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Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5 Flashcards

Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5: The Working Cell

207993328	fluid mosaic	Membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids.	0
207993336	selective permeability	a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out	1
207993337	concentration gradient	a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases	2
207993340	passive transport	Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient	3
207993342	osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	4
207993344	tonicity	The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water	5
207993377	hypotonic solution	when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to gain water	6
207993380	hypertonic solution	when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water	7
207993381	isotonic solution	when surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell	8
207993384	osmoregulation	Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism.	9
207993386	facilitated diffusion	A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.	10
207993508	active transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference	11
207993543	exocytosis	the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane	12
207993665	endocytosis	Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane	13
207993666	phagocytosis	Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm	14
207993669	pinocytosis	Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles	15
207993673	receptor-mediated endocytosis	The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.	16
207993674	energy	Capacity to cause change, especially to perform work	17
207993676	kinetic energy	The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter	18
207993677	heat	Thermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form	19
207993678	potential energy	energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam possesses potential energy, and so do chemical bonds.	20
207993679	chemical energy	Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy	21
207993683	thermodynamics	The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter.	22
207993684	first law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	23
207993685	entropy	A measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.	24
207993686	second law of thermodynamics	the principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.	25
207993687	cellular respiration	The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)	26
207993688	endergonic reactions	an energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. The amount of energy stored in the products equals the difference between the potential energy in the reactants and that in the products	27
207993706	phosphorylation	the production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis	28
207994695	enzymes	A macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction	29
207995153	substrate	a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes.	30
207995154	active site	The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface	31
207995155	induced fit	the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, caused by entry of the substrate, so that it binds more snugly to the substrate	32
207995157	cofactor	a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.	33
207995336	coenzyme	an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions	34
207995337	competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. This structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate	35
207995338	noncompetitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product	36
207995339	feedback inhibition	a method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway	37
207995344	diffusion	Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium	38
207995347	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	the main energy source for cells	39
207995624	aquaporin	a transport protein in the plasma membrane of some plant or animal cells that facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane	40
207995626	energy of activation(EA)	the energy required to initiate a reaction. Enzymes decrease the activation energy/catalyze biological reactions.	41
207995628	exergonic reaction	..., An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products. The reaction releases an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products.	42
207995631	metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway).	43
207995637	metabolism	The totality of an organisms chemical reactions	44
137568411			45
137568412	entropy A measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.		46
137568413			47
137568673	second law of thermodynamics the principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.		48
137568678			49
137568679	cellular respiration The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)		50
137568680			51
137568681	endergonic reactions an energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. The amount of energy stored in the products equals the difference between the potential energy in the reactants and that in the products		52
137568682			53
137568683	phosphorylation the production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis		54
137569898			55
137569899	enzymes A macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction		56
137569900			57
137569902	substrate a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes.		58
137569904			59
137569913	active site The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface		60
137569914			61
137569915	induced fit the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, caused by entry of the substrate, so that it binds more snugly to the substrate		62
137569916			63
137569956	cofactor a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.		64
137569959			65
137569960	coenzyme an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions		66
137569964			67
137569965	competitive inhibitor a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate.		68
137569966	This structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate		69
137569967			70
137570244	noncompetitive inhibitor a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product		71
137570248			72
137570251	feedback inhibition a method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway		73
137570252			74
137570253	diffusion Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium		75
137570254			76
137570255	adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the main energy source for cells		77
137570256			78
137570257	aquaporin a transport protein in the plasma membrane of some plant or animal cells that facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane		79
137570261			80
137570319	energy of activation(EA) the energy required to initiate a reaction. Enzymes decrease the activation energy/catalyze biological reactions.		81
137570324			82
137570636	exergonic reaction ..., An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products. The reaction releases an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products.		83
137570638			84
137570640	metabolic pathway A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway).		85
137570642			86
137570644	metabolism The totality of an organisms chemical reactions		87

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Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5 Flashcards

Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5: The Working Cell

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1780978802	fluid mosaic	Membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids.	0
1780978803	selective permeability	a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out	1
1780978804	concentration gradient	a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases	2
1780978805	passive transport	Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient	3
1780978806	osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	4
1780978807	tonicity	The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water	5
1780978808	hypotonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to gain water	6
1780978809	hypertonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water	7
1780978810	isotonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell	8
1780978811	osmoregulation	Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism.	9
1780978812	turgid	Firm. Walled cells become turgid as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.	10
1780978813	facilitated diffusion	A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.	11
1780978814	active transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference	12
1780978815	exocytosis	the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane	13
1780978816	endocytosis	Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane	14
1780978817	phagocytosis	Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm	15
1780978818	pinocytosis	Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles	16
1780978819	receptor-mediated endocytosis	The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.	17
1780978820	energy	Capacity to cause change, especially to perform work	18
1780978821	kinetic energy	The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter	19
1780978822	heat	Thermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form	20
1780978823	potential energy	energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam possesses potential energy, and so do chemical bonds.	21
1780978824	chemical energy	Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy	22
1780978825	thermodynamics	The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter.	23
1780978826	first law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	24
1780978827	entropy	A measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.	25
1780978828	second law of thermodynamics	the principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.	26
1780978829	cellular respiration	The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)	27
1780978830	endergonic reactions	an energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. The amount of energy stored in the products equals the difference between the potential energy in the reactants and that in the products	28
1780978831	energy coupling	In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction	29
1780978832	phosphorylation	the production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis	30
1780978833	activation energy	the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start	31
1780978834	enzymes	A macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction	32
1780978835	activation energy	The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start	33
1780978836	substrate	a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes.	34
1780978837	active site	The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface	35
1780978838	induced fit	the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, caused by entry of the substrate, so that it binds more snugly to the substrate	36
1780978839	cofactor	a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.	37
1780978840	coenzyme	an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions	38
1780978841	competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. This structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate	39
1780978842	noncompetitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product	40
1780978843	feedback inhibition	a method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway	41
1780978844	diffusion	Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium	42

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Campbell Biology 7th Edition: Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene Flashcards

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1886066491	Molecular biology	The study of heredity at the molecular level	0
1886066492	Bacteriophages	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.	1
1886066493	Nucleotides	Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases	2
1886066494	Polynucleotide	A polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together	3
1886066495	Sugar-phosphate backbone	The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached	4
1886066496	DNA	(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.	5
1886066497	Thymine	A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.	6
1886066498	Cytosine	A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.	7
1886066499	Adenine	A component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base.	8
1886066500	Guanine	A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base.	9
1886066501	Uracil	A nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine	10
1886066502	Double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.	11
1886066503	Semiconservative model	Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. Watson and Crick's model.	12
1886066504	Origins of replication	Sites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.	13
1886066505	DNA polymerases	Enzyme that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand. Add nucleotides to the 3' end and never to the 5' end.	14
1886066506	DNA ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.	15
1886066507	Transcription	The organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	16
1886066508	Translation	The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm	17
1886066509	Triplet code	A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	18
1886066510	Codons	A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.	19
1886066511	Genetic code	A set of rules that defines how the four-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.	20
1886066512	RNA polymerase	An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.	21
1886066513	Terminator	A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene	22
1886066514	Messenger RNA	(mRNA) RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell	23
1886066515	Introns	A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.	24
1886066516	Exons	A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.	25
1886066517	RNA splicing	Process by which introns are removed and exons are joined together.	26
1886066518	Transfer RNA	(tRNA) Converts the words of codons to the amino acid words of proteins	27
1886066519	Anticodon	A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.	28
1886066520	Ribosomes	Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.	29
1886066521	Ribosomal RNA	(rRNA) The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.	30
1886066522	Start codon	A specific codon (AUG) that signals to the ribosome that the translation commences at that point	31
1886066523	Codon recognition	the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome	32
1886066524	Peptide bond formation	The polypeptide separates from the tRNA to which it was bound and attaches to a peptide bond to the aminno acid carried by the rRNA in the A site.	33
1886066525	Translocation	Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome	34
1886066526	Stop codon	UAG, UAA, or UGA; the codon that ends all RNA.	35
1886066527	Mutation	A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule	36
1886066528	Silent mutation	A mutation that changes the codon triplet of nucleotides; however, the codon still codes for the same protein as before the mutation.	37
1886066529	Missense mutation	A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.	38
1886066530	Nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.	39
1886066531	Reading frame	The way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons	40
1886066532	Mutagenesis	The creation of a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.	41
1886066533	Mutagens	A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.	42
1886066534	Virus	A piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data.	43
1886066535	Capsid	Outer protein coat of a virus	44
1886066536	Lytic cycle	A viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses	45
1886066537	Lysogenic cycle	A viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA	46
1886066538	Prophage	The viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA	47
1886066539	Emerging viruses	A virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists	48
1886066540	AIDS	(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood	49
1886066541	HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus	50
1886066542	Reverse transcriptase	An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.	51
1886066543	Retroviruses	An RNA virus tha treplicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome.	52
1886066544	Viroids	Circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth	53
1886066545	Prions	Infectious proteins responsible for several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and other animals.	54
1886066546	Transformation	Modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA	55
1886066547	Transduction	The process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage	56
1886066548	Conjunction	Union of two bacterial cell, this is the DNA transfer between them	57
1886066549	F Factor	A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. It may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.	58
1886066550	Plasmid	A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome	59
1886066551	R plasmids	A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics.	60

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Biology Flashcards

biology vocab for 11.4, cell division, and chapters 14, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 3
Links to individual sets:
http://quizlet.com/7869541/biology-ch-114-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/7954678/biology-vocab-for-cell-division-unit-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9066684/biology-ch142-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9450790/biology-ch-12-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10243166/biology-ch-15-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10493073/biology-ch-16-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11086905/biology-ch-19-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11452840/biology-ch-20-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11801196/biology-ch-3-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/

