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Sensation and Perception - Chapter 6 - Visual Attention Flashcards

2439545983	Attention	The process of focusing on some objects while ignoring others. Can enhance the processing of the attended object.	0
2439546543	Attentional Capture	Occurs when stimulus salience causes an involuntary shift of attention.	1
2439547657	Autism	A serious developmental disorder in which one of the major symptoms is the withdrawal of contact from other people.	2
2439547979	Balint's Syndrome	A condition resulting from damage to a person's parietal lobe. One characteristic of this syndrome is an inability to focus attention on individual objects.	3
2439548319	Binding	The process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.	4
2439549383	Binding Problem	The problem of how neural activity in many separated areas in the brain is combined to create a perception of a coherent object.	5
2439550228	Change Blindness	Difficulty in detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are presented one after another, often with a short blank stimulus interposed between them. Also occurs when part of a stimulus is changed very slowly.	6
2439550560	Conjunctional Search	A visual search task in which it is necessary to search for a combination (or conjunction) of two or more features on the same stimulus to find the target.	7
2439551584	Dishabituation	An increase in looking time that occurs when a stimulus is changed.	8
2439552190	Dual-Task Procedure	An experimental procedure in which subjects are required to carry out simultaneously a central task that demands attention and a peripheral task that involves making a decision about the contents of a scene.	9
2439553260	Feature Integration Theory	A theory proposed by Treisman to explain how an object is broken down into features and how these features are recombined to result in a perception of the object.	10
2439554376	Feature Search	A visual search task in which a person can find a target by searching for only one feature.	11
2439554645	Fixation	The brief pause of the eye that occurs between eye movements as a person scans a scene.	12
2439555102	Focused Attention Stage	The stage of processing in feature integration theory in which the features are combined	13
2439555653	Habtituation	Paying less attention to the same stimulus that is presented repeatedly. For example, infants look at a stimulus less and less on each successive trial.	14
2439556137	High-Load Task	Task that involves more processing resources and that therefore uses more of a person's perceptual capacity.	15
2439556897	Illusory Conjunction	Illusory combination of features that are perceived when stimuli containing a number of features are presented briefly and under conditions in which focused attention is difficult. For example, presenting a red square and a blue triangle could potentially create the perception of a red triangle.	16
2439557353	Inattentional Blindness	A situation in which a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at it.	17
2439558600	Load Theory of Attention	Lavie's proposal that the amount of perceptual capacity that remains as a person is carrying out a task determines how well the person can avoid being distracted by task-irrelevant stimuli. If a person's perceptual load is close to perceptual capacity, the person is less likely to be distracted by task-irrelevant stimuli.	18
2439558898	Low-Load Task	A task that uses only a small amount of the person's perceptual capacity.	19
2439559532	Perceptual Capacity	The resources a person has for carrying out perceptual tasks.	20
2439560098	Perceptual Completion	The perception of an object as extending behind occluding objects.	21
2439560419	Perceptual Load	The amount of a person's perceptual capacity needed to carry out a particular perceptual task.	22
2439562995	Preattentive Stage	An automatic and rapid stage of processing, proposed by Treisman's feature integration theory, during which a stimulus is decomposed into individual features.	23
2439563407	Precueing	A procedure in which a cue stimulus is presented to direct an observer's attention to a specific location where a test stimulus is likely to be presented. This procedure was used by Posner to show that attention enhances the processing of a stimulus presented at the cued location.	24
2439564057	Saliency Map	A "map" of a visual display that takes into account characteristics of the display such as color, contrast, and orientation that are associated with capturing attention.	25
2439564748	Same-Object Advantage	The faster responding that occurs when enhancement spreads within an object. Faster reaction times occur when a target is located within the object that is receiving the subject's attention, even if the subject is looking at another place within the object.	26
2439565151	Scene Schema	An observer's knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes. An observer's attention is affected by knowledge of what is usually found in the scene.	27
2439565531	Scene Statistics	The probability of various things occurring in the environment.	28
2439566572	Spatial Attention	Attention to a specific location.	29
2439567179	Stimulus Salience	Characteristics such as bright colors, high contrast, and highly visible orientations that cause stimuli to stand out and therefore attract attention.	30
2439567508	Task-Irrelevant Stimuli	Stimuli that do not provide information relevant to the task at hand.	31
2439568087	Visual Scanning	Moving the eyes to focus attention on different locations on objects or in scenes.	32
2439570590	Covert Attention	Attention without looking. Seeing something out of the corner of your eye, for example	33
2439571353	Overt Attention	Attention that involves looking directly at the attended object.	34
2439572541	Saccadic Eye Movement	Rapid Eye movement between fixations that occurs when scanning a scene.	35

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BCS Unit 2: Visual System & Visual Perception Flashcards

