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AP Statistics Flashcards

AP Statistics Vocab Cards

730946948	Statistical Significance	An observed effect too large to attribute plausibly to chance.	0
730946949	Non-Response Bias	Bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond.	1
730946950	P-Value	found by substituting the x-value in the regression equation; they're the values on the fitted line	2
730946951	Empirical Rule	A statistical rule stating that for a normal distribution, almost all data will fall within three standard deviations of the mean.	3
730946952	Lurking Variable	a variable that is not explicitly part of a model but affects the way the variables in the model appear to be related	4
730946953	Null Hypothesis	The null hypothesis attempts to show that no variation exists between variables, or that a single variable is no different than zero. It is presumed to be true until statistical evidence nullifies it for an alternative hypothesis.	5
730946954	Quota Sample	A sampling method of gathering representative data from a group. As opposed to random sampling, quota sampling requires that representative individuals are chosen out of a specific subgroup.	6
730946955	Probability	Quantifiable likelihood (chance) of the occurrence of an event expressed as odds, or a fraction of 1.	7
730946956	Descriptive Statistics	The branch of statistics that includes numerical, graphical, and tabular methods for organizing and summarizing data	8
730946957	Median	the middle value with half of the data above and half below it	9
730946958	Stemplot	A table in which data values are divided into either a "leaf" or a "stem." In a stem and leaf plot, the stem values appear on the vertical axis and the leaf values are listed on the horizontal axis.	10
730946959	Data	systematically recorded information, whether numbers or labels, together with its context	11
730946960	Margin of Error	Analytical technique that accounts for the number of acceptable errors in an experiment.	12
730946961	Normal	Normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one.	13
730946962	Simple Random Sample (SRS)	this of sample size n is one in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection	14
730946963	Sampling Distributon	A type of distribution that involves the probability distribution of sample statistics based on randomly selected samples.	15
730946964	Interpolation	Estimation of an unknown quantity between two known quantities (historical data), or drawing conclusions about missing information from the available information.	16
730946965	Qualitative	involving distinctions based on qualities	17
730946966	Theoretical Probability	Probability based on comparing the number of possible favorable outcomes to the number of total possible outcomes	18
730946967	Block Design	the random assignment of units to treatments is carried out separately within each block	19
730946968	Least Squares Regression Line	the line that makes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the data points from the line as small as possible	20
730946969	Type II Error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative" (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).	21
730946970	Histogram	a bar chart representing a frequency distribution	22
730946971	Undercoverage	A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population	23
730946972	Joint Frequency	Number of cases with given values on two or more variables.	24
730946973	Matched Pairs	a technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable	25
730946974	Conditional Probability	the probability that an event will occur given that one or more other events have occurred	26
730946975	Mode	the most frequent value of a random variable	27
730946976	Systematic Sample	A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame	28
730946977	Sample Space	the set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment	29
730946978	Confounded Variable	A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. (Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.)	30
730946979	Experimental Probability	Probability based on data from repeating an event (doing an experiment)	31
730946980	Placebo Effect	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent	32
730946981	Marginal Frequency	A set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval.	33
730946982	Parameter	a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves	34
730946983	Voluntary Response Bias	bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample	35
730946984	Mean	an average of n numbers computed by adding some function of the numbers and dividing by some function of n	36
730946985	Alternative Hypothesis	The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data.	37
730946986	Correlation	a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other	38
730946987	Response Bias	anything in the survey design that influences the responses from the sample	39
730946988	Coefficient of Determination	The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation.	40
730946989	Random Sample	a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected	41
730946990	Binomial	a quantity expressed as a sum or difference of two terms	42
730946991	Experiment	the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation	43
730946992	Law of Large Numbers	(statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics	44
730946993	Outlier	an extreme deviation from the mean	45
730946994	Extrapolation	an inference about the future (or about some hypothetical situation) based on known facts and observations	46
730946995	Snowball Sample	Samples in which informants provide contact information about other people who share some of the characteristics necessary for a study	47
730946996	Independent	not dependent on or conditioned by or relative to anything else	48
730946997	IQR	Range of the middle 50% of the values; Q3-Q1 = 75th percentile - 25th percentile	49
730946998	Ogive	a line graph of a cumulative frequency or cumulative relative frequency distribution.	50
730946999	Confidence Interval	The level of certainty that the true score falls within a specific range. The smaller the range the less the certainty.	51
730947000	Standard Error	the standard deviation of a sampling distribution	52
730947001	Observational Study	observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses	53
730947002	Residual	relating to or indicating a remainder	54
730947003	Convenience Sample	a form of nonprobability sample using respondents who are convenient or readily accessible to the researcher—for example, employees, friends, or relatives	55
730947004	Simulation	representation of something (sometimes on a smaller scale)	56
730947005	Degrees of Freedom	The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.	57
730947006	Dotplot	A one dimensional plot of a quantitative data set where each value in the data set is represented by a dot above its corresponding location on the x axis.	58
730947007	Two-way Table	A table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns.	59
730947008	Geometric	characterized by simple geometric forms in design and decoration	60
730947009	Inferential Statistics	numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance	61
730947010	Spread	become distributed or widespread	62
730947011	Discrete Random Variable	a random variable that may assume either a finite number of values or an infinite sequence of values	63
730947012	Population	(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn	64
730947013	Sample	items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population	65
730947014	Central Limit Theorem	The theory that, as sample size increases, the distribution of sample means of size n, randomly selected, approaches a normal distribution.	66
730947015	Standard Deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	67
730947016	Cluster Sample	population is split into parts or clusters usually based on geography and then entire clusters are selected randomly and sampled	68
730947017	Type I Error	Stating that the null hypothesis is false when it is in fact true.	69
730947018	Standardized Value	value found by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation	70
730947019	Boxplot	displays the 5-number summary as a central box with whiskers that extend to the non-outlying data values	71
730947020	Mutually Exclusive	necessitating a choice between mutually exclusive possibilities	72
730947021	Scatterplot	a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables	73
730947022	Stratified Sample	the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum	74
730947023	Quantitive	Provides data and answers questions about relationships among measured variables. Also called traditional experimental approach.	75
730947024	Wording Bias	a type of response bias where the question is posed to achieve a desired result	76
730947025	Causation	A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.	77
730947026	Statistic	A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample	78
730947027	Center	an area that is approximately central within some larger region	79
730947028	Z-Test	The statistical formula to determine the z-score of a particular raw score.	80
730947029	T-Test	A group of statistics used to determine if a significance difference exists between the means of two sets of data.	81
730947030	Chi-Squared Goodness of Fit	uses sample data to test hypotheses about the shape or proportions of a population distribution. The test determines how well the obtained sample proportions fit the population proportions specified by the null hypothesis.	82

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Test 7 Penal Code & Traffic Flashcards

