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ECE 380 - Ultimate Study Guide Flashcards

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2188742264Multiplexer(a.k.a. mux) A gate that, using an additional input, selects one of several analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input into a single (output) line.0
2200762968demultiplexerthe opposite of a multiplexer: a gate that forwards its single input onto a selected one of several analog or digital output signals. Decoder circuits can be used as demultiplexers.1
2188742265AdderA digital circuit that performs the addition of numbers.2
2188742266Half-adderA basic adder, composed of two inputs, two outputs (sum and carry-out), an AND gate and an XOR gate.3
2188751330Carry-outIn addition, one of two outputs created- here, the one carried into the addition of the next, more significant bit.4
2228861904Full-adderAn adder that takes in three inputs (including, generally, a previous carry-out) and produces two outputs. Can be constructed either out of two connected half-adders and an OR gate, or a 3-input XOR gate, and 3 AND gates acting as the input for a 3-input OR gate.5
2188751329Ripple-Carry AdderAn adder constructed from several parallel full-adders, each feeding its "carry" output into the adder of the left bit. Unlike the carry-lookahead adder, is simpler to implement but does not do anything to determine the carries to be calculated prior to finding answer.6
2228850498Carry-lookahead AdderUnlike the Ripple-Carry adder, has the advantage of calculating one or more carry bits before the sum, which reduces the wait time to calculate the result of the larger value bits. It does this by modifying its full-adders and implementing a structure called a carry lookahead, which handles only the processing of carry-outs. Instead of each full adder returning just s, "sum," and c, "carry," and feeding its carry to the next full-adder, each here computes s as well as - p, "propagate" (x OR y) - g, "generate" (x AND y) These two are passed to the carry lookahead to be evaluated. If both are false, there is no carry-out to the next bit. The value of the resulting carry, which is still limited to 0 or 1, is equal to c_i = g + (p*c_i-1) = (x AND y) OR ((x OR y) AND c_i-1) A typical and simple n-bit carry-lookahead adder is implemented with four common gates per bit (two options: 2 XORs/1 OR/1 AND; or 1 XOR/2 ORs/1 AND), plus a number of AND gates equal to the number of bits so far- so five gates for the first digit, six more for the second digit, seven gates for the third, et cetera.7
2188751333Signed NumbersNumbers that can be positive or negative, as opposed to unsigned numbers, which are always positive. In most binary conventions, the rightmost (n-1) digits of a signed number represent its range of potential unsigned magnitudes.8
2188760880Flip-flop(a.k.a. latch) A logic circuit for storage. Has two stable states and can be used to store state information. Equivalent to a bit of memory. The multiple-bit equivalent is called a "register." (Likely not to be featured on the test.)9
2199859824MSB/LSBMost significant bit- the bit representing the greatest order of magnitude in a number: typically the leftmost for unsigned numbers, and the one immediately to the right of it for signed numbers. Least significant bit- the bit representing the lowest order of magnitude in a number: typically the rightmost bit.10
2199699561Sign-and-magnitudeThe "familiar" method of signing numbers: prefacing the value with a boolean value indicating whether it is negative. In digital logic, this scheme is represented by implementing an additional bit prior to the magnitude of the number- one that is false (0) if the number is positive and true (1) if the number is negative. Example: Should we use four bits (three unsigned) to represent signed numbers: +5 = 0101; -5 = 1101 +3 = 0011; -3 = 101111
2199729985complementary number systemAn alternative to the sign-and-magnitude system, considered more practical and efficient for most digital mathematical operations. Negative numbers are defined according to a subtraction operation involving positive numbers.12
21996920081's complementThe more basic complementary number system. Easy to derive (just take the complement of each bit), but comes with drawbacks when used in arithmetic operations. In this, an n-bit negative number (K₁) is obtained by subtracting its equivalent positive number (P) from 2ⁿ - 1; so K₁ = (2ⁿ - 1) - P. Example: Using four bits (three unsigned) once again: -5 = 1111-0101 = 1010 -3 = 1111-0011 = 110013
21996920092's complementNecessary for stable subtraction! In this, an n-bit negative number (K₂) is obtained by subtracting its equivalent positive number (P) from 2ⁿ; so K₂= (2ⁿ) - P. Negative numbers are equal to their 1's complement representation plus one. Example: Using four bits (three unsigned) once again: -5 = 10000-0101 = 1011 -5 = 10000-0o11 = 110114
2199792554radixThe base of a counting system. Binary is radix-2. Octal is radix-8. Decimal is radix-10. Hexadecimal is radix-16.15
21998168531's Complement AdditionOften straightforward (simply add the values normally and interpret the result as a 1's complement), although sometimes this produces a carry-out in the form of an additional leftmost digit- when this happens, the carry-out must be added to the least significant bit. This correction can double the time of the process. (+5)0101 / / / / (-5)1010 (+2)0010 / / / (+2)0010 _______ / / /_______ (+7)0111 / / / /(-3)1100 (+5)0101 (-2)1101 _______ 10010 => add leftmost digit to rightmost digit (+3)0011 <=||16
21998790972's Complement Addition/SubtractionAddition is formed by direct addition of the numbers. Like with 1's complement, may produce an extra digit- but in this case, can be ignored. Subtraction is, thus, most effective in this form from a physical standpoint- it's done by simply taking the 2's complement of the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend. (+5)0101 / / / / (-5)1011 (+2)0010 / / / (+2)0010 _______ / / /_______ (+7)0111 / / / /(-3)1101 (+5)0101 (-2) 1110 _______ 10011 => ignore new digit (+3)0011 <=||17
2199896631subtrahend/minuendRefer to the number to be subtracted, and the number from which the subtrahend is subtracted, respectedly. In short: Minuend - subtrahend = Product18
2200447355digital multiplication19
2200456470decoders and encodersCircuits used (of course) to decode and encode information. A binary decoder decodes information from n inputs into an output of 2ⁿ bits. A binary encoder encodes information from 2ⁿ inputs into an n-bit code. This likely won't be on the test.20
2228835312How to do binary multiplication by handTechnically "technically" identical to decimal multiplication by hand: you multiply the entirety of one factor by the digits of the other, adding the resulting products together. As shifting the entirety of a number one digit to the left in the decimal system multiplies its value by 10, doing so in the binary system multiplies it by 2.21
2229113809Positive logic vs Negative logicRefers to the respective conventions of representing high voltage levels (V_DD) and low voltage levels (Gnd) as 1 and 0 (Positive logic), or 0 and 1 (Negative logic), respectively.22
2228841363PMOSPositive-channel metal-oxide semiconductors. A type of MOSFET transistor. Operates as a switch- when the input signal is low, the switch opens (turns off) and when the input signal is high, the switch closes (turns on). Passes 1 well, and 0, poorly.23
2228841364NMOSNegative-channel metal-oxide semiconductors. A type of MOSFET transistor. Operates as a switch- when the input signal is low, the switch closes (turns on) and when the input signal is high, the switch opens (turns off). Passes 0 well, and 1, poorly.24
2228841783CMOSA circuit logic system using PMOS and NMOS transistors- the "C" stands for "complementary."25
2229168614Transmission gatesAn NMOS transistor and a PMOS transistor, combined into a single switch with an input x, an output f and a selector input, s, working in conjunction with its complement, ~s. ~s is connected to the p-channel transistor, while s is connected to the n-channel transistor- when s is low, the transistors open, turning the switch off; when s is high, the transistors close, turning the switch on and making f=x. These have a variety of applications, not the least of which are to efficiently implement XOR gates and multiplexers.26
2228943652NMOS transistor counts for logic gatesNote: "i" here refers to the fan-in of the gate. NOT gates: 1 NMOS transistor can invert a signal (1) NAND/NOR gates: 1 transistor per input (i) AND/OR gates: Like their inverted counterparts, with an transistors for inversion (i + 1) In addition to the given number of transistors, NMOS logic gates must also implement a pull-up device, usually in the form of a resistor.27
2228872759CMOS transistor counts for logic gatesNote: "i" here refers to the fan-in of the gate. NOT gates: One NMOS, one PMOS (2) NAND/NOR gates: 2 transistors per input (2i) AND/OR gates: Like their inverted counterparts, with 2 extra transistors for inversion (2i + 2) 2-input XOR gate: Two transmission gates, two inverters- all one NMOS, one PMOS. (8) 2-part multiplexer: Two transmission gates, one inverter. (6) Here, an NMOS circuit continues to act as a Pull-Down Network while the introduced PMOS circuit acts as a Pull-Up Network. In typical implementations, the structure of the PMOS network complements the NMOS in every way; for example, if two given inputs connect to parallel transistors in the PDN, they'll connect to sequential transistors in the PUN, and vice-versa.28
2228899002MOSFET transistorsOperate as basic switches with either positive or negative logic, turning on and off depending on the amount of current run through them. Consist of four main parts: The SOURCE and DRAIN are two physically identical terminals that The GATE acts as the "location" of voltage V(G) The SUBSTRATE (or body) is connected to the electrical ground (Gnd).29
2229678199fan-in, fan-outFan-in refers to the number of inputs to a specific gate. The number of other gates a specific gate drives is called its fan-out.30
2461111420Setup time(t[su]) The amount of time a data signal must remain stable in a storage circuit PRIOR TO reaching a pertinent ("trigger") clock edge AVERAGE SETUP TIME: t[su][avg] = .3 ns31
2461111421Hold time(t[h]) The amount of time a data signal must remain stable in a storage circuit AFTER reaching a pertinent ("trigger") clock edge AVERAGE HOLD TIME: t[h][avg] = .2 ns32
2461118603Clock-to-Q propagation delay(t[cQ])33
2461133964basic latchAKA S-R latch AKA Set-Reset latch. One of the most basic circuits for storage. Basically "remembers" whether its value was recently SET to 1 or RESET to 0.34
2461139869gated D latchPrefaced with enable gates,35
2461141534D flip-flopEssentially two D-latches, connected and receiving complementary clock signals.36
2461149444T flip-flopA "toggle" flip-flop- "inverts" when E (enable) = T (data) = 1.37
2461151834JK flip-flop38
2461153275Synchronous transmissionSynchronous transmissions are synchronized by an external clock. ADVANTAGES: - Simple, doesn't require synchronization of both communication sides - Cheap, because asynchronous transmission requires less hardware - Setup is faster than other transmissions, so well suited for applications where messages are generated at irregular intervals, for example data entry from the keyboard, and the speed depends on different applications. DISADVANTAGE: - Large relative overhead, a high proportion of the transmitted bits are uniquely for control purposes and thus carry no useful information39
2461154023Asynchronous transmissionAsynchronous transmissions are synchronized by special signals along the transmission medium (here, usu. ultimately connected to the same sort of clock). ADVANTAGE: - Lower overhead and thus, greater throughput DISADVANTAGE: - Slightly more complex and thus, more expensive40