Sensation and Perception part 1

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999638520	Light	signal from the environment; the eye responds to light patterns	0
999638521	Iris	contractile tissue (muscle). constricts/dilates to change the amount of light that enters through the pupil. colored part of eye.	1
999638522	Pupil	where the light enters the eye	2
999638523	Lens	bends (refracts) light (located behind pupil). depends on distance.	3
999638524	Ciliary muscles	holds and modulates the Lens	4
999638525	Cornea	Aids the lens	5
999638526	Retina	at the back of the eye. light is focused on it. image inverted, near/far sightedness. Holds the receptors for vision (rods and cones)	6
999638527	Rods vs. Cones Ratio	about 20:1	7
999638528	Rods	low acuity; night/lowlight vision (high sensitivity)/ no color pigments	8
999638529	Cones	high acuity (details); daylight; photopigments. Little to no cones in the periphery.	9
999638530	Fovea	center of retina w/ high acuity (cones). Summation of constantly changing info goes here.	10
999638531	Constriction	focus of light on fovea (acuity, details)	11
999638532	Dilation	diffuse light to fovea and periphery (sensitivity, dimly lit)	12
999638533	Low light	sacrifice acuity for sensitivity	13
999638534	SNS (somatic nervous system)	pupil dilation = why does this make sense? (dimly let, allows you to see main things, i.e. movement; you don't need details for survival and quick action).	14
999638535	Path of Messages	receptors --> bipolar cells --> ganglion cells. acuity is a property of low convergence (straight line, no branching off in the cells)	15
999638536	Receptor Action	no action potentials. Rhodopsin (pigment) absorbs light. G-protein coupled receptor. Receptive fields: respond to some aspects of stimuli	16
999638537	Color Vision: Cones	pigments respond to different wavelengths	17
999638538	Wavelength	determines color (color perception). humans: red, green, blue.	18
999638539	Color	combo of activation of these receptors. proportion of activity in different cones	19
999638540	Intensity	relates to brightness	20
999638541	Color Constancy	relative, independent of light source. **note: light itself is not colored, our perception of it is.	21
999638542	Color Blindness	cannot distinguish wavelengths (2 photo-receptors do not differ - usually red/green)	22
999638543	Visual Processing at the Cortex: Retina to Cortex	receptors to ganglion cells. Leave eye (optic nerve) for processing.	23
999638544	Blind spot	no receptors. masked w/ both eyes. system "fills in"	24
999638545	Retina-geniculate-striate pathway	to visual cortex (perception) via thalamus in this pathway.	25
999638546	Visual field	coresponds to particular spot on retina (nasal, temporal hemiretina)	26
999638547	Optic chiasm	Cross over from contralateral visual field	27
999638548	Optic nerve	L/R eye	28
999638549	Optic tract	L/R visual fields (they're both in each eye?)	29
999638550	Parvocellular cells	small, fine detail (cones)	30
999638551	Magnocellular cells	large, movement (rods)	31
999638552	in the Cortex	different aspects of stimulus processed separately. still highly organized.	32
999638553	Area V1	primary visual cortex: posterior occipital cortex	33
999638554	Topographic organization	Adjacent retina: adjacent in LGN (?) and cortex. fovea: periphery; posterior: anterior lower visual field in upper region (and vice versa) Organized in columns	34
999638555	More Area V1	Visual experience - maintain, fine tune connections Plasticity Rep. of stimulation as "visual" (what would happen if V1 stimulated by auditory nerve?)	35
999638556	Binocular vision	see in almost every direction w/o turning head. allows 3-d vision (depth)	36
999638557	Disparity	difference where info falls on each retina. cue for distance (speed of object also cue). cells in cortex sensitive to disparity ex: in vehicle, when things farther away go slow; closer are fast	37
999638558	Strabismus	lazy eye. alters normal binocular vision	38
999638559	Predators	eyes in front, more overlap of info. can also have more fovea better detail and depth perception	39
999638560	Prey	eyes on side, sacrifice depth (for wider range)	40
999638561	Secondary Visual Processing	stimulus received as a whole, but the cortex sees the thing in parts. each part of cortex has a unique role, perspective. coordination required	41
999638562	Beyond Area V1	striate cortex, primary visual cortex reassemble features--objects. primary cx-- secondary sites (of specialization) -- area V4 for color perception	42
999638563	Area V5/MT	motion info from primary cx and magnocellular cells form, speed, direction, location poor acuity	43
999638564	Motion parallax	if cross retina quicker, appear to move quicker (Cue for depth)	44
999638565	Akinetopsia	difficulty with movement progression (series of stills).	45
999638566	Parallel Processing	secondary to association cortex. dorsal and ventral streams	46
999638567	Dorsal stream	ego (person) centered where is it? how to interact w/ it? -- helps you figure out this info of the object you see. the "where" pathway -- maybe more of a "how" pathway (how do i interact w/ this object?)	47
999638568	Ventral stream	object centered what is it? Work together to guide interaction w/ other sensory info	48
999638569	Dorsal Stream 2	behavioral interactions spatial relationship rep. in space-- grasping, manipulations	49
999638570	Ventral Stream 2	conscious perception /recognition particular types of stimuli (ex. places)	50
999638571	Fusiform face area	ventral stream faces, things that resemble faces important for social behavior high activity in newborns	51
999638572	V1- Scotoma	blindness for part of visual field. disrupts perception, interaction damage to secondary processing/ass'n cortex - more complex dysfunction than say a retina scratch	52
999638573	Dorsal Dysfunction	Problems w/ spacial attributes deficits in grasping/interacting with object can name object, tell you how big it is	53
999638574	Ventral Dysfunction: Visual Agnosia	failure to recognize (not due to sensory, verbal, motor or intellectual deficit) can accurately interact w/ objects (but can't name it)	54
999638575	Fusiform Damage: Prosopagnosia	inability to distinguish faces faces/visually simulated members of a class of stimuli unconscious perception intact (automatic response)	55
999638576	Gestalt Principles	objects perceived as belonging together if similar if they have continuity if in proximity objects moving together are in same group perceive closure when object is incomplete, but contains sufficient info distinguish figure from ground	56
999638577	Visual Binding	emergence: process of complex pattern formation not ID'd by identifying components, seen as whole	57
999638578	Ambiguous Object	determining what it is: role of motivation or context	58
999638579	Depth cues	relative size, distance, relationship	59

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Brain and Behavior Exam 3 Attention and Consciousness Flashcards

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549603549	What is attention?	The ability to select and focus on specific stimuli, whether internal or external.	0
549603550	Cocktail party effect	Ability to pay attention to others; filter out other stimuli; We do not focus on every stimulus in the environment	1
549603551	Two types of attention	Overt Covert	2
549603552	Covert	Attending to a specific stimulus without sensory organ reorientation	3
549603553	Overt	Attending to a specific stimulus by physically reorienting sensory organs	4
549603554	Divided attention tasks	A task in which a subject is directed to process two or more sets of simultaneous stimuli; See what affects they get out of the different sets of stimuli; Shows attention is limited	5
549603555	Inattentional Blindness/Change Blindness	The failure to perceive a stimulus due to attentional demands; Shows attention is limited	6
549603556	Divided Attention Task: Dichotic Presentation	Subject can only report info from attended ear Often times will even miss hearing their own name. Shows that attention is focused to a subset of stimuli	7
549603557	Filtering	Not all sensory information can (or should) be processed consciously	8
549603558	Attentional bottleneck	The "gate" through which stimuli must past to reach awareness	9
549603559	Early vs. Late Selection	Early → non-relevant stimuli are excluded from attention before higher level processing. Late → non-relevant stimuli are excluded from attention after high level processing (i.e. word meanings)	10
549603560	Early vs. Late depends on:	perceptual load	11
549603561	Perceptual Load	High perceptual load - brain will filter out info early ex. doing a very difficult math problem, would not hear your own name if someone said it If basic - low perceptual load - filter later ex. easy math problem, would hear your name if someone said it	12
549603562	Two types of attention shifts?	Endogenous attention and Exogenous attention	13
549603563	Endogenous attention	Voluntary shift in attention; from internal motivations Top-down process → high level brain processes (i.e. reasoning, decision making, etc.) modulating low level brain processes (i.e. sensation/perception)	14
549603564	Exogenous attention	Reflexive, involuntary shift in attention Bottom-up process (ex. someone shoots a gun near you)	15
549603565	Neural Correlates of Attention	Subcortical and Cortical	16
549603566	In Subcortical, Superior Colliculus:	Cells fire more, when gaze shift related to attentional shift	17
549603567	In Subcortical, Pulvinar:	more active during tasks that require extensive filtering	18
549603568	In Cortical, Dorsal Frontoparietal System:	voluntary; Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) and Frontal Eye Field (FEF); IPS and FEF modulate endogenous attention	19
549603569	In Cortical, Right temporoparietal system	reflexive; Ventral frontal cortex (VFC) and Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ); VFC and TPJ modulate exogenous attention	20
549603570	Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS)	Individual neurons will fire more for overt and covert attention	21
549603571	Frontal Eye Field (FEF)	Damage results in inability to prevent gaze shifts to distracters	22
549603572	Ventral frontal cortex (VFC)	Involved in working memory Thought to detect novelty Assigns values of importance	23
549603573	Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ)	Shows increased activity when attending to unexpected stimuli; VFC then relays to TPJ if it is important enough	24
549603574	Hemispatial neglect	● Cause - Damage to the RIGHT parietal lobe - Damage to left parietal lobe will not result in neglect ● Symptoms - Inability to attend to stimuli on the left side of space - Not limited to visual attention - Attentional paralysis of the left side of the body - Otherwise normal sensory processing and motor control	25
549603575	ADHD - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	- Very prevalently diagnosed disorder 5% of all children are diagnosed; 3/4ths male - One stimulus is not enough, they are seeking more stimuli in order to get enough/more stimulus/arousal	26
549603576	ADHD Causes	Largely unknown Decreased arousal levels Decreased reward processing in the nucleus accumbens (dopamine dependent) Reduced brain size in frontal areas and the cerebellum	27
549603577	ADHD Symptoms	Trouble paying attention More impulsive than controls Hyperactive	28
549603578	ADHS Treatment	Stimulants: methylphenidate (Ritalin) - Amphetamine derivatives - Thought to increase normal arousal - Abates stimulus seeking behavior Behavioral therapy Non-stimulants Atomoxetine and guanfacine	29
549603579	Consciousness	Book's definition: "the state of being aware that we are conscious." My definition: "The subjective experience in its entirety"	30
549603580	Qualia	Single subjective experiences	31
549603581	Dualism	the body and the mind are ontologically different	32
551971162	Monism	the body and the mind are one in the same	33
551971163	What are the Two problems of Consciousness?	●Easy Problem - "Understanding how particular patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experiences" - What you are thinking ●Hard Problem - "How can we understand the brain processes that produce people's subjective experiences of their conscious perceptions?" - Why that brain pattern makes you think that way; How you are experiencing that scene	34
551971164	Easy Problem	FMRI scans can already distinguish between simple visual scenes	35
551971165	Hard Problem	We cannot explain why certain brain activation create qualia. Or if qualia are the same or different for each individual. Even if have same brain activity, do not know if you are experiencing the same thing	36
551971166	Coma	is a state of extreme unresponsiveness, in which an individual exhibits no voluntary movement or behavior.	37
551971167	Anesthesia	insensibility; Don't know if it is a loss of consciousness or not Sensory signals can still be recorded If sensory information is still processed, what does it mean to be unconscious?	38
551971168	Amnesia	Either the loss of past memories or the inability to produce new memories	39
551971169	Amnesia and Alcohol	Thought to interact with the GABA system When you black out are you conscious or not? You don't have memory but you are still able to perform tasks, Capable of complex intentional actions	40
551971170	Cognitively impenetrable	basic neural processes that cannot be experienced through introspection Can't think about doing them Executive function → conscious Heart Rate → unconscious Breathing → both	41
551971171	Executive function	In prefrontal cortex; The high-level control of other cognitive functions in order to attend to important stimuli and make suitable plans for action. Ex. Decision making, Valuation, Planning, Task switching, Working memory → the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information	42
551971172	The Prefrontal Cortex	The region of neocortex anterior to the motor and premotor areas Orbitofrontal Dorsolateral ● Highly interconnected with itself and the rest of the brain Activated during executive function tasks	43
551971173	Damage to the Prefrontal cortex	Damage will affect many aspects of cognition: Emotion, motor, and cognitive functions Ex. Phineas Gage - Changes in personality and executive function	44
551971174	Trans-orbital Lobotomy	Symtoms: Apathy (Lack of desire to do anything), Impulsiveness, Blunting of personality, Seizures, Distractibility, Irresponsibility	45
551971175	Are animals conscious?	Group of neuroscientists recently (2012) declared that many animals are in fact conscious to some degree	46
551971176	Mirror Test	Test for self awareness; Implies that these animals have an overt sense of self, which then implies that these animals are conscious to some extent.	47
551971177	Free Will	"the ability to make decisions and actions in a non-deterministic manner"; "Free will" decision can be imaged 5- 10 seconds before the person is aware they made the decision. Conscious, free decisions may be predetermined by unconscious brain processes.	48
551971178	Consciousness, like wetness, is an emergent property of many specialized units working together.	...	49

