of impor¬tance of codified, equitable law. Aristocratic leaders in 8th-century Athens sponsored legal codes designed to balance defense of private property with protection of poor citizens, includ¬ing access to courts of law administered by fellow cit¬izens. Early Roman republic introduced its first code of law,Twelve Tables, by 450 B.C.E. These early laws were intended to restrain upper classes from arbitrary action & to subject them & ordinary peo¬ple to some common legal principles. Roman Empire believed law should evolve to meet changing con¬ditions without fluctuating wildly. Idea of Roman law: rules, objectively judged, rather than personal whim should govern social relationships; law steadily took over matters of judgment earlier reserved for fathers of families or for landlords.23
153180864222. Describe the characteristics of Roman laws codes that spread widely through the empire.Roman law codes spread widely through empire & idea of law as regulator of social life. Many non-Romans were given right of citizenship & full access to Rome-appointed judges & uniform laws. Imperial law codes also regulated property rights&commerce> economic unity in empire.24
153180864323. What was the key political achievement of the Roman Empire?Idea of fair & reasoned law, comparable in importance, although quite different in nature, to Chinese elaboration of a complex bureaucratic structure.25
153180864424. Describe the functions of government in Rome and Greece.Most concentrated on maintaining law courts & military forces. Rome put importance on military conquest. Mediter¬ranean govts. regulated some branches of commerce in interest of securing vital grain. Rome= vast pub¬lic works in form of roads/harbors to facili¬tate military transport & commerce. Roman empire built stadiums & public baths to entertain & distract its subjects. City of Rome=over million inhabitants, pro¬vided cheap food & gladiator contests & other entertainment for masses; designed to prevent popular disorder.26
153180864525. Describe the religious policies of the Romans.Govts. supported an official religion, sponsoring public ceremonies to honor gods/ goddesses. Civic religious festivals=important events that expressed/encouraged wide-spread loyalty to state; little attempt to impose this religion on everyone; other religious practices tolerated if they didn't conflict with loyalty to state. Even later Roman emperors who claimed emperor= god as means of strength¬ening authority, were usually tolerant of other reli¬gions. They attacked Christianity because of Christians' refusal to place state first in their devotion.27
153180864626. What were the chief political legacies of the classical Mediterranean world?localism & fervent political interests with sense of intense loyalty to state; diversity of political systems with preference for aris¬tocratic rule; importance of law & develop¬ment of elaborate/uniform set of legal principles28
1531808647IV. Religion and Culture...29
153180864827. Describe the characteristics of Greco-Roman religion and gods.derived from belief in spirits of nature elevated into complex set of gods/goddesses who were seen as regulating human life. Greeks & Romans= dif¬ferent names for their pantheon, but objects of worship were same: A creator or father god, Zeus or Jupiter, presided over an unruly assem¬blage of gods /goddesses whose functions ranged from regulating daily passage of sun (Apollo) or oceans (Neptune) to inspiring war (Mars) or human love& beauty (Venus). Specific gods= patrons of other human activities such as metalworking, hunt, literature & his¬tory. Regular ceremonies to gods =political importance; many sought gods' aid in foretelling future or ensuring good harvest or good health.30
153180864928. Compare and contrast the role of gods in Greco-Roman religion and Indian religion.Activities of gods= good storytelling; like soap operas on superhuman scale >classical Mediterranean religion= important literary tradition, as in India> reflected common heritage of Indo-European invaders; gods often used to illustrate human passions/foibles =serving as symbols of serious inquiry into human nature. Unlike Indi¬ans Greeks/Romans became inter¬ested in their gods more in terms of what they could do for &reveal about humankind on this earth than principles that could elevate people toward higher planes of spirituality.31
153180865029. Describe the limitations in Roman religion.lack of spiritual passion. "Mys¬tery" religions, often imported from Middle East, periodically swept through Greece/Rome, pro¬viding secret rituals & fellowship & greater sense of contact with divine powers. Even more than in China a considerable division arose between upper-class & popular belief.32