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2518086956	ecology	scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment	0
2518086957	biosphere	part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere	1
2518086958	species	group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring	2
2518086959	population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area	3
2518086960	community	assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area	4
2518086961	ecosystem	collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment	5
2518086962	biome	group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities	6
2518086963	autotroph	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer	7
2518086964	producer	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph	8
2518086965	photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	9
2518086966	chemosythesis	process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates	10
2518086967	heterotroph	organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer	11
2518086968	consumer	organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph	12
2518086969	herbivore	organism that obtains energy by eating only plants	13
2518086970	carnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating animals	14
2518086971	omnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals	15
2518086972	detritivore	organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter	16
2518086973	decomposer	organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter	17
2518086974	food chain	series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	18
2518086975	food web	network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem	19
2518086976	trophic level	step in a food chain or food web	20
2518086977	ecological pyramid	diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web	21
2518086978	biomass	total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level	22
2518086979	biogeochemical cycle	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another	23
2518086980	evaporation	process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas	24
2518086981	transpiration	loss of water from a plant through its leaves	25
2518086982	nutrient	chemical substance that an organism requires to live	26
2518086983	nitrogen fixation	process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia	27
2518086984	denitrification	conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas	28
2518086985	primary productivity	rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem	29
2518086986	limiting nutrient	single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem	30
2518086987	algal bloom	an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient	31
2518086988	accessory pigment	compound other than chlorophyll that absorbs light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll	32
2518086989	eyespot	Group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment	33
2518086990	pellicle	Cell membrane in Euglenas	34
2518086991	phytoplankton	population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton	35
2518086992	phycobilin	accesory pigment found in red algae that is especially good at absorbing blue light.	36
2518086993	filament	In algae, a long threadlike colony formed by many green algae; in plants, a long, thin structure that supports an anther	37
2518086994	alternation of generations	process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles	38
2518086995	gametophyte	Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism	39
2518086996	spore	haploid reproductive cell	40
2518086997	sporophyte	diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism	41
2518086998	protist	any eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus	42
2518086999	pseudopod	temporary projection of cytoplasm, or a "false foot," used by some protists for feeding or movement	43
2518087000	amoeboid movement	Type of locomotion used by amoebas	44
2518087001	food vacuole	small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food	45
2518087002	cilium	short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells	46
2518087003	trichocyst	small, bottle-shaped structure used for defense by paramecia	47
2518087004	macronucleus	the larger of a ciliate's two nuclei, contains multiple copies of most of the genes that the cell needs in its day-to-day existence	48
2518087005	micronucleus	the smaller of a ciliate's two nuclei; contains a "reserve copy" of all of the cell's genes	49
2518087006	gullet	indentation in one side of a ciliate that allows food to enter the cell	50
2518087007	anal pore	region of the cell membrane of a ciliate where waste-containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the environment	51
2518087008	contractile vacuole	Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell	52
2518087009	conjugation	form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information	53
2518087010	cellular slime mold	slime mold whose individual cells remain separated during every phase of the mold's life cycle	54
2518087011	acellular slime mold	slime mold that passes through a stage in which its cells fuse to form large cells with many nuclei	55
2518087012	fruiting body	slender reproductive structure that produces spores and is found in some funguslike protists; reproductive structure of fungus that develops from a mycelium	56
2518087013	plasmodium	structure with many nuclei formed by acellular slime molds	57
2518087014	hypha	tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold	58
2518087015	zoosporangium	Spore case	59
2518087016	antheridium	Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants	60
2518087017	oogonium	Specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female Nuclei	61
2518087018	prokaryote	unicellular organism lacking a nucleus	62
2518087019	bacillus	rod-shaped prokaryote	63
2518087020	coccus	spherical prokaryote	64
2518087021	spirillum	spiral or corkscrew-shaped prokaryote	65
2518087022	chemoheterotroph	organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon	66
2518087023	photoheterotroph	organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source	67
2518087024	photoautotroph	organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds	68
2518087025	chemoautotroph	organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions	69
2518087026	obligate aerobe	organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live	70
2518087027	obligate anaerobe	organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen	71
2518087028	facultative anaerobe	organism that can survive with or without oxygen	72
2518087029	binary fission	type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells	73
2518087030	conjugation	form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information	74
2518087031	endospore	type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm	75
2518087032	nitrogen fixation	process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia	76
2518087033	pathogen	disease-causing agent	77
2518087034	vaccine	a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens	78
2518087035	antibiotic	compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria	79
2518087036	viriod	Single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids that cause disease in plants.	80
2518087037	prion	infectious particles composed of protein with no nucleic acid	81
2518087038	virus	a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells	82
2518087039	capsid	outer protein coat of a virus	83
2518087040	bacteriophage	virus that infects bacteria	84
2518087041	lytic infection	process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst	85
2518087042	lysogenic infection	process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA	86
2518087043	prophage	the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA	87
2518087044	retrovirus	virus that contains RNA as its genetic information	88
2518087045	gene pool	combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population	89
2518087046	relative frequency	number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur	90
2518087047	single-gene trait	trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles	91
2518087048	polygenic trait	trait controlled by two or more genes	92
2518087049	directional selection	form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve	93
2518087050	stabilizing selection	form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end	94
2518087051	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle	95
2518087052	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations	96
2518087053	founder effect	change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population	97
2518087054	Hardy-Weinberg principle	principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change	98
2518087055	genetic equilibrium	situation in which allele frequencies remain constant	99
2518087056	speciation	formation of new species	100
2518087057	reproductive isolation	separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring	101
2518087058	behavioral isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding	102
2518087059	geographical isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water	103
2518087060	temporal isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times	104
2518087061	evolution	change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms	105
2518087062	theory	well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations	106
2518087063	fossil	preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism	107
2518087064	artificial selection	selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation	108
2518087065	struggle for existence	competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life	109
2518087066	fitness	ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment	110
2518087067	adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival	111
2518087068	survival of the fittest	process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection	112
2518087069	natural selection	process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest	113
2518087070	descent with modification	principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time	114
2518087071	common descent	principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors	115
2518087072	homologous structures	structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues	116
2518087073	vestigial organ	organ that serves no useful function in an organism	117
2518087074	transformation	process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria	118
2518087075	bacteriophage	kind of virus that infects bacteria	119
2518087076	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)	120
2518087077	base pairing	Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine	121
2518087078	chromatin	long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes	122
2518087079	histone	protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin	123
2518087080	replication	(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division	124
2518087081	DNA polymerase	enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication	125
2518087082	gene	sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait	126
2518087083	mRNA (messenger RNA)	RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell	127
2518087084	rRNA (ribosomal RNA)	type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes	128
2518087085	tRNA (transfer RNA)	type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis	129
2518087086	transcription	process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA	130
2518087087	RNA polymerase	enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription	131
2518087088	promoter	region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA	132
2518087089	intron	sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein	133
2518087090	exon	expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein	134
2518087091	codon	three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid	135
2518087092	translation	decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain	136
2518087093	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	137
2518087094	mutation	a change or alteration in form or qualities	138
2518087095	point mutation	gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides	139
2518087096	frameshift mutation	mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide	140
2518087097	polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes	141
2518087098	sex-linked genes	genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male	142
2518087099	nondisjunction	occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate	143
2518087100	homologous	term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent	144
2518087101	diploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes	145
2518087102	haploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes	146
2518087103	meiosis	process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell	147
2518087104	tetrad	structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis	148
2518087105	crossing-over	process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis	149
2518087106	cell division	process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells	150
2518087107	mitosis	part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides	151
2518087108	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm during cell division	152
2518087109	chromatid	one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome	153
2518087110	centromere	area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached	154
2518087111	interphase	period of the cell cycle between cell divisions	155
2518087112	cell cycle	series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide	156
2518087113	prophase	first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus	157
2518087114	centriole	one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope	158
2518087115	spindle	fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis	159
2518087116	metaphase	second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	160
2518087117	anaphase	the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles	161
2518087118	telophase	fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material	162
2518087119	cyclin	one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells	163
2518087120	cancer	disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth	164
2518087121	homologous	term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent	165
2518087122	diploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes	166
2518087123	haploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes	167
2518087124	meiosis	process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell	168
2518087125	tetrad	structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis	169
2518087126	crossing-over	process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis	170

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Amino Acid Structures/Properties Flashcards

Remember the basic structure and nomenclature of each amino acid, understand their chemical properties and classification,

Hello! This is an amino acid set by Fadil Nohur, aka fiddle_n. Here are a list of the 20 amino acids coded in the genome. Amino acids vary in their difficulty for learning. Some amino acids are easy to learn, whilst some defy memorisation (yes, tryptophan, I'm looking at you!). All amino acid pictures have been painstakingly edited and uploaded by none other than me, for your learning pleasure! Have fun learning, and maybe give me a high five if you feel like it ;)

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2382650475	Glycine (Gly, G)	Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/aliphatic	0
2382650476	Alanine (Ala, A)	Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/aliphatic	1
2382650477	Valine (Val, V)	Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic	2
2382650478	Leucine (Leu, L)	Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic	3
2382650479	Isoleucine (Ile, I)	Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic	4
2382650480	Methionine (Met, M)	Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic, Sulfated	5
2382650481	Proline (Pro, P)	Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic	6
2382650482	Phenylalanine (Phe, F)	Hydrophobic, Aromatic	7
2382650483	Tryptophan (Trp, W)	Hydrophobic, Aromatic	8
2382650484	Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)	Hydrophobic, Aromatic pKa - 10	9
2382650485	Serine (Ser, S)	Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Hydroxylated	10
2382650486	Threonine (Thr, T)	Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Hydroxylated	11
2382650487	Asparagine (Asn, N)	Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Amide group	12
2382650488	Glutamine (Gln, Q)	Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Amide group	13
2382650489	Cysteine (Cys, C)	Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Sulfated pKa - 8.2	14
2382650490	Histidine (His, H)	Hydrophilic, Positively Charged, Nitrogen-Containing pKa - 6	15
2382650491	Lysine (Lys, K)	Hydrophilic, Positively Charged, Nitrogen-Containing pKa - 10.5	16
2382650492	Arginine (Arg, R)	Hydrophilic, Positively Charged, Nitrogen-Containing pKa - 12.5	17
2382650493	Aspartate (Asp, D)	Hydrophilic, Negatively Charged, Carboxylic pKa - 3.6	18
2382650494	Glutamate (Glu, E)	Hydrophilic, Positively Charged, Carboxylic pKa - 4.2	19

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AP Chemistry: Elements & Ions (Ch 4) Flashcards

Part I: The reference tables supplied for the AP Chem Exam and tests throughout the course will be different from the ones you saw in your Chemistry class. However, the AP Exam still requires you to know the information that will be missing from the reference table. Pages 2-6 of this assignment are the lists of all the information that needs to be memorized before you come to the AP Chemistry class. The best way to complete this part of the assignment is to make flashcards. We will be quizzing on this information the first day of class!