The Hundred Years' War, The Black Death, and Joan of Arc Flashcards

The Hundred Years' War, The Black Death, and Joan of Arc.

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84391805Edward III started the Hundred Years' War.Who started the Hundred Years' War?0
84391806The English proved the superiority of the English longbow to the French crossbow.What did the English prove during the war?1
84391807The height of the English success was the victory of King Henry V at Agincourt in 1415.What was the height of the English success?2
84391808The battle at Agincourt caused the King of France to sign a peace treaty with Henry V.What did the battle at Agincourt cause?3
84391809The peace treaty made King Henry V become Regent of France.What did the peace treaty the King of France signed make happen?4
84391810The Hundred Years' War started because of the English king's claim to the French throne.Why did the Hundred Years' War start?5
84391811Henry V married Katherine, the King of France's daughter.Who did Henry V marry?6
84391812The English won the most battles.Who won the most battles?7
84391813The French won the Hundred Years' War.Who won the Hundred Years' War?8
84391814The French achieved final victory at Castillion in 1453 A.D.Where did the French achieve final victory at?9
84391815The Black Death happened during the Hundred Years' War, from 1348-1350 A.D.When did the Black Death happen?10
84391816It is estimated that as many as half the people of Europe died from the Black Death.How many people died of the Black Death?11
84391817Joan of Arc was a peasant girl from Domremy.Who was Joan of Arc?12
84391818Joan of Arc claimed to have had visions of the Archangel Michael, St. Margaret and St. Catherine.What did Joan of Arc claim?13
84391819She was told to rescue France from the English.What happened in Joan of Arc's visions?14
84398391Joan of Arc went into battle dressed as a knight.How did Joan of Arc dress when she went to battle?15
84398392Joan of Arc led the French in their reconquest of Orleans in 1429 A.D.When and where Did Joan of Arc lead the French in their reconquest?16
84398393Joan of Arc ensured the coronation of King Charles VII of France.Who did Joan of Arc ensure the coronation of?17
84398394Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English.Who captured Joan of Arc? What did they do to her?18
84398395The English burned her at the stake for witchcraft.How did Joan of Arc die?19

WWII Flashcards

WWII test. mr. troka. cls.

