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US HISTROY: final study guide Flashcards

final study guide

396454842	Archduke Francis Ferdinand	Person assassinated to started the WWI	0
396454843	Article 10	One of the 14 points that talked about the League of Nations	1
396454844	League of Nations	Group of countries that would protect other countries	2
396454845	Central Powers	Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire	3
396454846	Woodrow Wilson	US member of the big 4	4
396454847	Woodrow Wilson	Creator of the 14 points	5
396454848	Nationalism	Ethnic minorities wanted independence	6
396454849	Bolsheviks	Group that overthrew Russia's republican government	7
396454850	Vladimir Lenin	Signed Russian treaty with Germany	8
396454851	Kaiser Wilhelm II	Leader of Germany and it's army	9
396454852	Treaty of Versailles	Treaty ended WWI	10
396454853	Allied powers	Serbia, Russia, Britain, Italy, France	11
396454854	Imperialism	Germany fell behind	12
396454855	Scopes trial	Trial of whether or not to teach evolution in schools	13
396454856	Mass media	Allowed everyone to here the same stuff	14
396454857	Great Depression	The time period caused by overproduction, buying on margin, and an overvalued stock market	15
396454858	Franklin Roosevelt	Winner of the 1932 election and president throughout the depression	16
396454859	Laissez-Faire	Limited or no government involved in economy	17
396454860	Social Security	Made sure money was available for old aged and disabled people	18
396454861	Flappers	Unmarried young ladies who are independent and do whatever they want, wore shorter skirts and got their hair cut	19
396454862	Henry Ford	Greatly improved assembly line	20
396454863	Top-down	Hoovers thinking where government helps businesses, businesses hire people, people spend money, and economy recovers	21
396454864	Bottom-up	FDR's plan where the government helps people, people buy products, helps businesses, and stimulates economy	22
396454865	Dust bowl	Soil being blown away	23
396454866	Herbert Hoover	President at the beginning of depression	24
396454867	FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp)	Put insurance on bank deposits	25
396454868	SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)	Regulates stock market	26
396454869	AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration)	Rise farm prices through Government assistance	27
396454870	FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Admin)	Sent funds to overburdened relief agencies	28
396454871	Adolf Hitler	Writer of Mein Kampf	29
396454872	Adolf Hitler	Was imprisoned in 1923	30
396454873	Joseph Stalin	Was completely communist	31
396454874	Benito Mussolini	Leader of Italy that wanted to create a new holy roman empire	32
396454875	Winston Churchill	Member of English Parliament that did not want to appease Hitler	33
396454876	Allies	England, France, and US	34
396454877	Rosie the Riveter	Used to get women excited about working	35
396454878	General MacArthur	General in the Philippines that was forced to flee	36
396454879	Appeasement	Act of letting a country do what they want to avoid war	37
396454880	Neutrality laws	Laws that stopped loan traveling and ships with goods from going to war zones	38
396454881	Rhineland	The land that Germany could not send troops into	39
396454882	WWII start	September 1 1939	40
396454883	Pearl Harbor	December 7 1941	41
396454884	Atomic Bomb	Great weapon that caused the end of WWII	42
396454885	Nuremberg Trials	Stripped Jews of citizenship, can't marry non-Jews, job restrictions, public schools, gave up businesses	43
396454886	Holocaust	Systematic murder of the Jewish people	44
396454887	Island-hopping	hopping from island to island, skipping islands that were not necessary, to get to the last target quickly	45
396454888	Karl Marx	Part founder of communism has a branch named after him	46
396454889	Marshall Plan	Us aids and manages European economies	47
396454890	Cuban Missile Crisis	Soviet union placing missiles in Cuba	48
396454891	Joseph Stalin	Communist leader of soviet union	49
396454892	President Carter	President who had a main objective of human rights	50
396454893	President Carter	President during the Iran Hostage Crisis	51
396454894	President Carter	President during the Camp David Accords	52
396454895	President Carter	President who helped with Salt 2	53
396454896	Mao Zedong	Chinese communist Leader	54
396454897	Khrushchev	Communist leader of Soviet union during the Cuban missile crisis	55
396454898	Korean war	War in Korea to prevent communism	56
396454899	Camp David Accords	Israel withdraws from sienna peninsula Egypt recognizes Israel as a nation	57
396454900	President Reagan	President who built up military	58
396454901	President Reagan	President during Iran Contra affair	59
396454902	President Reagan	President during INF treaty	60
396454903	President Nixon	President who used a Detente approach	61
396454904	President Nixon	President during SALT 1	62
396454905	President Nixon	President who restores relations with China	63
396454906	President Johnson	President with containment was main objective	64
396454907	President Eisenhower	President that stuck to containment helped Vietnam Israel and Iran	65
396454908	President Kennedy	President that prepares for war	66
396454909	President Kennedy	President deals with the bay of pigs and the Cuban missile crisis	67
396454910	President Kennedy	President that used a flexible response	68
396454911	President Kennedy	President during alliance for progress	69
396454912	Ho Chi Minh	Leader of Viet Minh	70