153180865130. Describe the Greco-Roman search for an ethical model.(Aristotle, Stoics) gods/goddesses of Greco-Roman= little basis for systematic inquiry into nature or human society or provide basis for ethical thought. Many thinkers sought separate model for ethical behav¬ior. Greek/ Roman moral philosophy issued by philosophers like Aristotle& Cicero stressed importance of moderation & balance in human behavior. Other ethical systems were devised dur¬ing Hellenistic period: Stoics emphasized inner moral independence, to be cultivated by strict discipline of body & by personal bravery. These ethical systems were major contributions in their own right & would also be blended with later religious thought under Christianity.33
153180865231. Identify/significance : Socrates In Athens,Socrates encouraged pupils to question conventional wis¬dom; the government thought he was undermining political loyalty; given choice of suicide or exile, Socrates chose suicide. The Socratic principle of rational inquiry by skeptical questioning> recurrent strand in classical Greek thinking& in its heritage to later societies.34
153180865332. Identify/significance: PlatoPlato - Greek philosopher; philosophical tradition in Greece de-emphasized human spirituality in favor of cel¬ebration of human ability to think; result =some similarities to Confucianism but with greater emphasis on skeptical ques-tioning & abstract speculations about basic nature of humanity & the universe.35
153180865433. What were the practical results of the Greeks' interest in rationality as a way to explain nature's order?many theories, some wrong, about motions of planets & organization of elemental principles of earth, fire, air, water. Also > interest in mathematics as a means of understanding nature's patterns.36
153180865534. Describe the accomplishments of the Greeks in mathematics and science.(Pythagoras, Euclid, Ptolemy) Greek&Hellenistic =geometry: theorems of Pythagoras. Hellenistic Scientists: empirical studies of anatomy; medical treatises by Galen not improved on in Western world for centuries. Euclid= world's most widely used book of geometry. Hel¬lenistic astronomer Ptolemy incorrectly= theory of sun's motion around stationary earth= it contradicted much ear¬lier Middle Eastern astronomy that recognized the earth's rotation. Ptolemy's theory was accepted in West until Copernicus' work much later.37
153180865635. Describe the Roman genius for engineering.Roman genius=more practical than Greek= engineering: roads & aqueducts that Roman arches= carry great structural weight. Rome= huge buildings. Greek/Hellenistic extension of human reason to nature's princi-ples= their most impressive legacy.38
153180865736. Describe the characteristics of art and literature in Mediterranean civilization.Official religion inspired themes for artistic expression/ justification for temples, statues,plays devoted to glories of gods. Artists empha¬sized beauty of realistic portrayals of human form & poets /playwrights reflected interest in human condition39
153180865837. Describe the characteristics of Greek drama.com¬edy&tragedy; in contrast to India, Greeks= greatest emphasis on tragedy.40
153180865938. Describe the sculpture of the Greeks and Romans.Athens's t 5th century sculptors like Phidias created realistic/beautiful images of human form; subjects ranged from goddesses to muscled warriors/ athletes. Roman sculptors, less innovative, continued heroic-realistic tradition=scenes of Roman conquests on triumphal columns; captured power & human qualities of Augustus Caesar & successors on busts & full-figure statues.41
153180866039. Describe the characteristics of Greek architecture.emphasized monumental construction; square or rectangular shape with columned porti¬coes; three embell¬ishments for tops of columns supporting buildings: Doric, Ionic & Corinthian. Greeks invented what Westerners still regard as "classical" archi¬tecture, (Greeks had been influenced by Egyptian models).42
153180866140. Describe the architecture of the Romans.adopted Greek themes; engineering skill> buildings of greater size. Romans learned how to add domes to rectangular buildings= architectural diversity. Empire's taste for massive, heavily adorned monuments & public buildings reflected Rome's sense of power/achievement; move away from simple lines of early Greek temples.43
153180866241. How was classical Mediterranean art and architecture linked with society that produced them?Greek and Roman structures were built to be used. Temples, marketplaces, public baths part of daily urban life. Classical art flexible, according to need. Vil¬las or small palaces—built for Roman upper classes built around open courtyard—had light, simple quality rather dif¬ferent from temple architecture. Thousands of people gathered in large hillside theaters of Athens/ other cities for perfor¬mance of plays, as music, poetry. Roman Empire known more for monumental athletic performances—chariot races/ gladiators—than for high-quality popular theater. Even in Rome, ele¬ments of classical art=part of daily urban life & pursuit of pleasure.44