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16679726leader of italy. created fascism. tries to be like hitlerbenito mussolini0
16679727relies on dictatorial rule and a totalitarian regime. the state maintains control of people through censorship.fascism1
16679728fascists became know as this because they wore black uniforms. violent people.black shirts2
16679729black shirts invaded rome for him, and the king appt mussolini premier so the people would be happyhow did mussolini take over italian gov?3
16679730italian for "the leader". mussolini took this title.IL Duce4
16679731a state where the country's major economic activities such as farming, transportation, were formed into corporationscorporatist state5
16679732the german government formed after the treaty of versailles (WWI)Weimar republic6
16679733National Socialist German Workers' Party or NaziGerman Worker's Party7
16679734Nazi recruit. failed as a young artist. hated jews. became powerful leader of germanyAdolph Hitler8
16679735"my struggle" a book hitler wrote about the spirit of the nazi movementMein Kampf9
16679736hitler said he would build up germany's arms and regain lost territory"greater germany"10
16679737hitler took this to mean "master race". germans..aryans11
16679738german for "the leader". hitler had this title.der Fuhrer12
16679739German secret police under Hitler.Gestapo13
16679740German empire hitler createdThird Reich14
16679741empireWhat does reich mean in german?15
16679742built up Germany's army / sent troops into the rhinelandHow did Hitler defy the Treaty of Versailles in 1935 & 1936?16
16679743Hitler and Mussolini signed treaty for allianceRome-Berlin Axis17
16679744ten year "naval holiday" in which no major warships would be builtFive-Power Treaty18
16679745take no additional territory from china & maintain the open door policyNine-Power Treaty19
16679746pact started by Frank Kellogg of US and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. Made war "illegal". 62 nations signed.Kellogg-Briand Pact20
16679747Japanese soldiers set off bombs in Manchuria, but Jap gov. blamed Chinese.What happened at Mukden, Manchuria?21
16679748Japan declared Manchuria independent and gave it this name.Manchukuo22
16679749EthiopiaWhat country did Mussolini invade and capture in Africa?23
16679750They didn't have an army, and the economic sanctions weren't strong enough.Why was the League of Nations ineffective?24
16679751an elected parliament in Spain that limited the king's power.Cortes25
16679752a fascist party supported by many conservatives. wanted to preserve the power of the army, landowners, and the church (spain)Falange26
16679753everyone who was opposed to fascism in spain. including socialists and communists.Popular Front27
16679754the leader of the Falangist rebelsGeneral Francisco Franco28
16679755the falangist rebels. fascist.Nationalists29
16679756those who supported the republicLoyalists / Republicans30
16679757Germany&ItalyWho supported the Nationalists?31
16679758Soviet UnionWho helped the Loyalists?32
16679759antifascist volunteers who helped the republic (US, France, Great Britain)International Brigade33
16679760european nations created a blockade around spain so that war wouldn't spread to the rest of europe"nonintervention" policy34
16679761traitors within a country that assist its enemiesfifth column35
16679762spanish for "the leader"el caudillo36
16679763a painting by pablo picasso, who supported the loyalists. it showed outrage at the bombing of guernica, his hometown.Guernica37
16679764Germany, Italy, RussiaAxis Powers38
16679765Jesse Owens won four gold medalsBerlin Olympics39
16679766union between Germany and Austria. After awhile the Austrain chancellor opposed it, so Hitler took over Austria.Anschluss40
16679767czechoslovakia"the dagger pointed at the heart of Germany"41
16679768edge of czech where many germans&nazis lived. wanted to be apart of germany, but rest of europe didn't want this.Sudetenland42
16679769a conference that attempted to stop hitler from taking over more countries. hitler signed a piece of paper saying after sudetenland, he would be done.Munich conference43
16679770Prime minister of france, present during munich conference. listened to chamberlain.Daladier44
16679771Chamberlain, Prime minister of britain. after munich conference"Peace in Our Time"45
16679772attempting to preserve peace by yielding to the demands of the aggressor.appeasement46
16679773hitler wanted the city of Memel, so he forced Lithuania to give up memel and adjacent landLithuania47
16679774hitler took this over; king zog&queen geraldine fled.albania48
16679775he wanted more time before germany turned and attacked russia. he needed to build up troops.why did stalin make a pact with hitler?49
16679776Germany and soviet union would never attack each other, and each would remain neutral if the other became involved in a war.German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Nazi-Soviet Pact)50
16679777strip of land in polandPolish corridor51
16679778free trading seaport citydanzig52
16679779invade poland!What is the german solution to the polish question?53
16679780Sep 1, 1939Date: hitler annexed danzig and attacked poland. France, GB, and US declared war on Germany.54
16679781an attack conducted with great speed and forceblitzkrieg55
16679782a series of steel and concrete fortifications between france and germanymaginot line56
16679783phony war; sitting war. this was what happened at the beginning of the war. just blockades and movement of troopsstitzkrieg57
16679784people who were willing to assist their countries enemiescollaborators58
16679785collaborator-traitor. a man's last name from norway who was a traitor.quisling59
16679786the coastline of this country gave germany really good submarine basesWhy did Hitler want scandinavia?60
16679787prime minister after chamberlain, who had to resign after "peace in our time" didn't work. against appeasement and hated nazis.winston churchill61
16679788winston churchill quote about plasma&salt water."I have nothing to offer except blood, toil, sweat, and tears."62
16679789Belgium, Netherlands, luxembourgHitler invaded Benelux... this would be?63
16679790British vs. Germans in dunkirk. British surrounded, and could have been finished off, but hitler waited an extra couple of days. this gave british time for evacuation.Miracle of Dunkirk64
16679791most french leaders resigned when france was attacked by germany, but he stepped forward to lead. hitler forced him to sign an armistancePhilippe Petain65
16679792N France, including paris, and a strip along the atlantic coast. administered by germansoccupied france66
16679793collaborated w/ germans. controlled most french possessions in africa and the middle east.vichy france67
16679794man who led free french government.Charles de Gaulle68
16679795some of the french who had escaped and wanted to keep fighting created this group.free french government69
16679796underground movements in france and other german occupied countries"resistance fighters"70
16679797resistance fighters. also means scrubby undergrowth.maquis71
16679798the swedish diplomat who helped save as many as 100,000 jews.Raoul Wallenberg72
16679799hitler's airforceLuftwaffe73
16679800the period of germany's air raids on britain. focused on military and civilian targets.Battle of Britain74
16679801royal air force (british)R.A.F.75
16679802people who thought that what was happening in europe was no concern to US.isolationists76
16679803allowed american firms to sell stuff to warring nations on cash and carry basis. this turned out to be just europe tho because of blockades.revised neutrality act of 193977
16679804authorized the president to supply war materials to great britain on creditlend-lease act78
16679805a statement that roosebelt and churchill drew up that publicly announced that national policies of the two nationsthe atlantic charter79
16679806desert fox. commander of german troops (afrika korps) beaten at battle of el alamein (libya)erwin rommel80
16679807German troops moved to stalingrad, soviet union. soviets won. huge victory!!Seige of Stalingrad81
16679808hitler wanted to organize the european continent into a single political and economical system ruled from berlin and by the aryans."new order"82
16679809hilter ordered the annihilation of the entire jewish population.final solution83
16679810the systematic nazi destruction of almost an entire race.holocaust84
16679811Dec. 7, 1941Date: Pearl Harbor85
16679812Japan dropped bombs on the american naval base at pearl harbor, hawaiiPearl Harbor86
16679813a ship that was sunk in pearl harbor. over 1100 people diedUSS Arizona87
16679814leader of japanpremier hideki tojo88
16679815oversaw killings of all jewsHimler89
16679816defeat of rommel's forces that causes him to retreat.el alamein90
16679817through italy and the balkans"soft underbelly of the axis"91
16679818convoys and sonarwhat helped the allies win "the battle of the atlantic"?92
16679819american defeated japs at sea.battle of midway93
16679820only some japanese islands were capturedisland hopping94
16679821led the US to victory at battle of leyte vs. japan.general douglas mac arthur95
16679822general douglas mac arthur quotation"I shall return"96
16679823June 6, 1944Date: D-Day97
16679824landing of troops at France's normandy coastD-Day98
16679825the invastion of northwest franceOperation overload99
1667982610 day battle. allies vs germany. allies won! german defense collapsed.battle of the bulge100
16679827germany surrendered. victory in europe!!V-E day101
16679828suicide missions by kamikaze planes.kamikaze attacks102
16679829roosevelt, churchill, stalin. agreed that germany would be temporarily divided up among allies.Yalta conference.103
16679830TRUMAN, churchill, and stalin. churhill replaced halfway through with clement attlee. issued ultimatium to japan, but japs refused. truman decided to use atomic bombs.potsdam conference104
16679831Hiroshima and NagasakiWhat two cities were the atomic bombs dropped on?105
16679832victory in japanV-J Day106