396454913	Senator McCarthy	Leader during the read scare	71
396454914	NATO	Group of countries against communism	72
396454915	Iran Hostage Crisis	Iran holds prisoners for 444 days	73
396454916	Gorbachev	Communist leader in soviet union who changed to Glasnost	74
396454917	Shah	Leader of Iran who US supported	75
396454918	Containment	Stopping the spread of communism	76
396454919	Truman Doctrine	We will help countries that want to avoid communism	77
396454920	Bay of Pigs	Sending Cuban troops in to take out Castro...FAIL	78
396454921	Fidel Castro	Communist leader in Cuba	79
396454922	Berlin Wall	Wall built to keep people from escaping west Berlin	80
396454923	Domino Theory	Fear of one country dropping to communism all sounding countries will	81
396454924	Eisenhower Doctrine	US protect and supply countries in middle east who want to stop	82
396454925	Civil Rights Act 1964	Impacted schools jobs and voting	83
396454926	Voting Act 1965	Federal law allowing people from other states to come register blacks to vote	84
396454927	Freedom Rides	Organized to test Supreme Court decision	85
396454928	MLK Jr.	Wrote the famous Letter from Birmingham Jail and was assassinated in 1968	86
396454929	Robert Kennedy	Assassinated in 1968	87
396454930	March on Washington	Highlighted by the I Have a Dream speech	88
396454931	Montgomery Buss boycott	Started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat so blacks started boycotting	89
396454932	Brown vs Board of Education	Ended the separate but equal doctrine	90
396454933	Sitins	Sit in segregated place didn't move until served	91
396454934	Malcom X	Believed races should be separated	92
396454935	Lee Harvey Oswald	Man held responsible for assassinating JFK	93
396454936	Jack Ruby	Killer of Lee Harvey Oswald	94
396454937	Magic Bullet	Theory of one bullet causing 7 wounds	95
396454938	Warren Commission	Concluded that the magic bullet killed JFK	96
396454939	Great Society	Program that aided public education, gave medicare to older Americans, attempted to eliminate poverty	97
396454940	Lyndon Johnson	Started the Great Society program	98
396454941	Medicare	Provided health insurance to older Americans	99
396454942	Medicaid	Provided health insurance to poor Americans	100
396454943	Miranda Rule	Requires suspects to be informed of there rights	101
396454944	Watergate	Scandal of break ins to wiretap phones	102
396454945	Deep Throat	Supplied the Washington post with info about the Watergate break-ins	103
396454946	CIA tap theory	Theory made because one of the burglars was employed by the company	104
396454947	Woodward and Bernstein	Journalists that brought Watergate to national attention	105
396454948	Democrat tap theory	Theory that they tapped themselves to make Nixon look bad	106
396454949	Haldeman Theory	Theory of break-ins made to gain info of Larry O'Brien	107
396454950	Saturday Night Massacre	Nixon fired/forced resignation of people who might uncover the truth	108
396454951	Larry O'Brien	Leader of the democrat party during Watergate knew about break-ins ahead of time	109
396454952	Ronald Reagan	President who was attacking government regulations	110
396454953	New Right Coalition	Program that reduces Government size and role in economy and restores christian values	111
396454954	Reagan's Welfare Believe	Government must help those who can't help themselves	112
396454955	Reagan's Believe	An American can succeed with individual effort	113
396454956	Supply-Side Economics	Plan of focusing on supply and not demand/Reaganomics	114
396454957	Saddam Hussein	Led Iraqi troops into Kuwait, Violated a lot of human rights	115
396454958	Taliban	Afghanistan's government who supported Al Qaeda and was overthrown when US troops invaded after 9/11	116
396454959	Yasser Arafat	Leader of the PLO and later elected president of the PA	117
396454960	Palestinian Authority	Governing body for the Palestinian that has a president, legislature, and police force	118
396454961	Operation Enduring Freedom	Operation used to defeat terrorism, those housing terrorism, and drop food and medical supplies for poor people	119
396454962	Operation Desert Storm	Operation that liberated Kuwait in 6 weeks	120
396454963	War Against terrorism	Long and difficult struggle to take out Osama Bin Laden	121
396454964	George H W Bush Sr	President during the Persian gulf war	122
396454965	Norman Schwarzkopf	Led the UN forces during operation desert storm	123
396454966	George W Bush	President during the war on terror	124
396454967	Ariel Sharon	Prime minister of Israel in the early 2000's, he started the building of a security fence in the west bank	125
396454968	Osama Bin Laden	Target of the war on terror	126
396454969	Sunni	One of the two major sects of Muslim	127
396454970	Balfour Declaration	1917 document where the British government agreed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine	128
396454971	Operation Iraqi Freedom	Operation to end Saddam's reign	129
396454972	Palestine Liberation Organization	Palestinian leaders came together to lead the effort to destroy Israel	130
396454973	Al-Qaida	Terrorist group who claimed responsibility for 9/11	131
396454974	Shiite	The other major sect of Muslim	132
396454975	Oslo Accords	1993 declaration of principles where Palestinians created the Palestinian Authority and gained control of more then 40% of the west bank and most of Gaza	133
396454976	Six day war	1967 Israel attacked and defeated Egypt, Syria, and Jordan to gain control of the Gaza strip, the west bank, east Jerusalem, and Golan Heights	134