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2458747066	25 Mn	Manganese	0
2458747067	24 Cr	Chromium	1
2458747068	31 Ga	Gallium	2
2458747069	82 Pb	Lead	3
2458747070	80 Hg	Mercury	4
2458747071	74 W	Tungsten	5
2458747072	56 Ba	Barium	6
2458747073	55 Cs	Cesium	7
2458747074	53 I	Iodine	8
2458747075	48 Cd	Cadmium	9
2458747076	47 Ag	Silver	10
2458747077	38 Sr	Strontium	11
2458747078	37 Rb	Rubidium	12
2458747079	36 Kr	Krypton	13
2458747080	35 Br	Bromine	14
2458747081	34 Se	Selenium	15
2458747082	33 As	Arsenic	16
2458747083	32 Ge	Germanium	17
2458747084	50 Sn	Tin	18
2458747085	95 Am	Americium	19
2458747086	94 Pu	Plutonium	20
2458747087	90 Th	Thorium	21
2458747088	92 U	Uranium	22
2458747089	23 V	Vanadium	23
2458747090	22 Ti	Titanium	24
2458747091	13 Al	Aluminum	25
2458747092	12 Mg	Magnesium	26
2458747093	11 Na	Sodium	27
2458747094	10 Ne	Neon	28
2458747095	9 F	Fluorine	29
2458747096	8 O	Oxygen	30
2458747097	7 N	Nitrogen	31
2458747098	30 Zn	Zinc	32
2458747099	29 Cu	Copper	33
2458747100	28 Ni	Nickel	34
2458747101	27 Co	Cobalt	35
2458747102	26 Fe	Iron	36
2458747103	21 Sc	Scandium	37
2458747104	20 Ca	Calcium	38
2458747105	19 K	Potassium	39
2458747106	18 Ar	Argon	40
2458747107	17 Cl	Chlorine	41
2458747108	16 S	Sulfur	42
2458747109	15 P	Phosphorus	43
2458747110	54 Xe	Xenon	44
2458747111	6 C	Carbon	45
2458747112	5 B	Boron	46
2458747113	4 Be	Beryllium	47
2458747114	3 Li	Lithium	48
2458747115	2 He	Helium	49
2458747116	1 H	Hydrogen	50
2458747117	14 Si	Silicon	51
2458747118	87 Fr	Francium	52
2458747119	86 Rn	Radon	53
2458747120	Strong Bases	Group 1 (IA) and 2 (IIA) metal hydroxides	54
2458747121	6 Strong Acids	hydroChloric (HCl), hydroBromic (HBr), Sulfuric (H₂SO₄), Perchloric (HClO₄), hydroIodic (HI), Nitric (HNO₃) CBSPIN	55
2458747122	O₂⁻²	peroxide ion	56
2458747123	OH⁻	hydroxide ion	57
2458747124	HSO₄⁻	bisulfate ion; hydrogen sulfate ion	58
2458747125	NH₄⁺	ammonium ion	59
2458747126	O₂⁻	superoxide ion	60
2458747127	HPO₄⁻²	hydrogen phosphate ion	61
2458747128	H₂PO₄⁻	dihydrogen phosphate ion	62
2458747129	HCO₃⁻²	bicarbonate ion; hydrogen carbonate ion	63
2458747130	Soluble or Insoluble: most oxides (O⁻²) except for those of Group IA and IIA which react with water to form the corresponding hydroxides	Insoluble	64
2458747131	Soluble or Insoluble: most sulfides (S₂⁻) except those of Group IA and IIA and the Ammonium ion	Insoluble	65
2458747132	Soluble or Insoluble: most hydroxides (OH⁻) except those of Group IA, Calcium, and Barium	Insoluble	66
2458747133	Soluble or Insoluble: most carbonates (CO₃⁻²) and phosphates (PO₄⁻³) except those of Group IA and the Ammonium ion	Insoluble	67
2458747134	Soluble or Insoluble: all salts containing Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Acetate (CH₃COO⁻/C₂H₃O₂⁻), and Perchlorates	Soluble	68
2458747135	Soluble or Insoluble: all salts containing Sulfate (SO4⁻²) except those of Pb⁺², Ca⁺², Sr⁺², and Ba⁺²	Soluble	69
2458747136	Soluble or Insoluble: All chlorides (Cl⁻), bromides (Br⁻), and iodides (I⁻) except those of Cu⁺, Ag⁺, Pb⁺², and Hg₂⁺²	Soluble	70
2458747137	Soluble or Insoluble: All salts of Group IA (Li⁺, Na⁺, etc.) and the Ammonium ion (NH⁺)	Soluble	71
2458747138	Mn⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	faint pink	72
2458747139	Fe⁺² and Fe⁺³: Color in Aqueous Solution?	various colors	73
2458747140	Co⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	pink	74
2458747141	Cr⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	blue	75
2458747142	Cr⁺³: Color in Aqueous Solution?	green or violet	76
2458747143	CrO4⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	yellow	77
2458747144	Cr2O7⁻²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	orange	78
2458747145	Cu⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	blue to green	79
2458747146	MnO4⁻: Color in Aqueous Solution?	dark purple	80
2458747147	Ni⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	green	81
2458747148	Li⁺	lithium ion	82
2458747149	Na⁺	sodium ion	83
2458747150	K⁺	potassium ion	84
2458747151	Mg⁺²	magnesium ion	85
2458747152	Ca⁺²	calcium ion	86
2458747153	Sr⁺²	strontium ion	87
2458747154	Ba⁺²	barium ion	88
2458747155	Ag⁺	silver ion	89
2458747156	Zn⁺²	zinc ion	90
2458747157	Cd⁺²	cadmium ion	91
2458747158	Al⁺³	aluminum ion	92
2458747159	N⁻³	nitride	93
2458747160	O⁻²	oxide	94
2458747161	S⁻²	sulfide	95
2458747162	F⁻	fluoride	96
2458747163	Cl⁻	chloride	97
2458747164	Br⁻	bromide	98
2458747165	I⁻	iodide	99
2458747166	Cu⁺	copper (I) or cuprous ion	100
2458747167	Cu⁺²	copper (II) or cupric ion	101
2458747168	Hg₂⁺²	mercury (I) or mercurous ion	102
2458747169	Hg⁺²	mercury (II) or mercuric ion	103
2458747170	Fe⁺²	iron (II) or ferrous ion	104
2458747171	Fe⁺³	iron (III) or ferric ion	105
2458747172	Cr⁺²	chromium (II) or chromous ion	106
2458747173	Cr⁺³	chromium (III) or chromic ion	107
2458747174	Mn⁺²	manganese (II) or manganous ion	108
2458747175	Mn⁺³	manganese (III) or manganic ion	109
2458747176	Co⁺²	cobalt (II) or cobaltous ion	110
2458747177	Co⁺³	cobalt (III) or cobaltic ion	111
2458747178	Sn⁺²	tin (II) or stannous ion	112
2458747179	Sn⁺⁴	tin (IV) or stannic ion	113
2458747180	Pb⁺²	lead (II) or plumbous ion	114
2458747181	Pb⁺⁴	lead (IV) or plumbic ion	115
2458747182	H₂SO₄	sulfuric acid	116
2458747183	H₂SO₃	sulfurous acid	117
2458747184	SO₄⁻²	sulfate ion	118
2458747185	SO₃⁻²	sulfite ion	119
2458747186	HNO₃	nitric acid	120
2458747187	HNO₂	nitrous acid	121
2458747188	NO₃⁻	nitrate ion	122
2458747189	NO₂⁻	nitrite ion	123
2458747190	H₃PO₄	phosphoric acid	124
2458747191	PO₄⁻³	phosphate ion	125
2458747192	H₂CO₃	carbonic acid	126
2458747193	CO₃⁻²	carbonate ion	127
2458747194	HMnO₄	permanganic acid	128
2458747195	MnO₄⁻	permanganate ion	129
2458747196	HCN	hydrocyanic acid	130
2458747197	CN⁻	cyanide ion	131
2458747198	HOCN	cyanic acid	132
2458747199	OCN⁻	cyanate ion	133
2458747200	HSCN	thiocyanic acid	134
2458747201	SCN⁻	thiocyanate ion	135
2458747202	HC₂H₃O₂	acetic acid	136
2458747203	C₂H₃O₂⁻	acetate ion	137
2458747204	H₂C₂O₄	oxalic acid	138
2458747205	C₂O₄⁻²	oxalate ion	139
2458747206	H₂CrO₄	chromic acid	140
2458747207	CrO₄⁻²	chromate ion	141
2458747208	H₂Cr₂O₇	dichromic acid	142
2458747209	Cr₂O₇⁻²	dichromate ion	143
2458747210	H₂S₂O₃	thiosulfuric acid	144
2458747211	S₂O₃⁻²	thiosulfate ion	145
2458747212	H₃AsO₄	arsenic acid	146
2458747213	AsO₄⁻³	arsenate ion	147
2458747214	H₃AsO₃	arsenous acid	148
2458747215	AsO₃⁻³	arsenite ion	149
2458747216	HClO	hypochlorous acid	150
2458747217	HBrO	hypobromous acid	151
2458747218	HIO	hypoiodous acid	152
2458747219	HF	hypofluorous acid	153
2458747220	ClO⁻	hypochlorite ion	154
2458747221	BrO⁻	hypobromite ion	155
2458747222	IO⁻	hypoiodite ion	156
2458747223	FO⁻	hypofluorite ion	157
2458747224	HClO₂	chlorous acid	158
2458747225	HBrO₂	bromous acid	159
2458747226	HIO₂	iodous acid	160
2458747227	ClO₂⁻	chlorite ion	161
2458747228	BrO₂⁻	bromite ion	162
2458747229	IO₂⁻	iodite ion	163
2458747230	HClO₃	chloric acid	164
2458747231	HBrO₃	bromic acid	165
2458747232	HIO₃	iodic acid	166
2458747233	ClO₃⁻	chlorate ion	167
2458747234	BrO₃⁻	bromate ion	168
2458747235	IO₃⁻	iodate ion	169
2458747236	HClO₄	perchloric acid	170
2458747237	HBrO₄	perbromic acid	171
2458747238	HIO₄	periodic acid	172
2458747239	ClO₄⁻	perchlorate ion	173
2458747240	BrO₄⁻	perbromate ion	174