WWI & Russian Revolution Quiz Flashcards

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1184416786ImperialismA policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.0
1184416787nationalismA strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country1
1184416788triple allianceAlliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.2
1184416789triple ententeA military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.3
1184416790stalemateA situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible4
1184416791schlieffen planA strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts5
1184416792conscriptionA military draft6
1184416793treaty of versaillesthe treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans7
1184416794demilitarizationA reduction in a country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons.8
1184416795war guilt clause1.) formally blamed Germany 2.) charged Germany for $33 billion9
1184416796armisticeAgreement to stop fighting10
1184416797reparationsAs part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.11
1184416798tsar nicholasLast Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.12
1184416799tsarina alexandrawife of Nicholas II left in power when he joined army on front lines; allowed Rasputin to control government and went into shock when he was assassinated13
1184416800bloody sunday 1905Workers asking for better working conditions; The czar's general opens fire killing 500+; People lose trust in Nicholas; Outcome: Nicholas II forced to establish the Duma: Russian form of parliament; Nicholas doesn't want to share his power14

WWI and Russian Revolution Flashcards

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1390200469MilitarismA policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war0
1390200470Alliance FormingDragged many large powers into the war that would not have normally associated with such drastic war efforts1
1390200471ImperialismA stronger country influencing a weaker country. It is significant because it is one of the causes of WWI2
1390200473NationalismThe desire for national independence often felt by people under foreign rule (such as English or French colonies or smaller states of an empire)3
1390200474Triple AllianceAlliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy during 1882; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.4
1390200476Triple EntenteAlliance between Britain, France, and Russia to counter the Triple Alliance; During 19045
1390200478Epitomical Spark for WWIAustro Hungarian Heir's murder6
1390200481Franz FerdinandArchduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by Gavillo Princip, from a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for WWI7
1390200483Austrias UltimatumJuly 23, Austro-Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia where they have 48 hours to agree to everything on a list of rules or war efforts will ensue8
1390200486The Schleiffen PlanCalled for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of western France by way of neutral Belgium.9
1390200487Britain Early OnWas assumed to not intervene in war, by Germany, but surprised them in the coming months10
1390200488Belgian Peace Treaty1938; UK signed peace treaty ensuring belgian safety11
1390200489UK's UltimatumIssued ultimatum to Germany stating it must withdraw from Belgium (to maintain its neutrality) or face war on another front12
1390200490Germany vs. UKGermany refused ultimatum and war ensued in August13
1390200491Total WarWar involving an entire nation; Mobilizing all aspect of society to prepare for and endure war14
1390200492Machine Guns-Developed before 1914 -Fire power of 8 rifles -Shot 8 bps15
1390200493Poisonous Gas-Used by the French Aug. 1914 -Broke the stalemate between troops hiding in bunkers -Good for stunning enemy and can kill people slowly -Bad b/c unreliable in bad weather and can be neutralized wih gas masks16
1390200494Zeppelin(large gas-filled balloon) structure of airship (used by Germany to bomb England)17
1390200495American Involvement in WWI-German Submarine Warfare -Sinking of the Lusitania -The Zimmerman Note18
1390200496German Submarine WarfareInstead of simply looting the defeated ships material, G.'s began taking prisoners and killing everyone19
1390200497Pres. Wilson on G. Submarine WarfarePresident Wilson condemned both sides on the matter; asserted rights for neutral citizens to sail on passenger ships of warring nations20
1390200498Lusitania SinkingMay 7th,1915, Britain passenger ship is sunk by U-boats killing 1200 including 128 Americans. Wilson is outraged as are many Americans; US maintains neutrality although on April 6 some began pushing for war21
1390200499Zimmerman NoteJanuary 1917, British decode secret message to Mexican foreign minister pleading for them to join Germanys war efforts; Offered good plot of Mexican-Texas back to them when war was won.22
1390200500Sussex PledgeMay 4, 1916; Germanys pledge to stop sinking US ships23
1390200501US Joins WarApril 6, 1917; Delcares war on Germany and its allies after it re-employs its Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and US mobilizes its troops24
1390200502Allied Victory1918, 2 Million US soldiers joined the war and Russia has left it Germans launch a final offensive to push Allies back Allies, with US soldiers, successfully counteract25
1390200503Victory WWI-Kaiser flees -Kaiser William II steps down -German city dwellers revolt -Armistice signed -Hitler thinks the Kaiser weak for stepping down26
1390200504Armistice for Germany and AlliesNov. 11, 1918 at the 11th min. of the 11th hour the peace treaty is signed forcing all blame on Germany; If G. hadn't signed, Allies threatened war27
1390200505Central Powers WWIA military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.28
1390200506Allied Powers WWIBritain, France, Russia, later US29
1390200507Battle of MarneJuly 8th, 1918; French and US troops led by General Foch counteracted German advances on the Marne River. By Aug. 6 the G's lost 168,000 which was an important turn of battle for the Allied forces30
1390200508Battle of TannenburgAug. 26-30th, 1914; Russias 1st and 2nd armies invaded East Prussia in Germany but did not disguise their messages so Germany was lying in wait; Surrounded Russia, took all artillery, and killed 150,000 men.31
1390200509Battle of GallipoliFeb. 1915; Allies tried to capture Constantinople but both naval attacks failed. April 25, Austria and Britains troops land in Galip. while the French stage a Southern diversion32
1390200510Gallipoli ResultsHigher death rate, higher turkish resistance so Allies withdrew January 1916 with Ottomans still in the war33
1390200511Battle of VerdunG. attacks Verdun wth an 8 hr artillery bombardment which left France with a loss of some large forts. G. lost 336,831/ France lost 400,00034
1390200512Batle of YpresApril 22nd, 1915; French Algerians saw 68,000 of chlorine approaching from G side which killed 91,198 people35
1390200513Battle of SommeJuly 1916; Germans utilize machine guns while allies plan a breakthrough along the Somme river. June 24; UK began 6 day artillery bombardment of G. lines but G's hid in trenches and werent harmed. 7:20 am July 1st E' believed G. was destroyed and when walking was mowed down36
1390200514Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendalle)Spring 1917 Brit planned massive attack on G. front line in yPRES, belgium. The were going to break into Belgium, capture channel ports and stop German submarines from leaving/entering37
1390200515Wilson's Goals-Fourteen Points/ 1918 -progressive liberal -progressive idealism -Leage of Nationd->World Peace38
1390200516Fourteen Points1918; Idealistic bid to initiate international moral leadership but was thought by conservative Germans to be a front for resource exploitation in the East39
1390200517Progressive IdealismCalled for self determination (colonies), just peace, and peace without victory40
1390200518Clemenceau-France; wanted all blame to be put on Germany -sought revenge -demanded Alsace Lorraine territories -almost was assasinated41
1390200519Lloyd George-UK; more aggressive than US counterparts -Wanted to "make the Germans pay" -more willing to comprimise than France - needed to maintain their empire42
1390200520German as a Result of the Treaty of VersaillesArmy- reduced to 100,000 volunteers and w/out a legal air force Rep'r'tions- $300 billion in damages Land- 13% lost + all colonies, 75% of iron ores, all asian colonies, and merchant vessels Extras- 66 million people and expanding/ eventual economic collapse due to lack of trade caused resentment of Allied Powers43
1390200521Russia 1801-1825Czar Alexander I experiments witth constituional gov't but still 40 million serfs are tied to the land and have no rights44
1390200522Russia 1812-1825Napolean invades but retreats after capturing Moscow; Russian Army revolts and then is crushed45
1390200523Russia 1825-55Czar Nicholas I uses secret ploice to put down any opponents escpecially students (free thinkers of the new generations)46
1390200524Russia 1853-6Crimean War pits Russia against Turkey, UK, and France and loses47
1390200525Russia 1855-81Czar Alexander II attempts governmental reforms48
1390200526Russia 186122 Million serfs are emmancipated but remain poor and without rights49
1390200527Russia 1870-81Radical students organize peasants as spark for revolution and then assasintate Czar Alexander II. Succesors end all political and economic reforms and all Jews are driven out of Russia50
1390200528Russia 1894-1900Lenin goes into exile, russias iron is booming, labor unions are illegal but strikes occur andFrance and Russia allie against Germany51
1390200529Russia 1904-5War between russia and japan, Russia loses; St. Petersburg proliteriats march for rights but soldiers open fire and kill 1,000 people52
1390200530LeninMarxist Revolutionary53
1390200531Bloody SundaySt. Petersburg proliteriats march for rights but soldiers open fire and kill 1,000 people54
1390200532Russia 1905-6Russian revolution and Czar agrees to give minimal power to the Duma; Czar dismisses the Duma55
1390200533DumaRussian Legislative Power56
1390200534Russia 1907-14France, Britain, and Russia expande anti-G. alliance; Minister Stolypin tries to allow peasants to buy land but is assasinated; Franz Ferdinand is killed sparking WWI. R. sides with Serbia57
1390200535Russia 1915-16Duma is once again suspended58
1390200536Russia 1916-17Rasputin, the Czars chief advisor,is assasinated; Revolution begins in st. Petersburg and Duma demands a new gov't59
1390200537Russia 1917-Revolution begins in st. Petersburg -Czar Nicholas II is forced to give up throne->later executed -Lenin returns to R. and leads the Bolshevik Revolution -Soldiers desert Russian army -Pro-Bolshevik town councils called soviets are armed with weapons -Bolsheviks seize power in Russia beginning the long famed reign of Soviet Russia60
1390200538Russia 1918Lenin signed treaty of Brest-Litovsk with G.; civil war continues between Lenins red army and the Czars loyals the white army61
1390200539White armycounter-revolutionaries loyal to Czar receiveing help from UK, Japan, and the US62
1390200540Red ArmyLed by Leon Trovsky; transformed into effective fighting force for the revolution63
1390200541Russian Civil WarMillions died from famine and fighting; Bolsheviks finally won in 182164
1390200542Treaty of Brest-Litovsk(1918) seperate peace treaty signed by the Bolshevik government of the new USSR and Germany; USSR needed to make peace to focus on defeating the "Whites" (royalists) in the Russian Civil War, and it gave up Ukraine, Belarus, and the three Baltic countries after Germany invaded, an outcome worse than a German offer which chief Soviet negotiator Leon Trotsky had rejected. The treaty was negotiated in modern-day Brest (in Belarus) and was nullified by the subsequent Treaty of Versailles following Germany's defeat.65

