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Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5 Flashcards

Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5: The Working Cell

Terms : Hide Images
207993328fluid mosaicMembrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids.0
207993336selective permeabilitya process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out1
207993337concentration gradienta region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases2
207993340passive transportRequires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient3
207993342osmosisDiffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane4
207993344tonicityThe ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water5
207993377hypotonic solutionwhen surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to gain water6
207993380hypertonic solutionwhen surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water7
207993381isotonic solutionwhen surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell8
207993384osmoregulationRegulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism.9
207993386facilitated diffusionA process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.10
207993508active transportEnergy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference11
207993543exocytosisthe movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane12
207993665endocytosisCellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane13
207993666phagocytosisCellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm14
207993669pinocytosisCellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles15
207993673receptor-mediated endocytosisThe movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.16
207993674energyCapacity to cause change, especially to perform work17
207993676kinetic energyThe energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter18
207993677heatThermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form19
207993678potential energyenergy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam possesses potential energy, and so do chemical bonds.20
207993679chemical energyEnergy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy21
207993683thermodynamicsThe study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter.22
207993684first law of thermodynamicsThe principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.23
207993685entropyA measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.24
207993686second law of thermodynamicsthe principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.25
207993687cellular respirationThe aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)26
207993688endergonic reactionsan energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. The amount of energy stored in the products equals the difference between the potential energy in the reactants and that in the products27
207993706phosphorylationthe production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis28
207994695enzymesA macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction29
207995153substratea specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes.30
207995154active siteThe part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface31
207995155induced fitthe change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, caused by entry of the substrate, so that it binds more snugly to the substrate32
207995157cofactora nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.33
207995336coenzymean organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions34
207995337competitive inhibitora substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. This structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate35
207995338noncompetitive inhibitora substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product36
207995339feedback inhibitiona method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway37
207995344diffusionMovement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium38
207995347adenosine triphosphate (ATP)the main energy source for cells39
207995624aquaporina transport protein in the plasma membrane of some plant or animal cells that facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane40
207995626energy of activation(EA)the energy required to initiate a reaction. Enzymes decrease the activation energy/catalyze biological reactions.41
207995628exergonic reaction..., An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products. The reaction releases an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products.42
207995631metabolic pathwayA series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway).43
207995637metabolismThe totality of an organisms chemical reactions44
13756841145
137568412entropy A measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.46
13756841347
137568673second law of thermodynamics the principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.48
13756867849
137568679cellular respiration The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)50
13756868051
137568681endergonic reactions an energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. The amount of energy stored in the products equals the difference between the potential energy in the reactants and that in the products52
13756868253
137568683phosphorylation the production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis54
13756989855
137569899enzymes A macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction56
13756990057
137569902substrate a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes.58
13756990459
137569913active site The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface60
13756991461
137569915induced fit the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, caused by entry of the substrate, so that it binds more snugly to the substrate62
13756991663
137569956cofactor a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.64
13756995965
137569960coenzyme an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions66
13756996467
137569965competitive inhibitor a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate.68
137569966This structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate69
13756996770
137570244noncompetitive inhibitor a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product71
13757024872
137570251feedback inhibition a method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway73
13757025274
137570253diffusion Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium75
13757025476
137570255adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the main energy source for cells77
13757025678
137570257aquaporin a transport protein in the plasma membrane of some plant or animal cells that facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane79
13757026180
137570319energy of activation(EA) the energy required to initiate a reaction. Enzymes decrease the activation energy/catalyze biological reactions.81
13757032482
137570636exergonic reaction ..., An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products. The reaction releases an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products.83
13757063884
137570640metabolic pathway A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway).85
13757064286
137570644metabolism The totality of an organisms chemical reactions87

Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5 Flashcards

Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5: The Working Cell

Terms : Hide Images
1780978802fluid mosaicMembrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids.0
1780978803selective permeabilitya process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out1
1780978804concentration gradienta region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases2
1780978805passive transportRequires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient3
1780978806osmosisDiffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane4
1780978807tonicityThe ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water5
1780978808hypotonicreferring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to gain water6
1780978809hypertonicreferring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water7
1780978810isotonicreferring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell8
1780978811osmoregulationRegulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism.9
1780978812turgidFirm. Walled cells become turgid as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.10
1780978813facilitated diffusionA process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.11
1780978814active transportEnergy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference12
1780978815exocytosisthe movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane13
1780978816endocytosisCellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane14
1780978817phagocytosisCellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm15
1780978818pinocytosisCellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles16
1780978819receptor-mediated endocytosisThe movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.17
1780978820energyCapacity to cause change, especially to perform work18
1780978821kinetic energyThe energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter19
1780978822heatThermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form20
1780978823potential energyenergy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam possesses potential energy, and so do chemical bonds.21
1780978824chemical energyEnergy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy22
1780978825thermodynamicsThe study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter.23
1780978826first law of thermodynamicsThe principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.24
1780978827entropyA measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.25
1780978828second law of thermodynamicsthe principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.26
1780978829cellular respirationThe aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)27
1780978830endergonic reactionsan energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. The amount of energy stored in the products equals the difference between the potential energy in the reactants and that in the products28
1780978831energy couplingIn cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction29
1780978832phosphorylationthe production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis30
1780978833activation energythe amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start31
1780978834enzymesA macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction32
1780978835activation energyThe amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start33
1780978836substratea specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes.34
1780978837active siteThe part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface35
1780978838induced fitthe change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, caused by entry of the substrate, so that it binds more snugly to the substrate36
1780978839cofactora nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.37
1780978840coenzymean organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions38
1780978841competitive inhibitora substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. This structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate39
1780978842noncompetitive inhibitora substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product40
1780978843feedback inhibitiona method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway41
1780978844diffusionMovement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium42

Campbell Biology 7th Edition: Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene Flashcards

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1886066491Molecular biologyThe study of heredity at the molecular level0
1886066492BacteriophagesA virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.1
1886066493NucleotidesBasic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases2
1886066494PolynucleotideA polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together3
1886066495Sugar-phosphate backboneThe alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached4
1886066496DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.5
1886066497ThymineA component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.6
1886066498CytosineA component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.7
1886066499AdenineA component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base.8
1886066500GuanineA component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base.9
1886066501UracilA nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine10
1886066502Double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.11
1886066503Semiconservative modelType of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. Watson and Crick's model.12
1886066504Origins of replicationSites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.13
1886066505DNA polymerasesEnzyme that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand. Add nucleotides to the 3' end and never to the 5' end.14
1886066506DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.15
1886066507TranscriptionThe organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA16
1886066508TranslationThe process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm17
1886066509Triplet codeA set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains18
1886066510CodonsA three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.19
1886066511Genetic codeA set of rules that defines how the four-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.20
1886066512RNA polymeraseAn enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.21
1886066513TerminatorA special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene22
1886066514Messenger RNA(mRNA) RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell23
1886066515IntronsA noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.24
1886066516ExonsA coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.25
1886066517RNA splicingProcess by which introns are removed and exons are joined together.26
1886066518Transfer RNA(tRNA) Converts the words of codons to the amino acid words of proteins27
1886066519AnticodonA specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.28
1886066520RibosomesCytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.29
1886066521Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.30
1886066522Start codonA specific codon (AUG) that signals to the ribosome that the translation commences at that point31
1886066523Codon recognitionthe anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome32
1886066524Peptide bond formationThe polypeptide separates from the tRNA to which it was bound and attaches to a peptide bond to the aminno acid carried by the rRNA in the A site.33
1886066525TranslocationChange to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome34
1886066526Stop codonUAG, UAA, or UGA; the codon that ends all RNA.35
1886066527MutationA change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule36
1886066528Silent mutationA mutation that changes the codon triplet of nucleotides; however, the codon still codes for the same protein as before the mutation.37
1886066529Missense mutationA point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.38
1886066530Nonsense mutationA mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.39
1886066531Reading frameThe way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons40
1886066532MutagenesisThe creation of a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.41
1886066533MutagensA chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.42
1886066534VirusA piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data.43
1886066535CapsidOuter protein coat of a virus44
1886066536Lytic cycleA viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses45
1886066537Lysogenic cycleA viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA46
1886066538ProphageThe viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA47
1886066539Emerging virusesA virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists48
1886066540AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood49
1886066541HIVHuman Immunodeficiency Virus50
1886066542Reverse transcriptaseAn enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.51
1886066543RetrovirusesAn RNA virus tha treplicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome.52
1886066544ViroidsCircular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth53
1886066545PrionsInfectious proteins responsible for several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and other animals.54
1886066546TransformationModification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA55
1886066547TransductionThe process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage56
1886066548ConjunctionUnion of two bacterial cell, this is the DNA transfer between them57
1886066549F FactorA fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. It may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.58
1886066550PlasmidA small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome59
1886066551R plasmidsA bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics.60