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Cambell's Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1946193152	Gene	A discrete unite of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA	0
1946193153	DNA	A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G)	1
1946193154	Nucleotide Differences	RNA is a single strand, ribose sugar and U with A, not T. DNA is double stranded, deoxyribose and T, A, C, G.	2
1946193155	RNA Modifications after transcription	Immature RNA becomes mature due to protein splicing	3
1946193156	mRNA	____in the nucleus that encodes the DNA code, writes it down, has U's instead of T's, only one strand	4
1946193157	RNA Polymerase	An enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA by attaching to the promoter region of the DNA, after it's unwound(by helicase).	5
1946193158	poly(A) Tail	A sequence of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	6
1946193159	5' Cap	specially altered nucleotide on the__end of some eukaryotic primary transcripts -guanine cap which serves to protect the RNA and attach the ribosomes.	7
1946193160	Translation	When mRNA and tRNA(anticodon) translate the code, by transferring the correct amino acid for the codon(mRNA) There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids	8
1946193161	Protein Synthesis	the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins by mRNA writing down the code from the DNA template, tRNA transferring the correct amino acid, and then they bond to form the protein.	9
1946193162	Ribosome (large vs small)	A molecule consisting of 2 subunits that fit together and work as 1 to build proteins according to messages in mRNA. Using mRNA as a template, it traverses codon and pairs with the right amino acid. Interacting with tRNA.	10
1946193163	A site	ribosome binding site. holds tRNA carrying amino acid for polypeptide chain	11
1946193164	tRNA	Transports specific amino acids to ribosome to add to polypeptide chain on the ribosome	12
1946193165	rRNA	location where the mRNA and tRNA meet; 2 units(lg and sm)	13
1946193166	Start Codon	The first of the 3 nucleotide sequence that specifies, AUG, that establishes the reading frame for protein synthesis	14
1946193167	Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid or the to the appropriate tRNA	15
1946193168	Amino acids	An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. They serve as the monomers of polypeptides to build a protein	16
1946193169	Peptidyl Transferase	an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of amino acid residues to the growing polypeptide chain in protein synthesis by means of peptide bonds	17
1946193170	Polypeptide	single linear chain of many amino acids, held together by amide bonds	18
1946193171	Codons	a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis	19
1946193172	Stop Codons	nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation. UGA, UAG, UAA	20
1946193173	Anticodons	a sequence of three nucleotides in a region of transfer RNA that recognizes a complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation	21
1946193174	Initiation	...1st step in translation of RNA. Two step process to establish exactly where translation will begin, ensuring that the mRNA codons are translated in the correct sequence of amino acids.	22
1946193175	Elongation	...Aminoacyl tRNA brings a new amino acid to the A site. And the binding occurs due to cod an/anticodon recognition	23
1946193176	Termination	...tells the polymerase to stop by Release Factors which bind with stop codons in the A site; add water to release the chain from final tRNA, mRNA is released and free	24
1946193177	promoter	DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription, contains the TATA box	25
1946193178	TATA box	a promoter DNA sequence	26
1946193179	direction for processing mRNA	DNA-3 to 5, mRNA-5 to 3	27
1946193180	transcription factors	proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase	28