AP Euro Chapter 20 The Age of Napoleon Flashcards

ap euro terms for Napoleon

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770717081Napoleon bonaparteOverthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.0
770717082Treaty of Campo FormioBetween Austria and France, Oct 17 1797. Incorporated Napoleon's ideas. Truce on continent. Austrian recognition of French annexation of Belgium, Lt bank of Rhine and Cisalpine Republic. In return Austria got Venice and Venetia. France got Ionians Islands.1
770717083Battle of AboukirNapoleon's last victory in Egypt, the first battle of Aboukir saw the defeat of an Ottoman army sent to expel him from Egypt. The French expedition to Egypt had been planned with the hope of Ottoman neutrality. This hope had been reduced by the battle of the Nile (1 August 1798) and the destruction of the French fleet. This defeat, combined with British diplomacy, and persuaded the Ottoman Empire to declare war on France on 9 September 1798.2
770717084Consulatethe premises occupied by a consul, an official appointed by a government to reside in a foreign city in order to represent his or her government's commercial interests and to give assistance to its citizens there3
770717088Constitution of Year Viiiwas issued after Bonaparte pushed aside Sieyes' proposed constitution; this established the rule of one man- First Consul, Bonaparte; this also suggested democratic principles, complicated system of checks/balances appealing to republican theory, and a council of state that evoked memories of Louis XIV4
770717089plebiscitea direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal5
770717090Concordat of 1801This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power6
770717091Napoleonic codeThis was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy7
770717092Citizen-Soldiersfought without pay; supply their own weapons; eventually got small "spoils of victory"; valued loyalty, courage, and respect for authority8
770717093Third CoalitionEmerging in 1805, it was yet another alliance against Napoleon that consisted of Britain, Austria, Russia. Britain saw naval victory against France at Trafalgar (#178), but that was counterbalanced by Napoleon's gigantic victory over Austria and Russia at Austerlitz (#179); the Continental war was ended by the Treaty of Pressburg that year.9
770717094Peace of Amienstemporary peace between France and Britain which resulted in the only respite from over 20 years of war10
770717095Battle of Trafalgara naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain11
770717096Battle of Austerlitza decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805)12
770717097Battle of JenaTo punish Prussia for joining the Third Coalition, Napoleon engaged in this battle. He obliterated the Prussian army and occupied their capital city of Berlin.13
770717098Confederation of RhineA federation of German states organized under Napoleon I in July 1806. Formerly under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, which was dissolved the same year, the new federation placed itself under the "protection" of Napoleon and was governed by one of his close allies. It quickly fell apart after Napoleon's defeat outside Leipzig in 1813 as member states abandonded the French and joined the German natinalist "war of liberation."14
770717099Treaty of TilsitAgreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.15
770717100Berlin Decreein 1806 which proclaimed a blockade of British Isles. Any ship that attempted to enter or leave the port would be seized by France. The British responded with a 2nd Order that required all neutral ships trading in the blockaded zones of Europe to stop at British ports to secure licenses.16
770717101Milan Decreein 1807 which proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France.17
770717102Continental systemNapoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.18
770717103Peninsular CampaignMcClellans plan to capture Richmond, instead of going over land, he would go down the potomac river to a peninsula eas of richmond btwn the york and james rivers. fromhere the troops could approach the city19
770717104Francisco GoyaA Spanish painter of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Among his works is a series of paintings and etchings that powerfully depict the horrors of war.20
770717105Duke of Wellingtonleader of the combined British and Prussian army; would defeat Napoleon at Waterloo21
770717106Grand Armyarmy of 500,000 men made by Napoleon to beat Alexander I when he refused to obey the Continental System22
770717108Tsar Alexander IRuled Russia during Napoleonic Wars and wanted peace after Napoleon's armied continued winning victories. The young tsar and Napoleon negotiated and he ended up accepting Napoleon's reorganization of Western and Central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon's economic blockade against British goods.23
770717112Battle of Borodinothe bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic era, fought in Borodino outside of Moscow; both sides had terrible losses, but the Russian army was not defeated; Napoleon gained nothing substantial and when Moscow was burned, the French forces were left completely cut off. Napoleon regarded this battle as a loss.24
770717114Fourth CoalitionComprised of Prussia, Russia, Britain, Saxony, and Sweden, they fought against Napoleon from 1806-7. The war featured several major victories for the French, who conquered almost all of Prussia and Poland; the war ended with the Treaties of Tilsit.25
770717115Battle of LeipzigIn October of 1813, in wake of Russian Campaign disaster the anti-Nap forces were encouraged to regroup. German patriots encouraged. Wellington's victories in peninsular campaign and British donation of 32 million pounds between 1813 and 1815 all added to courage of anti-Nap forces. Despite Nap's new army, they were able to defeat him at the Battle of the Nations/Leipzig in 1813. Drove Nap all the way back to France. But the allies then started distrusting each other.26
770717116ElbaThis island in the Mediterranean Sea off of Italy where Napoleon was initially exiled after he abdicated the throne for the first time. He promised to never leave, but does so and regains power in France for a short period called the Hundred Days27
770717117Congress of ViennaMeeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)28
770717119Quadruple AllianceG.B., Austria, Prussia, and Russia united to defeat France and their Bonapartism, and also to ensure peace after war. After Napoleon, they resotred the Bourbon monarchy to France.29
770717120Louis XVIII(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).30
770717122Prince TalleyrandNapoleon's (#170) chief diplomat and later France's representative at the Congress of Vienna (#192), he was one of the greatest foreign ministers in history. He managed to allow France to keep her 1792 borders at the Congress.31
770717123Hundred DaysThe brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France32
770717152Waterloothe battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians33
770717153St. HelenaWhere Napoleon was exiled until the end of his life. 1815,1821 Revolution comes to an inglorious end.34