Biology Flashcards

biology vocab for 11.4, cell division, and chapters 14, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 3
Links to individual sets:
http://quizlet.com/7869541/biology-ch-114-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/7954678/biology-vocab-for-cell-division-unit-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9066684/biology-ch142-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9450790/biology-ch-12-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10243166/biology-ch-15-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10493073/biology-ch-16-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11086905/biology-ch-19-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11452840/biology-ch-20-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11801196/biology-ch-3-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/

Terms : Hide Images
2518086956ecologyscientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment0
2518086957biospherepart of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere1
2518086958speciesgroup of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring2
2518086959populationgroup of individuals of the same species that live in the same area3
2518086960communityassemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area4
2518086961ecosystemcollection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment5
2518086962biomegroup of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities6
2518086963autotrophorganism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer7
2518086964producerorganism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph8
2518086965photosynthesisprocess by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches9
2518086966chemosythesisprocess by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates10
2518086967heterotrophorganism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer11
2518086968consumerorganism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph12
2518086969herbivoreorganism that obtains energy by eating only plants13
2518086970carnivoreorganism that obtains energy by eating animals14
2518086971omnivoreorganism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals15
2518086972detritivoreorganism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter16
2518086973decomposerorganism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter17
2518086974food chainseries of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten18
2518086975food webnetwork of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem19
2518086976trophic levelstep in a food chain or food web20
2518086977ecological pyramiddiagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web21
2518086978biomasstotal amount of living tissue within a given trophic level22
2518086979biogeochemical cycleprocess in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another23
2518086980evaporationprocess by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas24
2518086981transpirationloss of water from a plant through its leaves25
2518086982nutrientchemical substance that an organism requires to live26
2518086983nitrogen fixationprocess of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia27
2518086984denitrificationconversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas28
2518086985primary productivityrate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem29
2518086986limiting nutrientsingle nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem30
2518086987algal blooman immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient31
2518086988accessory pigmentcompound other than chlorophyll that absorbs light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll32
2518086989eyespotGroup of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment33
2518086990pellicleCell membrane in Euglenas34
2518086991phytoplanktonpopulation of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton35
2518086992phycobilinaccesory pigment found in red algae that is especially good at absorbing blue light.36
2518086993filamentIn algae, a long threadlike colony formed by many green algae; in plants, a long, thin structure that supports an anther37
2518086994alternation of generationsprocess in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles38
2518086995gametophyteHaploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism39
2518086996sporehaploid reproductive cell40
2518086997sporophytediploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism41
2518086998protistany eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus42
2518086999pseudopodtemporary projection of cytoplasm, or a "false foot," used by some protists for feeding or movement43
2518087000amoeboid movementType of locomotion used by amoebas44
2518087001food vacuolesmall cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food45
2518087002ciliumshort hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells46
2518087003trichocystsmall, bottle-shaped structure used for defense by paramecia47
2518087004macronucleusthe larger of a ciliate's two nuclei, contains multiple copies of most of the genes that the cell needs in its day-to-day existence48
2518087005micronucleusthe smaller of a ciliate's two nuclei; contains a "reserve copy" of all of the cell's genes49
2518087006gulletindentation in one side of a ciliate that allows food to enter the cell50
2518087007anal poreregion of the cell membrane of a ciliate where waste-containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the environment51
2518087008contractile vacuoleCavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell52
2518087009conjugationform of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information53
2518087010cellular slime moldslime mold whose individual cells remain separated during every phase of the mold's life cycle54
2518087011acellular slime moldslime mold that passes through a stage in which its cells fuse to form large cells with many nuclei55
2518087012fruiting bodyslender reproductive structure that produces spores and is found in some funguslike protists; reproductive structure of fungus that develops from a mycelium56
2518087013plasmodiumstructure with many nuclei formed by acellular slime molds57
2518087014hyphatiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold58
2518087015zoosporangiumSpore case59
2518087016antheridiumMale reproductive structure in some algae and plants60
2518087017oogoniumSpecialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female Nuclei61
2518087018prokaryoteunicellular organism lacking a nucleus62
2518087019bacillusrod-shaped prokaryote63
2518087020coccusspherical prokaryote64
2518087021spirillumspiral or corkscrew-shaped prokaryote65
2518087022chemoheterotrophorganism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon66
2518087023photoheterotrophorganism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source67
2518087024photoautotrophorganism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds68
2518087025chemoautotrophorganism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions69
2518087026obligate aerobeorganism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live70
2518087027obligate anaerobeorganism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen71
2518087028facultative anaerobeorganism that can survive with or without oxygen72
2518087029binary fissiontype of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells73
2518087030conjugationform of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information74
2518087031endosporetype of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm75
2518087032nitrogen fixationprocess of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia76
2518087033pathogendisease-causing agent77
2518087034vaccinea preparation of weakened or killed pathogens78
2518087035antibioticcompound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria79
2518087036viriodSingle stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids that cause disease in plants.80
2518087037prioninfectious particles composed of protein with no nucleic acid81
2518087038virusa particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells82
2518087039capsidouter protein coat of a virus83
2518087040bacteriophagevirus that infects bacteria84
2518087041lytic infectionprocess in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst85
2518087042lysogenic infectionprocess by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA86
2518087043prophagethe viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA87
2518087044retrovirusvirus that contains RNA as its genetic information88
2518087045gene poolcombined genetic information of all the members of a particular population89
2518087046relative frequencynumber of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur90
2518087047single-gene traittrait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles91
2518087048polygenic traittrait controlled by two or more genes92
2518087049directional selectionform of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve93
2518087050stabilizing selectionform of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end94
2518087051disruptive selectionform of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle95
2518087052genetic driftrandom change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations96
2518087053founder effectchange in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population97
2518087054Hardy-Weinberg principleprinciple that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change98
2518087055genetic equilibriumsituation in which allele frequencies remain constant99
2518087056speciationformation of new species100
2518087057reproductive isolationseparation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring101
2518087058behavioral isolationform of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding102
2518087059geographical isolationform of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water103
2518087060temporal isolationform of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times104
2518087061evolutionchange in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms105
2518087062theorywell-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations106
2518087063fossilpreserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism107
2518087064artificial selectionselection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation108
2518087065struggle for existencecompetition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life109
2518087066fitnessability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment110
2518087067adaptationinherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival111
2518087068survival of the fittestprocess by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection112
2518087069natural selectionprocess by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest113
2518087070descent with modificationprinciple that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time114
2518087071common descentprinciple that all living things were derived from common ancestors115
2518087072homologous structuresstructures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues116
2518087073vestigial organorgan that serves no useful function in an organism117
2518087074transformationprocess in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria118
2518087075bacteriophagekind of virus that infects bacteria119
2518087076nucleotidebuilding block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)120
2518087077base pairingAdenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine121
2518087078chromatinlong strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes122
2518087079histoneprotein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin123
2518087080replication(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division124
2518087081DNA polymeraseenzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication125
2518087082genesequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait126
2518087083mRNA (messenger RNA)RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell127
2518087084rRNA (ribosomal RNA)type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes128
2518087085tRNA (transfer RNA)type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis129
2518087086transcriptionprocess in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA130
2518087087RNA polymeraseenzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription131
2518087088promoterregion of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA132
2518087089intronsequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein133
2518087090exonexpressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein134
2518087091codonthree-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid135
2518087092translationdecoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain136
2518087093anticodongroup of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon137
2518087094mutationa change or alteration in form or qualities138
2518087095point mutationgene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides139
2518087096frameshift mutationmutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide140
2518087097polyploidycondition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes141
2518087098sex-linked genesgenes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male142
2518087099nondisjunctionoccurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate143
2518087100homologousterm used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent144
2518087101diploidterm used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes145
2518087102haploidterm used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes146
2518087103meiosisprocess by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell147
2518087104tetradstructure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis148
2518087105crossing-overprocess in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis149
2518087106cell divisionprocess by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells150
2518087107mitosispart of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides151
2518087108cytokinesisdivision of the cytoplasm during cell division152
2518087109chromatidone of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome153
2518087110centromerearea where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached154
2518087111interphaseperiod of the cell cycle between cell divisions155
2518087112cell cycleseries of events that cells go through as they grow and divide156
2518087113prophasefirst and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus157
2518087114centrioleone of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope158
2518087115spindlefanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis159
2518087116metaphasesecond phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell160
2518087117anaphasethe third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles161
2518087118telophasefourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material162
2518087119cyclinone of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells163
2518087120cancerdisorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth164
2518087121homologousterm used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent165
2518087122diploidterm used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes166
2518087123haploidterm used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes167
2518087124meiosisprocess by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell168
2518087125tetradstructure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis169
2518087126crossing-overprocess in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis170

Amino Acid Structures/Properties Flashcards

Remember the basic structure and nomenclature of each amino acid, understand their chemical properties and classification,

Hello! This is an amino acid set by Fadil Nohur, aka fiddle_n. Here are a list of the 20 amino acids coded in the genome. Amino acids vary in their difficulty for learning. Some amino acids are easy to learn, whilst some defy memorisation (yes, tryptophan, I'm looking at you!). All amino acid pictures have been painstakingly edited and uploaded by none other than me, for your learning pleasure! Have fun learning, and maybe give me a high five if you feel like it ;)