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AP Chemistry REFERENCE TABLE Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1900184959	25 Mn	Manganese	0
1900184960	24 Cr	Chromium	1
1900184961	31 Ga	Gallium	2
1900184962	82 Pb	Lead	3
1900184963	80 Hg	Mercury	4
1900184964	74 W	Tungsten	5
1900184965	56 Ba	Barium	6
1900184966	55 Cs	Cesium	7
1900184967	53 I	Iodine	8
1900184968	48 Cd	Cadmium	9
1900184969	47 Ag	Silver	10
1900184970	38 Sr	Strontium	11
1900184971	37 Rb	Rubidium	12
1900184972	36 Kr	Krypton	13
1900184973	35 Br	Bromine	14
1900184974	34 Se	Selenium	15
1900184975	33 As	Arsenic	16
1900184976	32 Ge	Germanium	17
1900184977	50 Sn	Tin	18
1900184978	95 Am	Americium	19
1900184979	94 Pu	Plutonium	20
1900184980	90 Th	Thorium	21
1900184981	92 U	Uranium	22
1900184982	23 V	Vanadium	23
1900184983	22 Ti	Titanium	24
1900184984	13 Al	Aluminum	25
1900184985	12 Mg	Magnesium	26
1900184986	11 Na	Sodium	27
1900184987	10 Ne	Neon	28
1900184988	9 F	Fluorine	29
1900184989	8 O	Oxygen	30
1900184990	7 N	Nitrogen	31
1900184991	30 Zn	Zinc	32
1900184992	29 Cu	Copper	33
1900184993	28 Ni	Nickel	34
1900184994	27 Co	Cobalt	35
1900184995	26 Fe	Iron	36
1900184996	21 Sc	Scandium	37
1900184997	20 Ca	Calcium	38
1900184998	19 K	Potassium	39
1900184999	18 Ar	Argon	40
1900185000	17 Cl	Chlorine	41
1900185001	16 S	Sulfur	42
1900185002	15 P	Phosphorus	43
1900185003	54 Xe	Xenon	44
1900185004	6 C	Carbon	45
1900185005	5 B	Boron	46
1900185006	4 Be	Beryllium	47
1900185007	3 Li	Lithium	48
1900185008	2 He	Helium	49
1900185009	1 H	Hydrogen	50
1900185010	14 Si	Silicon	51
1900185011	87 Fr	Francium	52
1900185012	86 Rn	Radon	53
1900185013	Strong Bases	Group 1 (IA) and 2 (IIA) metal hydroxides	54
1900185014	6 Strong Acids	hydroChloric (HCl), hydroBromic (HBr), Sulfuric (H₂SO₄), Perchloric (HClO₄), hydroIodic (HI), Nitric (HNO₃) CBSPIN	55
1900185015	O₂⁻²	peroxide ion	56
1900185016	OH⁻	hydroxide ion	57
1900185017	HSO₄⁻	bisulfate ion; hydrogen sulfate ion	58
1900185018	NH₄⁺	ammonium ion	59
1900185019	O₂⁻	superoxide ion	60
1900185020	HPO₄⁻²	hydrogen phosphate ion	61
1900185021	H₂PO₄⁻	dihydrogen phosphate ion	62
1900185022	HCO₃⁻²	bicarbonate ion; hydrogen carbonate ion	63
1900185023	Soluble or Insoluble: most oxides (O⁻²) except for those of Group IA and IIA which react with water to form the corresponding hydroxides	Insoluble	64
1900185024	Soluble or Insoluble: most sulfides (S₂⁻) except those of Group IA and IIA and the Ammonium ion	Insoluble	65
1900185025	Soluble or Insoluble: most hydroxides (OH⁻) except those of Group IA, Calcium, and Barium	Insoluble	66
1900185026	Soluble or Insoluble: most carbonates (CO₃⁻²) and phosphates (PO₄⁻³) except those of Group IA and the Ammonium ion	Insoluble	67
1900185027	Soluble or Insoluble: all salts containing Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Acetate (CH₃COO⁻/C₂H₃O₂⁻), and Perchlorates	Soluble	68
1900185028	Soluble or Insoluble: all salts containing Sulfate (SO4⁻²) except those of Pb⁺², Ca⁺², Sr⁺², and Ba⁺²	Soluble	69
1900185029	Soluble or Insoluble: All chlorides (Cl⁻), bromides (Br⁻), and iodides (I⁻) except those of Cu⁺, Ag⁺, Pb⁺², and Hg₂⁺²	Soluble	70
1900185030	Soluble or Insoluble: All salts of Group IA (Li⁺, Na⁺, etc.) and the Ammonium ion (NH⁺)	Soluble	71
1900185031	Mn⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	faint pink	72
1900185032	Fe⁺² and Fe⁺³: Color in Aqueous Solution?	various colors	73
1900185033	Co⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	pink	74
1900185034	Cr⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	blue	75
1900185035	Cr⁺³: Color in Aqueous Solution?	green or violet	76
1900185036	CrO4⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	yellow	77
1900185037	Cr2O7⁻²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	orange	78
1900185038	Cu⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	blue to green	79
1900185039	MnO4⁻: Color in Aqueous Solution?	dark purple	80
1900185040	Ni⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?	green	81
1900185041	Li⁺	lithium ion	82
1900185042	Na⁺	sodium ion	83
1900185043	K⁺	potassium ion	84
1900185044	Mg⁺²	magnesium ion	85
1900185045	Ca⁺²	calcium ion	86
1900185046	Sr⁺²	strontium ion	87
1900185047	Ba⁺²	barium ion	88
1900185048	Ag⁺	silver ion	89
1900185049	Zn⁺²	zinc ion	90
1900185050	Cd⁺²	cadmium ion	91
1900185051	Al⁺³	aluminum ion	92
1900185052	N⁻³	nitride	93
1900185053	O⁻²	oxide	94
1900185054	S⁻²	sulfide	95
1900185055	F⁻	fluoride	96
1900185056	Cl⁻	chloride	97
1900185057	Br⁻	bromide	98
1900185058	I⁻	iodide	99
1900185059	Cu⁺	copper (I) or cuprous ion	100
1900185060	Cu⁺²	copper (II) or cupric ion	101
1900185061	Hg₂⁺²	mercury (I) or mercurous ion	102
1900185062	Hg⁺²	mercury (II) or mercuric ion	103
1900185063	Fe⁺²	iron (II) or ferrous ion	104
1900185064	Fe⁺³	iron (III) or ferric ion	105
1900185065	Cr⁺²	chromium (II) or chromous ion	106
1900185066	Cr⁺³	chromium (III) or chromic ion	107
1900185067	Mn⁺²	manganese (II) or manganous ion	108
1900185068	Mn⁺³	manganese (III) or manganic ion	109
1900185069	Co⁺²	cobalt (II) or cobaltous ion	110
1900185070	Co⁺³	cobalt (III) or cobaltic ion	111
1900185071	Sn⁺²	tin (II) or stannous ion	112
1900185072	Sn⁺⁴	tin (IV) or stannic ion	113
1900185073	Pb⁺²	lead (II) or plumbous ion	114
1900185074	Pb⁺⁴	lead (IV) or plumbic ion	115
1900185075	H₂SO₄	sulfuric acid	116
1900185076	H₂SO₃	sulfurous acid	117
1900185077	SO₄⁻²	sulfate ion	118
1900185078	SO₃⁻²	sulfite ion	119
1900185079	HNO₃	nitric acid	120
1900185080	HNO₂	nitrous acid	121
1900185081	NO₃⁻	nitrate ion	122
1900185082	NO₂⁻	nitrite ion	123
1900185083	H₃PO₄	phosphoric acid	124
1900185084	PO₄⁻³	phosphate ion	125
1900185085	H₂CO₃	carbonic acid	126
1900185086	CO₃⁻²	carbonate ion	127
1900185087	HMnO₄	permanganic acid	128
1900185088	MnO₄⁻	permanganate ion	129
1900185089	HCN	hydrocyanic acid	130
1900185090	CN⁻	cyanide ion	131
1900185091	HOCN	cyanic acid	132
1900185092	OCN⁻	cyanate ion	133
1900185093	HSCN	thiocyanic acid	134
1900185094	SCN⁻	thiocyanate ion	135
1900185095	HC₂H₃O₂	acetic acid	136
1900185096	C₂H₃O₂⁻	acetate ion	137
1900185097	H₂C₂O₄	oxalic acid	138
1900185098	C₂O₄⁻²	oxalate ion	139
1900185099	H₂CrO₄	chromic acid	140
1900185100	CrO₄⁻²	chromate ion	141
1900185101	H₂Cr₂O₇	dichromic acid	142
1900185102	Cr₂O₇⁻²	dichromate ion	143
1900185103	H₂S₂O₃	thiosulfuric acid	144
1900185104	S₂O₃⁻²	thiosulfate ion	145
1900185105	H₃AsO₄	arsenic acid	146
1900185106	AsO₄⁻³	arsenate ion	147
1900185107	H₃AsO₃	arsenous acid	148
1900185108	AsO₃⁻³	arsenite ion	149
1900185109	HClO	hypochlorous acid	150
1900185110	HBrO	hypobromous acid	151
1900185111	HIO	hypoiodous acid	152
1900185112	HF	hypofluorous acid	153
1900185113	ClO⁻	hypochlorite ion	154
1900185114	BrO⁻	hypobromite ion	155
1900185115	IO⁻	hypoiodite ion	156
1900185116	FO⁻	hypofluorite ion	157
1900185117	HClO₂	chlorous acid	158
1900185118	HBrO₂	bromous acid	159
1900185119	HIO₂	iodous acid	160
1900185120	ClO₂⁻	chlorite ion	161
1900185121	BrO₂⁻	bromite ion	162
1900185122	IO₂⁻	iodite ion	163
1900185123	HClO₃	chloric acid	164
1900185124	HBrO₃	bromic acid	165
1900185125	HIO₃	iodic acid	166
1900185126	ClO₃⁻	chlorate ion	167
1900185127	BrO₃⁻	bromate ion	168
1900185128	IO₃⁻	iodate ion	169
1900185129	HClO₄	perchloric acid	170
1900185130	HBrO₄	perbromic acid	171
1900185131	HIO₄	periodic acid	172
1900185132	ClO₄⁻	perchlorate ion	173
1900185133	BrO₄⁻	perbromate ion	174
1900185134	IO₄⁻	periodate ion	175
1900185135	Organic Functional Group: H H \| \| ―C―C― \| \| H H	alkane	176
1900185136	Organic Functional Group: H H \| \| ―C==C―	alkene	177
1900185137	Organic Functional Group: ―C≡≡C―	alkyne	178
1900185138	Organic Functional Group: H H \ / C==C / \ H―C C― \\ // C―C / \ H H	phenyl	179
1900185139	Organic Functional Group: X \| ―C― \| (X = F, Cl, Br, I)	alkyl halide	180
1900185140	Organic Functional Group: OH \| ―C― \|	alcohol	181
1900185141	Organic Functional Group: NH₂ \| ―C― \|	amine	182
1900185142	Organic Functional Group: \| \| \| ―C―O―C― \| \| \|	ether	183
1900185143	Organic Functional Group: O \|\| ―C―H	aldehyde	184
1900185144	Organic Functional Group: O \|\| ―C―	ketone	185
1900185145	Organic Functional Group: O \|\| ―C―OH	carboxylic acid	186
1900185146	Organic Functional Group: O \|\| \| ―C―O―C― \|	ester	187
1900185147	Organic Functional Group: O \|\| ―C―NH₂	amide	188