Penal Code Chapters 42, 43, 46
Traffic Chapters V, VI, VII

Terms : Hide Images

859571895	An operator intending to turn right or left, shall signal continuously for not less than the last ____ feet of movement before turning.	100	0
859571896	The operator of a vehicle facing a flashig red signal shall stop:	Same rules as a stop sign	1
859571897	An operator may drive upon the improved shoulder to the left of the roadway, only to:	Only to avoid collision	2
859571898	Vehicle facing a steady green light	may proceed straight, turn left, or turn right if not prohibited by sign	3
859571899	When can a convicted felon, have a firearm legally	b. after the 5th anniversary of his release from prison, parole supervisionc. c. only at his residence d. b and c	4
859571900	Which of these are "places where weapons are prohibited?	a. school grounds and secured areas at airports b. polling places on Election Day c. courtrooms and racetracksd. D. all of the above	5
859571901	Operator of a vehicle moving in the opposite direction of another vehicle shall move or remain to the _____ of the other vehicle.	right	6
859571902	An operator shall use signal lamps to indicate an intention to _____.	all the above	7
859571903	X knowingly loans a handgun, to use in the commission of a crime. X is guilty of	C. unlawful transfer of firearm	8
859571904	An operator of a vehicle passing another vehicle shall return to an authorized lane before coming within _____ feet of the approaching vehicle (two way roadway).	200	9
859571905	Which of these is a "short-barrel" firearm?	c. rifle or shotgun with an adapted overall length of less than 26 inches	10
859571906	A police officer may not enforce an official traffic control device, if at the time of the violation the device was	b. not properly positioned and sufficiently legible	11
859571907	Operator turning right at an intersection shall	d. all the above	12
859571908	An operator is required to yield, drive to right hand curb, stop parallel to curb, clear of any intersection, stop and remain standing until these vehicles have passed. Which one(s)	B. police vehicle sounding siren C. authoized emergency vehicle sounding siren and red lights e. b and c	13
859571909	"No passing zone" prohibits	b. dirving on the left side of roadwy within the no passing zonec. driving on the left side of pavement striping marking a no passing zone both b. & c.	14
859571910	X is stopped at a red light at a 4-way intersection of two-way traffic. There is a green directional arrow displayed for left turns. X wants to turn right at this intersection & there are no other vehicles in the intersection. X is in the far right hand lane, he can:	c. may not turn right as long as the green arrow is displayed	15
859571911	X hangs a calendar displaying nude photographs of women in sexual positions in the front lobby of his business, because the men really like them. X can be charged with:	d. obscene display	16
859571912	A motor vehicle designed & used to draw another vehicle but not constructed to carry a load independently or a part of the weight of the other vehicle or its load:	a. road tractor	17
859571913	any device designed, made or adapted to expel a projectile through a barrel by using energy generated by explosion or burning substance or any device readily convertible to that use," defines	firearm	18
859571914	An operator may pass another vehicle to the right (proceeding in same direction) only with safety & only if the vehicle being passed is:	b. making or about to make a left turn c. there is unobstructed pavement to the right to allow the vehicle to passd. Both b and c	19
859571915	An operator approaching an intersection controlled by a stop, shall	a. stop b. yield right-of-way to vehicles already in the intesection c. yield right-of-way to vehicles aproaching within hazardous proximity. D.all the above	20
859571916	Officer X is directing traffic at an intersection and Mr. Z continues to yell at the officer "mocking him". The officer ordered hm to be quiet & he refused. Z can be charged with:	d. nothing	21
859571917	Which of the below is not covered in "Unlawfully Carrying a Weapon?	d. shotgun	22
859571918	X owns a motel that rents rooms by the hour. X allows the 5 prostitutes that work his block to use the rooms for a share of the proceeds in exchange for free lodging for the girls. X has committed:	c. aggravated promoton of prostitution	23
859571919	X sends Y a letter, in which he threatens to rape Y's sister. This is	b. harassment	24
859571920	An operator may not turn the vehicle in the oposite direction approaching a curve or crest of a grade, when approaching traffic is not visible for _____ feet.	b. 500	25
859571921	Limitations on driving on improved shoulders do not apply to	b. police patrols C. bicycles D. b And c	26
859571922	To knowingly engage in sexual conduct for a fee, is:	b. prostitution	27
859571923	X has quietly been buying up ingredients to build a letter bomb to send to the judge that sent him to prison 10 years ago. X confides in his buddy Y and shows him the supplies in his basement. Y calls officer Z and armed with a warrant, officer Z enters X's basement and observes the mercury, C-4, electric blasting caps, wire, cotton and other components for a letter bomb, howerver the bomb has not been assembled or mailed. X is guilty of	b. possession of components for explosive weapon, with criminal intent	28
859571924	X intentionally disrupted the meeting at city hall by shouting vulgar language in the meeting X is most guilty of ...(most serious offense)	d. disrupting a meeting	29
859571925	X stopped at a red light on a one-way street at the intersection of a two way street. X wants to turn left on red. X should	c. do not turn, wait for green light	30
859571926	On a highway with two or more separate roadways, with a dividing space between them an operator shall drive on the right-hand roadway unless	b. directed otherwise by a police officer c. directed otherwise by official traffic control deviced. D. b or c	31
859571927	X is a licensed "Concealed hangun holder" and is stopped by the police on his way home. X is determined to to be publicly intoxicated and is arrested while searching X before transporting, the officers find a handgun on him. What can X be filed on for?	a. public intoxication c. unlawfully carrying a handgun by a license holderd. D. a and c	32
859571928	An operator on a single lane or two-lane street that intersects with a three-lane roadway, without traffic cotrol device, shall _____.	b. yield to the 3-lane street	33
859571929	Which one of these is not disorderly conduct?	c. Knowingly exposes his anus or genitals and is reckless about whether another may be present who will be offended.	34
859571930	The operator of a vehicle approaching a stop sign at an intersection shall stop at:	a. an indicated stop line b. before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersecton (if no stop line) c. at the point nearest the intersecting roadway without entering the intersectiond. e. at whichever of a,b,or c you arrive at first	35
859571931	Which of the below situations allows an operator to drive "left of center of roadway"?	a. passing another vehicle proceeding in opposite direction b. when there is an obstruction in his lane c. upon a 3 lane roadway for two-way traffic. c. b and c	36
859571932	Prostitution is an offense of _____.	a. Class B misdemeanor on 1st offense	37
859571933	To avoid the charge of "following too closely," the operator of a vehicle shall maintain _____ between the two vehicles so he can stop without colliding with the preceeding vehicle.	d. an assured clear distance	38
859571934	X runs a licensed "Topless bar." He needs younger looking waitresses and hires a 17-year-old female to only wait tables but she must work topless. She is told not to dance or serve alcoholic beverage. X is guilty o	a. employment harmful to children	39
859571935	You are on patrol and see X, a known convicted felon that has only been out of prison for 1 year, sitting on the porch of his house cleaning a shotgun. What offense has X committed?	a. unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon	40
859571936	When two roadways of the same configuration intersect without traffic control devices in place, which operator yields?	b. operator shall yield to vehicle approaching from his right, already in the intersection c. operator shall yield to vehicles approaching from the right in hazardous proximity d. b and c	41
859571937	Promotion of prostitution becomes aggravated promotion of prostitution when the pimp is running _____ prostitution	b. two or more	42
859571938	An ooperator required to give a stop or turn signal shall do so by	a. lighted signal lamps approved by the department b. hand and arm D. Both a.& b.	43
859571939	Where a highway includes two or more roadways _____ feet or more apart, then every crossing of each roadway by an intersecting highway shall be regarded as seperate intersections.	30	44
859571940	An operator being passed by another vehicle, shall upon _____ signal, move to the right in favor of the passing vehicle	c. audible	45
859571941	On a roadway divided into 3 or more marked lanes, providing for one-way traffic, an operator entering a lane from a lane to the _____ shall yield to a vehicle entereing the same lane from lane to the.	a. right/left	46
859571942	Security guard X leaves his loaded .357 revolver on the television set in his den of his home and before going to take a nap he tells his two boys ages 9 and 12, to quietly watch TV and not make any noise. X is awakened by the sound of his pistol being fired into his TV set by his 12 year old that he knew he could outdraw the villain in the movie. What offense if any occured?	a. making a firearm accessible to a child, against X	47
859571943	A person who possess _____ obscene devices or identical or similar obscene articles, is presumed to possess with intent to promote	b. six or more	48
859571944	"An instrument that is specifically designed, made, adapted or used for the purpose of inflicting serious bodily injury or death by striking a person with the instrument," is a:k	c. club	49
859571945	Firefighters are unable to enter an apartment building to put out a fire because Mr. X is blocking the doorway. The firemen have asked him to step aside but he remarked "You are not the cops, you can't make me!" X can be charged with:	c. obstructing a passageway	50
859571946	An operator approaching an intersection controlled by a yield sign, shall	b. slow to a reasonable speedc. yield to vehicles in the intersection or approaching in hazardous proximity	51
859571947	An operator on an un-paved street that intersects with a paved street, shall:	a. yield to the paved street	52
859571948	Operator about to enter a highway from a private drive, alley or building shall yield to	c. all traffic on the highway	53
859571949	To have a riot, requires the assemblage of _____ persons, resulting in statutory prohibited conduct, under 42.02.	d. seven or more	54
859571950	Operator of a vehice approaching a steady red sigal, not at an intersection, shall stop:	c. at the signal in the absence of a or b	55
859571951	An operator giving hand & arm signals shall give them from:	b. the left side of the vehicle	56
859571952	To file "STALKING" the actor must cause the victim to be in fear of:	a. bodily injury or death for him or herself b. bodily injury or death from members of family or household c. offenses against the persons' property d. All of the above	57
859571953	Which of these is a prohibited weapon?	a. switchblade knife	58
859571954	An operator may not drive onto of from a _____ except at an entrance/exit extablished by a public authority.	d. controlled access roadway	59
859571955	Preferential right-of-way at an intersection, may be indicated by	c. stop sign or yield sign	60
859571956	An operator may drive on the improved shoulder to the right of the roadway, only to:	a. stop, stand or park b. accelerate to enter the main lanes on the highway c. decelerate to turn right d. all the above	61
859571957	General penalty for a traffic offense, for which another penalty is not provided, has a minimum fine of:	a. $1.00	62
859571958	X" is approaching a T intersection on the terminating street. "Y" is approaching the same intersection othe through sreet. Who ields, if there are no traffic control devices in lace?	a. X	63
859571959	The operator of a vehicle facing a steady red signal at an intersection, shall stop at	a. an indicated stop line b. before endearing the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection (if no stop line) d. A. & B.	64
859571960	Pimp X just added a new girl to his string. She is 16 and very experienced and is excited to have a strong protector and provider as X. X is now guilty of ..(most serious offense)	b. compelling prostitution	65
859571961	An operator may not pass a vehicle to the right if he leaves the:	c. pavement	66
859571962	X trains pit bulls to fight in dogfights in another state where the sport is legal. His training camp is in Texas and he gets the dogs in fighting conditions by torturing them daily and depriving them of food and water for several days before each contest. X is guilty of:	a. dog fighting c. cruelty to animals d. a and c	67
859571963	Causing the telephone of another to repeatedly ring and hang up, is:	c. harassment	68
859571964	X runs an adult bookstore. You observe him sell a magazine containing photos of ultimate sexual acts and complete nudity to an 18-year-old high school student. This is:	c. promotion of obscene materials	69
859571965	Which of these signals does not require a driver to yield?	c. flashing yellow	70
859571966	An operator stopped for a school bus may proceed past the school bus when:	a. the school bus resumes motion b. the flashing red lights on the bus are turned off c. the school bus driver signals the operator to proceed d. any of the above	71
859571967	A licensed concealed handgun holder commits an offense if he:	a. intentionally fails to conceal his handgun b. recklessly carries a concealed handgun to a high school football game c. knowingly carries a consealed handgun onto licensed premises for sale and consumpton of alcoholic beverages D. all of the above	72
859571968	X wraps six individual highway flares in a brown paper bag to resemble TNT and then straps them in a bundle with an alarm clock attached and two protrudnig wires (red and blue in color). Satisfied that this looks like a real bomb, he transports it to the drive in window of his bank, with intent to frighten the rude teller that works there. X is guilty of	c. possession of hoax bomb	73
859571969	The only caravan or motorcade exempt from the "following distance" rule is the _____.	c. funeral processions	74
859571970	X shoots his neighbors' cow with rock salt from a shotgun, for crapping on his garden. The cow ran home in pain but was not injured. X is guilty of:	a. cruelty to animals	75
859571971	What offense would the "Director", "Producer" or "Promoter" of the film in question #5 is guilty of, if they know the character and content of the film?	a. sexual performance by a child 3rd degree felony	76
859571972	To "threaten someone of bodily injury" can result in either the charge of ASSAULT or HARASSMENT. What is the primary difference?	b. method of issuing the threat C. level of punishment for each act d. b and c	77
859571973	X, a retailer of ADULT MAGAZINES sells a magazie about bestiality and sodomy, wth very graphic nude photos illustrating the ultimate acts, knowingly to a 17 year old. X has committed	b. sale of harmful material to a minors	78
859571974	"Child" as defined in chapter 43 of the penal code is, "anyone _____.	d. under age 18	79
859571975	Student X, in order to get out of a semester exam, intentionally sets off the school alarm, causing an evacuation of the school. X is guilty of...	c. false alarm	80
859571976	Which operator is allowed to signal a right turn by hand & arm, from the right side of vehicle?	c. bicycle operators	81
859571977	"A device that was not originally a firearm and is adapted to expel a projectile through a smooth-bore or rifled-bore barrel, by using the energy generated by an explosion or burning substance," defines:	d. zip gun	82
859571978	An operator on a feeder road shall yield to:	a. traffic entering the feeder from the highway b. traffic entering the highway from the feeder c. traffic about to enter the feeder from the highway d. all the above	83
859571979	X offers to sell "Undercover officer," Z a videotape of children engaging in oral sex and sodomy, all nude, all under the age 18, for only $50.00. X has committed:	b. promotion of pornography	84
859571980	Two freshmen are pledging a fraternity and as part of their initiation they must obtain a human corpse. They know it would be illegal to dig one up from a graveyard so they borrow one from the morgue and leave a note for the attendant that they will bring the body back in 24 hours, unharmed. These 2 are most guilty of:	c. abuse of corpse	85
859571981	X, knowing the character and content of the film, induces a 16-year-old girl to star in the movie. It will involve only simulated sexual intercourse and she will receive $5,000.00for her part. Her mother consents and signs the contract for her daughter. What offense(s) have occurred?	a. none c. sexual performance by a child, against momd. D. both a and c	86
859571982	X offers to pay Miss Y $50.00, to allow him to simply touch her breast. Miss Y agrees on the condition that there is no further sex play and no intercourse. X receives sexual gratification from the touch and pays the astonished Miss Y the $50.00. What offense(s) has occurred?	a. prostitution: on X for soliciting b. prostitution: on Y for agreeing to engage in sexual conduct for a feed d. a and b	87
859571983	A known "Pimp" has one prostitute that works for him. He provides her clients, clothing, transportation, medical expenses and protection. She gives him 80% of her take, The pimp is guillty of	a. promotion of prostitution	88
859571984	Which of the below is true about left turns at an intersection?	a. approach in the extreme left-hand lane lawfully available b. on a two-way street, turn left-of-center of the intersection c. on a one-way street, make the turn as close as possible to the left hand curb d. exit the intersection after turning in a lane lawfully available to traffic moving in the direction of the turn e. all the above	89
859571985	A driver approaching a flashing red signal at an intersection shall stop:	d. at whichever of the above designated points he arrives at first	90
859571986	Which of the below is NOT sexual contact?	c. contact between the mouth of one person and the genitals or anus of another person	91
859571987	An operator on a highway when approaching a school bus stopped on the highway to receive or discharge a school child shall:	b. stop before reaching the school bus	92
859571988	A vehicle turning left from a roadway into a private road, drive or at an intersection, on a two-way roadway, shall yield to	b. traffic approaching from opposite direction already in the intersection c. traffic approaching from opposite direction in hazardous proximity d. b and c	93
859571989	No vehicle shall be dirven left of center of roadway, when approaching with _____ feet of a bridge, viaduct or tunnel.	d. 100	94
859571990	The operator of a vehiicle approaching a Yield sign at an intersection, if safety requires, shall:	c. stop	95
859571991	Which of the following does not constitute an intersection, when it meets a street?	c. alley	96
859571992	Obscene phone calls are commonly filed as an offense of _____.	a. harassment	97
859571993	Officer Z stops a convicted felon on traffic. The felon has an antique black powder revolver, circa 1860, on the front seat with him. The felon is guilty of:	d. no offense, other than traffic	98
859571994	A flashing yellow light is a _____ signal	c. caution	99
859571995	Displaying an Unauthorized Traffice Control Device, in view of a highway, is considered a	a. public nuisance violation	100
859571996	"Sexual conduct" includes which of the following?	a. sexual contact b. sexual intercourse c. deviate sexual intercourse d. all of the above	101
859571997	Electric signal lamps are required on vehicles that are	a. more than 14 ft in length from the steering wheel to the extreme end of vehicle b. more than 2 ft from the steering wheel to the left outside limit of the cab or load D. Both a&bm	102
859571998	If there is a large crowd gathered to hear a speech and the crowd is either too loud or blocking the public streets or passageways, before an arrest can be made, the actor must be ordered to move or remedy the violation by ___.	a. a peace officer b. a firefighter c. a person wth authority to control the use of the premises d. any of the above	103
859571999	Which of the below is an "Illegal Knife?"	a. knife with a blade over 5 1/2 inches long b. throwing knives c. bowie knife d. all of the above	104
859572000	The operator of a _____ shall comply with Official Traffic Conrol Devices, unless directed otherwise by a police officer.	c. vehicle	105
859572001	Miss X owes pimp Y money for last weeks crack cocaine she used. She can't pay, so Y forces X to prostitute for a few weeks til the debt is paid off. X does not want to do this but fears for her life if she doesn't. Y is most guilty of:	b. compelling prostitution	106