Terms : Hide Images
2382650475Glycine (Gly, G)Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/aliphatic0
2382650476Alanine (Ala, A)Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/aliphatic1
2382650477Valine (Val, V)Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic2
2382650478Leucine (Leu, L)Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic3
2382650479Isoleucine (Ile, I)Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic4
2382650480Methionine (Met, M)Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic, Sulfated5
2382650481Proline (Pro, P)Hydrophobic/Nonpolar, Alkyl/Aliphatic6
2382650482Phenylalanine (Phe, F)Hydrophobic, Aromatic7
2382650483Tryptophan (Trp, W)Hydrophobic, Aromatic8
2382650484Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)Hydrophobic, Aromatic pKa - 109
2382650485Serine (Ser, S)Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Hydroxylated10
2382650486Threonine (Thr, T)Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Hydroxylated11
2382650487Asparagine (Asn, N)Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Amide group12
2382650488Glutamine (Gln, Q)Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Amide group13
2382650489Cysteine (Cys, C)Hydrophilic/Polar, Uncharged, Sulfated pKa - 8.214
2382650490Histidine (His, H)Hydrophilic, Positively Charged, Nitrogen-Containing pKa - 615
2382650491Lysine (Lys, K)Hydrophilic, Positively Charged, Nitrogen-Containing pKa - 10.516
2382650492Arginine (Arg, R)Hydrophilic, Positively Charged, Nitrogen-Containing pKa - 12.517
2382650493Aspartate (Asp, D)Hydrophilic, Negatively Charged, Carboxylic pKa - 3.618
2382650494Glutamate (Glu, E)Hydrophilic, Positively Charged, Carboxylic pKa - 4.219

AP Chemistry: Elements & Ions (Ch 4) Flashcards

Part I: The reference tables supplied for the AP Chem Exam and tests throughout the course will be different from the ones you saw in your Chemistry class. However, the AP Exam still requires you to know the information that will be missing from the reference table. Pages 2-6 of this assignment are the lists of all the information that needs to be memorized before you come to the AP Chemistry class. The best way to complete this part of the assignment is to make flashcards. We will be quizzing on this information the first day of class!

Terms : Hide Images
245874706625 MnManganese0
245874706724 CrChromium1
245874706831 GaGallium2
245874706982 PbLead3
245874707080 HgMercury4
245874707174 WTungsten5
245874707256 BaBarium6
245874707355 CsCesium7
245874707453 IIodine8
245874707548 CdCadmium9
245874707647 AgSilver10
245874707738 SrStrontium11
245874707837 RbRubidium12
245874707936 KrKrypton13
245874708035 BrBromine14
245874708134 SeSelenium15
245874708233 AsArsenic16
245874708332 GeGermanium17
245874708450 SnTin18
245874708595 AmAmericium19
245874708694 PuPlutonium20
245874708790 ThThorium21
245874708892 UUranium22
245874708923 VVanadium23
245874709022 TiTitanium24
245874709113 AlAluminum25
245874709212 MgMagnesium26
245874709311 NaSodium27
245874709410 NeNeon28
24587470959 FFluorine29
24587470968 OOxygen30
24587470977 NNitrogen31
245874709830 ZnZinc32
245874709929 CuCopper33
245874710028 NiNickel34
245874710127 CoCobalt35
245874710226 FeIron36
245874710321 ScScandium37
245874710420 CaCalcium38
245874710519 KPotassium39
245874710618 ArArgon40
245874710717 ClChlorine41
245874710816 SSulfur42
245874710915 PPhosphorus43
245874711054 XeXenon44
24587471116 CCarbon45
24587471125 BBoron46
24587471134 BeBeryllium47
24587471143 LiLithium48
24587471152 HeHelium49
24587471161 HHydrogen50
245874711714 SiSilicon51
245874711887 FrFrancium52
245874711986 RnRadon53
2458747120Strong BasesGroup 1 (IA) and 2 (IIA) metal hydroxides54
24587471216 Strong AcidshydroChloric (HCl), hydroBromic (HBr), Sulfuric (H₂SO₄), Perchloric (HClO₄), hydroIodic (HI), Nitric (HNO₃) CBSPIN55
2458747122O₂⁻²peroxide ion56
2458747123OH⁻hydroxide ion57
2458747124HSO₄⁻bisulfate ion; hydrogen sulfate ion58
2458747125NH₄⁺ammonium ion59
2458747126O₂⁻superoxide ion60
2458747127HPO₄⁻²hydrogen phosphate ion61
2458747128H₂PO₄⁻dihydrogen phosphate ion62
2458747129HCO₃⁻²bicarbonate ion; hydrogen carbonate ion63
2458747130Soluble or Insoluble: most oxides (O⁻²) except for those of Group IA and IIA which react with water to form the corresponding hydroxidesInsoluble64
2458747131Soluble or Insoluble: most sulfides (S₂⁻) except those of Group IA and IIA and the Ammonium ionInsoluble65
2458747132Soluble or Insoluble: most hydroxides (OH⁻) except those of Group IA, Calcium, and BariumInsoluble66
2458747133Soluble or Insoluble: most carbonates (CO₃⁻²) and phosphates (PO₄⁻³) except those of Group IA and the Ammonium ionInsoluble67
2458747134Soluble or Insoluble: all salts containing Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Acetate (CH₃COO⁻/C₂H₃O₂⁻), and PerchloratesSoluble68
2458747135Soluble or Insoluble: all salts containing Sulfate (SO4⁻²) except those of Pb⁺², Ca⁺², Sr⁺², and Ba⁺²Soluble69
2458747136Soluble or Insoluble: All chlorides (Cl⁻), bromides (Br⁻), and iodides (I⁻) except those of Cu⁺, Ag⁺, Pb⁺², and Hg₂⁺²Soluble70
2458747137Soluble or Insoluble: All salts of Group IA (Li⁺, Na⁺, etc.) and the Ammonium ion (NH⁺)Soluble71
2458747138Mn⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?faint pink72
2458747139Fe⁺² and Fe⁺³: Color in Aqueous Solution?various colors73
2458747140Co⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?pink74
2458747141Cr⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?blue75
2458747142Cr⁺³: Color in Aqueous Solution?green or violet76
2458747143CrO4⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?yellow77
2458747144Cr2O7⁻²: Color in Aqueous Solution?orange78
2458747145Cu⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?blue to green79
2458747146MnO4⁻: Color in Aqueous Solution?dark purple80
2458747147Ni⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?green81
2458747148Li⁺lithium ion82
2458747149Na⁺sodium ion83
2458747150K⁺potassium ion84
2458747151Mg⁺²magnesium ion85
2458747152Ca⁺²calcium ion86
2458747153Sr⁺²strontium ion87
2458747154Ba⁺²barium ion88
2458747155Ag⁺silver ion89
2458747156Zn⁺²zinc ion90
2458747157Cd⁺²cadmium ion91
2458747158Al⁺³aluminum ion92
2458747159N⁻³nitride93
2458747160O⁻²oxide94
2458747161S⁻²sulfide95
2458747162F⁻fluoride96
2458747163Cl⁻chloride97
2458747164Br⁻bromide98
2458747165I⁻iodide99
2458747166Cu⁺copper (I) or cuprous ion100
2458747167Cu⁺²copper (II) or cupric ion101
2458747168Hg₂⁺²mercury (I) or mercurous ion102
2458747169Hg⁺²mercury (II) or mercuric ion103
2458747170Fe⁺²iron (II) or ferrous ion104
2458747171Fe⁺³iron (III) or ferric ion105
2458747172Cr⁺²chromium (II) or chromous ion106
2458747173Cr⁺³chromium (III) or chromic ion107
2458747174Mn⁺²manganese (II) or manganous ion108
2458747175Mn⁺³manganese (III) or manganic ion109
2458747176Co⁺²cobalt (II) or cobaltous ion110
2458747177Co⁺³cobalt (III) or cobaltic ion111
2458747178Sn⁺²tin (II) or stannous ion112
2458747179Sn⁺⁴tin (IV) or stannic ion113
2458747180Pb⁺²lead (II) or plumbous ion114
2458747181Pb⁺⁴lead (IV) or plumbic ion115
2458747182H₂SO₄sulfuric acid116
2458747183H₂SO₃sulfurous acid117
2458747184SO₄⁻²sulfate ion118
2458747185SO₃⁻²sulfite ion119
2458747186HNO₃nitric acid120
2458747187HNO₂nitrous acid121
2458747188NO₃⁻nitrate ion122
2458747189NO₂⁻nitrite ion123
2458747190H₃PO₄phosphoric acid124
2458747191PO₄⁻³phosphate ion125
2458747192H₂CO₃carbonic acid126
2458747193CO₃⁻²carbonate ion127
2458747194HMnO₄permanganic acid128
2458747195MnO₄⁻permanganate ion129
2458747196HCNhydrocyanic acid130
2458747197CN⁻cyanide ion131
2458747198HOCNcyanic acid132
2458747199OCN⁻cyanate ion133
2458747200HSCNthiocyanic acid134
2458747201SCN⁻thiocyanate ion135
2458747202HC₂H₃O₂acetic acid136
2458747203C₂H₃O₂⁻acetate ion137
2458747204H₂C₂O₄oxalic acid138
2458747205C₂O₄⁻²oxalate ion139
2458747206H₂CrO₄chromic acid140
2458747207CrO₄⁻²chromate ion141
2458747208H₂Cr₂O₇dichromic acid142
2458747209Cr₂O₇⁻²dichromate ion143
2458747210H₂S₂O₃thiosulfuric acid144
2458747211S₂O₃⁻²thiosulfate ion145
2458747212H₃AsO₄arsenic acid146
2458747213AsO₄⁻³arsenate ion147
2458747214H₃AsO₃arsenous acid148
2458747215AsO₃⁻³arsenite ion149
2458747216HClOhypochlorous acid150
2458747217HBrOhypobromous acid151
2458747218HIOhypoiodous acid152
2458747219HFhypofluorous acid153
2458747220ClO⁻hypochlorite ion154
2458747221BrO⁻hypobromite ion155
2458747222IO⁻hypoiodite ion156
2458747223FO⁻hypofluorite ion157
2458747224HClO₂chlorous acid158
2458747225HBrO₂bromous acid159
2458747226HIO₂iodous acid160
2458747227ClO₂⁻chlorite ion161
2458747228BrO₂⁻bromite ion162
2458747229IO₂⁻iodite ion163
2458747230HClO₃chloric acid164
2458747231HBrO₃bromic acid165
2458747232HIO₃iodic acid166
2458747233ClO₃⁻chlorate ion167
2458747234BrO₃⁻bromate ion168
2458747235IO₃⁻iodate ion169
2458747236HClO₄perchloric acid170
2458747237HBrO₄perbromic acid171
2458747238HIO₄periodic acid172
2458747239ClO₄⁻perchlorate ion173
2458747240BrO₄⁻perbromate ion174