1946193181	RNA splicing	removal of large portions of RNA molecule that is initially synthesized-long noncoding sequences, not continuous(split into segments)	29
1946193182	introns	intervening sequences that do not code-stay in the nucleus, refer to both the DNA and RNA sequences that encode them	30
1946193183	exons	EXIT the nucleus, because they will be coded	31
1946193184	wobble	pairing with tRNA -can be different anticodons synonymous for a given amino acid; allows 45 rRNA molecules to service all the different types of codons on the mRNA	32
1946193185	point mutation	single base pair of a gene, can be harmful, not fatal, a disease for instance, only affects one amino acid	33
1946193186	insertions and deletions	add or loss-causes a frame shift-can be disastrous	34
1946193187	Bacteria	..prokaryotic cells that consists of 1 double stranded circular DNA.	35
1946193188	operon	...promoter/operator pair that services multiple genes	36
1946193189	operator	...a short sequence near the promoter that assists in transcription by interacting with regulatory proteins(factors)	37
1946193190	regulator	...enhancer, DNA region that is influences transcription by interacting with specific transcription factors	38
1946193191	repressor	...protein that prevents the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter site	39
1946193192	inducer	...molecule that binds to and inactivates a repressor	40
1946193193	pyrimidine	Thymine and cytosine, single ring structure, will match with a purine	41
1946193194	purine	adenosine and guanine, double ring structure, will match with a pyrimidine	42
1946193195	helicase	unzips the helix of DNA to start replication and protein synthesis	43
1946193196	P site	the site the polypeptide bond of the protein, A site is behind it "new ___" is bonding the amino acid from the A site, and the "old P" site release the tRNA	44
1946193197	DNA methylation	addition of methyl, CH3, to DNA which renders DNA inactive, ex. Barr Bodies	45
1946193198	virus	parasitic infectious agent that can only survive on a host, only DNA and a capsid(protein coat)	46
1946193199	retrovirus	RNA virus that carries an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, EX: HIV virus of AIDS, reverse transcription	47
1946193200	lytic cycle	the cell produces many viral offspring which are released from the cell and kill the host cell in the process	48
1946193201	lysogenic cycle	the virus falls dormant and incorporates its DNA into the host DNA as an entity(provirus). Viral DNA is reproduced every time, staying alive, never killing the host. Can enter into a lytic cycle	49
1946193202	plasmids	circular DNA in bacteria, with only a few genes, replicate independent of the main chromosome	50
1946193203	binary fission	bacteria's reproductive process, replicates DNA and pinches in half, so identical to parent	51
1946193204	transformation	uptake of foreign DNA, use of proteins on the surface of cells that snag pieces of DNA	52
1946193205	Griffith's experiment	bacteria Strep which is either rough(non virulent) or smooth(virulent)-->passes the virulent strain because they were transformed	53
1946193206	virulent	strain that contracts the illness	54
1946193207	bacteriophage	a virus that infects bacteria, by latching on the surface of a cell and firing the DNA into the cell	55
1946193208	transduction	movement of genes from one cell to another by phages, specialized or specialized	56
1946193209	generalized transduction	creating a new cell to resistant to penicillin by a phage virus infecting and taking over a bacterial cell that contains a functional gene for resistance to penicillin	57
1946193210	specialized transduction	virus that is in the lysogenic cycle, resting quietly along with the other DNA of the host cell. If the new phage offspring attaches to a cell that is not penicillin resistant and injects its DNA and crossover occurs, specialized transduction occurred.	58
1946193211	recombinant DNA	when DNA fragments with sticky ends reconnect with other DNA fragments. For genetic engineering to move DNA from one source to another.	59