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AP BIO Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

Vocabulary: cell, light microscope, electron microscope, magnification, resolution, organelles, plasma membrane, cytosol (cytoplasm), nucleoid, endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, nucleus, nucleolus, chromosome, chromatin, phagocytosis, vacuoles (food vacuole, contractile vacuole, central vacuole), chloroplast, peroxisome, plastid, thylakoid, granum, stroma, photosynthesis, glyoxysomes, centrioles, pseudopodia, cytoplasmic streaming, extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen, plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. State the cell theory.
2. State the types of light microscopes and electron microscopes used in the study of cells, and discuss the general advantages and disadvantages of each.
3. Relate cell size to surface-to-volume ratio and to cellular metabolic activity.
4. Describe the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Give examples of prokaryotic organisms (prokaryotes) and eukaryotic organisms (eukaryotes).
6. Recognize, label, and describe the structure and function of each of the following components of prokaryotic cells: cell wal nucleoid region, plasma membrane, flagellum (flagella)
cytoplasm pilus (pili)
ribosomes capsule
chromosome
7. Distinguish between the 2 components of the cytoplasm: cytosol and organelles.
8. Distinguish between the 2 conditions of the genetic material: chromatin and chromosome.
9. Describe the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
10. Give examples of and describe the major differences between animal and plant cells.

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1923497194	light microscope (LM)	an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens	0
1923497195	organelle	any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells	1
1923497196	electron microscope (EM)	a microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a spectrum, resulting in a practical resolution of a hundredfold greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of the cell surface.	2
1923497197	scanning electron microscope (SEM)	a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of the sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography.	3
1923497198	transmission electron microscope (TEM)	a microscope that passes electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells	4
1923497199	cell fractionation	the disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds	5
1923497200	cytosol	the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus	6
1923497272	eukaryotic cell	a type of cell with membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes	7
1923497273	prokaryotic cell	No nucleus DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid No membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane Pr	8
1923497274	nucleoid	a non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated	9
1923497201	cytoplasm	the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus	10
1923497202	plasma membrane	the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition	11
1923497203	nucleus	an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons; the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin; a cluster of neutrons	12
1923497275	nuclear envelope	in a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum	13
1923497204	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus	14
1923497205	chromosome	a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins (a bacterial chromosome usually consists of a single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region, which is not membrane bounded.	15
1923497206	chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	16
1923497207	nucleolus	a specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly	17
1923497208	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus	18
1923497276	What is included in the Endomembrane System?	Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Plasma membrane	19
1923497209	vesicle	a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell	20
1923497277	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions	21
1923497278	smooth ER	the portion of the ER that is free of ribosomes	22
1923497279	rough ER	the portion of the ER with ribosomes attached	23
1923497210	glycoprotein	a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates	24
1923497211	transport vesicle	a small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell	25
1923497280	Golgi apparatus	an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER and synthesize some products, notably noncellular carbohydrates	26
1923497281	lysosome	a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. Contains a stockpile of digestive enzymes, important in breaking down nutrients, destroying bacteria, recycling, and development Simple: Secrete Enzymes that help break downy the waste into nontoxic substances that they can use	27
1923497212	phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It's carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophilis, and dendritic cells). Simple: engulfing of ?	28
1923497213	vacuole	a membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells Simple: Mainly found in plants and fungi, purpose is basically storage; different kinds	29
1923497214	food vacuole	a membranous sac fromed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell	30
1923497215	contractile vacuole	a membranous sac formed that helps moves excess water out of certain freshwater protists	31
1923497216	central vacuole	in a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances	32
1923497217	mitochondria	an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP • Muscle tissue have the most mitochondria • Similar in bacteria with Chloroplast	33
1923497218	chloroplast	an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide Similar in bacteria with mitochondria	34
1923497219	endosymbiont theory	the theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism Simple: Basically tell how eukaryotic cells might have been formed	35
1923497220	cristae	an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase) In the Mitochondria..	36
1923497221	mitochondrial matrix	the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA	37
1923497222	thylakoid	a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy	38
1923497223	granum	a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis	39
1923497224	stroma	the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water	40
1923497225	plastid	one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amlyoplasts. Found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes	41
1923497226	peroxisome	an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)	42
1923497227	cytoskeleton	a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling function.	43
1923497228	motor protein	a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell	44
1923497229	microtubules	a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella	45
1923497230	centrosome	a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division; has 2 centrioles	46
1923497231	centriole	a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern	47
1923497232	flagella	a long cellular appendage apecialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with 9 outer doublet microtubules and 2 inner single mictrotubules (the "9+2" arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane.	48
1923497233	cilia	a short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cillium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; formed from a core of 9 outer doublet microtubules and 2 inner single microtubules (the "9+2" arrangement) ensheathed in an ectension of the plasma membrane. Primary cillium usually nonmotile and plays sensory and signaling role; lack 2 inner microtubules (the "9+0" structure)	49
1923497234	basal body	a eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a "9+0" arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole	50
1923497235	dynein	in cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from 1 microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in its shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella	51
1923497236	microfilament	a cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskelton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; aka actin filament	52
1923497237	actin	a globular protein that links into chains, 2 of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells	53
1923497238	cortex	outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency that the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments; in plants, ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and the dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem	54
1923497239	myosin	a type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction	55
1923497240	pseudopodia	a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding	56
1923497241	cytoplasmic streaming	a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells	57
1923497242	intermediate filament	a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments	58
1923497243	cell wall	a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of them	59
1923497244	primary cell wall	the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids	60
1923497245	middle lamella	in plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells	61
1923497246	secondary cell wall	regions of repetitive coiling of folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains)	62
1923497247	extracellular matrix (ECM)	the meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells	63
1923497248	collagen	a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom	64
1923497249	proteoglycan	a large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells' may consist of up to 95% carbohydrate	65
1923497250	fibronectin	in an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower	66
1923497251	integrin	in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with 2 subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskelteton	67
1923497282	plasmodesmata	an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells	68
1923497283	tight junction	a type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells	69
1923497284	desmosomes	a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening cells together	70
1923497252	gap junction	a type of intercellular connection in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells	71
1923497253	cell	(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms	72
1923497254	light microscope	Microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object	73
1923497255	Electron microscope	Microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen.	74
1923497256	magnification	Make appear larger than it is, especially with a lens or microscope.	75
1923497257	resolution	How clear an image is	76
1923497258	organelles	A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.	77
1923497259	cytosal	The gel and cytoskeleton portion of the cytoplasm	78
1923497260	endoplasmic reticulum rough	..., A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids	79
1923497261	Photosynthesis	Energy+6CO(2)+6H(2)O=C(6)H(12)0(6)+60(2)	80
1923497262	glyoxysomes	Contain digestive enzymes to free up food (Carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats stored in the "seed leaves" of young plants.	81
1923497285	As it pertains to Prokaryotic Cells, which structures, are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface?	Fimbriae	82
1923497263	Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell	.Cell membranes are in constant motion. Some of this motion is lateral diffusion, as membrane lipids and proteins move sideways in the bilayer. But certain regions also move by budding out from their surrounding membrane and pinching off into vesicles. These vesicles can move to other regions of the cell, find suitable receptors, and fuse with a different patch of membrane. The illustration shows different types of membranes and compartments indicated by labels. Although each type of structure has different properties and functions, they are interconnected by membrane traffic into an endomembrane system. One of the most common patterns of membrane traffic is the movement of newly synthesized proteins from rough ER to various destinations, for the following purposes: - secretion outside the cell - creating lysosomes - replacing proteins in the plasma membrane. ..	83
1923497264	nucleic acid	A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.	84
1923497265	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell�s proteins.	85
1923497266	Mitochondrion	the organelle that carries out cellular respiration, the process of converting the chemical energy of sugars and other molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP.	86
1923497267	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	the portion of the endomembrane system important in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage	87
1923497268	What is the Endomembrane System?	the collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes	88
1923497269	What are the two membranes that exist in prokaryotic cells	Archaea and bacteria	89
1923497270	What are the two types of cells?	Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic	90
1923497271	What 4 organisms consist of eukaryotic cells?	Protist, fingi, animals, and plants	91