AP Chemistry REFERENCE TABLE Flashcards

Part I: The reference tables supplied for the AP Chem Exam and tests throughout the course will be different from the ones you saw in your Chemistry class. However, the AP Exam still requires you to know the information that will be missing from the reference table. Pages 2-6 of this assignment are the lists of all the information that needs to be memorized before you come to the AP Chemistry class. The best way to complete this part of the assignment is to make flashcards. We will be quizzing on this information the first day of class!

Terms : Hide Images
190018495925 MnManganese0
190018496024 CrChromium1
190018496131 GaGallium2
190018496282 PbLead3
190018496380 HgMercury4
190018496474 WTungsten5
190018496556 BaBarium6
190018496655 CsCesium7
190018496753 IIodine8
190018496848 CdCadmium9
190018496947 AgSilver10
190018497038 SrStrontium11
190018497137 RbRubidium12
190018497236 KrKrypton13
190018497335 BrBromine14
190018497434 SeSelenium15
190018497533 AsArsenic16
190018497632 GeGermanium17
190018497750 SnTin18
190018497895 AmAmericium19
190018497994 PuPlutonium20
190018498090 ThThorium21
190018498192 UUranium22
190018498223 VVanadium23
190018498322 TiTitanium24
190018498413 AlAluminum25
190018498512 MgMagnesium26
190018498611 NaSodium27
190018498710 NeNeon28
19001849889 FFluorine29
19001849898 OOxygen30
19001849907 NNitrogen31
190018499130 ZnZinc32
190018499229 CuCopper33
190018499328 NiNickel34
190018499427 CoCobalt35
190018499526 FeIron36
190018499621 ScScandium37
190018499720 CaCalcium38
190018499819 KPotassium39
190018499918 ArArgon40
190018500017 ClChlorine41
190018500116 SSulfur42
190018500215 PPhosphorus43
190018500354 XeXenon44
19001850046 CCarbon45
19001850055 BBoron46
19001850064 BeBeryllium47
19001850073 LiLithium48
19001850082 HeHelium49
19001850091 HHydrogen50
190018501014 SiSilicon51
190018501187 FrFrancium52
190018501286 RnRadon53
1900185013Strong BasesGroup 1 (IA) and 2 (IIA) metal hydroxides54
19001850146 Strong AcidshydroChloric (HCl), hydroBromic (HBr), Sulfuric (H₂SO₄), Perchloric (HClO₄), hydroIodic (HI), Nitric (HNO₃) CBSPIN55
1900185015O₂⁻²peroxide ion56
1900185016OH⁻hydroxide ion57
1900185017HSO₄⁻bisulfate ion; hydrogen sulfate ion58
1900185018NH₄⁺ammonium ion59
1900185019O₂⁻superoxide ion60
1900185020HPO₄⁻²hydrogen phosphate ion61
1900185021H₂PO₄⁻dihydrogen phosphate ion62
1900185022HCO₃⁻²bicarbonate ion; hydrogen carbonate ion63
1900185023Soluble or Insoluble: most oxides (O⁻²) except for those of Group IA and IIA which react with water to form the corresponding hydroxidesInsoluble64
1900185024Soluble or Insoluble: most sulfides (S₂⁻) except those of Group IA and IIA and the Ammonium ionInsoluble65
1900185025Soluble or Insoluble: most hydroxides (OH⁻) except those of Group IA, Calcium, and BariumInsoluble66
1900185026Soluble or Insoluble: most carbonates (CO₃⁻²) and phosphates (PO₄⁻³) except those of Group IA and the Ammonium ionInsoluble67
1900185027Soluble or Insoluble: all salts containing Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Acetate (CH₃COO⁻/C₂H₃O₂⁻), and PerchloratesSoluble68
1900185028Soluble or Insoluble: all salts containing Sulfate (SO4⁻²) except those of Pb⁺², Ca⁺², Sr⁺², and Ba⁺²Soluble69
1900185029Soluble or Insoluble: All chlorides (Cl⁻), bromides (Br⁻), and iodides (I⁻) except those of Cu⁺, Ag⁺, Pb⁺², and Hg₂⁺²Soluble70
1900185030Soluble or Insoluble: All salts of Group IA (Li⁺, Na⁺, etc.) and the Ammonium ion (NH⁺)Soluble71
1900185031Mn⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?faint pink72
1900185032Fe⁺² and Fe⁺³: Color in Aqueous Solution?various colors73
1900185033Co⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?pink74
1900185034Cr⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?blue75
1900185035Cr⁺³: Color in Aqueous Solution?green or violet76
1900185036CrO4⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?yellow77
1900185037Cr2O7⁻²: Color in Aqueous Solution?orange78
1900185038Cu⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?blue to green79
1900185039MnO4⁻: Color in Aqueous Solution?dark purple80
1900185040Ni⁺²: Color in Aqueous Solution?green81
1900185041Li⁺lithium ion82
1900185042Na⁺sodium ion83
1900185043K⁺potassium ion84
1900185044Mg⁺²magnesium ion85
1900185045Ca⁺²calcium ion86
1900185046Sr⁺²strontium ion87
1900185047Ba⁺²barium ion88
1900185048Ag⁺silver ion89
1900185049Zn⁺²zinc ion90
1900185050Cd⁺²cadmium ion91
1900185051Al⁺³aluminum ion92
1900185052N⁻³nitride93
1900185053O⁻²oxide94
1900185054S⁻²sulfide95
1900185055F⁻fluoride96
1900185056Cl⁻chloride97
1900185057Br⁻bromide98
1900185058I⁻iodide99
1900185059Cu⁺copper (I) or cuprous ion100
1900185060Cu⁺²copper (II) or cupric ion101
1900185061Hg₂⁺²mercury (I) or mercurous ion102
1900185062Hg⁺²mercury (II) or mercuric ion103
1900185063Fe⁺²iron (II) or ferrous ion104
1900185064Fe⁺³iron (III) or ferric ion105
1900185065Cr⁺²chromium (II) or chromous ion106
1900185066Cr⁺³chromium (III) or chromic ion107
1900185067Mn⁺²manganese (II) or manganous ion108
1900185068Mn⁺³manganese (III) or manganic ion109
1900185069Co⁺²cobalt (II) or cobaltous ion110
1900185070Co⁺³cobalt (III) or cobaltic ion111
1900185071Sn⁺²tin (II) or stannous ion112
1900185072Sn⁺⁴tin (IV) or stannic ion113
1900185073Pb⁺²lead (II) or plumbous ion114
1900185074Pb⁺⁴lead (IV) or plumbic ion115
1900185075H₂SO₄sulfuric acid116
1900185076H₂SO₃sulfurous acid117
1900185077SO₄⁻²sulfate ion118
1900185078SO₃⁻²sulfite ion119
1900185079HNO₃nitric acid120
1900185080HNO₂nitrous acid121
1900185081NO₃⁻nitrate ion122
1900185082NO₂⁻nitrite ion123
1900185083H₃PO₄phosphoric acid124
1900185084PO₄⁻³phosphate ion125
1900185085H₂CO₃carbonic acid126
1900185086CO₃⁻²carbonate ion127
1900185087HMnO₄permanganic acid128
1900185088MnO₄⁻permanganate ion129
1900185089HCNhydrocyanic acid130
1900185090CN⁻cyanide ion131
1900185091HOCNcyanic acid132
1900185092OCN⁻cyanate ion133
1900185093HSCNthiocyanic acid134
1900185094SCN⁻thiocyanate ion135
1900185095HC₂H₃O₂acetic acid136
1900185096C₂H₃O₂⁻acetate ion137
1900185097H₂C₂O₄oxalic acid138
1900185098C₂O₄⁻²oxalate ion139
1900185099H₂CrO₄chromic acid140
1900185100CrO₄⁻²chromate ion141
1900185101H₂Cr₂O₇dichromic acid142
1900185102Cr₂O₇⁻²dichromate ion143
1900185103H₂S₂O₃thiosulfuric acid144
1900185104S₂O₃⁻²thiosulfate ion145
1900185105H₃AsO₄arsenic acid146
1900185106AsO₄⁻³arsenate ion147
1900185107H₃AsO₃arsenous acid148
1900185108AsO₃⁻³arsenite ion149
1900185109HClOhypochlorous acid150
1900185110HBrOhypobromous acid151
1900185111HIOhypoiodous acid152
1900185112HFhypofluorous acid153
1900185113ClO⁻hypochlorite ion154
1900185114BrO⁻hypobromite ion155
1900185115IO⁻hypoiodite ion156
1900185116FO⁻hypofluorite ion157
1900185117HClO₂chlorous acid158
1900185118HBrO₂bromous acid159
1900185119HIO₂iodous acid160
1900185120ClO₂⁻chlorite ion161
1900185121BrO₂⁻bromite ion162
1900185122IO₂⁻iodite ion163
1900185123HClO₃chloric acid164
1900185124HBrO₃bromic acid165
1900185125HIO₃iodic acid166
1900185126ClO₃⁻chlorate ion167
1900185127BrO₃⁻bromate ion168
1900185128IO₃⁻iodate ion169
1900185129HClO₄perchloric acid170
1900185130HBrO₄perbromic acid171
1900185131HIO₄periodic acid172
1900185132ClO₄⁻perchlorate ion173
1900185133BrO₄⁻perbromate ion174
1900185134IO₄⁻periodate ion175
1900185135Organic Functional Group: H H | | ―C―C― | | H Halkane176
1900185136Organic Functional Group: H H | | ―C==C―alkene177
1900185137Organic Functional Group: ―C≡≡C―alkyne178
1900185138Organic Functional Group: H H \ / C==C / \ H―C C― \\ // C―C / \ H Hphenyl179
1900185139Organic Functional Group: X | ―C― | (X = F, Cl, Br, I)alkyl halide180
1900185140Organic Functional Group: OH | ―C― |alcohol181
1900185141Organic Functional Group: NH₂ | ―C― |amine182
1900185142Organic Functional Group: | | | ―C―O―C― | | |ether183
1900185143Organic Functional Group: O || ―C―Haldehyde184
1900185144Organic Functional Group: O || ―C―ketone185
1900185145Organic Functional Group: O || ―C―OHcarboxylic acid186
1900185146Organic Functional Group: O || | ―C―O―C― |ester187
1900185147Organic Functional Group: O || ―C―NH₂amide188