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AP Language Practice Terms Flashcards

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339511209	Personification	The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."	0
339511210	Antithesis	the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."	1
339511211	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."	2
339511212	Sarcasm	from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.	3
339511213	Synecdoche	a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.	4
339511214	Hyperbole	a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	5
339511215	Anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.	6
339511216	Euphony	the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.	7
339511217	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	8
339511218	Metonomy	a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared"	9
339511219	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	10
339511220	Transition	a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.	11
339511221	Onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum.	12
339511222	Cacophony	harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word.	13
339511223	Metaphor	a direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example.	14
339511224	Symbol	generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract.	15
339511225	Begging the Question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	16
339511226	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	17
339511227	Understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	18
339511228	Either-or reasoning	When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives.	19
339511229	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	20
339511230	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	21
339511231	Causal Relationship	In __, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument.	22
339511232	Equivocation	When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument.	23
339511233	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks.	24
339511234	Euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation.	25
339511235	Figure of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	26
339511236	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.	27
339511237	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	28
339511238	Alliteration	The repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."	29
339511239	Epigraph	The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.	30
339511240	Periodic Sentence	A sentence with a main clause that is not grammatically complete until the very end of the sentence.The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.	31
339511241	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	32
339511242	Situational Irony	a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected.	33
339511243	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	34
339511244	Pathos	an appeal based on emotion.	35
339511245	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a __ is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	36
339511246	Logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	37
339511247	Verbal Irony	In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning	38
339511248	Anecdote	A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point.	39
339511249	Abstract Language	Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.	40
339511250	Ad Hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	41
339511251	Denotation	the literal or dictionary meaning of a word	42
339511252	Cumulative or loose	Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars	43
339511253	Dramatic Irony	In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work	44
339511254	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	45
339511255	Connotation	the interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning.	46
339511256	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	47
339511257	Syntax	The grammatical structure of prose and poetry.	48
339511258	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	49
339511259	Voice	can refer to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive). The second refers to the total "sound" of the writer's style.	50
339511260	Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	51
339511261	Argument	A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer	52
339511262	Allusion	A reference contained in a work	53
339511263	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	54
339511264	Stream-of-consciousness	This is a narrative technique that places the reader in the mind and thought process of the narrator, no matter how random and spontaneous that may be.	55
339511265	Allegory	A work that functions on a symbolic level	56
339511266	Explication	The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. __ usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.	57
339511267	Parallelism	refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	58
339511268	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies that meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	59
339511269	Rhetorical Modes	The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.	60
339511270	Analogy	a literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items.	61
339511271	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	62
339511272	Example	an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern	63
339511273	Description	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses.	64
339511274	Narrative Device	This term describes the tools of the storyteller, such as ordering events to that they build to climatic movement or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing in creates a desired effect.	65
339511275	Ethical Appeal	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text.	66
339511276	Exposition	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.	67
339511277	Attitude	the relationship an author has toward his or her subject, and/or his or her audience	68
339511278	Backing	Support or evidence for a claim in an argument	69
339511279	Ellipsis	Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.	70
339511280	Argumentation	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.	71
339511281	Didactic	writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns.	72
339511282	Ambiguity	an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way.	73
339511283	Narration	The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.	74
339511284	Rhetoric	from the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principle governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	75
339511285	Third Person Limited	This type of point of view presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters	76
339511286	Third Person Omniscient	In ___, the narrator, with a godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters.	77
339511287	Comic Relief	the inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work, thereby intensifying the next tragic event.	78
339511288	Character	those who carry out the action of the plot in literature. Major, minor, static, and dynamic are the types.	79
339511289	Colloquial	the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style.	80
339511290	Antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers.	81
339511291	Style	an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	82
339511292	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.	83
339511293	Authority	Arguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience.	84
339511294	Chiasmus	Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea.	85
339511295	Deconstruction	a critical approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language. It "is not a dismantling of a structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself."	86
339511296	Balance	a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work.	87
339511297	Conflict	a clash between opposing forces in a literary work, such as man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. God; man vs. self	88
339511298	Tone	Similar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.	89
339511299	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech.	90
339511300	Dialect	the recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God.	91
339511301	Asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	92
339511302	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.	93
339511303	Point of View	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	94
339511304	Deduction	The process of moving from a general rule to a specific example.	95
339511305	Annotation	explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data.	96
339511306	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude (like, the subjunctive). The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	97
339511307	Diction	the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning	98
339511308	Ethos	An appeal based on ethics.	99

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Traditions and encounters chapter 7 Flashcards