1531808663V. Economy and Society in Mediterranean...45
153180866442. Explain the development and consequences of commercial agriculture in Greece and Rome.First in Greece, then in central Italy, farmers increasingly tempted to shift to production of olives /grapes; this required substantial capital, because not bear fruit for at least five years> many farmers> debt. Large land-lords gained increasing advantage over independent farmers> they could enter into market production on a much larger scale with commercial estates because of greater access to capital.46
153180866543. How did the rise of commercial agriculture in Greece and Rome lead to efforts to establish an empire?Greek city-states, developed colonies for grain production; traded olive oil, wine, manufactured goods, silver. Rome acquired Sicilian grain fields & used much of north Africa as granary>heavy cultivation > soil depletion>reduced agricultural fertility in later centuries47
153180866644. Describe the development and characteristics of trade in the Mediterranean.commercial farming >concern with trade. Private merchants >ships carried agricultural products & goods. Greek/ Roman state supervised grain trade, promoted public works, storage facil¬ities. Luxury products from shops of urban artists /craftsmen= major role in lifestyle of upper classes. Some trade also beyond borders of Mediter¬ranean civilization , for goods from India & China, but Mediterranean peoples=at some disadvantage, for their manufactured products less sophisticated than those of eastern Asia; so, they typically exported animal skins, precious metals & exotic African animals for Asian zoos in return for spices /artistic products of east.48
153180866745. Describe the characteristics and role of merchants in the Mediterranean.Athenian mer¬chants usually foreigners, mostly from trad¬ing peoples of Middle East. = higher status in Rome= 2ndunder landed patricians; aristocracy often disputed merchants' rights. Merchants fared better in Med. than in China, in terms of official recognition, but worse than in India;.49
153180866846. Describe the characteristics and consequences of slavery in the Mediterranean.Aristotle= justifications for slavery in society. Athenians :slaves as household ser¬vants, silver miners. Sparta used slaves for agricultural work. Slavery spread steadily in Rome from final centuries of republic. Most slaves came from conquered territories> slaves= element in military expan¬sion. = theme visible in earlier civilizations in eastern Mediterranean=helps explain greater importance of military forces/ expansion in these areas than in India or China. Roman slaves= household tasks, tutoring of upper-class children (for which cultured Greek slaves were highly valued) in mines for met¬als/ iron (mine work- brutal) Roman estate owners used large numbers of slaves for agricultural work, along with paid laborers & tenant farmers> pressure placed on free farmers who could not compete with unpaid forced labor.50
153180866947. Describe the development of technology in Greece and Rome and explain how it was affected by slavery.neither interested in tech¬nological innovations for agriculture/manufacturing Greeks=shipbuilding/navigation=vital for trading economy. Romans=skills in engineering>greater urban amenities & good roads>movement of troops. Abundant slave labor discouraged concern for more effi¬cient production methods, so did sense that goals of humankind= artistic & political>Mediterranean society lagged behind India & China in production technology> unfavorable balance of trade with eastern Asia.51
153180867048. Describe the characteristics of family structure and the role of women in Greece and Rome.importance of family structure=hus¬band & father in control. Women=vital economic functions in farming & arti¬san families. Upper class women often= influence/power in household; but in law & culture, women = inferior. Families with too many children sometimes put female infants to death. Early Roman law: gave life/death control over wife;(later= customs held in check by family courts with members of both families.>a case where Roman legal ideas modified traditional family con¬trols. Oppression probably less severe than in China. Many Greek/Roman women in busi¬ness & controlled minor portion of urban property52
1531808671VI. Toward the Fall of Rome...53
153180867249. Explain the impact of the fall of Rome and compare its fall to classical civilizations in China and India.Unlike China, classical Med. Civilization was not simply disrupted only to revive. Unlike India,= no central religion derived from the civ. itself, to serve as link between classical period & what followed. Fall of Rome not uniform: it fell more in some parts others. Result: no single civilization rose to claim mantle of Greece/Rome; Greece/Rome would live on, but their heritage was more complex & selective than India or China.54