AP Chemistry Review Flashcards

Comprehensive review of AP Chemistry concepts and terminology in preparation for AP test

Terms : Hide Images
1619227166critical pointtemperature-pressure point after which gas can no longer form liquid0
1619227167triple pointtemperature-pressure combination at which solid, liquid, and gas states appear1
1619227168sublimationphase change from solid to gas2
1619227169depositionphase change from gas to solid3
1619227170solid CO2chemical composition of dry ice4
1619227171equilibriumhappens at lines in phase change charts5
1619227172London dispersion forcesuniversal IMF for nonpolar molecules6
1619227173Dipole-dipole forcesIMF that exists in polar molecules7
1619227174Hydrogen bondingIMF that occurs with FON8
1619227175effects of IMFboiling point, melting point, viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension9
1619227176viscositythickness10
1619227177vapor pressurestronger IMF= lower... weaker IMF= higher...11
1619227178N=N.(0.5)^time/time half-lifehalf-life equation12
1619227179octahedralAX613
1619227180square pyramidalAX5E14
1619227181square planarAX4E215
1619227182trigonal bipyramidalAX516
1619227183see-sawAX4E17
1619227184T-shapeAX3E218
1619227185methods of increasing rateraising heat, adding catalyst, heighten concentration, bigger surface area19
1619227186∆Hvapenergy needed to vaporize a mole of a liquid20
1619227187boiling pointpoint at which vapor pressure=air pressure above21
1619227188fusionmelting22
1619227189London dispersion forceslarger molecules which have higher mass and therefore electron density have stronger...23
1619227190bond energyenergy needed to break a bond24
1619227191always∆H | ∆S is spontaneous... - | +25
1619227192at low temperatures∆H | ∆S is spontaneous... - | -26
1619227193at high temperatures∆H | ∆S is spontaneous... + | +27
1619227194never∆H | ∆S is spontaneous... + | -28
1619227195+ ∆Sgreater # of moles of gas formed and greater volume formed cause...29
1619227196+ ∆Sgas > liquid > solid and (aq)>(s) cause...30
1619227197+ ∆Sdiatomic molecules forming mixed molecules, e.g. H2 + I2 -> 2HI, means...31
1619227198adiabaticchange without heat transfer between the system and its surroundings32
1619227199isothermalchange that occurs at constant temperature33
1619227200heat capacityamount of heat needed to change a system by 1˚C34
1619227201specific heatheat needed to change 1 g of substance to 1˚C35
16192272024.184specific heat of water36
1619227203ionic... compounds are most conductive37
1619227204-ous acidif anion ends in -ite, acid name ends in...38
1619227205-ic acidif anion ends in -ate, acid name ends in...39
1619227206hydro-ic acidif anion ends in -ide, acid name ends in40
1619227207Balmer Seriesspectrum of light when an electron drops to energy level n=241
1619227208redwhen n=3 ->2, color=42
1619227209blue-greenwhen n=4 ->2, color=43
1619227210blue-violetwhen n=5 ->2, color=44
1619227211violetwhen n=6 ->2, color=45
1619227212n (first quantum number)variable for energy of e-, goes from 1,2,3 on up46
1619227213l (second quantum number)variable for type of orbital47
1619227214sl=048
1619227215pl=149
1619227216dl=250
1619227217fl=351
1619227218m (third quantum number)variable for orientation of orbital (-1 through +1)52
1619227219s (fourth quantum number)variable for spin of electron (+.5 or -.5)53
1619227220s orbitalsthese orbitals are spherical54
1619227221p orbitalsthese orbitals are perpendicular55
1619227222d orbitalsthese orbitals are diagonal56
1619227223electron affinityenergy involved in gaining an electron to become a negative ion57
1619227224C + 273calculation from K to C58
1619227225Boltzmann distributionstates molecules at a given temp. vary in kinetic energy along a bell-curve of molecular velocities59
1619227226Diffusionmixing of gases60
1619227227Effusionpassage of gas through tiny orifice61
1619227228moles solute/kg solventmolality =62
1619227229g solute/g solvent x 100mass percent63
1619227230likelike dissolves...64
1619227231entropy (S)degree of disorder in a system65
1619227232increasingentropy in the universe is always...66
1619227233spontaneousIf K>1, then Gº<0 and reaction will be...at chemical equilibrium67
1619227234not spontaneousIf K<1, then Gº>0 and reaction will be...at chemical equilibrium68
1619227235meth-(organics) one carbon69
1619227236eth-(organics) two carbons70
1619227237prop-(organics) three carbons71
1619227238but-(organics) four carbons72
1619227239pent-(organics) five carbons73
1619227240hex-(organics) six carbons74
1619227241hept-(organics) seven carbons75
1619227242oct-(organics) eight carbons76
1619227243non-(organics) nine carbons77
1619227244dec-(organics) ten carbons78
1619227245rate lawthis MUST be determined experimentally79
1619227246zero[A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction80
1619227247firstln[A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction81
1619227248second1/[A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction82
1619227249thirdAP doesn't deal with ...-order reaction, don't pick it!83
1619227250activated complex (transition state)peak of energy diagram84
1619227251Arrhenius equationto find activation energy use the...85
1619227252k=Ae^(-Ea/RT)Arrhenius equation86
1619227253ln (k1/k2) = (Ea/R)(1/T2-1/T1)equation to find Ea from reaction rate constants at two different temperatures87
1619227254hydrocarbonscarbon & hydrogen compounds88
1619227255carbohydratescarbon, hydrogen, oxygen compounds89
1619227256alkane(organics) single-bonded compound90
1619227257alkene(organics) double-bonded compound91
1619227258alkyne(organics) triple-bonded compound92
1619227259alcoholorganic w/ -OH group93
1619227260etherorganic w/ -O-94
1619227261amineorganic w/ -NH295
1619227262-anolending for alcohols96
1619227263geometric isomerstwo molecules with identical connectivity but different geometries97
1619227264condensationorganic reaction in which two functional groups come together, resulting in the release of water98
1619227265hydrolysisorganic reaction in which water breaks apart a molecule (splitting into two hydroxides)99
1619227266Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+all cations are soluble with bromide, chloride and iodide EXCEPT100
1619227267Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+all cations are soluble with sulfate EXCEPT101
1619227268insolublehydroxides are soluble or insoluble?102
1619227269phosphate, sulfide, carbonate, sulfategenerally insoluble anions (names)103
1619227270allotropedifferent form of same element104
1619227271redcolor of Li (flame test)105
1619227272red/orangecolor of Ca (flame test)106
1619227273redcolor of Sr (flame test)107
1619227274yellowcolor of Na (flame test)108
1619227275green/yellowcolor of Ba (flame test)109
1619227276bluecolor of Cs (flame test)110
1619227277purplecolor of K (flame test)111
1619227278-anoic acidcarboxylic acid ending112
1619227279Amino-amine prefix113
1619227280-analaldehyde suffix114
1619227281-anoneketone suffix115
1619227282methoxy-ether prefix116
1619227283-anoateester suffix117
1619227284base and hydrogen gaspure metal or metal hydride + H20 ->118
1619227285basemetal oxide + H20 ->119
1619227286acidnonmetal oxide + H2O ->120
1619227287oxide gas and wateroxoacid solution (such as HSO4-) forms...121
1619227288complex ionstransition metals with ammonia, hydroxide, cyanide or thiocyanate form...122
16192272890∆Hº of pure elements=123
1619227290diamagneticelements which have all electrons paired and relatively unaffected by magnetic fields124
1619227291paramagneticelements which have unpaired electrons and highly affected by magnetic fields125