AP Euro; The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment / 18th century: the expansion of Europe and the enlightenment Flashcards

Mid Sixteenth Century-Late Eighteenth Century

A selection of the bolded terms in the 2008 Princeton Review.

Chapter 8- AP Euro; 8 The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States

Terms : Hide Images
1159820824Events leading to the scientific revolution1. Discovery of the New World 2. Invention of the Printing Press 3. Rivalry among Nation-States 4. Reformation 5. Renaissance Humanism0
1159820825scholasticismA philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.1
1159820826CopernicusDeveloped the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe2
1159820827BraheAmassed nearly 20 years worth of astrological data that eventually led to the disproval of the geocentric theory.3
1159820828KeplerGerman astronomer and mathematician. Considered the founder of modern astronomy, he formulated three laws to describe how the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.4
1159820829PrincipiaNewton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.5
1159820830Issac NewtonBritish scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"6
1159820831GalileoFlorentine scientist that designed telescope, placed under house arrest by pope for revolutionary astronomical theories7
1159820832BaconEnglish statesman and philosopher precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626)8
1159820833DescartesWrote Discourse on Method. Believed in Cartesian Dualism where the body can be doubted, but the mind can't so the two must be radically different. Used deductive reasoning (reasoning through previously know facts) to come to conclusions.9
1159820834PascalFrench mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662)10
1159820835HobbesEnglish materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote Leviathan11
1159820836Leviathanwritten by English professor Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignity is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contraction.12
1159820837absolutismThe theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.13
1159820838LockeEnglish empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)14
1159820839social contractan implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society, individual surrenders liberty in return for protection15
1159820840Two Treatises on GovernmentSaid human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.16
1159820841tabula rasaJohn Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.17
1159820842Immanuel Kantinfluential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)18
1159820843philosophesThinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.19
1159820844VoltaireWrote Candide, Philosophic Letters on the English & Treatise on Toleration. He admired the English freedom of the press, and religous toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought.20
1159820845MontesquieuFrench political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755), wrote spirit of laws21
1159820846checks and balancesA system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power22
1159820847DiderotPublished work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.23
1159820848Rousseau(1712-1778) process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract24
1159820849general willAccording to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.25
1159820850Beccaria(1738-1794) wrote 'On Crimes and Punishments', wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature26
1159820851HumeScottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)27
1159820852Adam SmithScottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790), wrote "wealth of Nations"28
1159820853salonselegant private drawing rooms-in Paris used for regular social gatherings of great and near-great presided over by a number of talented and rich women-allowed philosophes to exchange witty, uncensored observations of literature, science, philosophy, with great aristocrats, wealthy middle-class financiers, high-ranking officials, and noteworthy foreigners29
1159820854WollstonecraftEnglish writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women"30
1159820855Enlightened AbsolutistAbsolutist monarchs who incorporated Enlightenment ideas without giving up their control31
1159820856JunkersPrussian nobility32
1159820857Frederick Williamthe Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688), placed very strong emphasis on the army33
1159820858Frederick Ison of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713)34
1159820859Frederick the GreatWas the ruler of Prussia (a German state) and centralized the government and put it under his control. He was also known for being the royla drill sergent and improving his army.35
1159820860Maria Theresa(r. 1740-1780) maintained her throne by giving Hungary Magyars prominence, reorganized army, promoted commerce and agriculture36
1159820861Joseph II(r. 1765 - 1790) son of Maria Theresa, granted religious freedom and abolished serfdom37
1159820862War of the Austrian SuccessionPrussian and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides38
1159820863Pragmatic SanctionIssued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.39
1159820864Diplomatic Revolutionthe time of changing alliances between the war of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, France allied with Austria and Russia, while Prussia is allied with Great Britain40
1159820865Seven Years WarFought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.41
1159820866Ivan the Terriblefirst czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war42
1159820867Romanovthe Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 191743
1159820868Peter the Greatruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia44
1159820869Catherine the Greatruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations45
1159820870WalpoleEnglishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745)46
1159820871Toriessupported strong monarchy, Anglican church, low taxes for landowners, succeeded by the conservative party47
1159820872Whigssupported Geroge I, religious tolerance, commercial interests, but said that Parliament should have the final say48
1159820873Edmund BurkeA conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.49
1159820874Louis XVgrandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)50
1159820875parlements15 sovereign courts in the french judicial system that checked the king's ability to tax and legislate arbitrarily51
1159820876open - field systemused during the middle ages , divided the arable land available to a farming community into narrow strips , which were designated to the individual families of the community52
1159820877enclosure movementin England during the late 17th / 18th century, fenced off the open lands to enable large landowners to employ crop rotation - did this for nitrogen fixing crops = that the land stays fertile53
1159820878mercantilisma system developed by various European states t guarantee a favorable balance of trade w/ other European nations or w/ american colonies54
1159820879discourse on the method(1637) (Rene Descartes) - everything that is not validated by observation should be doubted , but that his own existence is proven by the proposition that " i think therefore i am"(cogito ergo sum)55
1159820880Galileo Galilee( 1564 - 1642) his telescopic observations validated Copernican theory and whose spirited advocacy earned him condemnation by the inquisition56
1159820881deismgod is a kind of cosmic clock-maker who created a perfect universe that he does not have to intervene in57
1159820882scientific revolutionthe emergence of modern science ,developments in math,physics, anatomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society.58
1159820883the enlightenmentinspired by Isaac newton, a group of french men, philosophes, shaped it. newton's work in astronomy and physics convinced european thinkers that human reason , unaided by the tenets and rituals of religion, could uncover the immutable laws of nature59
1159820884madame Geoffrin(1699 - 1777) she ran the most celebrated salon in paris . it was attended by the greatest minds of the era including montesquieu and frontenelle, her tudors . other attendees included jefferson, franklin, d'holbach, lespinasse, diderot, d'alembert, and adam smith60
1159820885Francois Quesnay(1694 - 1774) led the physiocrats whose motto was laissez - faire and who believed that government should remove all restraints to free trade , such as tariffs -- so that the natural laws of economics were free to operate for the good of society.61
1159820886the social contract" man is free, but everywhere he is in chains"62