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1747254870	The major early turning point in the rise of the Persian empire was the	Victory of Cyrus over Lydia	0
1747256199	The leader of the Lydians who fell to Cyrus was	Croesus	1
1747259910	In organizing their empire, Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from the	Mesopotamians	2
1747265308	Which of the following lists of Persian empires is correct, chronologically?	Achaemenids, Seleucids, Parthians, Sasanids	3
1747267557	The Medes and Persians were originally	Indo-European tribes	4
1747270218	The founder of the Achaemenid empire was	Cyrus	5
1747272293	In 525 B.C.E. the Persian emperor Cambyses captured	Egypt	6
1747274177	The greatest of the Achaemenid emperors was	Darius	7
1747278381	Pasargadae was	The capital of the Persian Empire before Persepolis	8
1747281280	The population of the Achaemenid empire under Darius was	35 million	9
1747284219	The magnificent capital of the Persian Empire constructed by Darius was	Persepolis	10
1747285804	Satarpies were	Persian administrative units	11
1747288738	The Persian eyes and ears of the King	Were spies conduct a surprise audit and collected intelligence of the Satarps	12
1747294122	Darius picked up the idea of standardize government issued coinage from the	Lydians	13
1747296546	Which of the following empires normally display the greatest degree of toleration toward its subject peoples	Achaemenid	14
1747300768	The Persian king who regularized tax levies and standardize laws was	Darius	15
1747302294	The Persian legal code was designed to	Codified the laws of the subject peoples	16
1747303728	The center of the Persian communications network was the	Persian Royal Road	17
1747314483	Who used the words, "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds," to describe the Persian courier service?	Herodotus on Persian courier service	18
1747326789	The qanat were	Persian underground canals	19
1747329852	For his decision to allow them to return to their capital city rebuild temple, Darius received high praise for these people who were they?	Jews	20
1747332430	The king who failed to follow the normal Persian governing policy of toleration was	Xerexes	21
1747334613	The battle of Marathon in 490 BC E proved to be	A Persian loss	22
1747342873	The decisive victory of Alexander of Macedon over the Persians was called the battle of	Guagamela	23
1747354092	The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid empires	Employed a form of imperial administration copied from the Achemenids	24
1747358526	The Empire comprising most of the old Achaemenid state that was taken by a general of	Seleucid empire	25
1747361115	The Seleucids were finally defeated in 83 B.C.E. by the	Romans	26
1747369202	Which Iranian state followed the Achaemenids and rivaled the Seleucids in greatness?	Parthians	27
1747372823	The greatest Parthian ruler was	Mithradates 1	28
1747378903	Ctesiphon was	A capital city of the Parthians on the Euphrates River near modern Baghdad	29
1747387788	Shapur 1 was	The greatest Sassanid king	30
1747391190	The Sasanids were defeated in 651 CE by	Arab warriors	31
1747394091	The social structure of the Medes and the Persians was originally very similar to the	Aryans in India	32
1747396668	Gimillu was	A slave who serve the temple community in Uruk and his career reveals that slaves sometimes had administrative talents into going tasks involving considerable responsibility is lazy sometimes enjoy relationships with powerful individuals you could protect them from enemies	33
1747406701	Zoroastrianism was	A religion founded in Persia by Zarathustra, had a main deity named Ahura Mazda and 6 lesser deities	34
1747411890	Zarathustra talked about the battle between the wise Lord Ahura Mazda and the evil spirit	Angra Mainyu	35
1747415151	The Gathas were	The 6 lesser deities of Zoroastrianism	36
1747418882	Which of the following basic tenets of Zoroastrianism did not influence later religions	The view of the material world as a place of temptation that had to be ignored	37
1747421666	Zarathustra viewed the material world	As a blessing that reflected the benevolent of the nature of Ahura Mazda	38
1747427313	The words "good words, good thoughts, good deeds" were used to some of the view of morality of the	Zoroastrian teachings	39

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AP World Post Classical Flashcards

Next quizlet for the post classical time period.

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1801989666	600-1450	The dates for the post-Classical time period.	0
1801989667	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	1
1801989668	Swahili	Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.	2
1801989669	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	3
1801989670	Incan Empire	A Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro.	4
1801989671	Aztec Empire	Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. Conquered by Cortes.	5
1801989672	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	6
1801989673	Teotihuacan	"The Place of the Gods"; first planned city in the Americas in the Valley of Mexico.	7
1801989674	Toltec	Central American society (950-1150) that was centered around the city of Tula.	8
1801989675	Mixtec	Term adopted from Spanish "Mixtecos," based on the original Nahuatl designation for the culture group of Oaxaca who call themselves "Nudzahui"	9
1801989676	Zapotec	A people developing in Oaxaca Valley, which supported agriculture. Began as scattered villages, but the city centers San Jose Mogote and Monte Alban emerged.They developed writing and a calendar, and were influenced by the Olmec. The reason for their fall remains unknown.	10
1801989677	Cahokia	A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.	11
1801989678	Mississippian Culture	Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E.; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America.	12
1801989679	Vikings	Danes, Norse, ruled by kings and nobles, fairly democratic, hunters, gatherers, fishers, esp. farmers, raided Europe and the British Isles as the weather permitted, used slaves, assemblies of landowners made the laws, during the 800s famine, dominated the North Atlantic through the thirteenth century.	13
1801989680	al-Andalus	A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century CE.	14
1801989681	Caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.	15
1801989682	Italian City-States	Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples.	16
1801989683	Novgorod	Russia's first important city.	17
1801989684	Kievan Rus	A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine Empire. Conquered by the Mongols in the thirteenth century.	18
1801989685	Calicut	A city of southwest India on the Malabar Coast southwest of Bangalore. It was the site of Vasco da Gama's first landfall in India (1498) and was later occupied by Portuguese, British, French, and Danish trading colonies.	19
1801989686	Srivijaya	A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes.	20
1801989687	Strait of Malacca	Narrow waterway located between the islands of Sumatra and Java, Body of water connecting the Indian and Pacific Ocean near Singapore.	21
1801989688	Malacca	City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading base.	22
1801989689	Hangzhou	Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.	23
1801989690	Venice	An Italian trading city on the Adriatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.	24
1801989691	Baghdad	Abbasid capital. Sacked by the Mongols in 1258.	25
1801989692	Yap	An island in Oceania that became a trading hub.	26
1801989693	Sui Dynasty	(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.	27
1801989694	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	28
1801989695	Song Dynasty	(960 - 1279 CE); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings.	29
1801989696	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.	30
1801989697	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	31
1801989698	Grand Canal	1,100 mile waterway connecting the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, completed under Sui.	32
1801989699	Mongol Empire	An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.	33
1801989700	Genghis Khan	(1167?-1227) One of the Mongol's greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire.	34
1801989701	Temujin	Genghis Khan's real name.	35
1801989702	Caravanserai	Inn or rest station for caravans, would provide a safe place to stay the night, supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of Africa, Arabia and Asia.	36
1801989703	Camel Saddles	An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route.	37
1801989704	Stirrup	Device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E.	38
1801989705	Magnetic Compass	Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north.	39
1801989706	Astrolabe	An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets.	40
1801989707	Dhow	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.	41
1801989708	Longboat	A boat with a shallow bow and a trademark dragon or scary face on the tip of the ship that was used by the Vikings.	42
1801989709	Chinese Junk	A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.	43
1801989710	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	44
1801989711	Polynesians	Inhabitants of the Pacific Islands that lie within a triangle formed by Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island.	45
1801989712	Turkic Language	A language family of at least thirty-five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China.	46
1801989713	Sogdian Merchants	People of central Asia who maintained stability and access of the silk road around 300-600 CE.	47
1801989714	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul.	48
1801989715	Xuanzang	(602-644 CE) A famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. He became famous for his 17 year trip to India and back.	49
1801989716	Marco Polo	(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.	50
1801989717	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	51
1801989718	Scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	52
1801989719	Thomas Aquinas	(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology.	53
1801989720	Gunpowder	A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions. The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. IN later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.	54
1801989721	Smallpox	A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing many Native Americans.	55
1801989722	Dreamtime	A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in a vibration or echo of ancestral happenings.	56
1801989723	Crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	57
1801989724	Champa Rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state.	58
1801989725	Chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.	59
1801989726	Waru Waru	The technique consists in combining raised beds with irrigation channels so as to prevent damage due to soil erosion during floods.	60
1801989727	Terracing	A soil conservation technique that prevents erosion on STEEP hills by heavy rains.	61
1801989728	Corvee	Unpaid labor (as for the maintenance of roads) required by a lord of his vassals in lieu of taxes.	62
1801989729	Serfdom	A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.	63
1801989730	Feudalism	A social, political, and economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval European life.	64
1801989731	Samarkand	Central Asian trading center on the Silk Road that was attacked by the Umayyads.	65
1801989732	Ulaanbataar	Capital of Mongolia built by Genghis Khan.	66
1801989733	Mit'a	Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.	67
1801989734	Neo-Confucianism	A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.	68