AP Biology Exam Review Guide Flashcards

AP Biology Exam Review Guide
Tanner Slagle
#Carter2014

Terms : Hide Images
1463019842active site (biochemistry)the region of an enzyme that binds to a protein or to another substance during a reaction, where catalytic activity occurs0
1463019843allosteric site (biochemistry)site at which a small regulatory molecule interacts with an enzyme to inhibit or active that specific enzyme, binding of allosteric effector is in general noncovalent and reversible1
1463019844amino acid (biochemistry / molecular genetics)a simple organic compound containing a carboxyl group and an amino group2
1463019845amphipathic (biochemistry / cells)having both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part3
1463019846anabolic (biochemistry)All Bikers Cause Ruckus (Anabolic Builds, Catabolic Reduces), the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms form simpler ones together with the storage of energy, constructive metabolism4
1463019847carbohydrate (biochemistry)large group of organic compounds occuring in foods and living tissues and including sugar, starch, and cellulose, contain hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio, can be broken down to release energy into the animal body5
1463019848carbon (biochemistry)building blocks of organic life, C14 is commonly used as a radioactive isotope in artificial situation6
1463019849catabolic (biochemistry)All Bikers Cause Ruckus (Anabolic Builds, Catabolic Reduces), acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy-requiring reactions that make up or equal that of anabolic reactions, destructive metabolism7
1463019850catalyst (biochemistry)substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change8
1463019851coenzyme (biochemistry)a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme9
1463019852denaturation (biochemistry)process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native states, denaturation can occur with a change in temperature, pH, or salinity10
1463019853disaccharide (biochemistry)any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues11
1463019854hydrogen bond (biochemistry / molecular genetics)a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other, highly electronegative, diploid forces combine to allow for these bonds to form12
1463019855hydrophilic (biochemistry)having the tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water13
1463019856hydrophobic (biochemistry)tending to repel or fail to mix with water14
1463019857ion (biochemistry)an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons15
1463019858lipid (biochemistry)class of organic compounds that are fatty acids of their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, lipids are able to cross through cell linings particularly16
1463019859macromolecule (biochemistry)a molecule containing a very large number of atoms such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids17
1463019860monomer (biochemistry)a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer18
1463019861monosaccharide (biochemistry)class o sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar, glucose is an example19
1463019862non-polar molecule (biochemistry)when there is an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because the symmetrical arrangements of polar bonds in a more complex molecule20
1463019863nucleic acid (biochemistry / molecular genetics)complex organic substance present in living cells whose molecuels consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain, DNA and RNA are examples21
1463019864nucleotide (biochemistry / molecular genetics)compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group, form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids22
1463019865organic molecule (biochemistry)made up of carbon23
1463019866peptide bond (biochemistry)covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule causing the release of a molecule of water, the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction and usually occurs between amino acids24
1463019867polar molecule (biochemistry)when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because the the lack of symmetrical arrangements of polar bonds in a more complex molecule25
1463019868polymer (biochemistry)a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together26
1463019869protein (biochemistry / molecular genetics)class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, and collagen and like enzymes and antibodies27
1463019870substrate (biochemistry)a substance or layer that underlies something or on which some process occurs in particular, the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment, the substance on which an enzyme acts28
1463019871water (biochemistry)basis of the fluids of living organisms, made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom29
1463019872active transport (cells)movement of ions or molecules across a membrane into a region of higher concentration assisted by enzymes and requiring energy30
1463019873apoptosis (cells)programmed cell death31
1463019874aquaporin (cells)a pathway that selectively conducts water molecules in and out of the cell while preventing the passage of ions and other solutions, also known as water channels, integral membrane pore proteins32
1463019875axon (cells)the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells33
1463019876carrier protein (cells)integral and intrinsic membrane proteins, exist within the span of the membrane across which they transport substances, assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport34
1463019877cell wall (cells)rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria, mainly consists of cellulose in algae and higher plants35
1463019878centrioles (cells / cell cycle and heredity)a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs, involved int eh development of spindle fibers in cell divison36
1463019879channel protein (cells)also known as ion channels, pore-forming membrane proteins whose function includes establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potential, and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane, also controls the flow of ions across the secretory divides37
1463019880chloroplast (cells / energy and metabolism)a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place in plants, makes energy38
1463019881concentration gradient (cells)the gradual difference in the concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and a region of lower density39
1463019882cytoplasm (cells)the material or protoplasm within a living cell excluding the nucleus40
1463019883cytoskeleton (cells)a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that give them shape and coherence41
1463019884dendrites (cells)a short branched extension of a nerve cell along which impulses are received from other cells at the synapses and transmitted to the cell body42
1463019885depolarization (cells)positive-going change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more positive, sometimes enough depolarization may result in an action potential43
1463019886diffusion (cells)the spreading of something to make for a more equal distribution44
1463019887endocytosis (cells)the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole45
1463019888endoplasmic reticulum (cells)usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis depending on the type of endoplasmic reticulum46
1463019889golgi apparatus/body/complex (cells)folded membrane, involved in secretion and in intracellular packaging and transport47
1463019890hypertonic (cells)having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid48
1463019891hypotonic (cells)having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid49
1463019892isotonic (cells)having the same osmotic pressure than a particular fluid50
1463019893ligand (cells)a molecule that binds to another molecule51
1463019894lysosome (cells)contains digestive enzymes, aids in the breakdown of cellular materials and waste52
1463019895membrane (cells)a microscopic double layer of lipids and proteins that bounds cells and organelles and form structures within cells, most cells have a phospholipid bilayer53
1463019896mitochondrion (cells / energy and metabolism)often found in large numbers, where cellular respiration occurs, the more folded layers and critae there are the more energy can be produced because of the increase in surface area, makes energy54
1463019897neuron (cells)a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses, a nerve cell55
1463019898neurotransmitter (cells)chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber56
1463019899nuclear envelope (cells)a membrane system which surrounds the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells57
1463019900phospholipid (cells)a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule58
1463019901plasma membrane (cells)a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, also regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm59
1463019902plasmolysis (cells)contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell60
1463019903polarization (cells)when there is an unequal charge at one end of a cell caused by the distribution of protons and electrons61
1463019904prokaryotic cell (cells)a group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, occurred before eukaryotes62
1463019905repolarization (cells)the change in membrane potential that returns the memebrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential63
1463019906ribosome (cells)a minute particle consisting of RNA and protein that is found in large quantities, synthesizes polypeptides and proteins64
1463019907rough endoplasmic reticulum (cells)endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached to it, synthesizes site-specific proteins and plays a role in cellular transport65
1463019908selectively permeable (cells)a membrane that only allows certain types of particles in and out of the cell, typical cells have a selectively permeable membrane that allows for small, uncharged, and lipid-based materials to freely pass through66
1463019909smooth endoplasmic reticulum (cells)endoplasmic reticulum that does not have ribosomes attached to it, synthesizes lipids and breaks down toxins67
1463019910synpase (cells)a junction between two nerve cells conssiting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by the diffusion of a neurotransmitter68
1463019911exocytosis (cells)a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane69
1463019912eukaryotic cell (cells)membrane-bound cells that have a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and a place for genetic material to be contained70
1463019913facilitated diffusion (cells)process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins71
1463019914flagella (cells)slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa to swim72
1463019915fluid mosaic model (cells)a model that describes the structure of cell membranes in which a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell73
1463019916nucleus (cells)powerhouse of the cell, where genetic information is stored74
1463019917organelles (cells)any number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell75
1463019918osmosis (cells)the diffusion of water76
1463019919passive transport (cells)movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes, does not require energy77
1463019920phagocytosis (cells / regulation)the ingestion of bacteria or other material, cellular eating78
1463019921surface area: volume ratio (cells)causes biological cells to be limited in size due to the fact that when volume increases so does the surface area, but he surface area increases at a slower rate79
1463019922transmembrane protein (cells)a type of membrane protein spanning the entirely of the biological membrane, spans form one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane80
1463019923vacuole (cells)a place for storage within a cell81
1463019924absorption spectrum (energy and metabolism)a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance showing dark lines or bands due to absorption of specific wavelengths82
1463019925acetly coA (energy and metabolism)important molecule in metabolism, main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production83
1463019926anabolism (energy and metabolism)synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy84
1463019927anaerobic metabolism (energy and metabolism)form of cellular respiration using electron acceptors rather than oxygen85
1463019928ATP (energy and metabolism)adenosine triphosphate, a high energy molecule86
1463019929ATP synthase (energy and metabolism)enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of ATP87
1463019930autotroph (energy and metabolism)an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide88
1463019931Calvin cycle (energy and metabolism)cycle in which carbon dioxide is converted into sugar89
1463019932cellular respiration (energy and metabolism)set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP90
1463019933chemiosmosis (energy and metabolism)movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electromagnetic gradient91
1463019934chlorophyll (energy and metabolism)a green pigment present in all green plants and cyanobacteria responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis92
1463019935citric acid / Krebs cycle (energy and metabolism)sequence of reactions in which living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration, takes place in the mitochondria and consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and water, converts ADP to ATP93
1463019936electron transport chain (energy and metabolism)series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions94
1463019937FAD/FADH2 (energy and metabolism)FAD can be reduced into FADH2 to where is can accept two hydrogen attoms95
1463019938feedback inhibition (energy and metabolism)cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited96
1463019939fermentation (energy and metabolism)chemical breakdown of substances by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms97
1463019940glycolysis (energy and metabolism)the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvates98
1463019941light dependent reactions (energy and metabolism)second stage of photosynthesis where carbohydrates from carbon dioxide are produced using the energy formed generated during the first stage of photosynthesis99
1463019942light independent reactions (energy and metabolism)chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose, occur in the stroma outside the thylakoid membranes100
1463019943metabolic pathways (energy and metabolism)chemical reactions occurring within a cell101
1463019944NAD/NADH (energy and metabolism)the balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of NAD and NADH, this ratio is important to the redox state of a cell that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of the cells102
1463019945NADP/NADPH (energy and metabolism)in photosynthesis NADPH is produced in the last step of the electron transport chain of the light reaction through NADP and is used as a reducing power for the Calvin Cycle to assimilate carbon dioxide103
1463019946oxidative phosphorylation (energy and metabolism)metabolic pathway that uses energy released by eh oxidation of nutrients in the mitochondria to produce ATP104
1463019947photolysis (energy and metabolism)the decomposition or separation of molecules by the action of light105
1463019948photosynthesis (energy and metabolism)the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water, generally involves chlorophyll and generatd oxygen as a byproduct106
1463019949photosystem I (energy and metabolism)occurs second, makes NADPH107
1463019950photosystem II (energy and metabolism)occurs first, captures light in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast, makes ATP using electrons from the light108
1463019951pyruvate (energy and metabolism)product of glycolysis, synthesized by many metabolic pathways109
1463019952stroma (energy and metabolism)the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast110
1463019953substrate-level phosphorylation (energy and metabolism)type of metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl group to ADP or GDP111
1463019954thylakoid membrane (energy and metabolism)a bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, site of light-dependent reactions, thylakoids consist of thylakoid membranes that surround a thylakoid112
1463019955anaphase (cell cycle and heredity)stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move from one pole to the other via spindles113
1463019956autosomal (cell cycle and heredity)gene-linked, can be passed down through the family114
1463019957cancer (cell cycle and heredity)uncontrolled cell growth115
1463019958cell cycle (cell cycle and heredity)G1 S G2 M G0orG1116
1463019959cell division (cell cycle and heredity)the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material117
1463019960chromosome (cell cycle and heredity)threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells carrying genetic information in the form of genes118
1463019961codominance (cell cycle and heredity)when parts are represented equally (red and white are both present)119
1463019962crossing over (cell cycle and heredity)exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring120
1463019963crossover frequency (cell cycle and heredity)rate at which crossing over occurs, how much material of each parent is taken and given to an offspring121
1463019964cyclin-depdendent kinase (cell cycle and heredity)CDKs are directly involved in cell cycle regulation, require cyclin and kinase in order to function122
1463019965cytokinesis (cell cycle and heredity)cytoplasmic division of a cell at the ends of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daugheter cells123
1463019966diploid (cell cycle and heredity)2n, having two complete sets of chromosomes with one coming from each parent124
1463019967dominant (cell cycle and heredity)the trait that is more likely to be shown and can mask a recessive trait even in heterozygous situations125