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Chapters 1-4 of the American Pageant Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 of the 14th Edition of the American Pageant, based on a sophomore A.P U.S History class.

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1677442222	Aztecs	in Mexico, genius civilizations, technology far in advance, corn - staple crop	0
1677442223	Pueblo Indians	lived in the Rio Grand Valley, corn planting, irrigation systems, terraced homes built in rock	1
1677442224	Nation States	dense concentration of population, not in North American until the settlers came	2
1677442225	Mound Builders	in the Ohio Valley, the lower Midwestern Region, Anasazi people in the Southwest, used pueblo idea for civilization, buried their dead in the mounds	3
1677442226	Three-sister farming	(beans, squash, and maize) beans grew on the cornstalks and squash retaining the moisture from the soiled, wet ground to help the corn and beans grow	4
1677442227	Iroquois Confederacy	robust military alliance with five tribes (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas), fell apart during the American Revolution	5
1677442228	Christian Crusaders	indirect discoveries of America (first, not actually Columbus or the Vikings), failed to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims (1/4 Crusades won), wanted silk, drugs, perfumes, draperies, spices and sugar (which were all very expensive in Europe)	6
1677442230	Marco Polo	Italian explorer who "went" to China, but wrote a book detailing his discoveries, and really went to the Americas	7
1677442231	Caravel	ship that could sail more closely to the wind (could thus travel and ship exports faster), developed mainly by Portugal mariners for fast transportation of goods and quick profit	8
1677442232	Christopher Columbus	Italian explorer, America - actually landed in the Bahamas and saw and island, thought he had landed in the "Indies" (he was searching for India), the most successful failure ever	9
1677442235	Treaty of Tordesillas	secured claim on Christopher Columbus's discovery, dividing the "heathen lands" unevenly between Spain and Portugal (Spain got more land and is the dominating power at this time)	10
1677442236	Spanish Conquistadores	land conquerors for Spain who searched the Caribbean and the mainlands of the Americas	11
1677442237	Vasco Nunez Balboa*	"discovered" the Pacific Ocean	12
1677442238	Ferdinand Magellan	"discovered" the Strait of Magellan First to circumnavigate globe (died halfway)	13
1677442239	Juan Ponce de Leon*	explored Florida, not the Fountain of Youth as commonly thought	14
1677442240	Francisco Coronado	Spanish explorer of American South-West	15
1677442241	Hernando de Soto*	discovered the Mississippi River	16
1677442242	Francisco Pizarro	ruled Incas of Peru and gave money to Spanish coffers	17
1677442243	Capitalism	economic system supplied by growth of money	18
1677442244	Encomienda*	allowed government to command Native Americans to certain colonists to Christianize them	19
1677442245	Hernan Cortez	left Cuba, and took over the Aztecs in a bloody battle, intermarried to create a culture	20
1677442246	Mestizos*	people of mixed European and Indian heritage	21
1677442247	John Cabot	finds Newfoundland (island in North Atlantic) - great fishing	22
1677442249	Pope's Rebellion	Indian uprising due to forced religious customs where priests and Spanish settlers killed	23
1677442250	Black Legend	French/English name for Spanish/colonies trips because of all disease spread and enslavement of blacks (banned 13th amendment)	24
1677442251	Reformation	major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church	25
1677442252	Matrilineal	inheriting descent through the female line (Iroquois)	26
1677442253	Spanish Armada	Spanish fleet crushed by England's fleet, England grew strong, but became burdened with surplus population (Feat of Spanish Armada storm hist channel when attacking because of British Pirates and devastates spanish fleet)	27
1677442254	Primogeniture	eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates, caused bad luck in lone-wolf enterprises	28
1677442255	Joint-Stock Company	enabled a number of investors to pool their money together	29
1677442256	Virginia Company	a joint-stock company with a charter for a settlement in the New World, became Jamestown	30