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Biological Molecules (all together) Flashcards

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833942090	monosaccharide	A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate: one sugar	0
833942091	disaccharide	Two monosaccharides joined by condensation reaction	1
833942092	glycosidic link	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides	2
833942093	condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water	3
833942094	hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	4
833942095	hexose	6 carbon sugar	5
833942096	pentose	5 carbon sugar	6
833942097	alpha glucose	glucose where on C1 H on top, OH on bottom	7
833942098	beta glucose	glucose where on C1 OH on top, H on bottom	8
833942099	triose	3 carbon sugar	9
833942100	amino acid	Building blocks of protein (monomer)	10
833942101	amine group	the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2	11
833942102	carboxyl group	A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group -COOH	12
833942103	R group	Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid	13
833942104	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	14
833942105	dipeptide	Two amino acids bonded together	15
833942106	condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water	16
833942107	hydrolysis	Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water	17
833942108	primary structure	The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.	18
833942109	secondary structure	level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices	19
833942110	tertiary structure	3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulphide bridges	20
833942111	quaternary structure	The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.	21
833942112	monosaccharide	A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate: one sugar	22
833942113	disaccharide	Two monosaccharides joined by condensation reaction	23
833942114	glycosidic link	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides	24
833942115	condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water	25
833942116	hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	26
833942117	hexose	6 carbon sugar	27
833942118	pentose	5 carbon sugar	28
833942119	alpha glucose	glucose where on C1 H on top, OH on bottom	29
833942120	beta glucose	glucose where on C1 OH on top, H on bottom	30
833942121	triose	3 carbon sugar	31
833942123	Lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	32
833942124	triglyceride	lipid made of one glycerol with three attached fatty acids	33
833942152	cholesterol	A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes	34
833942153	phospholipid	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	35
833942154	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils. A small molecule that forms the head region of a triglyceride fat molecule	36
833942155	ester bond	The bond formed when fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol molecules in condensation reactions.	37
833942157	fatty acid	A long carbon skeleton, with usually 16-18 carbons, at the end has a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon	38
833942158	saturated	Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens.	39
833942159	unsaturated	Fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains	40
833942160	monounsaturated	A fatty acid whose molecular structure includes only one double carbon bond.	41
833942161	polyunsaturated	A fatty acid whose molecular structure includes two or more double carbon bonds.	42
833942376	condensation reaction	joining of two molecules with the removal of water	43
833942377	hydrolysis	breaking of bond between two molecules with the addition of water	44
833942379	hydrophillic	water loving	45
833942381	hydrophobic	water fearing	46
833942382	amino acid	Building blocks of protein (monomer)	47
833942383	amine group	the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2	48
833942384	carboxyl group	A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group -COOH	49
833942385	R group	Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid	50
833942386	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	51
833942387	dipeptide	Two amino acids bonded together	52
833942388	condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water	53
833942389	hydrolysis	Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water	54
833942390	primary structure	The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.	55
833942391	secondary structure	level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices	56
833942393	tertiary structure	3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulphide bridges	57
833942394	quaternary structure	The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.	58
833942395	amino acid	Building blocks of protein (monomer)	59
833942464	amine group	the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2	60
833942465	carboxyl group	A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group -COOH	61
833942466	R group	Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid	62
833942469	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	63
833942470	dipeptide	Two amino acids bonded together	64
833942471	condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water	65
833942472	hydrolysis	Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water	66
833942473	primary structure	The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.	67
833943023	secondary structure	level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices	68
833943024	tertiary structure	3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulphide bridges	69
833943025	quaternary structure	The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.	70
833943026	Haemoglobin	Transport protein - quaternary structure with central haem group in each chain - oxygen transport	71
833943027	Collagen	A protein fiber with a unique triple-helix that gives it great strength. Tissues with a lot of this are typically very strong, e.g. bone, tendons and ligaments	72
833943028	Enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	73
833943029	Globular Protein	These proteins are small spheres with little to no water inside. They have hydrophobic amino acids in the inside and hydrophilic R groups on the outside.	74
833943030	Fibrous Protein	(Structural proteins) Insoluble in water; chief building materials of the body; usually used to construct connective tissues, tendons, bone matrix and muscle fiber.	75
833943031	Glycogen	A polysaccharide found in animal cells, formed from bonding of many glucose molecules, found in liver cells, used as a glucose/energystorage	76
833943032	Cellulose	A carbohydrate polymer of beta glucose that forms plant cell walls	77
833943033	Amylose	Part of a starch molecule, consisting of many thousands of glucose monosaccharides bonded together	78
833943034	Amylopectin	Part of a starch molecule where the glucose chains are branched. (1-6 glycosidic links)	79
833943035	Glycosidic bond	Covalent bond formed when carbohydrate molecules are joined together in a condensation reaction	80
833943036	Glucose	6 carbon monosaccharide sugar: two forms, alpha and beta	81
833943037	Monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose	82
833943047	Disaccharide	Molecule that is two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic links	83
833943129	Polysaccharide	Molecule that is many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic links	84
833943279	1-6 glycosidic bond/link	bond between carbons one and six on two glucose molecules (branching)	85
833943280	1-4 glycosidic bond/link	bond between carbons one and four on two glucose molecules (linear)	86

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 14&15 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

Genetics
Vocabulary (Chapter 14): character, trait, true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous, hybridization, Law of Segregation, alleles, dominant, recessive, Punnett square, phenotype, genotype, testcross, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, Law of Independent Assortment, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, Tay-Sachs disease, pleiotropy, epistasis, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, quantitative characters, multifactorial characters, pedigree, carriers, albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell disease, Huntington's disease, achondroplasia, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define diploid and state which cells in your body are diploid.
2. State the number of chromosomes in your diploid cells and state how many of those
chromosomes came from your father and how many came from your mother.
3. Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes, state how many of each are in
your diploid cells, and state the sex-chromosome combinations that are in human males
and human females.
4. Describe an individual's karyotype.
5. Explain the relationship between genes and chromosomes.
6. Explain the relationship between genes and alleles.
7. Describe linked genes.
8. State the number of alleles you have for each gene in your diploid cells and state how
many of those alleles came from your father and how many came from your mother.
9. Distinguish between an individual's phenotype and genotype.
10. Distinguish between autosomal traits and sex-linked traits.
11. Distinguish between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
12. Describe the multiple allele inheritance pattern of the human ABO blood type.
13. Describe and give an example of polygenic inheritance.
14. Describe and give an example of epistasis.
15. Describe and give an example of pleiotropy.
16.