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AP Chemistry Review Flashcards

Comprehensive review of AP Chemistry concepts and terminology in preparation for AP test

Terms : Hide Images

1619227166	critical point	temperature-pressure point after which gas can no longer form liquid	0
1619227167	triple point	temperature-pressure combination at which solid, liquid, and gas states appear	1
1619227168	sublimation	phase change from solid to gas	2
1619227169	deposition	phase change from gas to solid	3
1619227170	solid CO2	chemical composition of dry ice	4
1619227171	equilibrium	happens at lines in phase change charts	5
1619227172	London dispersion forces	universal IMF for nonpolar molecules	6
1619227173	Dipole-dipole forces	IMF that exists in polar molecules	7
1619227174	Hydrogen bonding	IMF that occurs with FON	8
1619227175	effects of IMF	boiling point, melting point, viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension	9
1619227176	viscosity	thickness	10
1619227177	vapor pressure	stronger IMF= lower... weaker IMF= higher...	11
1619227178	N=N.(0.5)^time/time half-life	half-life equation	12
1619227179	octahedral	AX6	13
1619227180	square pyramidal	AX5E	14
1619227181	square planar	AX4E2	15
1619227182	trigonal bipyramidal	AX5	16
1619227183	see-saw	AX4E	17
1619227184	T-shape	AX3E2	18
1619227185	methods of increasing rate	raising heat, adding catalyst, heighten concentration, bigger surface area	19
1619227186	∆Hvap	energy needed to vaporize a mole of a liquid	20
1619227187	boiling point	point at which vapor pressure=air pressure above	21
1619227188	fusion	melting	22
1619227189	London dispersion forces	larger molecules which have higher mass and therefore electron density have stronger...	23
1619227190	bond energy	energy needed to break a bond	24
1619227191	always	∆H \| ∆S is spontaneous... - \| +	25
1619227192	at low temperatures	∆H \| ∆S is spontaneous... - \| -	26
1619227193	at high temperatures	∆H \| ∆S is spontaneous... + \| +	27
1619227194	never	∆H \| ∆S is spontaneous... + \| -	28
1619227195	+ ∆S	greater # of moles of gas formed and greater volume formed cause...	29
1619227196	+ ∆S	gas > liquid > solid and (aq)>(s) cause...	30
1619227197	+ ∆S	diatomic molecules forming mixed molecules, e.g. H2 + I2 -> 2HI, means...	31
1619227198	adiabatic	change without heat transfer between the system and its surroundings	32
1619227199	isothermal	change that occurs at constant temperature	33
1619227200	heat capacity	amount of heat needed to change a system by 1˚C	34
1619227201	specific heat	heat needed to change 1 g of substance to 1˚C	35
1619227202	4.184	specific heat of water	36
1619227203	ionic	... compounds are most conductive	37
1619227204	-ous acid	if anion ends in -ite, acid name ends in...	38
1619227205	-ic acid	if anion ends in -ate, acid name ends in...	39
1619227206	hydro-ic acid	if anion ends in -ide, acid name ends in	40
1619227207	Balmer Series	spectrum of light when an electron drops to energy level n=2	41
1619227208	red	when n=3 ->2, color=	42
1619227209	blue-green	when n=4 ->2, color=	43
1619227210	blue-violet	when n=5 ->2, color=	44
1619227211	violet	when n=6 ->2, color=	45
1619227212	n (first quantum number)	variable for energy of e-, goes from 1,2,3 on up	46
1619227213	l (second quantum number)	variable for type of orbital	47
1619227214	s	l=0	48
1619227215	p	l=1	49
1619227216	d	l=2	50
1619227217	f	l=3	51
1619227218	m (third quantum number)	variable for orientation of orbital (-1 through +1)	52
1619227219	s (fourth quantum number)	variable for spin of electron (+.5 or -.5)	53
1619227220	s orbitals	these orbitals are spherical	54
1619227221	p orbitals	these orbitals are perpendicular	55
1619227222	d orbitals	these orbitals are diagonal	56
1619227223	electron affinity	energy involved in gaining an electron to become a negative ion	57
1619227224	C + 273	calculation from K to C	58
1619227225	Boltzmann distribution	states molecules at a given temp. vary in kinetic energy along a bell-curve of molecular velocities	59
1619227226	Diffusion	mixing of gases	60
1619227227	Effusion	passage of gas through tiny orifice	61
1619227228	moles solute/kg solvent	molality =	62
1619227229	g solute/g solvent x 100	mass percent	63
1619227230	like	like dissolves...	64
1619227231	entropy (S)	degree of disorder in a system	65
1619227232	increasing	entropy in the universe is always...	66
1619227233	spontaneous	If K>1, then Gº<0 and reaction will be...at chemical equilibrium	67
1619227234	not spontaneous	If K<1, then Gº>0 and reaction will be...at chemical equilibrium	68
1619227235	meth-	(organics) one carbon	69
1619227236	eth-	(organics) two carbons	70
1619227237	prop-	(organics) three carbons	71
1619227238	but-	(organics) four carbons	72
1619227239	pent-	(organics) five carbons	73
1619227240	hex-	(organics) six carbons	74
1619227241	hept-	(organics) seven carbons	75
1619227242	oct-	(organics) eight carbons	76
1619227243	non-	(organics) nine carbons	77
1619227244	dec-	(organics) ten carbons	78
1619227245	rate law	this MUST be determined experimentally	79
1619227246	zero	[A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction	80
1619227247	first	ln[A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction	81
1619227248	second	1/[A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction	82
1619227249	third	AP doesn't deal with ...-order reaction, don't pick it!	83
1619227250	activated complex (transition state)	peak of energy diagram	84
1619227251	Arrhenius equation	to find activation energy use the...	85
1619227252	k=Ae^(-Ea/RT)	Arrhenius equation	86
1619227253	ln (k1/k2) = (Ea/R)(1/T2-1/T1)	equation to find Ea from reaction rate constants at two different temperatures	87
1619227254	hydrocarbons	carbon & hydrogen compounds	88
1619227255	carbohydrates	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen compounds	89
1619227256	alkane	(organics) single-bonded compound	90
1619227257	alkene	(organics) double-bonded compound	91
1619227258	alkyne	(organics) triple-bonded compound	92
1619227259	alcohol	organic w/ -OH group	93
1619227260	ether	organic w/ -O-	94
1619227261	amine	organic w/ -NH2	95
1619227262	-anol	ending for alcohols	96
1619227263	geometric isomers	two molecules with identical connectivity but different geometries	97
1619227264	condensation	organic reaction in which two functional groups come together, resulting in the release of water	98
1619227265	hydrolysis	organic reaction in which water breaks apart a molecule (splitting into two hydroxides)	99
1619227266	Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+	all cations are soluble with bromide, chloride and iodide EXCEPT	100
1619227267	Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+	all cations are soluble with sulfate EXCEPT	101
1619227268	insoluble	hydroxides are soluble or insoluble?	102
1619227269	phosphate, sulfide, carbonate, sulfate	generally insoluble anions (names)	103
1619227270	allotrope	different form of same element	104
1619227271	red	color of Li (flame test)	105
1619227272	red/orange	color of Ca (flame test)	106
1619227273	red	color of Sr (flame test)	107
1619227274	yellow	color of Na (flame test)	108
1619227275	green/yellow	color of Ba (flame test)	109
1619227276	blue	color of Cs (flame test)	110
1619227277	purple	color of K (flame test)	111
1619227278	-anoic acid	carboxylic acid ending	112
1619227279	Amino-	amine prefix	113
1619227280	-anal	aldehyde suffix	114
1619227281	-anone	ketone suffix	115
1619227282	methoxy-	ether prefix	116
1619227283	-anoate	ester suffix	117
1619227284	base and hydrogen gas	pure metal or metal hydride + H20 ->	118
1619227285	base	metal oxide + H20 ->	119
1619227286	acid	nonmetal oxide + H2O ->	120
1619227287	oxide gas and water	oxoacid solution (such as HSO4-) forms...	121
1619227288	complex ions	transition metals with ammonia, hydroxide, cyanide or thiocyanate form...	122
1619227289	0	∆Hº of pure elements=	123
1619227290	diamagnetic	elements which have all electrons paired and relatively unaffected by magnetic fields	124
1619227291	paramagnetic	elements which have unpaired electrons and highly affected by magnetic fields	125