1677442257	Charter	legal document granted in the government to implement a stated purpose	31
1677442259	Sir Walter Raleigh	organized the expedition that became Roanoke Island (fancied Elizabeth - convinces her to start permanent colony in America soutehern virginia/NC)	32
1677442260	Roanoke Island	first failed English colony - 100 people	33
1677442261	John Smith	saved Jamestown from starvation, kidnapped by Powhatan Indian Tribe (mock execution) and saved by chief's daughter Pocahontas	34
1677442262	Pocahontas	created peace between the Indians and settlers, daughter of Powhatan, "saved" John Smith	35
1677442263	Powhatan	Indian chief, created mock execution to display power over settlers	36
1677442265	First Anglo-Powhatan War	Lord de la Warr against Indians (killed, burned, scalped, etc.), ended with marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas (1614)	37
1677442266	John Rolfe	Pocahontas's husband, father of the sweet tobacco industry that saves Jamestown - son named Thomas	38
1677442267	Second Anglo-Powhatan War	Indian's last effort to dislodge Virginians, epic failure	39
1677442269	House of Burgesses	first parliament in America, representative government	40
1677442270	Lord Baltimore	founded Maryland, governor, catholic haven	41
1677442273	Act of Toleration	in Maryland, guaranteed toleration to Christians but death penalty to others (Jews, atheists, etc.)	42
1677442274	Indentured Servants	in exchange for travel to America, bound men to a colonial employer for service for 7-10 years (recied land and money after)	43
1677442276	Oliver Cromwell*	rebel civil war leader in England, ruled for almost a decade	44
1677442278	Squatters*	groups of poverty stricken and religious dissenters living on land without legal right to the soil	45
1677442279	James Oglethorpe	statesman who didn't want slavery in Georgia (founder), repelled Spanish attacks	46
1677442280	Slave codes*	defined a slave's legal status and their mater's prerogatives	47
1677442287	Mayflower Compact	(1620) agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth,created a foundation of self-government in the colony	48
1677442288	Massachusetts Bay Colony	established by non-separating Puritans, grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies	49
1677442290	Navigation Laws	series of laws passed to regulate colonial shipping;all imports and exports - England	50
1677442291	Glorious/Bloodless Revolution	(1688) relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with William III and Mary, daughter of James II (showed that parliament had ultimate power)	51
1677442292	Salutary Neglect	unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War	52
1677442293	Great Migration*	migration of seventy-thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies	53
1677442296	John Calvin	religious leader influenced by Martin Luther-created his own religion, Calvinism (most influential of protestant theologians)	54
1677442297	Calvinism	formed by John Calvin instigates that God is all-powerful and all knowing. Humans were weak and evil. He knew who was going to hell and who was going to heaven	55
1677442298	Blue Laws	laws that regulate morality and personal behavior (PDA, drinking)	56
1677442299	Fundamental Orders	document that established a regime that was democratically controlled by the "substantial" citizens (first constitution in Americas)	57
1677442300	3 parts of history	- Ancient - beginning of mankind - (collapse of Ancient Roman Empire) -Medieval - collapse of Roman Empire - invention of printing press -Modern - printing press - today	58
1677442301	mayans	thrived during european middle ages - knowledge of math, solar system, and developed hieroglyphics (Spanish took over and destroyed library of knowledge in Central America)	59
1682994768	Cherokee	Tennessee-south (still exists) democratic government since 1800 - always had two leaders (war time leaders/ peace time)	60
1682994769	Modern European History	Renaissance (1400s) "rebirth"	61
1682994770	Age of Ancient Discovery	Wars - Christians vs. Muslim (300 years) 7 major crusades (lost all but 1 - 3rd crusade - Richard the Lion Heart of England)	62
1682994771	Discovery of America (why?)	Europe needs new trade route to Asia (Silk Road) - Portugal takes over sea expedition (sailing coast of Africa - Diaz makes to tip of Africa, Da Goma sails from Europe to Asia (10 years), Columbus - Portugal to America Oct. 12, 1492 (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria))	63