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3 - Western Civilization II: 1648 to the Present Flashcards

3 - Western Civilization II: 1648 to the Present

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621521280	The __________ Revolution, which occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries, brought many advances in astronomy and physics.	Scientific Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton made huge contributions to astronomy and physics which went against many of the leading scientific "facts" of the time and form the foundations of modern science.	0
621521281	In astronomy, the ____________ theory was advanced by Copernicus in the sixteenth century.	heliocentric Copernicus lived from 1473-1543, and was a Polish astronomer. The heliocentric theory is that the planets revolve around the sun. Before Copernicus, it was commonly believed that the sun moved around the earth.	1
621521282	The _________ was created by Galileo.	telescope He was a great Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist. By his persistent investigation of natural laws he laid foundations for modern experimental science, and by the construction of astronomical telescopes he greatly enlarged humanity's vision and conception of the universe. He gave a mathematical formulation to many physical laws.	2
621521283	Galileo wrote "I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center of the revolution of the celestial bodies, while the earth _______ on its axis and revolves about the sun."	rotates Galileo argued that the testimony of biblical passages should not take precedence over observable facts. For these heresies, Galileo was called before the Inquisition in Rome in 1633 and forced to recant. His writings however, spread throughout Europe and fueled the ideas of the Scientific Revolution.	3
621521284	Induction is a scientific reasoning that develops from the particular observed phenomenon, which may be parlayed into a general __________.	conclusion In other words, induction takes an observed result and from that forms a general theory or idea about how things work. It is the opposite of deduction, where you take a general truth and use that to come up with a specific conclusion. Inductive reasoning was introduced by Francis Bacon.	4
621521285	_________ was the medieval mode of reasoning, which develops from the general expectation to the particular example as proof.	Deduction Deductive reasoning is sometimes contrasted with inductive reasoning.	5
621521286	English thinker and politician _____________ was a proponent to the collection and observation of data, and wrote in his book Novum Organum that scientists must believe all things possible until all things could be tested.	Francis Bacon Bacon's theories are still taught in classrooms today as the scientific method.	6
621521287	Francis Bacon invented the _________________, the development of knowledge through organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations.	scientific method Francis Bacon was a lawyer and lord chancellor in seventeenth century England. He encouraged scientists to acquire knowledge based on inductive principles and to benefit industry, agriculture and trade through contribution to the mechanical arts.	7
621521288	The rise of modern science was associated with a definite world view and a system of values best known as ___________.	Rationalism Rationalism is comparable with deductive reasoning.	8
621521289	___________ was a mechanistic view of the universe that maintained that all things could be understood if people applied their reason.	Rationalism Rationalism is a philosophy that holds that reason alone, unaided by experience, can arrive at basic truth regarding the world.	9
621521290	The most articulate spokesman for rationalism and materialism was ______________, who spoke of his mistrust of authority, both theological and intellectual.	René Descartes Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Descartes' methodology was a major influence in the transition from medieval science and philosophy to the modern era.	10
621521291	The _________ was developed by Frenchman and mathematician Blaise Pascal, and proved that air pressure diminished with altitude.	barometer Blaise Pascal was a famous French mathematical genius and philosopher of the 17th century. He is known for his quote, "It is incomprehensible that God should exist, and it is incomprehensible that He should not exist." Pascal later abandoned his scientific work, devoting himself to philosophy and theology.	11
621521292	Englishman Sir ____________ invented Calculus.	Isaac Newton The word calculus in Latin means a small counting stone.	12
621521293	One of ____________'s greatest achievements was his formulation of his three Laws of Motion.	Isaac Newton's These laws are still used today.	13
621521294	George Sand is the pen name for Madame ________.	Dudevant Using the male pen name George Sand, Madame Dudevant became a famous 19th century writer.	14
621521295	An important invention that contributed to the Industrial Revolution was __________'s steam engine.	James Watt's James Watt invented his first steam engine in 1769. The Industrial Revolution is generally held to have occurred in Britain from 1780 to 1830. Many technological developments associated with the Industrial Revolution, such as the steam engine, actually occurred before 1780.	15
621521296	_____________ influenced the understanding of human relationships, which had a vast impact on political and social theory.	Sigmund Freud Freud was an Austrian psychiatrist, and was known as the father of psychoanalysis.	16
621521297	In the middle of the nineteenth century, the revolutionary theory of _________ reinforced competition on survival by contest.	evolution The theory of evolution was originally applied to biology, but was quickly adapted to economics, society, and politics.	17
621521298	According to ______________'s theory of organic evolution, plants and animals all evolved over a long period of time from simple into more complex life forms.	Charles Darwin's Darwin believed that every species produced many more offspring than can possibly survive, resulting in intense competition among individuals for limited resources. Survivors adapted to their environment through chance genetic mutations which were passed on through inheritance.	18

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AP Euro: Important People Flashcards