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AP Biology Exam Review Guide Flashcards

AP Biology Exam Review Guide
Tanner Slagle
#Carter2014

Terms : Hide Images

1463019842	active site (biochemistry)	the region of an enzyme that binds to a protein or to another substance during a reaction, where catalytic activity occurs	0
1463019843	allosteric site (biochemistry)	site at which a small regulatory molecule interacts with an enzyme to inhibit or active that specific enzyme, binding of allosteric effector is in general noncovalent and reversible	1
1463019844	amino acid (biochemistry / molecular genetics)	a simple organic compound containing a carboxyl group and an amino group	2
1463019845	amphipathic (biochemistry / cells)	having both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part	3
1463019846	anabolic (biochemistry)	All Bikers Cause Ruckus (Anabolic Builds, Catabolic Reduces), the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms form simpler ones together with the storage of energy, constructive metabolism	4
1463019847	carbohydrate (biochemistry)	large group of organic compounds occuring in foods and living tissues and including sugar, starch, and cellulose, contain hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio, can be broken down to release energy into the animal body	5
1463019848	carbon (biochemistry)	building blocks of organic life, C14 is commonly used as a radioactive isotope in artificial situation	6
1463019849	catabolic (biochemistry)	All Bikers Cause Ruckus (Anabolic Builds, Catabolic Reduces), acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy-requiring reactions that make up or equal that of anabolic reactions, destructive metabolism	7
1463019850	catalyst (biochemistry)	substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change	8
1463019851	coenzyme (biochemistry)	a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme	9
1463019852	denaturation (biochemistry)	process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native states, denaturation can occur with a change in temperature, pH, or salinity	10
1463019853	disaccharide (biochemistry)	any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues	11
1463019854	hydrogen bond (biochemistry / molecular genetics)	a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other, highly electronegative, diploid forces combine to allow for these bonds to form	12
1463019855	hydrophilic (biochemistry)	having the tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water	13
1463019856	hydrophobic (biochemistry)	tending to repel or fail to mix with water	14
1463019857	ion (biochemistry)	an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons	15
1463019858	lipid (biochemistry)	class of organic compounds that are fatty acids of their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, lipids are able to cross through cell linings particularly	16
1463019859	macromolecule (biochemistry)	a molecule containing a very large number of atoms such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids	17
1463019860	monomer (biochemistry)	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer	18
1463019861	monosaccharide (biochemistry)	class o sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar, glucose is an example	19
1463019862	non-polar molecule (biochemistry)	when there is an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because the symmetrical arrangements of polar bonds in a more complex molecule	20
1463019863	nucleic acid (biochemistry / molecular genetics)	complex organic substance present in living cells whose molecuels consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain, DNA and RNA are examples	21
1463019864	nucleotide (biochemistry / molecular genetics)	compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group, form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids	22
1463019865	organic molecule (biochemistry)	made up of carbon	23
1463019866	peptide bond (biochemistry)	covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule causing the release of a molecule of water, the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction and usually occurs between amino acids	24
1463019867	polar molecule (biochemistry)	when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because the the lack of symmetrical arrangements of polar bonds in a more complex molecule	25
1463019868	polymer (biochemistry)	a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together	26
1463019869	protein (biochemistry / molecular genetics)	class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, and collagen and like enzymes and antibodies	27
1463019870	substrate (biochemistry)	a substance or layer that underlies something or on which some process occurs in particular, the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment, the substance on which an enzyme acts	28
1463019871	water (biochemistry)	basis of the fluids of living organisms, made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom	29
1463019872	active transport (cells)	movement of ions or molecules across a membrane into a region of higher concentration assisted by enzymes and requiring energy	30
1463019873	apoptosis (cells)	programmed cell death	31
1463019874	aquaporin (cells)	a pathway that selectively conducts water molecules in and out of the cell while preventing the passage of ions and other solutions, also known as water channels, integral membrane pore proteins	32
1463019875	axon (cells)	the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells	33
1463019876	carrier protein (cells)	integral and intrinsic membrane proteins, exist within the span of the membrane across which they transport substances, assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport	34
1463019877	cell wall (cells)	rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria, mainly consists of cellulose in algae and higher plants	35
1463019878	centrioles (cells / cell cycle and heredity)	a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs, involved int eh development of spindle fibers in cell divison	36
1463019879	channel protein (cells)	also known as ion channels, pore-forming membrane proteins whose function includes establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potential, and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane, also controls the flow of ions across the secretory divides	37
1463019880	chloroplast (cells / energy and metabolism)	a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place in plants, makes energy	38
1463019881	concentration gradient (cells)	the gradual difference in the concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and a region of lower density	39
1463019882	cytoplasm (cells)	the material or protoplasm within a living cell excluding the nucleus	40
1463019883	cytoskeleton (cells)	a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that give them shape and coherence	41
1463019884	dendrites (cells)	a short branched extension of a nerve cell along which impulses are received from other cells at the synapses and transmitted to the cell body	42
1463019885	depolarization (cells)	positive-going change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more positive, sometimes enough depolarization may result in an action potential	43
1463019886	diffusion (cells)	the spreading of something to make for a more equal distribution	44
1463019887	endocytosis (cells)	the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole	45
1463019888	endoplasmic reticulum (cells)	usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis depending on the type of endoplasmic reticulum	46
1463019889	golgi apparatus/body/complex (cells)	folded membrane, involved in secretion and in intracellular packaging and transport	47
1463019890	hypertonic (cells)	having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid	48
1463019891	hypotonic (cells)	having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid	49
1463019892	isotonic (cells)	having the same osmotic pressure than a particular fluid	50
1463019893	ligand (cells)	a molecule that binds to another molecule	51
1463019894	lysosome (cells)	contains digestive enzymes, aids in the breakdown of cellular materials and waste	52
1463019895	membrane (cells)	a microscopic double layer of lipids and proteins that bounds cells and organelles and form structures within cells, most cells have a phospholipid bilayer	53
1463019896	mitochondrion (cells / energy and metabolism)	often found in large numbers, where cellular respiration occurs, the more folded layers and critae there are the more energy can be produced because of the increase in surface area, makes energy	54
1463019897	neuron (cells)	a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses, a nerve cell	55
1463019898	neurotransmitter (cells)	chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber	56
1463019899	nuclear envelope (cells)	a membrane system which surrounds the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells	57
1463019900	phospholipid (cells)	a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule	58
1463019901	plasma membrane (cells)	a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, also regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm	59
1463019902	plasmolysis (cells)	contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell	60
1463019903	polarization (cells)	when there is an unequal charge at one end of a cell caused by the distribution of protons and electrons	61
1463019904	prokaryotic cell (cells)	a group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, occurred before eukaryotes	62
1463019905	repolarization (cells)	the change in membrane potential that returns the memebrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential	63
1463019906	ribosome (cells)	a minute particle consisting of RNA and protein that is found in large quantities, synthesizes polypeptides and proteins	64
1463019907	rough endoplasmic reticulum (cells)	endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached to it, synthesizes site-specific proteins and plays a role in cellular transport	65
1463019908	selectively permeable (cells)	a membrane that only allows certain types of particles in and out of the cell, typical cells have a selectively permeable membrane that allows for small, uncharged, and lipid-based materials to freely pass through	66
1463019909	smooth endoplasmic reticulum (cells)	endoplasmic reticulum that does not have ribosomes attached to it, synthesizes lipids and breaks down toxins	67
1463019910	synpase (cells)	a junction between two nerve cells conssiting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by the diffusion of a neurotransmitter	68
1463019911	exocytosis (cells)	a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane	69
1463019912	eukaryotic cell (cells)	membrane-bound cells that have a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and a place for genetic material to be contained	70
1463019913	facilitated diffusion (cells)	process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins	71
1463019914	flagella (cells)	slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa to swim	72
1463019915	fluid mosaic model (cells)	a model that describes the structure of cell membranes in which a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell	73
1463019916	nucleus (cells)	powerhouse of the cell, where genetic information is stored	74
1463019917	organelles (cells)	any number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell	75
1463019918	osmosis (cells)	the diffusion of water	76
1463019919	passive transport (cells)	movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes, does not require energy	77
1463019920	phagocytosis (cells / regulation)	the ingestion of bacteria or other material, cellular eating	78
1463019921	surface area: volume ratio (cells)	causes biological cells to be limited in size due to the fact that when volume increases so does the surface area, but he surface area increases at a slower rate	79
1463019922	transmembrane protein (cells)	a type of membrane protein spanning the entirely of the biological membrane, spans form one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane	80
1463019923	vacuole (cells)	a place for storage within a cell	81
1463019924	absorption spectrum (energy and metabolism)	a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance showing dark lines or bands due to absorption of specific wavelengths	82
1463019925	acetly coA (energy and metabolism)	important molecule in metabolism, main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production	83
1463019926	anabolism (energy and metabolism)	synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy	84
1463019927	anaerobic metabolism (energy and metabolism)	form of cellular respiration using electron acceptors rather than oxygen	85
1463019928	ATP (energy and metabolism)	adenosine triphosphate, a high energy molecule	86
1463019929	ATP synthase (energy and metabolism)	enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of ATP	87
1463019930	autotroph (energy and metabolism)	an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide	88
1463019931	Calvin cycle (energy and metabolism)	cycle in which carbon dioxide is converted into sugar	89
1463019932	cellular respiration (energy and metabolism)	set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP	90
1463019933	chemiosmosis (energy and metabolism)	movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electromagnetic gradient	91
1463019934	chlorophyll (energy and metabolism)	a green pigment present in all green plants and cyanobacteria responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis	92
1463019935	citric acid / Krebs cycle (energy and metabolism)	sequence of reactions in which living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration, takes place in the mitochondria and consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and water, converts ADP to ATP	93
1463019936	electron transport chain (energy and metabolism)	series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions	94
1463019937	FAD/FADH2 (energy and metabolism)	FAD can be reduced into FADH2 to where is can accept two hydrogen attoms	95
1463019938	feedback inhibition (energy and metabolism)	cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited	96
1463019939	fermentation (energy and metabolism)	chemical breakdown of substances by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms	97
1463019940	glycolysis (energy and metabolism)	the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvates	98
1463019941	light dependent reactions (energy and metabolism)	second stage of photosynthesis where carbohydrates from carbon dioxide are produced using the energy formed generated during the first stage of photosynthesis	99
1463019942	light independent reactions (energy and metabolism)	chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose, occur in the stroma outside the thylakoid membranes	100
1463019943	metabolic pathways (energy and metabolism)	chemical reactions occurring within a cell	101
1463019944	NAD/NADH (energy and metabolism)	the balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of NAD and NADH, this ratio is important to the redox state of a cell that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of the cells	102
1463019945	NADP/NADPH (energy and metabolism)	in photosynthesis NADPH is produced in the last step of the electron transport chain of the light reaction through NADP and is used as a reducing power for the Calvin Cycle to assimilate carbon dioxide	103
1463019946	oxidative phosphorylation (energy and metabolism)	metabolic pathway that uses energy released by eh oxidation of nutrients in the mitochondria to produce ATP	104
1463019947	photolysis (energy and metabolism)	the decomposition or separation of molecules by the action of light	105
1463019948	photosynthesis (energy and metabolism)	the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water, generally involves chlorophyll and generatd oxygen as a byproduct	106
1463019949	photosystem I (energy and metabolism)	occurs second, makes NADPH	107
1463019950	photosystem II (energy and metabolism)	occurs first, captures light in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast, makes ATP using electrons from the light	108
1463019951	pyruvate (energy and metabolism)	product of glycolysis, synthesized by many metabolic pathways	109
1463019952	stroma (energy and metabolism)	the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast	110
1463019953	substrate-level phosphorylation (energy and metabolism)	type of metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl group to ADP or GDP	111
1463019954	thylakoid membrane (energy and metabolism)	a bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, site of light-dependent reactions, thylakoids consist of thylakoid membranes that surround a thylakoid	112
1463019955	anaphase (cell cycle and heredity)	stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move from one pole to the other via spindles	113
1463019956	autosomal (cell cycle and heredity)	gene-linked, can be passed down through the family	114
1463019957	cancer (cell cycle and heredity)	uncontrolled cell growth	115
1463019958	cell cycle (cell cycle and heredity)	G1 S G2 M G0orG1	116
1463019959	cell division (cell cycle and heredity)	the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material	117
1463019960	chromosome (cell cycle and heredity)	threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells carrying genetic information in the form of genes	118
1463019961	codominance (cell cycle and heredity)	when parts are represented equally (red and white are both present)	119
1463019962	crossing over (cell cycle and heredity)	exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring	120
1463019963	crossover frequency (cell cycle and heredity)	rate at which crossing over occurs, how much material of each parent is taken and given to an offspring	121
1463019964	cyclin-depdendent kinase (cell cycle and heredity)	CDKs are directly involved in cell cycle regulation, require cyclin and kinase in order to function	122
1463019965	cytokinesis (cell cycle and heredity)	cytoplasmic division of a cell at the ends of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daugheter cells	123
1463019966	diploid (cell cycle and heredity)	2n, having two complete sets of chromosomes with one coming from each parent	124
1463019967	dominant (cell cycle and heredity)	the trait that is more likely to be shown and can mask a recessive trait even in heterozygous situations	125