AP Euro Important Dates Flashcards

The 12 most important dates in AP Euro, according to Mr. Lorme. (Courtesy of Sam Bell, so blame her if it's wrong [kidding].)

Terms : Hide Images
66315813151795 Theses0
663158141588Spanish Armada1
663158151648Peace of Westphalia2
663158161713Peace of Utrecht3
663158171789French Revolution4
663158181815Napoleon is defeated, Congress of Vienna5
663158191871German Unification6
663158201914-19WWI, Treaty of Versailles7
663158211917Russian Revolution8
663158221929Great Depression9
663158231939-45WWII10
663158241989Communism in Europe ends (End of Cold War)11
663397361848Failed Revolutions12
663397371688Glorious Revolution13

AP Euro Midterm Flashcards

Dixon, Heights, AP Euro, History, AP, Notre Dame, Midterm, Study, Tests, Essays, Multiple Choice, In eighteenth century = IE,

Terms : Hide Images
610240544Which two countries in west Europe came to occupy leadership in Europe and the known world by 1700?D) France and England0
610240545According to Mercantilist theory, coloniesB) Should serve as markets and sources of raw materials for their mother country.1
610240546In the 18th century, class distinctionsB) Became sharper2
610240547The outstanding economic development affecting Europe was the expansion of theD) Global economy and the fact that Europe became more wealthy than any other region of the globe.3
610240548IE Foreign Trade was important to GB and France becauseD) All of the above.4
610240549IE which of the following was more important to western europe as a trading area with Asia?C) America5
610240550The transatlantic slave trade IE was conducted by theA) English and French6
610240551Over the course of the IE bourgeoise and aristocratic wealth merged through all of the following means exceptD) Riot and Revolution7
610240552When a branch of the bourbon family succeeded the Hapsburgs to the throne of Spain, SpainC) Experienced more efficient administration.8
610494609Following the War of Spanish Succession and the death of Louis XIV, the development of both nations shared sup. parallels. BothD) All of the Above9
610494610Under the domestic system in EnglandB) Spinning and Weaving of yarn and cloth was done in the worker's homes.10
610494611French Parlements and the English ParliamentB) Were very different, with the French system working as a court of law and the English one passing laws.11
610494612All of the following are true of IE Parliaments in England exceptC) Parliament was an honest and efficient form of government.12
610494613The South Sea and Mississippi BubblesD) Left Britain and France with huge national debts, from which only Britain could fully recover.13
610494614Robert Waypole became, in effect, the architect of cabinet government in England. Cabinet government isA) The executive leaders of that government are members of the legislature.14
610494615The Asiento, granted to the English in the Peace of Utrecht, gave themB) The exclusive right to sell African slaves in the Spanish colonies of the New World.15
610494616The War of Austrian succesion began in 1740 whenB) Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia16
610494617The War of Austrian Succession proved thatD) Prussia's acquisition of Silesia made it a great power for the first time in History.17
610494618The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 saw these new realignments of traditional relationshipsC) England/Prussia vs. France/Austria18
610494619The Seven Year's War began inA) America19
610494620All of the following are true of French and British enpires on the eve of the 7 years' war exceptC) In North America, The British were more successful than the French in garnering Indian support.20
610494621As a result of the peace treaties ending the seven years' war all of the following occured exceptC) France suffered a commercial calamity, as it lost it's trade with America and India21
610494622The Second enclosure movement occuring in England was designed toC) Increase and consolidate crop lands22
610494623The English Navigation acts were designed toC) Weaken Dutch trade and encourage that of England's.23
610494624Most of the technological advancements of the early Industrial revolution occured inA) Textiles.24
610494625Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes both did the following exceptD) Argued that one must start with definitions and then discover what further knowledge could be deduced logically.25
610494626In the inductive method, we proceed from theA) Particular to the General.26
610494627Key to understanding Francis Bacon's thought are his claims thatB) One should use inductive thinking to acquire knowledge, and it should be useful.27
610494628One effect of Descartes general philosophy was to create belief in a vast world of nature that could be reduced toD) A mathematical form.28
610494629The most astonishing scientific revolution of the seventeenth centuryB) Took place in physics and astronomy.29
610494630Copernicus' great contribution to our understanding of the universe was toA) Theorize that the sun was at the center of our solar system.30
610494631John Kepler's laws of planetary motionC) Showed that the planets moved in elliptical rather than circular fashion.31
610494632Galileo, looking at the sky through his telescope, observed thatB) Heavenly bodies were made of the same kind of material as the earth.32
610494633Issac Newton's greatest discovery or insight wasA) Universal gravitation.33
610494634The founding of the Royal study of London and the Academy of Sciences in FranceC) Helped to institutionalize the pursuit of natural knowledge.34
610494635Baruch Spinoza did all of the following exceptA) Reject the humanistic thought of his day.35
610494636Locke's deepest book, an Essay Concerning The Human Understanding (1690) concluded thatA) True knowledge was derived from experience.36
610494637The philosophy of Natural law contends thatD) All of the above.37
610494638Locke emphasized that sound government rested onB) The right of property38
610494639The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century reffered toB) The belief that Europe had emerged from a time of barbarism and darkness.39