Terms : Hide Images

407170548	Concept 14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of Inheritance	The Law of Segregation The Law of Independent Assortment	0
407170549	Character	An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals.	1
407170550	Trait	One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.	2
407170551	True-Breeding	Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.	3
407170552	hybridization	In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.	4
407170553	P Generation	The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for "parental."	5
407170554	F1 generation	The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.	6
407170555	F2 generation	The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid FF1 generation.	7
407170556	The Law of segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.	8
407170557	Allele	Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.	9
407170558	Dominant Allele	An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.	10
407170559	Recessive Allele	An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.	11
407170560	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.	12
407170561	Phenotype	The EXPRESSED/observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.	13
407170562	The Law of Segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.	14
407170563	Punnett Square	A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.	15
407170564	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene.	16
407170565	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a given gene.	17
407170566	Phenotype	Expressed. The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.	18
407170567	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.	19
407170568	Testcross	Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.	20
407170569	The Law of Independent Assortment	Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.	21
407170570	Monohybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.	22
407170571	Monohybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant).	23
407170572	Dihybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.	24
407170573	Dihybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).	25
407170574	What is Mendel's Second Law?	The Law of Independent Assortment. Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.	26
407170575	Concept Check 14.1 Draw It. Pea Plants heterozygous for flower position and stem length (AaTt) are allowed to self pollinate, and 400 of the resulting seeds are planted. Draw a Punnett square for this cross. How many offspring would be predicted to have terminal flowers and be dwarf? (See Table 14.1)	refer to diagram	27
407170576	Concept Check 14.1 What if? List all gametes that could be made by a pea plant heterozygous for seed color, seed shape, and pod shape (YyRrIi; see Table 14.1). How large a Punnett square would you need to draw to predict the offspring of a self-pollination of this trihybrid?	See table	28
407170577	Concept Check 14.1 Make Connections. In some pea plant crosses, the plants are self-pollinated. Refer back to Concept 13.1 (pp. 248-249) and explain whether self-pollination is considered asexual or sexual reproduction.	Asexual	29
407170578	Which choice below is a basic difference between Mendel's particulate hypothesis and the hypothesis of blending inheritance? (eText Concept 14.1) The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that mutation is the major source of new gene combinations. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that the two alleles at any given locus are always different. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that the traits governed by genes in the egg are different from the traits governed by genes in the sperm. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that after a mating, the genetic material provided by each of the two parents is mixed in the offspring, losing its individual identity. All of the listed responses are correct.	The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that after a mating, the genetic material provided by each of the two parents is mixed in the offspring, losing its individual identity. The blending hypothesis maintained that the genetic material contributed by the two parents mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green.	30
407170579	If a plant variety is true-breeding for a dominant trait, then _____. (eText Concept 14.1) if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, the dominant and recessive traits would consistently appear in a 3:1 ratio among the progeny the plant is heterozygous for the trait if the plant were crossed with a heterozygote, one-half of the progeny would show the dominant trait, and one-half would show the recessive trait if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, all of the progeny would have the dominant trait the variety is unable to mutate	if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, all of the progeny would have the dominant trait	31
407170580	A = big apples; R = red apples; a = small apples; r = yellow apples. You have one tree that produces big yellow apples and another tree that produces small red apples. When the two are crossed, you find that half of the new trees produce big red apples and half produce big yellow apples. What are the genotypes of the parents? (eText Concept 14.1) AArr and aaRr Aarr and aaRr AARr and Aarr AaRr and AaRr AaRr and aarr	AArr and aaRr	32
407170581	Assume tall (T) is completely dominant to dwarf (t) in a certain species of plant. If a homozygous dominant individual is crossed with a homozygous dwarf, the offspring will _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all be intermediate in height all be tall be 1/2 tall and 1/2 dwarf be 3/4 tall and 1/4 dwarf all be short	all be tall	33
407170582	The F1 generation differed from the F2 in Mendel's experiments in that _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, whereas only half of the F2 did all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but only three-fourths of the F2 did all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, and all of the F2 showed the recessive phenotype one-half of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, and three-fourths of the F2 did none of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but one-half of the F2 did	all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but only three-fourths of the F2 did	34
407170583	Physically, what are different alleles? (eText Concept 14.1) Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on sister chromatids. Different alleles are different particles found in gametes. Different alleles are different phenotypes for a particular character. Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. None of the listed responses is correct.	Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.	35
407170584	In a certain plant, the alleles A, B, and C are completely dominant to the alleles a, b, and c. A plant with the genotype AABbcc will have the same phenotype as a plant with the genotype _____. (eText Concept 14.1) Aabbcc aabbcc AaBBcc AABBCc None of the listed responses is correct.	AaBBcc	36
407170585	Pea plants are tall if they have the genotype TT or Tt, and they are short if they have genotype tt. A tall plant is mated with a short plant. Which outcome below would indicate that the tall parent plant was heterozygous? (eText Concept 14.1) All of the offspring are short. All of the offspring are tall. The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 3:1. The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1. There is not enough information to answer the question.	The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1.	37
407170586	What is indicated when a single-character testcross yields offspring that all have the dominant phenotype? (eText Concept 14.1) The parent with the dominant phenotype was homozygous. The parent with the dominant phenotype was heterozygous. Epistasis has occurred. The alleles are codominant. Both parents are heterozygous.	The parent with the dominant phenotype was homozygous.	38
407170587	If an organism that is homozygous dominant is crossed with a heterozygote for that trait, the offspring will be _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all of the dominant phenotype 1/4 of the recessive phenotype all homozygous dominant all homozygous recessive present in a 9:3:3:1 ratio	All of the dominant phenotype	39
407170588	In Mendel's monohybrid cross of purple-flowered and white-flowered peas, all members of the F1 generation had the _____ phenotype because their genotype was _____ at the flower-color locus. (eText Concept 14.1) white-flowered ... homozygous recessive white-flowered ... heterozygous purple-flowered ... homozygous recessive purple-flowered ... homozygous dominant purple-flowered ... heterozygous	purple-flowered ... heterozygous	40
407170589	If the two traits that Mendel looked at in his dihybrid cross of smooth yellow peas with wrinkled green peas had been controlled by genes that were located near each other on the same chromosome, then the F2 generation _____. (eText Concept 14.1) would have contained four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio would have contained only individuals that were heterozygous at both loci would have deviated from the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio that is predicted by the law of independent assortment would have contained no individuals that were heterozygous at both loci None of the listed responses is correct.	Would have deviated from the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio that is predicted by the law of independent assortment If the two characters are located on the same chromosome, they will not segregate independently.	41
407170590	In carrying out his breeding studies, Mendel examined characters that had which of the following properties? (eText Concept 14.1) They were controlled by loci that were (or behaved as if they were) on different chromosomes. It was possible to isolate true-breeding varieties for each trait. The traits varied in an either-or fashion. The characters each were controlled by a single gene. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct.	42
407170591	The law of independent assortment _____. (eText Concept 14.1) states that the alleles at different loci segregate independently from one another during a dihybrid cross can account for a 9:3:3:1 ratio seen in the F2 generation applies only to genes that are present on different chromosomes (or behave as if they were) The first and second answers are correct. The first, second, and third answers are correct.	The first, second, and third answers are correct.	43
407170592	Homologous pairs of chromosomes often _____. (eText Concept 14.1) carry different genes for different traits differ in length contain different alleles are not both present in diploid somatic cells are paired up in the G2 phase of the cell cycle	contain different alleles	44
407170593	Concept 14.2 The laws of probability govern Mendelian Inheritance	...	45
407170594	The multiplication rule	A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities.	46
407170595	The addition rule	A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities.	47
407170596	Concept 14.3 Inheritance Patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian Genetics	...	48
407170597	Complete dominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.	49
407170598	Incomplete dominance	The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.	50
407170599	Codominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.	51
407170600	Tay-Sachs Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.	52
407170601	Pleiotropy	The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.	53
407170602	Epistasis	A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.	54
407170603	Quantitative Characters	A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion.	55
407170604	Polygenic Inheritance	An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.	56
407170605	Norm of Reaction	The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.	57
407170606	Multifactorial	Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors	58
407170607	Concept 14.4 Many Human Traits Follow Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance	...	59
407170608	Pedigree	A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.	60
407170609	Carriers	In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring.	61
407170610	Cystic Fibrosis	A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.	62
407170611	Sickle Cell Disease	A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the Î²-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.	63
407170612	Huntington's Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele, characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.	64
407170613	Amniocentesis	A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. The fluid and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.	65
407170614	Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)	A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.	66
407170615	Concept 15.1 Mendelian Inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes	...	67
407170616	Chromosome Theory of Inheritance	A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.	68
407170617	Wild Type	The phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the individual with that phenotype.	69
407170618	Concept 15.2 Sex-Linked Genes Exhibit Unique Patterns of Inheritance	...	70
407170619	Sex-Linked Gene	A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.	71
407170620	X-Linked Genes	A gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance.	72
407170621	Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.	73
407170622	Hemophilia	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.	74
407170623	Barr Body	A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.	75
407170624	Concept 15.3 Linked Genes Tend to be Inherited Together because they are Located near Each Other on the Same Chromosome.	...	76
407170625	Genetic Recombination	General term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.	77
407170626	Parental Types	An offsprring with a phenotyp that matches one of the true-breeding parental (P generation) phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.	78
407170627	Recombinant Types/Recombinants	An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.	79
407170628	Crossing Over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.	80
407170629	Genetic Map	An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.	81
407170630	Linkage map	A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.	82
407170631	Map Units	A unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.	83
407170632	Concept 15.4 Alterations of Chromosome Number or Structure Cause Some Genetic Disorders	...	84
407170633	Nondisjunction	An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.	85
407170634	Aneuploidy	A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.	86
407170635	Monosomic	Referring to a diploid cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.	87
407170636	Trisomic	Referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.	88
407170637	Polyploidy	A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.	89
407170638	Deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.	90
407170639	Duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such taht a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.	91
407170640	Inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.	92
407170641	Translocation	(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle, when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.	93
407170642	Down Syndrome	A humaan genetic disease usually caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by developmental delays and heart and other defects that are generally treatable or non-life threatening.	94
407170643	Concept 15.5 Some Inheritance Patterns are exceptions to Standard Mendelian Inheritance	...	95
407170644	Genomic Imprinting	A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.	96