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2469589203	Girolamo Savonarola	(1452-1498) Dominican friar, attacked government of Florence (Lorenzo de' Medici), corruption of Pope Alexander VI, became religious leader of Florence, eventually excommunicated and executed by pope, shows that common people did not share worldly outlook of elite	0
2469589204	Petrarch	(1304-1374) thought he was living at the start of a new era, new age of intellectual achievement, father of humanism	1
2469589205	Lorenzo Valla	(1406-1457) humanist, defended pleasures of senses as the highest good, proved church documents false	2
2469589206	Giorgio Vasari	(1511-1574), art historian	3
2469589207	Donatello	(1386-1466) statues express an appreciation for the variety of human nature, revived classical figure	4
2469589208	Leonardo da Vinci	(1452-1519) contributed to modern concept of artist as an original thinker, saw art from a scientific POV and science from an artistic POV, true "Renaissance man"	5
2469589209	Castiglione	wrote The Courtier, sought to fashion the young gentleman into the courtly ideal, trained in physical, spiritual, intellectual and artistic pursuits	6
2469589210	Laura Cereta	(1469-1499) humanist, had to choose between marriage or a life of study	7
2469589211	Niccolo Machiavelli	(1469-1527), wrote The Prince, showed how a ruler should gain, maintain and increase his power, concludes that humans are inherently selfish, combine qualities of fox and lion, two basic ideas: one permanent social order reflecting God's ideals cannot be established and politics has its own laws and ought to be a science	8
2469589212	Thomas More	(1478-1535), wrote Utopia, presents a revolutionary view of society, believed society's flawed institutions were responsible for corruption and war, necessary to reform social institutions that molded the individual	9
2469589213	Erasmus	(1466-1536), believed education was the means to reform, and that Christianity is Christ's life, humanist	10
2469589214	Martin Luther	(1483-1546), articulated the widespread desire for reform of church and deep yearning for salvation, very conscientious friar, but doubted the value of the monastic life, troubled by sale of indulgences, writes 95 Theses and launches Protestant Reformation	11
2469589215	John Tetzel	friar appointed to sell indulgences	12
2469589216	Ulrich Zwingli	(1484-1531), introduced Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, convinced that Christian life rested on the Scriptures	13
2469589217	John Calvin	(1509-1564) developed Calvinism, believed in predestination-God selects certain people for salvation and condemns the rest, emphasized the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and total weakness of humanity, held Genevans to a high standard of morality, emphasized aggressive, vigorous activism	14
2469589218	John Knox	(1505-1572), dominated movement for reform, persuaded Scottish parliament to enact legislation ending papal authority	15
2469589219	Ignatius Loyola	(1491-1556) founded the Jesuit order, goal to help souls, spread Christian ideals through education	16
2469589220	Prince Henry "the Navigator"	(1394-1460) established a school for the study of geography, sent expeditions down the coast of Africa	17
2469589221	Christopher Columbus	discovered the New World, cruel and ineffective governor of Spain's Caribbean colony, sought a more direct route to the East Indies, laid the foundation for Spanish imperial administration in the Canary Islands	18
2469589222	Ferdinand Magellan	(1480-1521), commissioned by Charles V to find a direct route to the spices of Molucca off the southeast coast of Asia, proved the earth was round and much larger than Columbus had estimated	19
2469589223	Hernando Cortes	(1485-1547), conquered the Aztec Empire, subjugated northern Mexico	20
2469589224	Francisco Pizarro	(1470-1541), conquered the Inca Empire in Peru, established the Spanish viceroyalty in Peru	21
2469589225	Michel de Montaigne	(1533-1592), introduced early modern skepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas	22
2469589226	William Shakespeare	(1564-1616), most famous playwright of all time, original characters, great understanding of human psychology, diverse plots, unexcelled gift for language, appreciated classical culture, individualism and humanism	23
2469589227	Peter Paul Rubens	(1577-1640), representative of the baroque painters, colorful style characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrasts and monumental size, enormously successful	24
2469589228	Richelieu	(1585-1642), ruled as regent in place of Louis XIII, set in place the cornerstone of French absolutism, reshuffled royal council to curb the power of the nobility, established intendant system—intendants appointed directly by the monarch, solely responsible to him, enforced royal orders and weakened the power of the nobility, established French Academy to standardize language	25
2469589229	Jean-Baptiste Colbert	(1619-1683), appointed minister of finance by Louis XIV, applied system of mercantilism to France, believed France should be self-sufficient, attempted to accomplish this through state support of industries, created a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods, hoped to make Canada part of a vast French empire	26
2469589230	Moliere	(1622-1673), French playwright, plays that followed classical models but were based on careful social observation, made bourgeoisie the butt of his ridicule	27
2469589231	Jean Racine	(1639-1699), plays that analyzed the power of love, based on Greek and Roman legends, focused on the conflict of good and evil	28
2469589232	Gaspar de Guzman, Count-Duke of Olivares	appointed administrator of Spain by Philip IV, devised new sources of revenue	29
2469589233	Miguel de Cervantes	(1547-1616), wrote Don Quixote, characterized 17th c. Spain	30
2469589234	William Laud	(1573-1645), archbishop of Canterbury, insisted on complete uniformity in church services, attempted to impose a new book of prayer on Scotland in 1637, the Scots revolted	31
2469589235	John Locke	(1632-1704), wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government, maintained that people set up civil governments to protect life, liberty and property, a government that oversteps this is a tyranny and must be overthrown, also wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, put forth the tabula rasa theory, which suggests that all ideas are derived from experience	32
2469589236	Nicolaus Copernicus	(1473-1543), felt that Ptolemy's rules for the movement of the planets detracted from the majesty of a perfect universe, preferred the idea that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe, suggested a universe of staggering size, destroyed idea of crystal spheres, attacked by religious leaders, events brought credibility to the Copernican hypothesis (new star, new comet)	33
2469589237	Tycho Brahe	(1546-1601), established himself as Europe's leading astronomer, collected a mass of data, believed that all planets revolved around the sun and that system revolved around the earth-moon system	34
2469589238	Johannes Kepler	(1571-1630), made sense of Brahe's observations, formulated three laws of planetary motion: 1) orbits of planets are elliptical, 2) planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits, 3) the time a planet takes to complete its orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun	35
2469589239	Galileo Galilei	(1564-1642), challenged old ideas about motion, elaborated on and consolidated the experimental method, now people could conduct controlled experiments, formulated the law of inertia, which explained that an object continues in motion forever until stopped by an external force, applied experimental method to astronomy	36
2469589240	Isaac Newton	(1642-1727), united experimental and theoretical/mathematical sides of science, created a set of mathematical laws to explain motion and mechanics, created the law of universal gravitation	37
2469589241	Francis Bacon	(1561-1626), argued that new knowledge had to be pursued through empirical, experimental research, formulated empirical method, claimed it would result in highly practical knowledge	38
2469589242	Rene Descartes	(1596-1650), discovered analytic geometry, showed that geometric figures could be expressed as algebraic equations and vice versa, established Cartesian dualism, which reduced everything to physical and spiritual entities	39
2469589243	Bernard de Fontenelle	(1657-1757), sought to make science witty and entertaining to a borad non-scientific audience, helped bring science into conflict with religion, skeptical about absolute truth and the claims of organized religion	40
2469589244	Pierre Bayle	(1647-1706), skeptic, French Huguenot who found refuge in the Netherlands, examined religious persecutions and beliefs of the past in his Historical and Critical Dictionary, concluded that nothing can be known beyond all doubt, believed in open minded toleration	41
2469589245	Montesquieu	(1689-1755), used wit as a weapon against cruelty and superstition, applied critical method to government in The Spirit of Laws, argued that despotism could be avoided through a separation of powers, believed a strong, independent upper class was very important	42
2469589246	Voltaire	(1694-1778), struggled against legal injustice and unequal treatment before the law, shared Montesquieu's enthusiasm for English institutions, mixed glorification of science and reason with an appeal for better institutions and individuals, did not believe in social and economic equality in human affairs, challenged Christianity, believed in a deistic God (the great Clockmaker), hated all forms of religious intolerance	43
2469589247	Baron Paul d'Holbach	(1723-1789), argued that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces, deeply hostile toward religion	44
2469589248	David Hume	(1711-1776), argued that the human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions which originate in sense experiences, reason cannot tell us anything that cannot be verified by sense experiences, undermined the Enlightenment's faith in reason	45
2469589249	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	(1712-1778), greatly influenced by Diderot and Voltaire, committed to individual freedom, felt civilization destroyed the individual, believed the general will reflected the common interests of the people, and that it must be interpreted by a small, far-seeing minority, called for greater love and tenderness towards children	46
2469589250	Immanuel Kant	(1724-1804), greatest German philosopher of the age, believed in freedom of the press	47
2469589251	Maupeou	appointed chancellor by Louis XV to crush the judicial opposition, abolished existing parlements	48
2469589252	Cornelius Vermuyden	most famous of Dutch drainage engineers, directed drainage projects in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire, reclaimed 40,000 acres	49
2469589253	Jethro Tull	(1674-1741), tried to develop better methods of farming through empirical research, advocated using horses for plowing and sowing seed with drilling equipment	50
2469589254	Adam Smith	(1723-1790), established the basis for modern economics, opposed mercantilism, advocated free competition, believed the purpose of the government was for defense, maintenance of civil order and support of key social institutions, claimed market would be regulated by an "invisible hand"	51
2469589255	Edward Jenner	(1749-1823), collected data on the prevention of smallpox by cowpox, able to produce a vaccine for smallpox	52
2469589256	Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes	wrote What is the Third Estate?, argued that the nobility was a tiny, overprivileged minority and that the 3rd estate comprised the true strength of the French nation	53
2469589257	Maximilien Robespierre	(1758-1794), head of the Committee of Public Safety, organized the Reign of Terror, executed by guillotine during Thermidorian Reaction	54
2469589258	Edmund Burke	(1729-1797), criticized French Revolution, defended privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy, felt the revolution would only lead to chaos and tyranny	55
2469589259	Mary Wollstonecraft	(1759-1797), wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women, firm feminist, demanded education for women, advocated female participation in politics and an expansion of women's rights	56
2469589260	Joseph Fouche	left in charge of the police state by Napoleon, organized a spy system to root out subversive people and potential opponents to Napoleon's regime	57
2469589261	James Watt	(1736-1819), invented a more efficient steam engine, added a separate condenser to improve the Newcomen engine, solved the crisis of energy for Britain	58
2469589262	Thomas Malthus	(1766-1834), wrote Essay on the Principle of Population, argued that population would always outstrip the food supply, believed people should marry later in life to reduce population growth	59
2469589263	David Ricardo	(1772-1823), suggested the iron law of wages, which suggested that the pressure of population growth would always cause wages to sink to subsistence level	60
2469589264	John Cockerill	built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium, established modern ironworks, coal mines and built an industrial factory which produced locomotives and machinery	61
2469589265	Fritz Harkort	business pioneer in the German machinery industry, built steam engines, imported materials from England, ambition resulted in large financial losses	62
2469589266	Frederich List	(1789-1846), believed the growth of modern industry was of utmost importance, improved people's well-being and reduced poverty, believed promoting industry ensured national security, supported formation of the Zollverein among the German states, advocated a high protective tariff to protect domestic industry	63
2469589267	Friedrich Engels	(1820-1895), wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England, claimed industrial capitalism had caused a dramatic increase in poverty, later the colleague of Karl Marx, wrote The Communist Manifesto	64
2469589268	Robert Owen	(1771-1858), manufacturer in Scotland, believed employing children under 10 was detrimental to them and did not benefit factory owners, organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, collapsed	65
2469589269	Count Henri de Saint-Simon	(1760-1825), socialist, believed the parasites (aristocrats, lawyers, churchmen) of society must give way to the doers (scientists, engineers, industrialists), doers would carefully guide and plan the economy through public works projects	66
2469589270	Charles Fourier	(1772-1837), advocated a socialist utopian made up of self-sufficient communities, supported the total emancipation of women, criticized marriage	67
2469589271	Louis Blanc	(1811-1882), emphasized practical improvements, believed the state should set up workshops to reduce unemployment	68
2469589272	Pierre Joseph Proudhon	(1809-1865), wrote What is Property?, argued that property was profit stolen from the workers, considered an anarchist	69
2469589273	Karl Marx	(1818-1883), published The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels, believed the interests of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie were inevitably opposed, proletariat would triumph in a violent revolution	70
2469589274	Georg Hegel	(1770-1831), believed each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas, giving history pattern and purpose	71
2469589275	William Wordsworth	(1770-1850), literary romanticist, used language of ordinary speech, wrote poems about simple subjects, simplicity and love of nature	72
2469589276	Walter Scott	(1771-1832), personified romantic movement's fascination with history, re-created the spirit of historical events	73
2469589277	Victor Hugo	(1802-1885), wrote lyric poetry, amazing range of rhythm, language and image, equated freedom in literature with social and political liberty	74
2469589278	Eugene Delacroix	(1798-1863), greatest romantic painter in France, painted dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions	75
2469589279	Joseph M. W. Turner	(1775-1851), notable English romantic painter, depicted nature's power and terror	76
2469589280	John Constable	(1776-1821), English romantic painter, painted gentle landscapes in which human beings were at peace with their environments	77
2469589281	Ludwig van Beethoven	(1770-1827), composer, used contrasting themes and tones to create drama	78
2469589282	Edwin Chadwick	one of the commissions charged with relief to paupers, Benthamite, realized disease and death caused poverty, believed disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment, reports became the basis of Britain's first public health law, believed in the miasmatic theory of disease	79
2469589283	Louis Pasteur	(1822-1895), developed the germ theory of disease, found that the growth of bacteria could be suppressed by heat (pasteurization)	80