APUSH final terms Flashcards

APUSH Terms from american revolution to WWI

Terms : Hide Images
1169698195Navigation ActsA series of commercial restrictions to regulate colonial commerce to favor England's accumulation of wealth0
1169698196Benjamin FranklinPhilosophe- devoted himself to the pursuit of useful knowledge - Silence Dogood in newspapers- promoted spread of reason1
1169698197Lexington and ConcordBritish troops sent to seize rebel supplies- Lexington militia arrived- no intention of fighting- shots fired 8 dead2
1169698198Intolerable/Coercive ActsClosed port of Boston, reconstructed Massachusetts government, restricted town meetings and troops were quartered3
1169698199Tea ActParliament OK's East India Company to sell tea directly to America4
1169698200Stamp Act CongressLeaders from Different regions discussed common problems5
1169698201Sons of LibertyPatriots that won't surrender with out a fight6
1169698202George IIIRuled England 1760 @ 22 years old- was not well educated- ruined relationship with whigs7
1169698203Proclamation act of 1763prohibited governors from granting land beyond headwaters of rivers flowing into the Atlantic8
1169698204Loyalists/ToriesColonists that sided with kings and parliament during revolution9
1169698205Common Sensemost popular and influential pamphlet in US History- written by Thomas Paine10
1169698206Thomas PaineAuthor of Common sense11
11696982072nd Continental Congress-Organized continental army -commissioned George Washington -Print money -foreign affairs - Ben Franklin was ambassador -declaration of independence12
1169698208Thomas JeffersonVirginia lawyer- drafted Declaration of Independence13
1169698209George WashingtonLead continental army14
1169698210Olive Branch petitionWritten to create peace with king - last correspondance15
1169698211YorktownLast battle - British General Cornwallis surrendered army of 6,000- British were circled16
1169698212SaratogaAmerican victory- 1st- VA harnesses British 2nd- Burgoyne wanted to break free of colonial forces -Burgoyne surrenders cot. 17th 177717
1169698213Treaty of Paris 1783independence of USA- land east of Mississippi river to USA18
1169698214HessiansGerman Mercinaries19
1169698215Mercantilism4 Laws: -Export only to England -Import only from England -Ships must be British Made -No producing goods already made in England20
1169698216William PittBritish Minister determined to expel French from North America during 7 years war21
1169698217Albany Planinter-colonial cooperation - grand council of elected delegates that would have power to tax and provide for common defense22
1169698218General CornwallisBritish general who surrendered his army of 600023
1169698219Whiskey Rebellion1794- tax on whiskey- found unfair- threatened to pit distillaries out of business24
1169698220republicanismpower in the peoples hands- civic virtue25
1169698221Federal supremacy-state laws cant conflict with federal laws - federal has supreme power26
1169698222anti-federalistdidn't want constitution- common people and farmers27
1169698223John Locke-Philosoph -everyone's rights28
1169698225Constitutional conventionDecided many factors of constitution- secretive29
1169698226federalist-strong central government -merchants and upper class -central economic planning -closer ties with great Britain -maintain public order30
1169698227Shays Rebellionfarmers in debt tried to prevent courts from foreclosing farms in debt31
1170148396Articles of confederationno: taxes, standing army, single currency, official capital Yes: make peace, war sign treaties, postal service -not good overall for USA replaced by constitution32
1170148398Northwest Ordinance-sets how states and how to become a state -new structure of government for northwest territory -could petition for full statehood33
1170148399great compromisecombined Virginia and New Jersey plans- 2 houses, one based on population and one elected by the people34
11701484013/5ths compromisefor every 5 slaves- received credit for 3 votes35
1170148403Electoral collegeelectors would vote on behalf of the american people36
1170148404Jays Treaty-get British troops out of america -trade -pay for ships taken -respect neutrality37
1170148406Alexander Hamilton-federalist -treasury under Washington -duel with Burr38
1170148407John Adams2nd president39
1170148409Aaron Burr-lost to Jefferson -vice president -duel40
1170148411XYZ affair-1797 -bribe demands from France and US insulted peace commissioners - heightened war fever41