892977296	Population	The entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired. The population is clearly identified using the inclusion/exclusion criteria in the study protocol.	0
892977297	Parameter	A numerical summary for a population.	1
892977298	GOAL	Estimation, confidence interval, hypothesis testing	2
892977299	Sample	A subset of the population, selected in some prescribed manner for study. The sample should be chosen in such a way that it should be representative of the population. In this way, the sample may be used to make statements about the population.	3
892977300	Statistic	A numerical summary based upon the sample used to estimate a population parameter.	4
913119415	Response variable	The variable being studied by the experimenter. The experiment will investigate how the response variable behaves when the investigator manipulates one or more explanatory variables or factors.	5
913119416	Lurking Variable	is a variable not observed in the study that influences the association between the response and explanatory variables due to its own association with each of those variables	6
913119417	Randomization	Random assignment to ensure that the experiment does not intentionally favor one experimental condition over another. Randomize at the last possible moment.	7
913119418	Blocking	Using extraneous factors to create groups blocks that are similar. All experimental conditions are then tried in each block.	8
913119419	Control	Holding extraneous factors constant so that their effects are not confounded with those of the experimental conditions.	9
913119420	Stratification	A population can be subdivided into nonoverlapping groups. The groups are chosen to more homogeneous than the popoulation. Stratified sampling obtains a simple random sample from each subgroup (strata) of the population. It can be used when information for the strata, as well as the whole population are needed. Stratified sampling sometimes allows for more accurate inferences about a population than does simple random sampling.	10
913119421	Prospective study	investigators observe the response endpoint of interest in real time	11
913119422	Retrospective study	Investigators uncover the response endpoint of interest by reading medical records, death certificates, conducting interviews asking about past events, etc.	12
913119423	Experimental study	assigns to each subject a treatment and then observes the outcome on the response variable	13
913119424	Treatments	experimental conditions which correspond to assigned values of the explanatory variable	14
913119425	Observational study	merely observes rather than experiments with the study subjects	15
913119426	Simple random sample	each possible sample is equally likely	16
913119427	Clusters random sample	identify clusters of subjects, take simple random sample of the clusters	17
913119428	Stratified random sample	divides the population into separate groups, called strata, and then selects a simple random sample from each stratum	18
913119429	Census	count number of people in the population and measure certain characteristics	19
913119430	Simple random sample	of n subjects from a population is one in which each possible sample of that size has the same chance of being selected	20
913119431	Survey	a questionnaire is distributed to a sample of subjects	21
913119432	Observational	subjects responses are recorded under various conditions that are not manipulated by the researcher	22
913119433	Designed	subjects responses are recorded under various experimental conditions that are manipulated by the researcher	23
913119434	Sampling frame	is the list of subjects in the population from which the sample is taken	24
913119435	Experimental units	subjects in an experiment	25
913119436	Randomized block	a block design with random assignment of treatments to units within blocks	26
913119437	Variable	is any characteristic observed in a study	27
913119438	Categorical	each observation belongs to one of a set of categories	28
913119439	Quantitative	observations on it take numerical values that represent different magnitudes of the variable	29
913119440	Discrete	is a quantitative variable that is usually a count such as 0, 1, 2, 3	30
913119441	Continuous	is a quantitative variable that has a continuum of infinitely many possible values	31
913119442	Frequency table	is a listing of possible values for a variable, together with the number of observations for each value	32
913119443	Pie chart	is a circle having a "slice of pie" for each category.	33
913119444	Bar graph	displays a vertical bar for each category	34
913119445	Dot plot	shows a dot for each observation, placed just above the value on the number line for that observation	35
913119446	Stem-and-leaf plot	it displays individual observations	36
913119447	Histogram	is a graph that uses bars to portray the frequencies or the relative frequencies of the possible outcomes for a quantitative variable	37
913119448	Distribution	the values the variable takes and the frequency of occurrence of each value	38
913119449	Skew	to pull in one direction	39
913119450	Skewed to the left	the left tail is longer than the right tail	40
913119451	Skewed to the right	the right tail is longer than the left tail	41
913119452	Mean	is the sum of the observations divided by the number of observations	42
913119453	Median	is the middle value of the observations when the observations are ordered from the smallest to the largest or vice versa	43
913119454	Range	is the difference between the largest and the smalles observations	44
945673036	Confounding variables	when we are uncertain which two variables is causing an effect	45
945673037	Blind	subjects don't know the treatment to which they are assigned	46
945673038	Double blind	whoever has with subjects and subjects are not aware of the treatment	47
945673039	Outliers	is one that appears to deviate markedly from other members of the sample in which it occurs	48
945673040	Z score	for an observation is the number of standard deviations that it falls from the mean	49
945673041	Mean and Median	describe the center of a distribution	50
945673042	Range and Standard Deviation	describe the variability of the distribution	51
945673043	Standard deviation	represents a typical distance or a type of average distance of an observation from the mean	52
945673044	Response variable	is the outcome variable on which comparisons are made	53
945673045	Explanatory variable	if it categorical, it defines the groups to be compared with respect to values for the response variables and if it is quantitative, it defines the change in different numerical values to be compared with respect to values for the response variable	54
945673046	Association	exists between two variables if a particular value for one variable is more likely to occur with certain values of the other variable	55
945673047	Contigency table	is a display for two categorical variables	56
945673048	Scatterplot	is a graphical display for two quantitative variables using the horizontal x axis for the explanatory variable x and the vertical y axis for the response variable y	57
945673049	Positive association	as x goes up, y tends to go up	58
945673050	Negative association	as x goes up, y tends to go down	59
945673051	Correlation	summarizes the direction of the association between two quantitative variables and the strength of its linear trend	60
945673052	Regression line	predicts the value for the response variable y as a straight line function of the value x of the explanatory variable	61
945673053	Residuals	the vertical distance between the point and the regression line is the absolute value	62
945673054	Least Squares Method	method produces the line that has the smallest value for the residual sum of squares	63
945673055	R squared	it is the percentage of the response variable variation that is explained by a linear model	64