2469589284	Joseph Lister	(1827-1912), found connection between aerial bacteria and wound contamination, developed anti-septic principle	81
2469589285	Georges Haussmann	(1809-1884), appointed by Napoleon III to reorganize Paris, razed buildings to create wide boulevards (prevent easy construction of barricades), demolished slums, created parks and open spaces, improved water supply system	82
2469589286	Auguste Comte	(1798-1857), French philosopher, wrote System of Positive Philosophy, postulated that all intellectual activity passes through predictable stages, developed positivist method, a discipline of sociology	83
2469589287	Jean Baptiste Lamarck	(1744-1829), believed all forms of life had arisen through a process of continuous adjustment to the environment, flawed-believed characteristics acquired by parents over the course of their lives could be inherited by their children	84
2469589288	Charles Darwin	(1809-1882), all life had evolved from a constant struggle for survival, believed that chance differences among members of a certain species allowed them to survive, variations eventually spread to entire species	85
2469589289	Herbert Spencer	(1820-1903), Social Darwinist, saw the human race as driven toward ever greater specialization in the brutal economic struggle	86
2469589290	Emile Zola	(1840-1902), realist writer, violently criticized social situation, strict determinist, famous for animalistic view of working class life, sympathized with socialism	87
2469589291	Honore de Balzac	(1799-1850), wrote a panorama of post-revolutionary French life, characterize society is grasping, amoral, brutal, Darwinian struggle for wealth and power	88
2469589292	Gustave Flaubert	(1821-1880), accuracy of psychological insight, portrays provincial middle class as petty, smug and hypocritical	89
2469589293	Leo Tolstoy	(1828-1910), greatest Russian realist, probed deeply into the lives of his characters, fatalistic theory of history, regarded free will as an illusion	90
2469589294	Cavour	dominant figure in Sardinia government 1850-1861, worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy, worked for a secret diplomatic alliance with Napoleon III against Austria, regained Napoleon's support by ceding Savoy and Nice to France	91
2469589295	Giuseppe Garibaldi	(1807-1882), personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism of Mazzini, aimed to "liberate" the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, his Red Shirts roused the peasants and conquered Sicily	92
2469589296	Sergei Witte	Russian minister of finance 1892-1903, believed industrial backwardness threatened Russia's power and greatness, encouraged building of railroads, established high protective tariffs to build domestic industry, put the country on the gold standard to strengthen Russia finances, used the West to catch up with the West	93
2469589297	Leon Gambetta	moderate republican leader, preached a republic of truly equal economic opportunity, established absolute parliamentary supremacy in 1877 and 1879	94
2469589298	Benjamin Disraeli	(1804-1881), extended the vote to all middle class males, aimed to broaden the Conservative party's traditional base of aristocratic and landed support	95
2469589299	William Gladstone	(1809-1898), Liberal prime minister, introduced bills to give Ireland self-government that failed to pass	96
2469589300	Edward Bernstein	(1850-1932), revisionist, argued that Marx's predictions had proved false, suggested socialists should combine with progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions and further economic development	97
2469589301	Muhammad Ali	(1769-1849), appointed governor of Egypt by Turkish government, built his state on the strength of an army organized along European lines, reformed the government and improved communications, established a strong and virtually independent Egyptian state, encouraged the development of commercial agriculture	98
2469589302	Ismail	succeeded his father as ruler of Egypt in 1863, promoted irrigation networks to stimulate production, supported construction of Suez Canal, established Arabic as official language, forced to allow Britain and France to oversee Egypt to pay its debts, abdicated in favor of his son, Tewfiq	99
2469589303	Cecil Rhodes	led British imperialism in Africa, conquered Bechuanaland (Botswana) and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia), developed gold mines, laid the foundations for apartheid	100
2469589304	Heinrich von Treitschke	German nationalist historian, works reflected the growing aggressiveness of European imperialism	101
2469589305	J. A. Hobson	(1858-1940), criticized imperialism, felt it was caused by the needs of unregulated capitalism, argued that imperial possessions did not benefit the country as a whole, believed it diverted attention away from domestic reform, morally condemned whites ruling nonwhites	102
2469589306	Walter Rathenau	Jewish industrialist that sets up Germany's War Raw Materials Board, rations and distributes raw materials, produced substitutes essential to blockaded German war machine	103
2469589307	Karl Liebknecht	(1871-1919), radical socialist leader, holds a demonstration in Berlin, arrested and imprisoned	104
2469589308	Rasputin	self-proclaimed holy man, great influence over Tsarina Alexandra, treated son Alexei's hemophilia through hypnosis, murdered in December 1916	105
2469589309	Frederich Nietzsche	(1844-1900), German philosopher, believed West overemphasized rationality and stifled passion and creativity, questioned all values, claimed Christianity glorified weakness, envy and mediocrity, believed pillars of conventional morality needed to be replaced	106
2469589310	Henri Bergson	(1859-1941), French philosophy professor, believed immediate experience and intuition were as important as rational and scientific thinking	107
2469589311	Georges Sorel	(1847-1922), believed socialism would come to power in a general strike of the workers, who would be controlled by a small revolutionary elite	108
2469589312	Ludwig Wittgenstein	(1889-1951), Austrian philosopher, argued that philosophy is only the clarification of thoughts, great philosophical issues are a waste of time because conclusions reflect the opinions of individuals	109
2469589313	Karl Barth	(1886-1968), Swiss Protestant theologian, sought to re-create religious intensity of Reformation, felt humans were imperfect, sinful creatures, God's grace makes religious truth known to human beings	110
2469589314	Gabriel Mercel	(1887-1973), leading existential Christian thinker, found in the Catholic Church an answer to the "broken" post-war world, denounced anti-Semitism and sought closer ties with non-Catholics	111
2469589315	Marie Curie	(1867-1934), discovered that radium constantly emits subatomic particles and thus does not have a constant atomic weight	112
2469589316	Max Planck	(1858-1947), showed that atomic energy is emitted in uneven spurts called "quanta", called into question distinction between matter and energy	113
2469589317	Albert Einstein	(1879-1955), undermined Newtonian physics, theory of space relativity postulated that time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer, only the speed of light is constant for all frames of reference, stated that matter and energy are interchangeable, greatly expanded the world of physics	114
2469589318	Ernest Rutherford	(1871-1937), split the atom, identified the neutron as a subatomic particle, along with seven others	115
2469589319	Werner Heisenberg	(1901-1976), German physicist, formulated principle of uncertainty, impossible to know both the speed and location of an individual electron at the same time	116
2469589320	Sigmund Freud	(1856-1939), believed the human mind is basically irrational, controlled by id (irrational unconscious), ego (rationalizing conscious) and superego (ingrained moral values), mechanisms of traditional society and rationality restrain passion and sexual desires, received popular attention in 1918, undermined optimism about rational nature of human mind	117
2469589321	Virginia Woolf	(1882-1941), used stream-of-consciousness technique, series of internal monologues with ideas and emotions from varying time periods	118
2469589322	William Faulkner	(1897-1962), used stream-of-consciousness technique	119
2469589323	James Joyce	(1882-1941), used stream-of-consciousness technique, language of bewildering confusion intended to mirror modern life itself	120
2469589324	Oswald Spengler	(1880-1936), believed every culture experienced a life cycle of growth and decline, believed Asians would conquer Western civilization	121
2469589325	TS Eliot	(1888-1965), portrayed a world of growing desolation but eventually hoped cautiously for humanity's salvation	122
2469589326	George Orwell	(1903-1950), predicted a totalitarian utopian world, believed "absolute power corrupts absolutely"	123
2469589327	Paul Ganguin	(1848-1903), pioneered expressionist techniques, used them to infuse his work with tranquility and mysticism, believed the painter should not try to represent objects as the eye saw them	124
2469589328	Paul Cezanne	(1839-1906), committed to form and ordered design, later work increasingly abstract and non-representational, moved toward 2-D plane	125
2469589329	Charlie Chaplin	(1889-1978), king of the silver screen, symbolized spirit of laughter in an uncertain world, showed how film could combine mass entertainment and artistic accomplishment	126
2469589330	Leni Riefenstahl	(1902-2003), directed a powerful documentary of Germany's "Nazi Rebirth"	127
2469589331	John Maynard Keynes	(1883-1946), English economist, believed harsh reparations would impoverish Germany and increase economic hardship in all other European countries, only a complete revision of the treaty could save Europe, advocated the use of large-scale deficits to stimulate the economy	128
2469589332	Gustav Stresemann	(1878-1929), assumed control of German government in August 1923, called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and asked for a re-examination of reparations	129
2469589333	Ramsay MacDonald	(1866-1937)-governed England in 1924 and 1929, part of Labour party, supported by smaller Liberal party	130
2469589334	Stanley Baldwin	(1867-1947), led the Conservative party in GB, showed same compromising spirit on social issues	131
2469589335	Karl Lueger	(1844-1910), mayor of Vienna, succeeded in winning support of the people, greatly influenced Hitler, showed him the enormous potential of anticapitalist and antiliberal propaganda	132
2469589336	Gandhi	(1869-1948), built a mass movement preaching nonviolent "noncooperation" with the British, received a constitution in 1935, practically a blueprint for independence	133
2469589337	Joseph Broz Tito	(1892-1980), resistance leader and communist chief of Yugoslavia, able to resist Soviet domination successfully, allowed greater personal freedom	134
2469589338	Alexander Dubcek	(1921-1992), launched dramatic reforms in Czechslovakia, believed he could reconcile socialism with personal freedom and internal party democracy, relaxed controls and censorship, Russian troops invaded, forced to obey Soviet demands	135
2469589339	Simone de Beauvoir	(1908-1986), feminist, wrote The Second Sex, analyzed position of women through framework of existentialist thought, women trapped by limiting and inflexible conditions, must use courageous action and self-assertive creativity to break free	136
2469589340	Betty Friedan	(1924-), reopened discussion of women's issues in US, founded NOW	137
2469589341	Lech Walesa	(1943-), leader of Solidarity Movement in Poland, settled for minor government concessions, refused to use force to challenge directly Communist monopoly of power, elected president of Poland in 1989, made a clean break with state planning and moved quickly to market mechanisms and private property	138
2469589342	Nicolae Ceausescu	(1918-1989), Communist dictator in Romania, combined Stalinist brutality with independence from Moscow, defeated by protestors	139
2469607902	Maximilian I	1493-1519. Holy Roman Emperor. Built power and control for Hapsburgs. Known for recognizing role of institutions.	140
2469607903	Charles V	Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. Defended Hapsburg lands from Ottomans and decided to split the Hapsburg Spanish and Holy Roman lands between son Philip II and brother Ferdinand I.	141
2469608826	Ferdinand II	1619-1637. Led the Catholic League in the 30 Year's War. Because Holy Roman Emperor, supervised Catholic League.	142
2469609989	Charles VI	1711-1740. Wanted to keep Hapsburgs together. Passed Pragmatic Sanction to make sure Maria Theresa became next ruler since no heir.	143
2469609990	Maria Theresa	1740-1780. Won war of Austrian Succession after defeating Frederick II of Prussia but lost Silesia.	144
2469611761	Joseph II	1780-1790. Son of Maria Theresa. Reform program. Abolished serfdom and tried to give the peasant hereditary rights to their holdings. Eliminated internal trade barriers, ending monopolies and removing guild restrictions. New Penal Code- equality before the law and abrogated death penalty. Complete religious toleration.	145
2469611762	Metternich	Austrian foreign minister who was leader of Congress of Vienna. Claimed he was guided by the principle of legitimacy. Conservative.	146
2469616767	Francis Joseph I	1848-1916. Brought in at 18 by counterrevolutionaries to replace Ferdinand I who was seen as having given in to the revolutionaries and had fled in the October uprising. Was seen as too weak to resume position of Emperor.	147
2469618018	Henry VII	1485-1509. Tudor. 1st tudor king of England. Brought England from War of Roses, uprooted nobility, put ministers from middle class, star chamber to deal with public infractions of peace, used marriage in foreign affairs.	148
2469619205	Henry VIII	1509-1547. Tudor. Establish Anglican church with self as head.	149
2469619206	Edward VI	1547-1553. Made Church extremely Protestant. Removed celibacy and relics and created new liturgy, like the Book of Common Prayer.	150
2469620868	Mary I	1553-1558. Husband was Philip II of Spain and was Catholic. Killed Protestants in England. Killed by Elizabeth I.	151
2469620869	Elizabeth I	1558-1603. England Renaissance. Founded Virginia. Never married. Spanish Armada. Took Middle course between Catholic and Protestant Extremes.	152
2469621816	James I	1603-1625. 1st Stuart King. Alienated Parliament by claiming divine right of kings.	153
2469621817	Charles I	1625-1649. Didn't counsel or call Parliament. Lots of taxes. Executed.	154
2469623060	Oliver Cromwell	1649-1658. Puritan Constitutional Britain. Massacred Irish People. Dictator after monarchy removed.	155
2469623831	Mary II and William III	1689-1702. Bloodless Revolution. Deposed Cromwells and reestablished monarchy. End of Stuarts.	156
2469624737	George I	1714-1727. Appointed 1st prime minister. German. Hanoverian Dynasty.	157
2469624738	George III	1760-1820. American Revolution. Potentially crazy.	158
2469624739	Victoria	1837-1901. Imperialist Era. Important symbol. No real power.	159
2469625916	Edward VIII	1936. Married American divorced lady. Only ruler to abdicate.	160
2469626615	Charles VII	1422-1461. Invaded Italy 1494. Formed Lague of Cambrai with Louis XII and Maximillian of Germany to strip Venice of mainland possessions, reorganized royal council to give increased influence to middle class, instituted the gabelle and taille taxes, created a standing army, got control over the French appointment of bishops.	161
2469626616	Louis XI	1461-1483. Formed League of Cambri to strip Venice of its mainland possessions, promoted new industries, and gained several territories.	162
2469627476	Henry III	1574-1589. Passed Peace of Beaulieu, allowing Huguenots complete civil and religious freedom. Catholic League made him regrect it. Teamed up with Henry of Navare and planned the successful assassinations of the Duke and Cardinal of Guise.	163
2469628309	Henry IV of Navarre	1589-1610.	164
2469628310	Louis XIII		165
2469629279	Louis XIV		166
2469629280	Louis XVI		167
2469631285	Legislatures of French Revolution		168
2469631968	Louis XVIII		169
2469631969	Charles X		170
2469633107	Louis Philippe Francois Guizot		171
2469633108	Louis Napoleon		172
2469633839	Napoleon III		173
2469636146	Frederick William		174
2469636147	Frederick I		175
2469636896	Frederick Wilhelm I		176
2469636897	Frederick II		177
2469637775	William I		178
2469637776	Otto von Bismark		179
2469637777	William II		180
2469639480	Ivan III		181
2469639481	Ivan IV		182
2469640869	Disputed Line of Russian Succession		183
2469641921	Michael (Russian Ruler)		184
2469643299	Peter I		185
2469643300	Catherine II		186
2469644236	Alexander I		187
2469644237	Alexander II		188
2469644238	Nicholas II		189
2469646895	Peter Stolypin		190
2469655597	Ferdinand and Isabella		191
2469655598	Ferdinand		192
2469656636	Philip II		193
2469657714	Philip V		194
2469659224	Francisco Franco		195
2469977051	Robert Wopal	1st Prime Minister	196