1463019968F1/F2 generation (cell cycle and heredity)offspring of the P generation126
1463019969fertilization (cell cycle and heredity)when a sperm reaches an egg in somatic cells127
1463019970gamete (cell cycle and heredity)a mature haploid female germ cell or male sperm cell before they unite to form a fertilized zygote required for reproduction128
1463019971genotype (cell cycle and heredity)the genetic makeup of an organism based on what was inherited129
1463019972haploid (cell cycle and heredity)1n, having only one set of chromosomes130
1463019973heterozygous (cell cycle and heredity)Aa, when you have one dominant and one recessive allele131
1463019974homozygous (cell cycle and heredity)AA or aa, when you have either two dominant alleles or two recessive allels132
1463019975incomplete dominance (cell cycle and heredity)when one allele does not completely dominate another allele and results in a new phenotype133
1463019976independent assortment (cell cycle and heredity)theory by Gregor Mendel that allele pairs separate134
1463019977homologous chromosomes (cell cycle and heredity)22 pairs of homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but code for different traits in their allelic forms since one was inherited from the mother and the other from the father135
1463019978interphase (cell cycle and heredity)the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell between the two sections of mitosis-like behavior that make up meiosis136
1463019979meiosis (cell cycle and heredity)a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell such as in the production of gametes and plant spores137
1463019980metaphase (cell cycle and heredity)second stage of cell division between prophase and anaphase, when the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers138
1463019981mitosis (cell cycle and heredity)a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus139
1463019982nuclear division (cell cycle and heredity)when two daughter nuclei are produced from the single nucleus that turns a diploid into a haploid, happens in mitosis and cytokinesis during the M phase140
1463019983phenotype (cell cycle and heredity)the physical appearance of traits141
1463019984prophase (cell cycle and heredity)first stage of cell division before metaphase during which the chromosomes become visible and paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears142
1463019985recessive (cell cycle and heredity)the trait that is less likely to be shown and can be masked by a dominant trait in heterozygous situations, must have to recessive alleles in order to be shown phenotypically143
1463019986recombination (cell cycle and heredity)the rearrangement of genetic material in situations of crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms144
1463019987segregation (cell cycle and heredity)when two alleles for a heritable characteristics separate during gametic formation and end up in different gametes145
1463019988sex chromosome (cell cycle and heredity)a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically favors one of two kinds such as male or female146
1463019989sex-linked (cell cycle and heredity)can be referred to as x-linked in some situations, tending to be associated with one sex or the other and is carried by a sex-chromosome147
1463019990somatic cell (cell cycle and heredity)any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cell148
1463019991synapsis (cell cycle and heredity)the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis149
1463019992synthesis (cell cycle and heredity)as in artificial gene synthesis, a method used to create desired and artificial genes in a laboratory based on solid-phase DNA synthesis150
1463019993telophase (cell cycle and heredity)the final phase of cell division between anaphase and interphase in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed151
1463019994anticodon (molecular genetics)a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule corresponding to a complementary codon in mRNA152
1463019995base-pairing rules (molecular genetics)constraints imposed by the molecular structure of DNA and RNA on the formation of hydrogen bonds among the four purine and pyrimidine bases such as A goes with T or U and G goes with C153
1463019996cell differentiation (molecular genetics)when a cell become specialized in order to perform a specific function as in the case of a liver cell, blood cell, or neuron154
1463019997coding strand (molecular genetics)DNA strand with the same sequence as the transcribed mRNA and containing the linear array of codons which interact with anticodons of tRNA during translation to give the primary sequence of a protein155
1463019998codon (molecular genetics)a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule156
1463019999DNA (molecular genetics)deoxyribose nucleic acid, double stranded, basis of genetic coding157
1463020000DNA ligase (molecular genetics)enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond158
1463020001DNA polymerase (molecular genetics)enzyme that is responsible for making new copies of DNA159
1463020002DNA replication (molecular genetics)the process of making an identical copy of a section of duplex DNA using the existing DNA as a template strand for the synthesis of more DNA160
1463020003exons (molecular genetics)segment of DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence161
1463020004genetic code (molecular genetics)nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells162
1463020005helicase (molecular genetics)enzyme that uses the energy derived from the hydrolysis of to unwind the double-stranded structure of nucleic acids163
1463020006inducible genes (molecular genetics)a family of GPI-anchored cell surface proteins that function as ligands for the mouse activating NKG2D receptor164
1463020007introns (molecular genetics)segment of DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes165
1463020008lagging strand (molecular genetics)the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the leading strand, goes from 3' to 5'166
1463020009leading strand (molecular genetics)the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the lagging strand, goes from 5' to 3'167
1463020010micro RNA / miRNA (molecular genetics)small noncoding RNA molecule found in plants, animals, and some viruses which functions in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression168
1463020011mutation (molecular genetics)the changing of the structure of a gene resultng in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA including the deletion, insertion, or rearrangements of large sections of genes and chromosomes169
1463020012Okazaki fragments (molecular genetics)short newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication170
1463020013replication fork (molecular genetics)what is created after helicase unwinds the double-stranded structure, composed of leading and lagging strands171
1463020014repressor (molecular genetics / regulation)a substance that acts on an operon to inhibit mRNA syntehsis172
1463020015RNA (molecular genetics)ribose nucleic acid, single stranded, basis of protein formation173
1463020016mRNA (molecular genetics)messenger RNA, carries messages from the DNA to the ribosomes174
1463020017rRNA (molecular genetics)ribosomal RNA, part of the ribosome's structure175
1463020018tRNA (molecular genetics)transfer RNA, bonds to amino acids and carries them to the ribosomes176
1463020019start stop and codon (molecular genetics)a nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals a termination of translation177
1463020020template strand (molecular genetics)the strand of DNA that replication is based on178
1463020021transcription (molecular genetics)the copying of DNA from the template strand aided by enzymes179
1463020022transcription factors (molecular genetics / regulation)a diverse family of proteins that generally function in subunit protein complexes, may bind directly to special promoter regions of DNA that lie upstream of the coding region in a gene or near the RNA polymerase180
1463020023translation (molecular genetics)process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins, part of the process of gene expression181
1463020024adaption (evolution)the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment182
1463020025bottleneck effect (evolution)a catastrophic event that suddenly curtails the population in an area183
1463020026common ancestor (evolution)the belief that all current inhabitants are linked back to a shared common derivate, known as the common ancestor184
1463020027cladogram (evolution)a branching diagram showing the relationship between a number of species185
1463020028evolution (evolution)descent with modification, gradual change over time186
1463020029gene flow (evolution)also known as migration, transfer alleles or genes from one population to another, changes in gene flow correspond to changes in gene frequency187
1463020030gene pool (evolution)the total genes that are available in an environment188
1463020031genetic drift (evolution)variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce189
1463020032geographic isolation (evolution)when a population of animals, plants, or organisms are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species190
1463020033fitness (evolution)being able to reproduce and live in order to pass on your genes191
1463020034Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (evolution)large populations, no gene flow, no mutations, random mating, no natural selections, represented by the formulas p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1192
1463020035natural selection (evolution)the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring193
1463020036morphology (evolution)the branch of biology that deals with the forms of living organisms and with the relationships between their structures194
1463020037phylogenetic tree (evolution)branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships, or phylogeny, among various biological species or other entities195
1463020038reproductive isolation (evolution)a collection of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring or which ensure that any offspring that may be produced is not evolutionarily fit or viable196
1463020039speciation (evolution)the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution197
1463020040variation (evolution)any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused by their genetic differences or by the effect of environmental factors on the expression of the genetic potentials198
1463020041apex predator (ecology)predators with few to no predators of their own199
1463020042biomagnification (ecology)concentrations of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely distributed200
1463020043biomass (ecology)the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume201
1463020044carrying capacity (ecology)the population that an ecosystem can support202
1463020045carnivore (ecology)meat eaters203
1463020046commensalism (ecology)an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm204
1463020047competition (ecology)the act or process of trying to get or win something, in most cases there is a competition for resources that are often seen as a limiting factor205
1463020048consumer (ecology)a player in an ecosystem that utilizes the energy from something else206
1463020049density-dependent (ecology)limiting factors that depend on the population size when looking at its effects, examples are diseases207
1463020050density-independent (ecology)limiting factors that do not depend on the population size when looking at its effects, examples are natural disasters208
1463020051decomposer (ecology)a player in an ecosystem that breaks down things and returns nutrients back into the environemnt209
1463020052detritivore (ecology)an animal that feeds on dead organic material210
1463020053energy pyramid (ecology)a visual representation of the flow of energy in a food chain, the 10 percent rule is applied in most situations meaning that roughly 10 percent of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level211
1463020054exponential growth (ecology)population that grows without bounds for the entire time and is characterized by Rmax in the formula212
1463020055food chain (ecology)a visual representation of the direct flow of energy from one participant in an ecosystem to another213
1463020056food web (ecology)a visual representation of the total flow of energy from all participants in the ecosystem to the others214
1463020057herbivore (ecology)plant eaters215
1463020058heterotroph (ecology)an organism that derives its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances216
1463020059logistic growth (ecology)population that grows without bounds until carrying capacity is reached and is characterized by K in the formula217
1463020060mutualism (ecology)a symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved218
1463020061trophic level (ecology)each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem comproised of organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy219
1463020062parasitism (ecology)non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host220
1463020063population (ecology)all of the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country221
1463020064predation (ecology)the preying of one animal on others, the action of attacking or plundering222
1463020065primary productivity (ecology)a term used to describe the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystem223
1463020066producer (ecology)plants that utilize the sun's energy to make their own food and energy, second most important next to the sun in a food web224
1463020067antibody (regulation)a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen, combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances, in the blood225
1463020068antigen (regulation)a toxin or other foreign substance that induced an immune response in the body, especially in the production of antibodies226
1463020069B-cell (regulation)a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland and responsible for producing antibodies227
1463020070cell-mediated immunity (regulation)the immune response produced when sensitized T-cells attack foreign antigens and secrete lymphokines that initiate the bod's humoral immune response228
1463020071communication (regulation)the transfer of information form one molecule, cell, or organism to another through means such as impulses or signaling pahtways229
1463020072cyclic AMP / cAMP (regulation)secondary messenger vital to signaling pathways230
1463020073cytotoxic T-Cell (regulation)a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response231
1463020074G-protein linked receptor (regulation)also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, a type of cell surface protein which responds to the signals once bound to a ligand232
1463020075helper T-cell (regulation)play an important role in the immune system, adaptive immune system by releasing T-cell cytokines233
1463020076hormone (regulation)a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action234
1463020077humoral immunity (regulation)also known as the antibody-mediated immune system, mediated by macromolecules that are found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain microbial peptides235
1463020078inducer (regulation)a molecule that starts gene expression, binds to repressors or activators, function by disabling repressors, a gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor236
1463020079lytic cycle (regulation)one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane237
1463020080lysogenic cycle (regulation)one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formation of a circular replicon in the bacterium's cytoplasm238
1463020081negative feedback (regulation)when something goes up the production is sped up, more hormones your pregnancy speeds up (pregnancy)239
1463020082operon (regulation)a unit made up of linked genes that is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis240
1463020083operator (regulation)a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor protein binds, defined in the lac operon as a segment between the promoter and the genes of the operon241
1463020084phagocyte (regulation)a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles242
1463020085phosphorylation cascade (regulation)a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins, can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages243
1463020086positive feedback (regulation)when something does down the production is sped up, less glucose in the bloodstream more glucagon used (diabetes)244
1463020087protein kinase (regulation)a kinase enzyme that modifeis other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them, usually resulting in a functional change of the target protein, or substrate, by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins245
1463020088receptor (regulation)an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimuli and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve246
1463020089retrovirus (regulation)any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate247
1463020090reverse transcriptase (regulation)an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in reverse transcription248
1463020091second messenger (regulation)a substance whose release within a cell is promoted by a hormone and that brings about a response by the cell249
1463020092signal cascade (regulation)part o the signal trasnduction, the pathway is actually a cascade of biochemical reactions inside the cell that eventually reaches the target molecule or reaction250
1463020093signal transduction (regulation)a set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane251
1463020094signal transduction pathway (regulation)the combination of a signal transduction and a signal cascade252
1463020095virus (regulation)an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host253
1463020096white blood cell (regulation)also known as a leukocyte, a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease254