892977296	Population	The entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired. The population is clearly identified using the inclusion/exclusion criteria in the study protocol.	0
892977297	Parameter	A numerical summary for a population.	1
892977298	GOAL	Estimation, confidence interval, hypothesis testing	2
892977299	Sample	A subset of the population, selected in some prescribed manner for study. The sample should be chosen in such a way that it should be representative of the population. In this way, the sample may be used to make statements about the population.	3
892977300	Statistic	A numerical summary based upon the sample used to estimate a population parameter.	4
913119415	Response variable	The variable being studied by the experimenter. The experiment will investigate how the response variable behaves when the investigator manipulates one or more explanatory variables or factors.	5
913119416	Lurking Variable	is a variable not observed in the study that influences the association between the response and explanatory variables due to its own association with each of those variables	6
913119417	Randomization	Random assignment to ensure that the experiment does not intentionally favor one experimental condition over another. Randomize at the last possible moment.	7
913119418	Blocking	Using extraneous factors to create groups blocks that are similar. All experimental conditions are then tried in each block.	8
913119419	Control	Holding extraneous factors constant so that their effects are not confounded with those of the experimental conditions.	9
913119420	Stratification	A population can be subdivided into nonoverlapping groups. The groups are chosen to more homogeneous than the popoulation. Stratified sampling obtains a simple random sample from each subgroup (strata) of the population. It can be used when information for the strata, as well as the whole population are needed. Stratified sampling sometimes allows for more accurate inferences about a population than does simple random sampling.	10
913119421	Prospective study	investigators observe the response endpoint of interest in real time	11
913119422	Retrospective study	Investigators uncover the response endpoint of interest by reading medical records, death certificates, conducting interviews asking about past events, etc.	12
913119423	Experimental study	assigns to each subject a treatment and then observes the outcome on the response variable	13
913119424	Treatments	experimental conditions which correspond to assigned values of the explanatory variable	14
913119425	Observational study	merely observes rather than experiments with the study subjects	15
913119426	Simple random sample	each possible sample is equally likely	16
913119427	Clusters random sample	identify clusters of subjects, take simple random sample of the clusters	17
913119428	Stratified random sample	divides the population into separate groups, called strata, and then selects a simple random sample from each stratum	18
913119429	Census	count number of people in the population and measure certain characteristics	19
913119430	Simple random sample	of n subjects from a population is one in which each possible sample of that size has the same chance of being selected	20
913119431	Survey	a questionnaire is distributed to a sample of subjects	21
913119432	Observational	subjects responses are recorded under various conditions that are not manipulated by the researcher	22
913119433	Designed	subjects responses are recorded under various experimental conditions that are manipulated by the researcher	23
913119434	Sampling frame	is the list of subjects in the population from which the sample is taken	24
913119435	Experimental units	subjects in an experiment	25
913119436	Randomized block	a block design with random assignment of treatments to units within blocks	26
913119437	Variable	is any characteristic observed in a study	27
913119438	Categorical	each observation belongs to one of a set of categories	28
913119439	Quantitative	observations on it take numerical values that represent different magnitudes of the variable	29
913119440	Discrete	is a quantitative variable that is usually a count such as 0, 1, 2, 3	30
913119441	Continuous	is a quantitative variable that has a continuum of infinitely many possible values	31
913119442	Frequency table	is a listing of possible values for a variable, together with the number of observations for each value	32
913119443	Pie chart	is a circle having a "slice of pie" for each category.	33
913119444	Bar graph	displays a vertical bar for each category	34
913119445	Dot plot	shows a dot for each observation, placed just above the value on the number line for that observation	35
913119446	Stem-and-leaf plot	it displays individual observations	36
913119447	Histogram	is a graph that uses bars to portray the frequencies or the relative frequencies of the possible outcomes for a quantitative variable	37
913119448	Distribution	the values the variable takes and the frequency of occurrence of each value	38
913119449	Skew	to pull in one direction	39
913119450	Skewed to the left	the left tail is longer than the right tail	40
913119451	Skewed to the right	the right tail is longer than the left tail	41
913119452	Mean	is the sum of the observations divided by the number of observations	42
913119453	Median	is the middle value of the observations when the observations are ordered from the smallest to the largest or vice versa	43
913119454	Range	is the difference between the largest and the smalles observations	44
945673036	Confounding variables	when we are uncertain which two variables is causing an effect	45
945673037	Blind	subjects don't know the treatment to which they are assigned	46
945673038	Double blind	whoever has with subjects and subjects are not aware of the treatment	47
945673039	Outliers	is one that appears to deviate markedly from other members of the sample in which it occurs	48
945673040	Z score	for an observation is the number of standard deviations that it falls from the mean	49
945673041	Mean and Median	describe the center of a distribution	50
945673042	Range and Standard Deviation	describe the variability of the distribution	51
945673043	Standard deviation	represents a typical distance or a type of average distance of an observation from the mean	52
945673044	Response variable	is the outcome variable on which comparisons are made	53
945673045	Explanatory variable	if it categorical, it defines the groups to be compared with respect to values for the response variables and if it is quantitative, it defines the change in different numerical values to be compared with respect to values for the response variable	54
945673046	Association	exists between two variables if a particular value for one variable is more likely to occur with certain values of the other variable	55
945673047	Contigency table	is a display for two categorical variables	56
945673048	Scatterplot	is a graphical display for two quantitative variables using the horizontal x axis for the explanatory variable x and the vertical y axis for the response variable y	57
945673049	Positive association	as x goes up, y tends to go up	58
945673050	Negative association	as x goes up, y tends to go down	59
945673051	Correlation	summarizes the direction of the association between two quantitative variables and the strength of its linear trend	60
945673052	Regression line	predicts the value for the response variable y as a straight line function of the value x of the explanatory variable	61
945673053	Residuals	the vertical distance between the point and the regression line is the absolute value	62
945673054	Least Squares Method	method produces the line that has the smallest value for the residual sum of squares	63
945673055	R squared	it is the percentage of the response variable variation that is explained by a linear model	64

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