1682994772	Amerigo Vespucci	sails to South America and makes map of what is seen, know new land mass is not Asia - America named for him	64
1682994773	.	.	65
1682994774	Lief Ericson	came to America around 1,000 and settle Canada	66
1682994775	Magna Carta	signed 1215ish gave rights to Englishmen that monarchy couldn't take away	67
1682994776	3 families of England	Tudor - came to power 1485 Stuart - Hanover -	68
1682994777	1.King Henry VII 2.Henry VIII 3.Edward VI 4.Mary 5.Elizabeth 6.James I 7.Charles I 8.Oliver Cromwell 9.Charles II 10.James II 11. William and Mary 12. Anne 13.George I	1.1485-1509 2.1509-1547 3.1547-1553 4.1553-1558 5.1558-1603 6.1603-1625 7.1625-49 8.1649-1660 9.1660-1685 10.1685-1688 11.1688-1702 12.1702-1714 (1485-1509-1547-1553-1558-1603-1625-1649-1660-1685-1688-1702-1714-?)	69
1691318310	Columbus (date)	1492	70
1691318311	Jamestown (date)	1607	71
1691318312	Puritans - Massachusetts (date)	1630	72
1691318313	first blacks and first women in America / House of Burgesses (date)	1619	73
1691318314	Pilgrims come over (date)	1620	74
1691318315	last Ice age ends (date)	10,000BC	75
1691318316	French and Indian War (date)	1754-63	76
1691318317	Restoration of Monarchy in England (date)	1660	77
1691318318	Glorious Revolution, William and Mary come to power, Enlgish King kicked out (date)	1688	78
1691318319	Catherine and Henry VIII	intermarried Spain and England (originally older brother Arthur but died)	79
1691318320	Civil War in England	cavaliers (supported Monarch, aristocrats) vs. roundheads (commoners, puritan, supported Parliament) - roundheads win by executing Charles I (new king elected)	80
1691318321	2 major things - James I	made english translation of bible, first permanent english colonies established	81
1691318322	rebellion in 1776 because...	charter said same rights as englishmen, but not give	82
1691318323	Jamestown (ships)	3 ships - Discovery Susan, Constant, and Godspeed, tobacco becomes cash crop, saved by John Smith	83
1691318324	Pilgrims	separatist protestants persecuted in england, went to holland but didn't like dutch speaking, colony in plymouth (lasts 70 years), sign mayflower compact for some legality - survive because Squanto	84
1691318325	yankees	Algonquin for "white man", southerners - rebels; northerners - yankees	85
1691318326	Habeous Corpus	"present body" government cannot arrest without evidence (no unjust imprisonmen)	86
1691318327	Patriot Act	allows our government to arrest individuals without due process of the law if believed to be involved in terrorist activities	87
1691318328	"the Old Pretender"	James Francis Stuart - catholic so never becomes king	88
1691318329	British Parliament	Bicameral - House of Lords (not elected - aristocratic families have position for life) / House of Commons (elected)	89
1691318330	Mercantilism	economic theory that colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country (wealth taken from colonies)	90
1691318331	Colonies government	governor (chief executive - ran colony) + Colonial Assembly (bicameral - Legislative branch and judicial branch)	91
1691318332	Royal Colonies	VA, NC, SC, NY, GA, NJ, NH, MA governor and upper chamber promoted by king, lower chamber elected by colonists	92
1691318333	Proprietary colonies	PA, DE, MD owned by an aristocratic family	93
1691318334	Self-governed colonies	RI, CT owned by no one	94
1691318335	New England Colonies	MA, NH, CT, RI - puritans (massachusetts was settled first) free public edu to read bible, farming, fishing, lumbering	95
1691318336	Middle Colonies	mixture of nationalities, fertile lands, produced surplus food	96
1691318337	Southern Colonies	VA, MD, NC, SC, GA, most like Britain in social affairs, political affairs, and economy, based off tobacco and cotton	97
1691318338	plantar class	people with social, economic, and political power (plantation owner)	98
1691318339	New France	Canada, Quebec City, Champlain = "Father of Canada", tried not to interfere with natives except religion	99
1691318340	Jesuits	order of the society of jesus, largest order of catholic priests, "black robes",	100
1691318341	World religions	French - Catholic English - Protestant Spanish - Catholic	101
1691318342	French and Indian War	"Seven Years War fighting over Ohio Valley (first global war)	102