1463019968	F1/F2 generation (cell cycle and heredity)	offspring of the P generation	126
1463019969	fertilization (cell cycle and heredity)	when a sperm reaches an egg in somatic cells	127
1463019970	gamete (cell cycle and heredity)	a mature haploid female germ cell or male sperm cell before they unite to form a fertilized zygote required for reproduction	128
1463019971	genotype (cell cycle and heredity)	the genetic makeup of an organism based on what was inherited	129
1463019972	haploid (cell cycle and heredity)	1n, having only one set of chromosomes	130
1463019973	heterozygous (cell cycle and heredity)	Aa, when you have one dominant and one recessive allele	131
1463019974	homozygous (cell cycle and heredity)	AA or aa, when you have either two dominant alleles or two recessive allels	132
1463019975	incomplete dominance (cell cycle and heredity)	when one allele does not completely dominate another allele and results in a new phenotype	133
1463019976	independent assortment (cell cycle and heredity)	theory by Gregor Mendel that allele pairs separate	134
1463019977	homologous chromosomes (cell cycle and heredity)	22 pairs of homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but code for different traits in their allelic forms since one was inherited from the mother and the other from the father	135
1463019978	interphase (cell cycle and heredity)	the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell between the two sections of mitosis-like behavior that make up meiosis	136
1463019979	meiosis (cell cycle and heredity)	a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell such as in the production of gametes and plant spores	137
1463019980	metaphase (cell cycle and heredity)	second stage of cell division between prophase and anaphase, when the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers	138
1463019981	mitosis (cell cycle and heredity)	a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus	139
1463019982	nuclear division (cell cycle and heredity)	when two daughter nuclei are produced from the single nucleus that turns a diploid into a haploid, happens in mitosis and cytokinesis during the M phase	140
1463019983	phenotype (cell cycle and heredity)	the physical appearance of traits	141
1463019984	prophase (cell cycle and heredity)	first stage of cell division before metaphase during which the chromosomes become visible and paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears	142
1463019985	recessive (cell cycle and heredity)	the trait that is less likely to be shown and can be masked by a dominant trait in heterozygous situations, must have to recessive alleles in order to be shown phenotypically	143
1463019986	recombination (cell cycle and heredity)	the rearrangement of genetic material in situations of crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms	144
1463019987	segregation (cell cycle and heredity)	when two alleles for a heritable characteristics separate during gametic formation and end up in different gametes	145
1463019988	sex chromosome (cell cycle and heredity)	a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically favors one of two kinds such as male or female	146
1463019989	sex-linked (cell cycle and heredity)	can be referred to as x-linked in some situations, tending to be associated with one sex or the other and is carried by a sex-chromosome	147
1463019990	somatic cell (cell cycle and heredity)	any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cell	148
1463019991	synapsis (cell cycle and heredity)	the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis	149
1463019992	synthesis (cell cycle and heredity)	as in artificial gene synthesis, a method used to create desired and artificial genes in a laboratory based on solid-phase DNA synthesis	150
1463019993	telophase (cell cycle and heredity)	the final phase of cell division between anaphase and interphase in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed	151
1463019994	anticodon (molecular genetics)	a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule corresponding to a complementary codon in mRNA	152
1463019995	base-pairing rules (molecular genetics)	constraints imposed by the molecular structure of DNA and RNA on the formation of hydrogen bonds among the four purine and pyrimidine bases such as A goes with T or U and G goes with C	153
1463019996	cell differentiation (molecular genetics)	when a cell become specialized in order to perform a specific function as in the case of a liver cell, blood cell, or neuron	154
1463019997	coding strand (molecular genetics)	DNA strand with the same sequence as the transcribed mRNA and containing the linear array of codons which interact with anticodons of tRNA during translation to give the primary sequence of a protein	155
1463019998	codon (molecular genetics)	a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule	156
1463019999	DNA (molecular genetics)	deoxyribose nucleic acid, double stranded, basis of genetic coding	157
1463020000	DNA ligase (molecular genetics)	enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond	158
1463020001	DNA polymerase (molecular genetics)	enzyme that is responsible for making new copies of DNA	159
1463020002	DNA replication (molecular genetics)	the process of making an identical copy of a section of duplex DNA using the existing DNA as a template strand for the synthesis of more DNA	160
1463020003	exons (molecular genetics)	segment of DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence	161
1463020004	genetic code (molecular genetics)	nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells	162
1463020005	helicase (molecular genetics)	enzyme that uses the energy derived from the hydrolysis of to unwind the double-stranded structure of nucleic acids	163
1463020006	inducible genes (molecular genetics)	a family of GPI-anchored cell surface proteins that function as ligands for the mouse activating NKG2D receptor	164
1463020007	introns (molecular genetics)	segment of DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes	165
1463020008	lagging strand (molecular genetics)	the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the leading strand, goes from 3' to 5'	166
1463020009	leading strand (molecular genetics)	the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the lagging strand, goes from 5' to 3'	167
1463020010	micro RNA / miRNA (molecular genetics)	small noncoding RNA molecule found in plants, animals, and some viruses which functions in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression	168
1463020011	mutation (molecular genetics)	the changing of the structure of a gene resultng in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA including the deletion, insertion, or rearrangements of large sections of genes and chromosomes	169
1463020012	Okazaki fragments (molecular genetics)	short newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication	170
1463020013	replication fork (molecular genetics)	what is created after helicase unwinds the double-stranded structure, composed of leading and lagging strands	171
1463020014	repressor (molecular genetics / regulation)	a substance that acts on an operon to inhibit mRNA syntehsis	172
1463020015	RNA (molecular genetics)	ribose nucleic acid, single stranded, basis of protein formation	173
1463020016	mRNA (molecular genetics)	messenger RNA, carries messages from the DNA to the ribosomes	174
1463020017	rRNA (molecular genetics)	ribosomal RNA, part of the ribosome's structure	175
1463020018	tRNA (molecular genetics)	transfer RNA, bonds to amino acids and carries them to the ribosomes	176
1463020019	start stop and codon (molecular genetics)	a nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals a termination of translation	177
1463020020	template strand (molecular genetics)	the strand of DNA that replication is based on	178
1463020021	transcription (molecular genetics)	the copying of DNA from the template strand aided by enzymes	179
1463020022	transcription factors (molecular genetics / regulation)	a diverse family of proteins that generally function in subunit protein complexes, may bind directly to special promoter regions of DNA that lie upstream of the coding region in a gene or near the RNA polymerase	180
1463020023	translation (molecular genetics)	process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins, part of the process of gene expression	181
1463020024	adaption (evolution)	the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment	182
1463020025	bottleneck effect (evolution)	a catastrophic event that suddenly curtails the population in an area	183
1463020026	common ancestor (evolution)	the belief that all current inhabitants are linked back to a shared common derivate, known as the common ancestor	184
1463020027	cladogram (evolution)	a branching diagram showing the relationship between a number of species	185
1463020028	evolution (evolution)	descent with modification, gradual change over time	186
1463020029	gene flow (evolution)	also known as migration, transfer alleles or genes from one population to another, changes in gene flow correspond to changes in gene frequency	187
1463020030	gene pool (evolution)	the total genes that are available in an environment	188
1463020031	genetic drift (evolution)	variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce	189
1463020032	geographic isolation (evolution)	when a population of animals, plants, or organisms are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species	190
1463020033	fitness (evolution)	being able to reproduce and live in order to pass on your genes	191
1463020034	Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (evolution)	large populations, no gene flow, no mutations, random mating, no natural selections, represented by the formulas p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1	192
1463020035	natural selection (evolution)	the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring	193
1463020036	morphology (evolution)	the branch of biology that deals with the forms of living organisms and with the relationships between their structures	194
1463020037	phylogenetic tree (evolution)	branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships, or phylogeny, among various biological species or other entities	195
1463020038	reproductive isolation (evolution)	a collection of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring or which ensure that any offspring that may be produced is not evolutionarily fit or viable	196
1463020039	speciation (evolution)	the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution	197
1463020040	variation (evolution)	any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused by their genetic differences or by the effect of environmental factors on the expression of the genetic potentials	198
1463020041	apex predator (ecology)	predators with few to no predators of their own	199
1463020042	biomagnification (ecology)	concentrations of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely distributed	200
1463020043	biomass (ecology)	the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume	201
1463020044	carrying capacity (ecology)	the population that an ecosystem can support	202
1463020045	carnivore (ecology)	meat eaters	203
1463020046	commensalism (ecology)	an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm	204
1463020047	competition (ecology)	the act or process of trying to get or win something, in most cases there is a competition for resources that are often seen as a limiting factor	205
1463020048	consumer (ecology)	a player in an ecosystem that utilizes the energy from something else	206
1463020049	density-dependent (ecology)	limiting factors that depend on the population size when looking at its effects, examples are diseases	207
1463020050	density-independent (ecology)	limiting factors that do not depend on the population size when looking at its effects, examples are natural disasters	208
1463020051	decomposer (ecology)	a player in an ecosystem that breaks down things and returns nutrients back into the environemnt	209
1463020052	detritivore (ecology)	an animal that feeds on dead organic material	210
1463020053	energy pyramid (ecology)	a visual representation of the flow of energy in a food chain, the 10 percent rule is applied in most situations meaning that roughly 10 percent of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level	211
1463020054	exponential growth (ecology)	population that grows without bounds for the entire time and is characterized by Rmax in the formula	212
1463020055	food chain (ecology)	a visual representation of the direct flow of energy from one participant in an ecosystem to another	213
1463020056	food web (ecology)	a visual representation of the total flow of energy from all participants in the ecosystem to the others	214
1463020057	herbivore (ecology)	plant eaters	215
1463020058	heterotroph (ecology)	an organism that derives its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances	216
1463020059	logistic growth (ecology)	population that grows without bounds until carrying capacity is reached and is characterized by K in the formula	217
1463020060	mutualism (ecology)	a symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved	218
1463020061	trophic level (ecology)	each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem comproised of organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy	219
1463020062	parasitism (ecology)	non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host	220
1463020063	population (ecology)	all of the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	221
1463020064	predation (ecology)	the preying of one animal on others, the action of attacking or plundering	222
1463020065	primary productivity (ecology)	a term used to describe the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystem	223
1463020066	producer (ecology)	plants that utilize the sun's energy to make their own food and energy, second most important next to the sun in a food web	224
1463020067	antibody (regulation)	a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen, combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances, in the blood	225
1463020068	antigen (regulation)	a toxin or other foreign substance that induced an immune response in the body, especially in the production of antibodies	226
1463020069	B-cell (regulation)	a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland and responsible for producing antibodies	227
1463020070	cell-mediated immunity (regulation)	the immune response produced when sensitized T-cells attack foreign antigens and secrete lymphokines that initiate the bod's humoral immune response	228
1463020071	communication (regulation)	the transfer of information form one molecule, cell, or organism to another through means such as impulses or signaling pahtways	229
1463020072	cyclic AMP / cAMP (regulation)	secondary messenger vital to signaling pathways	230
1463020073	cytotoxic T-Cell (regulation)	a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response	231
1463020074	G-protein linked receptor (regulation)	also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, a type of cell surface protein which responds to the signals once bound to a ligand	232
1463020075	helper T-cell (regulation)	play an important role in the immune system, adaptive immune system by releasing T-cell cytokines	233
1463020076	hormone (regulation)	a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action	234
1463020077	humoral immunity (regulation)	also known as the antibody-mediated immune system, mediated by macromolecules that are found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain microbial peptides	235
1463020078	inducer (regulation)	a molecule that starts gene expression, binds to repressors or activators, function by disabling repressors, a gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor	236
1463020079	lytic cycle (regulation)	one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane	237
1463020080	lysogenic cycle (regulation)	one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formation of a circular replicon in the bacterium's cytoplasm	238
1463020081	negative feedback (regulation)	when something goes up the production is sped up, more hormones your pregnancy speeds up (pregnancy)	239
1463020082	operon (regulation)	a unit made up of linked genes that is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis	240
1463020083	operator (regulation)	a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor protein binds, defined in the lac operon as a segment between the promoter and the genes of the operon	241
1463020084	phagocyte (regulation)	a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles	242
1463020085	phosphorylation cascade (regulation)	a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins, can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages	243
1463020086	positive feedback (regulation)	when something does down the production is sped up, less glucose in the bloodstream more glucagon used (diabetes)	244
1463020087	protein kinase (regulation)	a kinase enzyme that modifeis other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them, usually resulting in a functional change of the target protein, or substrate, by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins	245
1463020088	receptor (regulation)	an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimuli and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve	246
1463020089	retrovirus (regulation)	any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate	247
1463020090	reverse transcriptase (regulation)	an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in reverse transcription	248
1463020091	second messenger (regulation)	a substance whose release within a cell is promoted by a hormone and that brings about a response by the cell	249
1463020092	signal cascade (regulation)	part o the signal trasnduction, the pathway is actually a cascade of biochemical reactions inside the cell that eventually reaches the target molecule or reaction	250
1463020093	signal transduction (regulation)	a set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane	251
1463020094	signal transduction pathway (regulation)	the combination of a signal transduction and a signal cascade	252
1463020095	virus (regulation)	an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host	253
1463020096	white blood cell (regulation)	also known as a leukocyte, a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease	254