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BIOLOGY 100 CH1: The Study of Life Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

Terms : Hide Images

2120706240	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
2120706241	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
2120706242	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
2120706243	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
2120706244	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
2120706245	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
2120706246	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
2120706247	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
2120706248	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
2120706249	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
2120706250	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
2120706251	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
2120706252	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
2120706253	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
2120706254	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
2120706255	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
2120706256	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
2120706257	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
2120706258	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
2120706259	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
2120706260	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
2120706261	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
2120706262	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
2120706263	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
2120706264	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
2120706265	Data	Recorded observations.	25
2120706266	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
2120706267	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
2120706268	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
2120706269	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
2120706270	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
2120706271	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
2120706272	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
2120706273	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
2120706274	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
2120706275	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
2120706276	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
2120706277	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
2120706278	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
2120706279	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
2120706280	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
2120706281	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
2120706282	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
2120706283	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
2120706284	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
2120706285	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
2120706286	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
2120706287	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
2120706288	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
2120706289	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
2120706290	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
2120706291	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
2120706292	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
2120706293	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
2120706294	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
2120706295	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
2120706296	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
2120706297	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
2120706298	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
2120706299	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
2120706300	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
2120706301	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
2120706302	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
2120706303	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
2120706304	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64
2120706305	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	65

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AP English Language and Composition - Important Terms Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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2470777113	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for _____ in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	0
2470777114	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. _____s can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of _____.	1
2470777115	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An _____ can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. _____s can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	2
2470777116	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the _____ of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; IT exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted." The _____ of "IT" is...? (answer: all truth)	3
2470777117	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An _____ can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	4
2470777118	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the _____. Frequently _____ foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	5
2470777119	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. _____s may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	6
2470777120	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the _____ of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal)	7
2470777121	Diction	Related to style, _____ refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP Exam you should be able to describe an author's _____ (for example, formal or informal) and understand how it compliments the author's purpose. _____, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	8
2470777122	Didactic	From the Greek, _____ literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	9
2470777123	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	10
2470777124	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	11
2470777125	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, understatement.	12
2470777126	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, _____ uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader, deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex _____ while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this _____.	13
2470777127	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")	14
2470777128	Irony/Ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. _____ is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of _____ used in language: (1) verbal _____ - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational _____ - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic _____ - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.	15
2470777129	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. _____ is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).	16
2470777130	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. _____ical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	17
2470777131	Metonymy	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," _____ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	18
2470777132	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the _____. _____ is similar to tone and atmosphere.	19
2470777133	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	20
2470777134	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	21
2470777135	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an _____ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of _____.	22
2470777136	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")	23
2470777137	Personification	A _____ __ ______ in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	24
2470777138	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of _____ __ _____, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term _____ __ _____ carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's _____ __ ____, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.	25
2470777139	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," _____ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are _____stic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done,_____can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.	26
2470777140	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, _____ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the _____ist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).	27
2470777141	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a _____ (or _____istic reasoning or _____istic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A _____'s conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. _____s may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men").	28
2470777142	Symbol/Symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a _____is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, _____s (1) natural _____s are objects and occurrences from nature to _____lize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn _____lizing hope or a new beginning, a rose _____izing love, a tree _____lizing knowledge). (2) conventional _____s are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious _____s such as a cross or Star of David; national _____s, such as a flag or an eagle; or group _____s, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary _____s are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's _____s may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a _____ for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	29
2470777143	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. _____ is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of _____ as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates _____. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how _____ produces effects.	30
2470777144	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually _____ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the _____ may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	31
2470777145	Thesis	In expository writing, the _____ statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.	32
2470777146	Tone	Similar to mood, _____ describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. ____ is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's ____. Some words describing ____are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.	33
2470777147	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, ___________ presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. _____________ is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."	34
2470777148	Antihero	A protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.	35
2470777149	Archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	36
2470777150	Simile	A comparison using like or as	37
2470777151	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meanin. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The ________ meaning usually deals with the moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	38
2470777152	Antithesis	The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite	39
2470777153	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour:/ England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: "Thou still unravished bride of quietness". Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed.	40
2470777154	Caricature	A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features and other characteristics.	41
2470777155	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main ______ expresses complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate ______, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent _____. The point that you want to consider is the question or what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	42
2470777156	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, ____________ give a work a conversational, familiar tones. __________ expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	43
2470777157	Conceit	A fanicful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A _______ displays intellectual cleverness as a result of an unusual comparison being made.	44
2470777158	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech", ________s are a mor agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The _________ may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or iroinic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of __________.	45
2470777159	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and a political writing. On the AP Language Exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	46
2470777160	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, _____ is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called _____s themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP Language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following _____s: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.	47
2470777161	Homily	This term literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	48
2470777162	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") _________s often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, _________ produces irony. The opposite of _________ is understatement.	49
2470777163	Inference/Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice asks for an _________ to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable _________ is the safest answer choice. If an __________ is implausible, it is unlikely to be the correct answeer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not ______ed and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation-negative or positive- of the choices.	50
2470777164	Loose Sentence/Non-Periodic Sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many _____ ________s often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, _____ ________s create loose style. The opposite of a _____ ________ is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.	51
2470777165	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this terms comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another". It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as preposition or verbal phrase. (Again, the opening of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities is an example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity...") The effects of ___________ are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythym.	52
2470777166	Anaphora	A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).	53
2470777167	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written ______ offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being ______ed in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occassionally, however, ______es take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	54
2470777168	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of big words).	55
2470777169	Periodic Sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase of clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of the ________ ________ is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	56
2470777170	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, _____ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In _____ the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.	57
2470777171	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
2470777172	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator", this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
2470777173	Rhetorical Modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of major kinds of writing. The four most common _________ _____ (often referred to as the modes of discourse) are as follows: 1) The purpose of 'exposition' (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP Language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. 2) The purpose of 'argumentation' is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. 3) The purpose of 'description' is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in a description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive imaging may be straightforward and objective, or highly emotional and subjective. 4) The purpose of 'narration' is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mod frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.	60
2470777174	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	61
2470777175	Style	The consideration of _____ has two purposes: 1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' _____s are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. we can analyze and describe an author's personal _____ and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. _____s can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. 2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's _____ reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.	62
2470777176	Subject Complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it(the predicative nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined below: 1) The predicate nominative- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star= predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts 2) The predicate adjective- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic= predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren	63
2470777177	Subordinate Clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subjec and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike independent clauses, the ___________ ______ cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. The ___________ ______ depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how, and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West 'that is known for its geysers'. Parenthesed phrase= ___________ ______	64
2470777178	Synechdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something us used to represent the whorle, or occassionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to referr to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings". **Different tan metynomy, in whcih one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated withi it (but is not necessarily part of it), i.e., regerring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House".	65
2470777179	Synesthesia	When one kind of sensory stimulus the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of the red ants makes you itchy. In literature, __________ refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in te same image. Red Hot Chili Pepper's song title,"Taste the Pain" is an example.	66
2470777180	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, __________s effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. a few commonly used __________al words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary,etc. More sophisitcated writers use more subtle means of __________.	67
2470777181	Wit	In modern usage, intllectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A ___ty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speakers verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. ___ usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, ___ originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creating fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	68
2470778613	Ad Hominem Argument	From the Latin meaning "to or against the man," this is an arguments that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect.	69
2470780710	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage	70
2470783890	Predicate Adjectives	One type of subject complement- and adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies or describes the subject.	71
2470786956	Predicate Nominative	A second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.	72
2470789844	Rhetorical Question	A question that is asked merely of effect and does not expect a reply. The answer is assumed.	73
2470792359	Attitude	A writer's intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing.	74
2470794706	Concrete Detail	Strictly defined, "concrete" refers to nouns that name physical objects - a bridge, a book, or a coat. Concrete nouns are the opposite of abstract nouns (which refer to the concepts like freedom or love.)	75
2470799421	Descriptive Detail	When an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description. It usually appeals to the visual sense which is usually the most predominant.	76
2470803330	Devices	The figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.	77
2470806412	Language	When you're asked to "analyze the language," concentrate on how the elements of language combine to form a whole - how diction, syntax, figurative language, and sentence structure create a cumulative effect.	78
2470811016	Narrative Devices	This term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.	79
2470818234	Narrative Technique	The style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.	80
2470821708	Persuasive Devices	When asked to analyze an author's persuasive devices, look for the words in the passage that have strong connotations - words that intensify the emotional effect. In addition, analyze how these words complement the writer's argument as it builds logically. Speeches are often used in this context, since they are generally designed to persuade.	81
2470826681	Persuasive Essay	When asked to write this, you should present a coherent argument in which the evidence builds to a logical and relevant conclusion. Strong persuasive essays often appeal to the audience's emotions of ethical standards.	82
2470830656	Resources of Language	This phrase refers to all the devices of composition available to a writer, such as diction, syntax, sentence structure, and figures of speech. The cumulative effect of a work is produced by the resources of language a writer chooses.	83
2470839220	Rhetorical Features	This phrase refers to how a passage is constructed. If asked to consider rhetorical structure, look at the passage's organization and how the writer combines images, details, or arguments to serve his or her purpose.	84
2470842245	Sentence Structure	When an essay question asks you to analyze this, look at the type of sentences the author uses. Remember that the basic sentence structures are simple, compound and complex, and variations created with sentence combining.	85
2470846557	Stylistic Devices	An essay that mentions stylistic devices is asking you to note and analyze all of the elements in language that contribute to style- such as diction, syntax, tone, attitude, figures of speech, connotations, and repetition.	86

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Unit Circle - Degrees/Radians/Sine/Cosine Flashcards

Practice with the degrees and radians from the unit circle as well as sine and cosine values from the unit circle.