AP Euro Renaissance Test (1) Flashcards

For Ms. Brodie's AP Euro test on 10/6/11 at North Shore Highschool

Terms : Hide Images
222168576Renaissancethe period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world.0
222168577Jacob BurckhardtItalians were "firstborn among sons of modern Europe" Developed the revival of antiquity, perfected the concept of the individual, defined the era with secularism. Offered an interpretation of the Renaisssance that illustrates the "Rebirth" of Western Civillization out of the slums of the "Dark Ages".1
222168578Leon Battista Alberti"Men can do all things if they will." idea of the universal man, a scholar and an architect.2
222168579Hanseatic LeagueCities in Northern Germany that form a commercial alliance. They become more powerful than the Italian merchants, who were hit by the plague. They declined when their port city, Bruges, declined.3
222168580House of MediciA bank in Florence, ran by the Medici family. Branches into Rome, London, Bruges, Venice, Milan, etc. They are the bankers for the Papacy, but they decline at the end of the 15th Century because of unpaid loans.4
222168581Castiglione's Book of the CourtierPopular, fundamental handbook with ideals expected of aristocrats. There were 3 main characteristics. One was having fundamental native endowments including character, grace, talent, and noble birth. Another was having achievements, especially in military exercises. This meant being physically fit and being able to be a soldier. The last was to have a classical education- to play an instrument, draw, or paint. Castiglione took the Renaissance ideal of a well-developed personality and turned it into those three characteristics. The aim of a noble, he said, was to serve as a prince in an effective and honest way.5
222168582CondottieriSoldiers that were hired by Italian city-states.6
222168583Francisco SforzaA strong condottieri who turned on his employers and conquered Milan in 1477. He worked to create a very strong, centralized government.7
222168584Cosimo d' MediciTook control of the oligarchy that had manipulated the "republican" government of Florence, in a time when it was the center of the cultural Renaissance.8
222168585The Papal StatesLands under political control of the Popes in central Italy. Consists of Urbino, Bologna and Ferrara. The Popes of this time put much effort into keeping control of these lands.9
222168586Isabella d'EsteFirst lady of the World, she was an example for women to break away from traditional roles, and even founded a school for young women. She ruled Mantua, was well educated and a big patron of the arts. Daughter of the duke of Ferrara.10
222168587Peace of Lodi and Balance of PowerA peace treaty signed by the states of Italy in 1454. Initiated a forty-year period of peace in Italy.11
2221685881527 Sack of RomeThe conquering of Rome by King Charles I (Spain) in 1527. Thereafter, the Spaniards ruled over Italy.12
222168589Machivelli's "The Prince"A book written by Machivelli about how a prince should rule. Said that princes should keep their morals separate from their political control. Also stated that a prince should be feared and loved, almost equally.13
222168590Civic HumanismHumanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society and government. Began in Florence.14
222168591PetrarchKnown as the Father of Humanism, he was peeved by the lack of Classical learning during the Middle Ages. An author and a scholar of the Early Renaissance that used Cicero and Virgil as models for oration and poetry.15
222168592Leonardo Bruni's "The New Cicero"A biography on Cicero, in which Bruni wrote excitedly about the fusion of politics and literature that Cicero possessed.16
222168593Lorenzo VallaA papal secretary who wrote "The Elegances of the Latin Language," a book that tried to restore Latin to what it was in Classical times, rather than what it became during the Middle Ages.17
222168594Marcilio Ficino and NeoplatonismHe was hired to translate the works of Plato for Medici. He created a new theory that was a combination of Christianity and Platonism and called it neoplatonism. It stated that there were levels of material (plants to God) and that humans rest in the middle. We should strive to get to the top level. The other part was that people were basically bound together by love.18
222168595Renaissance hermeticismCame from manuscript translated by Cosimo de' Medici; stressed occult sciences and stressed philosophical beliefs of pantheism (divinity embodied in all aspects of nature).19
222168596Pico della Mirandola's "Oration"A book written by one of the most famous magi of the Hermetic movement, a pupil of Ficino; it combined the works of many philosophers in search of truth; focused on human potential.20
222168597Liberal StudiesThe free arts. Includes philosophy, rhetoric, math, astronomy, music, grammar, and more. Humanist education that can enriches Renaissance men.21
222168598GuicciardiniA historian who's works marked the beginning of modern analytical historiography. His works, "History of Florence" and "History of Italy" both were supported with many documentary sources.22
222168599GutenbergWas the first author to be published with a printing press; Wrote Gutenberg's Bible in 1455.23
222168600MasaccioA great artist of the Early Renaissance. Had beautiful frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel, which have been referred to as the first masterpiece of Early Renaissance Art.24
222168601Lorenzo the MagnificentA leading patron of art and scholarship; powerful member of the Medici family.25
222168602Botticelli's "Primavera"A painting set in the garden of Venus. Very realistic, with well-defined characters. Displays Borricelli's strong interest in Classical antiquity.26
222168603Donatello's "David"Radiates simplicity and strength that reflected the dignity of humanity. Very reminiscent of the nude statues of antiquity.27
222168604Brunelleschi's domeOn an unfinished cathedral of Florence. Used new building techniques and machinery to build the huge dome.28
222168605High RenaissanceThe final stage of Renaissance art, which flourished between 1480 and 1520. Marked by the increasing importance of Rome as a new cultural center of the Italian Renaissance. The three artistic giants were Da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo.29
222168606Leonardo da VinciItalian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, he filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).30
222168607Raphael(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens, which portrays the many scholars and philosophers of classical times.31
222168608MichelangeloAn Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, he sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time.32
222168609Michelangelo's "David"Exalts the beauty of the human body. Also, looks like Classical sculpting made of marble.33
222168610BramanteThis man built the "Tempietto" at a great basilica. Classical elements of architecture, such as columns, and circular structure.34
222168611Vasari's "Lives of the Artists"A series of short biographies about the artists of the Renaissance, such as Leonardo da Vinci.35
222168612The Northern RenaissanceInspired through students who had studied in Italy, merchants who had traded there and the Brothers of the Common Life. Although still humanists, these northerners developed a very different culture than their Italian neighbors. The invention of the printing press allowed humanists to spread their viewpoints more freely and widely.36
222168613Jan van EyckOne of the first artists to use oil paints. Created the painting, "Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride," and painted with many details and much realism.37
222168614Albrecht DurerA Northern artist that was greatly affected by the Italian art, due to his two trips to Italy. One of his works was the "Adoration of the Magi." He used great details in order to make art that was truly beautiful.38
222168615MadrigalsMusical composition set to a short poem usually about love, written for several voices. Common in Renaissance music.39
222168616"New Monarchies"The states in the North try to unify under central rule, expand, and become powerful. France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, etc. All have a monochromatic government.40
222168617Louis the XI (The Spider)Known as "The Spider" for his devious ways. He initiated the taille, a tax on people in France just for living. He did, however, advance the process of building a territorial state.41
222168618Henry VIIDefeated the last Yorkist king in the War of the Roses, making him the king of England. The was the first of the Tudor Dynasty, and he tried to make a territorial monarchy. He abolished "livery and maintenance," which was the wars of the nobility. He also initiated the Court of the Star Chamber, which had no juries and allowed torture to extract confessions. He also used diplomacy, so he didn't need to ask Parliment for funding for war. This made him even more powerful.42
222168619Ferdinand and IsabellaA couple that married to make an alliance. They had a professional royal army, which was one of the best of that time. They also held the Spanish Inquisition, a prosecution against non-Catholics.43
222168620The Spanish InquisitionUnderstanding the wealth and power of the Catholic church, Isabella and Ferdinand had an inquisition to get rid of all Jews and Muslims (1492). They would torture people until they admitted that they were not Catholic. While this was a very terrible thing to do, it did unify Spain under Catholicism.44
222168621The HasburgsThe Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. Gained power by using many marriage alliances. Charles, a Hasburg, through a series of unexpected deaths, becomes the heir of Hasburg, Burgundian and Spanish.45
222168622Ivan IIIBroke Russia free of the Mongols. Gave birth to the principality of Moscow.46
222168623Sack of Rome (Year)152747
222168624Isabella and Ferdinand expel Jews and Muslims (Year)149248
222168625Seize of Constantinople by Turks; End of Byzantine (Year)145349

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