1170148412Alien and sedition acts- authorized use of federal courts and pres to silence republic -can deport (suspicious reason) -expel foreigner -14 years to citizenship -guilty- subject to fines and imprisonment42
1170148414Farewell address-Washington declared his intention to retire from presidency43
1170148416KY and VA resolutionsdisagreed with sedition act- declared unconstitutional Kentucky-Jefferson Virginia-Madison44
1170148417Judiciary act 1789established us federal judiciary -supreme court- 13 district courts45
117014841912th amendmentelectoral vote cast separate ballots for president and vice president46
1170148421Marbury vs madisonsupreme court asserted power of judicial review- declared judiciary act unconstitutional47
1170148423Battle of New Orleans-last battle of war of 1812 -shouldn't have happened -happened after peace treaties signed48
1170148425War Hawks-nationalists who wanted war -Madison surrendered to war hawks49
1170148426Harford Convention-discussed relations between people of their region and federal government - recommended changes to consist50
1170148428War of 1812-between us and britain -ordered in council -british out of US -impressment51
1170148430Barbary war-north african states demanding more tribute -jefferson refused -ransomed us crew - $60,00052
1170148432Judicial Review-can be ruled unconstitutional -federal courts have duty to review constitutionality of acts53
1170148433Treaty of Ghent-in belgium -dealt with virtually none of the topics in war message -no territory gained/lost -all agreed to ratify54
1170148435Tecumseh-native american leader -forced to seek British help- battle of tippecanoe55
1170148437John Marshall-Adams appointed chief justice -marbury vs madison56
1170148438Sitting Bullsioux medicine man- little big horn57
1170148440George Custerbattle of little big horn- divided his men-died in battle - custers last stand58
1170148442Chief Josephlead Nez Perce tribe thru a 45 day fight - ran out of food, horses and ammunition - sent to barren land in OK- most died59
1170148443Louisiana Purchaseland bought from france for 15 mil basically from mississippi river to rocky mtns doubled size of usa60
1170148445Assimilationgive native americans formal education and training61
1170148447Homestead Actoffered 160 acres of free public land to any family settled there for 5 years62
1170148449Dawes actdivided tribal lands into small plots for distribution among members of the tribe -surplus sold to write settlers63
1170148450Ghost Dancesset of dances and rites that grew from a vision of a paiute messiah- bring back native american lands- whites would disappear- reunite-new earth64
1170148453Sewards follyname given to purchase of alaska from russia65
1170148455Oklahomafinal fling-last of free land-thousands lined up to claim land66
1170148457webster-ashburton treatymaine/new brunswick to US -ceded by Great Britain 184267
1170148459Sam houston-leader of texas issues -first and third president of the republic of texas68
1170148460manifest destinygod given right to expand69
1170148462mexican cession-border disoute -new mexico and cali -war with mexico -treaty of guadalupe hildago70
1170148463Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoended mexican american war- texas=free, mexican cession 15 mil71
1170148465Gadsen Purchasebought from mexico- railroads72
1170148467Mexican american wartexans on disputed land-provoking -mexican refusal to make pease -treaty73
117014846854-40 or fightoregon county-no fighting happened-rally cry74
1170148470Santa Anna-ruler of mexico -usa didnt like him75
1170148472Joseph Smithfounder of mormonism76
1170148473mormons-religion-joseph smith -book of mormon utah77
1170148475Force billgave president the pwer to use military force to collect tariffs78
1170148477Worcester vs. georgiacourt case-1832 -state cant restrict a tribe from inviting outsiders into its territory79
1170148478trail of tearsremoval of cherokee from georgia-40,000 died80
1170148480Democratic partymartin van buren -govt doesnt touch economy -negative liberal state -appealed to smaller farmers81
1170148482Indian removal act-natives to west of mississippi -went to court-jackson shouldve been impeached82
1170148483Andrew Jackson-duels -little formal education -fight not write -democratic83
1170148485John CalhounVice president under Jackson -nullification84
1170148486John RossPresident of Cherokee Tribe85
1170148487Convention of 1818US and Canada Border- 49th parallel86
1170148488Adams Onis TreatyUSA gets florida from spain87
1170148490Monroe doctrineWestern hemisphere controlled by US- no european intervention in western hemisphere88
1170148491Andersonvilleinfamous prison camp of south - no shelter, huge population, food shortages,overcrowding and disease killed ~100 men daily89
1170148493Trent Incidentunion ship stopped and boarded British steamer - confederate government representatives taken into custody - Lincoln ordered release90