Myers AP Psychology Unit 12 Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology
Myers Psychology for the AP
David G. Myers

Terms : Hide Images
2386707595Psychological DisorderDeviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thought, feelings, or behaviors0
2386707596Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of these key symptoms: Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity1
2386707597Medical ModelThe concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital2
2386707598DSM-IV-TRThe American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Edition, updated as of 2000 "test revision", a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Newest edition DSM 53
2386707599Anxiety DisordersPsychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety4
2386707600Generalized Anxiety DisorderAn anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal5
2386707601Panic DisorderAn anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations6
2386707602PhobiaAn anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation7
2386707603Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)8
2386707604Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger four weeks or more after a traumatic experience9
2386707605Post-Traumatic GrowthPositive psychological chances as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises10
2386707606Somatoform DisorderPsychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause11
2386707607Conversion DisorderA rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found12
2386707608HypochondriasisA somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as a symptom of a disease13
2386707609Dissociative DisordersDisorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings14
2386707610Dissociative Identity Disorders (DID)A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personalities disorder15
2386707611Mood DisordersPsychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes16
2386707612Major Depressive DisorderA mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities17
2386707613ManiaA mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state18
2386707614Bipolar DisorderA mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depressing and the overexcited state of mania19
2386707615SchizophreniaA group of severe disorders characterized by a disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions20
2386707616DelusionsFalse beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders21
2386707617Personality DisordersPsychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning22
2386707618Antisocial Personality DisorderA personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist23

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