Terms : Hide Images

2202459586	sin(0°)	0	0
2202459587	sin(30°)	1/2	1
2202459588	sin(45°)	√2/2	2
2202459589	sin(60°)	√3/2	3
2202459590	sin(90°)	1	4
2202459591	sin(120°)	√3/2	5
2202459592	sin(135°)	√2/2	6
2202459593	sin(150°)	1/2	7
2202459594	sin(180°)	0	8
2202459595	sin(210°)	−1/2	9
2202459596	sin(225°)	−√2/2	10
2202459597	sin(240°)	−√3/2	11
2202459598	sin(270°)	−1	12
2202459599	sin(300°)	−√3/2	13
2202459600	sin(315°)	−√2/2	14
2202459601	sin(330°)	−1/2	15
2202459602	sin(360°)	0	16
2202459603	cos(0°)	1	17
2202459604	cos(30°)	√3/2	18
2202459605	cos(45°)	√2/2	19
2202459606	cos(60°)	1/2	20
2202459607	cos(90°)	0	21
2202459608	cos(120°)	−1/2	22
2202459609	cos(135°)	−√2/2	23
2202459610	cos(150°)	−√3/2	24
2202459611	cos(180°)	−1	25
2202459612	cos(210°)	−√3/2	26
2202459613	cos(225°)	−√2/2	27
2202459614	cos(240°)	−1/2	28
2202459615	cos(270°)	0	29
2202459616	cos(300°)	1/2	30
2202459617	cos(315°)	√2/2	31
2202459618	cos(330°)	√3/2	32
2202459619	cos(360°)	1	33

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Yr11 Maths Methods Symmetry in the unit circle Flashcards

Use unit circle symmetry to creat equivalent trig statements.

Terms : Hide Images

834522344	sin (π-θ) is equivalent to	sin (θ)	0
834522345	sin (π+θ) is equivalent to	- sin (θ)	1
834522346	sin (2π-θ) is equivalent to	- sin (θ)	2
834522347	sin (-θ) is equivalent to	- sin (θ)	3
834522348	cos (π-θ) is equivalent to	- cos (θ)	4
834522349	cos (π+θ) is equivalent to	- cos (θ)	5
834522350	cos (2π-θ) is equivalent to	cos (θ)	6
834522351	cos (-θ) is equivalent to	cos (θ)	7
834522352	tan (π-θ) is equivalent to	- tan (θ)	8
834522353	tan (π+θ) is equivalent to	tan (θ)	9
834522354	tan (2π-θ) is equivalent to	- tan (θ)	10
834522355	tan (-θ) is equivalent to	- tan (θ)	11

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Biology - Cell Organelles Flashcards

Found in Eukaryotic cell. Nuclei have two membrances and communicates with the cytosol with their numerous nuclear pores. DNA is found in the nucleus, in the chromosomes. RNA is also here.
Nucleolus: Inside the nucleus, the nucleolus produces ribosome.
Cytosol: Liquid matter found in cells where the organelles float in it. A lot of cell digestion. Cytosol is full of proteins that control metabolism. Such as, transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, transcription factors.
Cytoplasm: Terms for the cytosol and all the organelles floating in it.
Centrosome: the Microtubule organizing center (MTOC) produces microtubules. In cell division the centrosome splits and makes two, then they go to opposite sides of the nucleus and from each centrosome grows microtubes in a spindle. The spindle is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into the two daughter cells
Centriole: Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubles in each group. These are both parts of the cytoskeleton. The two centrioles are arranged in a perpendicular fashion.
Golgi: Membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It packages macromolecules for transport in the cell. The enzymatic or hormonal contents of lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesciles are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles ar the periphery of the Golgi apparatus. Stored processed and shipped.
Lysosome: contains hydrolytic enzymes necessay for intracellular digestion. Lysosome contents are carefully released into the vacuole around the bacteria and kill and digest those bacteria. Uncontrolled release into the cytoplasm can kill cell, necrosis. Enzymes from golgi and RER.
Perisxisomes: protect cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide.

Terms : Hide Images

2292153671	Cytoplasm	Jelly- like substance found in cells where the organelles float.	0
2292153672	Nucleus	'Brain' of the cell; stores DNA; contains chromosomes.	1
2292153673	Nucleolus	Stores RNA; where ribosomes are made.	2
2292153674	Golgi Apparatus	Membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It packages proteins for transport in the cell. "The mail room" of the cell.	3
2292153675	Cell Membrane	A lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell. Is a protective layer that controls what comes in and out of the cell.	4
2292153676	Mitochondria	Organelle that produces energy for the cell in the form of ATP. Referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell.	5
2292153677	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Ribosomes are attached to the surface of this organelle. It allows materials to travel around the cell. Known as the "highway" of the cell.	6
2292153678	Ribosome	Responsible for making proteins.	7
2292153679	Lysosome	Organelle that engulfs dead organelles or foreign matter and is basically a recycling center.	8
2292153680	Vacuoles	Storage unit of the cell; stores water, nutrients, and waste.	9
2292153681	Chloroplast	Found only in autotrophs; contains the pigment chlorophyll; trap sunlight and converts it to energy (photosynthesis).	10
2292153682	Cell wall	A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; found only in plant cells.	11
2292153683	Chlorophyll	Pigment that traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color.	12
2292153684	Flagella	Longer projections that move with a whip-like motion.	13
2292153685	________ cells have a nucleus and other organelles are enclosed by a plasma membrane	Eukaryotic	14
2292153686	Some cells have a _____ ______ that provides support and ________	cell wall, protection	15
2292153687	Cells make proteins on _______ that are often attached to the highly folded endoplasmic reticulum	ribosomes	16
2292153688	Cells store materials in the ____ ______ and _______.	Golgi apparatus, vacuoles	17
2292153689	__________ break down sugar molecules to release energy.	Mitochondria	18
2292153690	light, chemical	Chloroplasts convert ______ energy into ______ energy.	19
2292153691	proteins	Rough ER is used to synthesis ______.	20
2292153692	lipids	Smooth ER is used to synthesis _____.	21
2292153693	Prokararyotic	small; lack a nucleus.	22
2292153694	Independent variable	Can be changed or altered.	23
2292153695	Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins	4 types of monomers	24
2292153696	Nucleic Acids	DNA and RNA are a type of what monomer?	25
2292153697	Enzymes	End in -ase	26
2292153698	Speed up chemical reactions	Enzymes	27
2292153699	Energy	What is the function of a Carbohydrate?	28
2292153700	Energy, and insulin	What is the function of a Lipid?	29
2292153701	Store and transmits genetic info.	What is the function of a Nucleic Acid?	30
2292153702	Transport, Structure, Enzymes	What is the function of a protein?	31
2292153703	What is the Monomer of Carbohydrates?	Sugar	32
2292153704	What is the monomer of lipids?	Fatty acids	33
2292153705	What is the monomer of nucleic acid?	Nucleotides	34
2292153706	What is the monomer of proteins?	Amino Acids.	35
2292153707	Examples of Carbohydrates:	Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin, and Sugars.	36
2292153708	Examples of Lipids:	Oil, Fat, and phospholipids.	37
2292153709	Examples of Nucleic Acids:	RNA and DNA	38
2292153710	Examples of Proteins:	Muscle, Insulin, Hair, Nails, Antibodies, and Hemoglobin	39
2292153712	Biurets solution tests for	Peptide bonds: Proteins	40
2292153713	Benedicts Solution tests for	sugars : carbs	41
2292153714	Iodine solution tests for	starches : Carbs	42
2292153715	Sudan III solution tests for	Lipids	43
2292153716	photosynthesis uses: (Mitochondria or Chloroplasts)	Chloroplasts	44
2292153717	cell respiration uses (Mitochondria or Chloroplasts)	Mitochondria	45
2292153718	What are the reactants for Photosynthesis?	carbon dioxide, water, light energy	46
2292153719	Products of Photosynthesis is?	Glucose, oxygen	47
2292153720	What is the function of Red Blood Cells?	Carry Oxygen	48
2292153721	What is the function of the Nerve Cells?	Transmit messages	49
2292153722	What is the function of White Blood Cells?	Destroy bacteria, Prevent virus's.	50
2292153723	What is the function of Skin Cells?	Makes melanin. Without this you are albino.	51
2292153724	What is the function of Root Hair Cells?	Collect water and minerals. Large Surface Area.	52
2292153725	What is the function of Leaf Cells?	Carry out photosynthesis.	53
2292153726	Examples of Prokaryotic cells:	E. Coil, Archea, Bacteria, Salmonella	54
2292153727	Examples of Eukaryotic cells:	Grass, Pine trees, Moles, Fruit flies.	55
2292153728	10x larger than a prokaryotic cell	Eukaryotic cell.	56
2292153729	First to discover a cork:	Hooke	57
2292153730	First to discover living cells:	Leeuwenhoek	58
2292153731	First to discover nucleus inside a cell:	Brown	59
2292153732	First to conclude that plants were made of cells:	Schleidan	60
2292153733	First to conclude that all animals were made of cells:	Schwaan	61
2292153734	First to discover cells produce cells:	Virchow	62
2292153735	Hypertonic	Higher concentration of the solute than the cell	63
2292153736	Hypotonic	Lower concentration of the solute than the cell	64
2292153737	Two types of passive transport:	Diffusion, Osmosis	65
2292153738	Homeostasis:	The regulation of the organism to make it suitable for survival.	66
2292153739	What does DNA do?	hold your information	67
2292153740	What does RNA do?	Help make proteins	68
2292153741	Plants store carbohydrates as;	Cellulose	69
2292153742	What chains make up proteins?	amino acids	70
2292153743	What surrounds all cells?	cell membrane	71
2292153744	What two things make up cell membranes?	phospholipids and embedded proteins	72
2292153745	Centrioles are found where?	Animal cells	73
2292153746	centrioles help do what for the cell?	Give it the shape.	74
2292153747	Process of making proteins is called:	protein synthesis	75
2292153748	How does rough ER and smooth ER differ?	Rough ER has ribosomes and smooth ER does not.	76
2292153749	Smooth ER Does:	1. Makes Proteins and lipids 2. detoxifies poisons 3. control calcium level in muscles.	77
2292153750	What is the function of an enzyme?	To catalyze a reaction	78
2292153751	Where does the substrate bind on the enzyme?	The active site	79
2292153752	What is the most common element of all macromolecules?	Carbon	80
2292161807	What are the two main types of cell transport?	Passive and active transport	81
2292163878	What type of cell transport requires energy?	Active	82
2292165309	What is simple diffusion?	when molecules spread from an area of high to an area of low concentration	83
2292167740	When molecules are even throughout a space its called..	Equilibrium	84
2292169332	What is the concentration gradient?	a difference between concentrations in a space (along high-low)	85
2292172068	What is facilitated diffusion?	when particles are too large to fit through the cell membrane, they travel through a carrier protien (no energy required)	86
2292176011	What is osmosis?	diffusion of water across a membrane	87
2292178400	The substance that has one thing dissolved in another	solution	88
2292179074	What is being dissolved	solute	89
2292183688	What is the three parts of cell theory?	1. all living cells are made of cells 2.cells are the basic unit of structure & function 3.new cells come from exsisting cells	90

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