1170148495Merrimack and MonitorConfederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862.91
1170148496Habeas Corpusa person cant be held in prison with out first being charged with a crime92
1170148498Antietamfirst major battle of civil war on northern soil- bloodiest single day battle in american history- about 23,000 deaths93
1170148500Gettysburgturning point of the war- union general Meade lead army of 90000 against Lee's 75000-large size, high cost in lives- gettysburg address- dedication of cemetery94
1170148502Emancipation Proclamationissued by Lincoln on sep. 22 1862- all slaves in confederate states would be free95
1170148504Conscriptionforced recruitment into the army to meet the needs of war96
1170148506J.W. Boothassassinated lincoln 5 days after surrender to save confederates97
1170148507Jefferson Davispresident of confederacy during civil war98
1170148509Appomattoxwhere Lee surrendered- Greant offers the confederacy good surrender terms to try to reunify country99
1170148510Ft. Sumterfirst shots fired of civil war- union fort in SC attacked by confederates on water100
1170148512Copperheadsnorthern peace democrats opposed abolition and sympathized with south- no victory101
1170148514VicksburgGrants best faught campaign- union obtained Mississippi river102
1170148515Crittenden Proposala desperate measure to prevent the civil war, introduced by John Crittenden, senator from KY- offered a constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of 36'30 non interference by congress and compensation to owners of fugitive slaves103
1170148517Robert E. Leeconfederate general who had opposed secession but didn't believe the union should be held together by force104
1170148519Ulysses S. Grantan american general and 18th president -achieved international fame as leading Union general in Civil War--Scandals-credit mobilier-new political party- whiskey ring-alcoholic105
1170148522Scalawagformer whigs who were born in south or had immigrated south before war and now saw a chance to realize dreams for commercial and industrial development106
1170148524Andrew JohnsonVP with Lincoln- opposed radical republicans- 1st president to be impeached107
1170148525Thaddeus StevensRadical republican who wanted to revolutionize south- equality to blacks- leader in impeachment of Johnson- hoped widespread land distribution to former slaves108
1170148529Rutherford Hayesrepublican- became president in 1876 refused patronage system, fired unnecessary109
1170148531Reconstructionperiod after civil war when southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into Union110
1170148532Reconstruction Actsgave radical republicans complete military control over south - divided south into 5 military zones - vetoed by Johnson-passed by congress111
1170378087Freedmans bureauFocus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor and establish schools- aid to former slaves112
1170378088Civil war amendments13: all slaves free 14: equal rights-defined citizenship 15: cant deny right to vote based on race or previous state as slave113
1170378089Carpetbaggersnorthern whites who moved south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction- hoped to get rich114
1170378090Plessy vs. Fergusoncourt ruled segregation wasn't discriminatory provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites115
1170378091Tenure of Office Act1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet116
1170378092Radical Republicanspolitical party that favored harsh punishment of southern states after civil war117
1170378093Richmond VACapital of Confederacy118
1170378094Popular Sovereigntypeople vote if territory has slavery or not119
1170378095Lecomption Constitutiona fraudulently elected group of proslavery delegates in Lecompton KS, drafted a state constitution congress denied KS entry into union120
1170378096Compromise of 18501.Cali= free state 2. divide mexican cession in 2- NM and UT- no federal restrictions on slavery 3.end slave trade in DC 4.Fugitive slave law passed 5. settle border dispute of TX&NM -stephen douglas gets its passed121
1170378097Nativismopposition to immigration122
1170378098Harriet Tubmanhelped by white abolitionist neighbor-lead underground railroad-19 trips123
1170378099Abolitionistsomeone who was anti-slavery and wanted to end it124
1170378100Missouri Compromisedivides country in half - mason dixon line125
1170378101NAt Turnerslave preacher and prophet- had visions from god that told him to rise against enemy-killed about 60 whites- caught, hanged and skinned126
1170378102Fugitive Slave Law1793-if slaves ran away bring them back- many harbored and concealed them 1850- $500 fine if harboring slaves or jail ended 1 year into civil war127
1170378103Lincoln Douglass Debatelincoln tried to like Douglass to proslavery and douglass accused lincoln of endangering union by talks of ending slavery128