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Myers AP Psychology Unit 12 Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology
Myers Psychology for the AP
David G. Myers

Terms : Hide Images

2386707595	Psychological Disorder	Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thought, feelings, or behaviors	0
2386707596	Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of these key symptoms: Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity	1
2386707597	Medical Model	The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital	2
2386707598	DSM-IV-TR	The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Edition, updated as of 2000 "test revision", a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Newest edition DSM 5	3
2386707599	Anxiety Disorders	Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety	4
2386707600	Generalized Anxiety Disorder	An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal	5
2386707601	Panic Disorder	An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations	6
2386707602	Phobia	An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation	7
2386707603	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)	An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)	8
2386707604	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)	An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger four weeks or more after a traumatic experience	9
2386707605	Post-Traumatic Growth	Positive psychological chances as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises	10
2386707606	Somatoform Disorder	Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause	11
2386707607	Conversion Disorder	A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found	12
2386707608	Hypochondriasis	A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as a symptom of a disease	13
2386707609	Dissociative Disorders	Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings	14
2386707610	Dissociative Identity Disorders (DID)	A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personalities disorder	15
2386707611	Mood Disorders	Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes	16
2386707612	Major Depressive Disorder	A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities	17
2386707613	Mania	A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state	18
2386707614	Bipolar Disorder	A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depressing and the overexcited state of mania	19
2386707615	Schizophrenia	A group of severe disorders characterized by a disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions	20
2386707616	Delusions	False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders	21
2386707617	Personality Disorders	Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning	22
2386707618	Antisocial Personality Disorder	A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist	23

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