1170378104Free soil PartyA short lived political party that was against the expansion of slavery into new territories. They had enough people in Congress to influence certain decisions- nominated VanBuren in presidential election-eventually became republicans129
1170378105Kansas Nebraska Act1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.130
1170378106Dred Scott CaseSupreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south131
1170378107Wilmont ProvisoDavid Wilmont-PA Democrat- ban slavery in any territory that might be acquired from mexico - increased sectionalism132
1170378108Republic PartyFalling apart-whigs and freesoil-antislavery-immigrants voting democrat133
1170378109Abe Lincoln16th president- assassinated by Booth at fords theatre- Civil war134
1170378110Harriet Beecher Stoweabolitionist author-Uncle Toms Cabin135
1170378111John Browncrazy abolitionist-very violent-harpers ferry136
1170378112Freeport DoctrineDouglas alienated southern supporters137
1170378113Ostend Manifestoa secret memo that urged acquisition of cuba by any means - by american officials138
1170378114James Buchanan15th president-helped draft ostend Manifesto- tried to maintain peace between north and south139
1170378115Social Darwinismsurvival of the fittest140
1170378116Horizontal integrationcompany creates production units for outputs which are alike141
1170378117Muckrakers1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business142
1170378118Vertical Integrationa single company owns and controls the entire process from start to finish143
1170378119Sherman Antitrust Actfirst federal attempt to regulate big business- unsuccessful144
1170378120Political Machinestraded services for votes- headed by strong leader145
1170378121Laissez-faire capitalismAn economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference.146
1170378122Trustsgroup of corporations run by a single board of directors147
1170378123initiativeAllows voters to petition to propose legislation &then submit it for a vote by qualified voters148
1170378124Political Bossrepresentative for or head of the political machine; gained votes for their parties by doing favors for people.149
1170378125Labor UnionsAn organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions -knights of labor -American Federation of Labor150
1170378126Pendelton Actreform civil service- created a bipartisan civil service commission to administer competitive exams and appoint office holders on the basis of merit151
1170378127Old Immigrantsimmigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe152
1170378128New ImmigrantsImmigrants from eastern Europe-disliked by old immigrants153
1170378129Gilded AgeName given to time period-looks good on top but underneath filthy154
1170378130Chinese exclusion act(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.155
1170378131Populist PartyU.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies156
1170378132Progressive Movement-acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization and conditions of industrial life -fundamental optimism about human nature, the possibility of progress and recognition of problems -were willing to intervene in peoples lives -turned to authority of state and govt to put wanted reforms into effect -evangelical Protestantism-get ride of sins and natural and social sciences -touched virtually whole nation157
117037813319th amendmentwomen can vote158
1170378134Panic of 1893people sold stocks and investments dripped-bankruptcy-unemployment grew159
1170378135Andrew Carnegieowned one of the largest steel companies- largest industrial company in the world160
1170378136Rockefellerbuilt standard oil company-owned 90% of oil161
1170378137Boss Tweedmodel for political machines- new york county court house162
1170378138Robert La Follette1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.163
1170378139Philanthropysocial gospel- focused on society and individuals, on improving living conditions as well as saving souls- help the poor- settlement houses-164
1170378140JP MorganBanker who took control of companies, Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"165
1170378141Theodore Roosevelt-square deal~equal treatment of workers and businesses- trust buster~more regulation - Railroad regulation~hepburn Act- pure food and drug act - Bull moose party166
1170378142Alfred Thayer Mahantotally for sea and naval power of us- the influence of sea power upon history- most influential naval strategist167
1170378143spanish american warwar between spain and USA over Philippians, cuba, guam and puerto rico- started with sinking of the Maine and General Weyler - Cuba168
1170378144Yellow Journalismwriting to "sensationalize" the news169
1170378145Roosevelt corollarywarned latin american countries to keep their affairs in order170
1170378146Philippine American WarPhilippines- 4x as many US soldiers than in cuba- more than three years 4,300 american 50,000-200,000 Philippine deaths - emilio aguinaldo171
1170378147Open Door PolicyIn china- all spheres of influence have ability for free trade172
1170378148Treaty of Parisended war with spain and Spain ceded puerto rico, guam, Philippines, and cuba173
1170378149InfluenzaSpanish Flu killed more americans than WWI174
1170378150Big FourPresident Wilson- USA Clemenceau of France David Lloyd George- Britain Vittorio Orlando- Italy175
1170378151War Boardstried to ease tension between workers, factories and owners, In order to get needed supplies to the American forces, Wilson's government mobilized a civilian organization to oversee the economy. Each different "war board' oversaw a different part of the economy, making management of the project easier.176
1170378152Allied PowersUSA, Britain, Italy, France, Russia177
1170378153Central PowersGermany, Austro-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey178
1170378154Committee of Public Informationgovernment agency created to popularize the war with American people through positive propaganda and cut down on any criticism of the government and war effort179
117037815514 pointsWilson- terms for far reaching, non impulsive settlement of WWI180
1170378156Espionage Actprison sentence of up to 20 years for people found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers or encouraging disloyalty181
1170378157Sedition ActImposed harsh penalties on anyone using disloyal, profane. scurrilous or abusive language about the government, flag or armed forces uniforms182
1170378158Socialismbelieved war is only to benefit economy and upperclass183

World War 1/Russian Revoultion Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
810503591powder kegkeg (usually made of metal) for gunpowder or blasting powder0
810503592alliance systemsDefense agreements among nations1
810503593triple allianceAlliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungry2
810503594triple ententeAn alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.3
810503595nationalismlove of country and willingness to sacrifice for it4
810503596militarismpolicy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war5
810503597imperialismA policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.6
810503598assassination of franz ferdinandEvent that sparked WWI7
810503599total warthe channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort8
810503600lustaniagerman sink british ship:1915.....killed american pasengers and germans stopped unrestricted warfare9
810503601reasons for us entry and russian withdrawalRussia: people starving, don't support army, Russian Revolution, had no money, VI Lenin said could fix economy so signed treaty out U.S.: Zimmerman note: note from germany to mexico US got a hand on saying can help win back land10
810503602new weaponrybayonets; flamethrowers; grenades; machine guns; pistols; poison gas; rifles; tanks11
810503603versailles treatyThe compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.12
810503604socialismA system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.13
810503605communisma form of socialism that abolishes private ownership14
810503606proletariata social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages15
810503607bourgeoisiethe social class between the lower and upper classes16
810503608bolsheviksLed by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI17
810503609totalitarianreferring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control18
810503610reds(civil war)Communist Bolsheviks19
810503611soviet unionA Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.20
810503612gulaga Russian prison camp for political prisoners21
810503613What Caused WW11) Surbs wanted independence from Austria-hungary. 2) killed franz ferdinand 3)allied-france, britain and russia, US (1917) Axis- Ottomans, Germany, Austria-Hungary22
810503614Why was WW1 different from other wars?More advanced weaponry Trench warfare Newer tactics for warfare23
810503615Why did russia leave WW1The Russian Revolution had overthrown the monarchy. Russians wanted a democratic government, but then a V.I. Lenin came to power. Russia's new leader pulled Russia out of the war.24
810503616Why did the USA enter ww1German and Britan made them choose which country the USA wanted to support25
810503617What did the versailles treaty do-Set the boundaries of Germany -Created Czechoslavakia out of the former Austria-Hungarian lands -creation of an independent Yugoslavia and Hungary loss of German colonies abroad26
810503618How was russia's government weakened before WW1Many people were trying to start a revolution(bolsheviks,Communist.)27

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