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Modern Art History, Paintings and Sculptures of the 1900s Flashcards

SRJC 2012 History of Modern Art midterm 2

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2220466232	Ernst Kirchner, "Street" 1913, Expressionism	0
2220466233	Picasso, "Family of Saltimbanques" 1905	1
2220466234	Picasso, "Des Demoiselles d'Avignon" 1907, Cubism	2
2220466235	Picasso, "Ma Jolie" 1912, analytic cubism	3
2220466236	Umberto Boccioni, "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space" 1913, bronze, Futurism	4
2220466237	Marcel Duchamp, "Fountain" 1917, DADA	5
2220466240	Le Corbusier, "Villa Savoye" 1930, early modern architecture	6
2220466241	Mondrian, Composition with Yellow, Red and Blue (series)	7
2220466243	Jackson Pollock, "Autumn Rhythm" 1950 aluminum paint, abstract expressionism	8

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Modern Art History, Paintings and Sculptures of the 1900s Flashcards

SRJC 2012 History of Modern Art midterm 2

Terms : Hide Images

2471353450	Ernst Kirchner, "Street" 1913, Expressionism	0
2471353451	Picasso, "Family of Saltimbanques" 1905	1
2471353452	Picasso, "Des Demoiselles d'Avignon" 1907, Cubism	2
2471353453	Picasso, "Ma Jolie" 1912, analytic cubism	3
2471353454	Umberto Boccioni, "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space" 1913, bronze, Futurism	4
2471353455	Marcel Duchamp, "Fountain" 1917, DADA	5
2471353456	Frank Lloyd Write, "Robie House", 1906-1909 "prairie style"	6
2471353457	Cass Gilbert, Woolworth Building	7
2471353458	Le Corbusier, "Villa Savoye" 1930, early modern architecture	8
2471353459	Mondrian, Composition with Yellow, Red and Blue (series)	9
2471353460	Diego Rivera, "The Great City of Tenochtitlan" 1929, mural	10
2471353461	Jackson Pollock, "Autumn Rhythm" 1950 aluminum paint, abstract expressionism	11
2471353462	David Smith, Cubi series of sculptures, welded stainless steel	12

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Ch13 - Sinification of Japan, Korea, Vietnam Flashcards

China influenced Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

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1330374870	What indigenous influence remained central to Japanese cultural development?	Shinto religion	0
1330374871	What were the Taika reforms? What was the result of it?	attempt to make Japanese monarch into a Chinese-style emperor; failed at a professional bureaucracy and peasant army; restored aristocratic power, local leaders	1
1330374872	How were the Japanese scholars influenced by the Chinese?	language, court etiquette, temples, art	2
1330374873	What religion did the Japanese mesh with the kami (nature spirits)?	Buddhism	3
1330374874	What two social classes opposed Chinese/Confucian influence in Japan? How did the Japanese emperor try to offset them?	Buddhists and aristocracy Moved capital from Nara to Heian (Kyoto)	4
1330374875	The court life during the Heian period focused on aesthetic delights and behavior. What was the literature like?	Verse writing (poems) The Tale of Genji: told of mannered Japanese society	5
1330374876	What was the role of women in Japan?	creative role: music, poems, scheming, power struggle	6
1330374877	Who was the Fujiwara family?	aristocratic family that assisted in the decline of imperial rule	7
1330374878	How did the elite families live?	carved out mini-states with bushi (warrior leaders) self-sufficient	8
1330374879	Why was it impossible for a Japanese free peasantry? What did the peasantry turn to?	peasants became serfs rigid class barriers (to the warrior elite) pure land Buddhism	9
1330374880	What were some of the signs that Chinese influence was declining?	no heavenly mandate or centralized power no scholar-gentry b/c of aristocracy Buddhism transformed Tang Dynasty decline	10
1330374881	What were the Gempei Wars?	war between provincial families (Taira and Minamoto) that marked the beginning of the Feudal Age/bakufu (military government); Kamakura capital	11
1330374882	Who were the shoguns?	military leaders of the bakufu	12
1330374883	As the Kamakura regime weakened, where did the actual power lay?	Hojo family > Minamoto family > puppet emperor	13
1330374884	What happened as a result of defeating the "real" emperor at Yoshino?	power of warlords grew, decline of court aristocracy, peasantry, competitors	14
1330374885	How did the Ashikaga shogunate self-destruct? What happened as a result?	rival heirs fought at Kyoto 300 mini-kingdoms, daimyo (post-bushi)	15
1330374886	Society under the daimyo (300 mini-states) was chaotic, but in what ways did the economy develop?	tax collection, irrigation, migration incentives, new tools/animals/crops, guilds	16
1330374887	What was the role of women during the warrior states period? After?	primogeniture, disinheritance merchant and artisan women had independence	17
1330374888	What happened to the arts?	Zen Buddhism Shintoism simplistic views, gracefulness, elaborate rituals, tea	18
1330374889	What groups of people did the Koreans descend from that differentiate them from China?	Machurian and Siberian	19
1330374890	How did Chinese influence begin in Korea?	conquest of Choson (earliest kingdom) by Han	20
1330374891	What group of tribal people resisted Chinese rule and created an independent state? Who was its rivals?	Koguryo kingdom (north) Silla and Paekche kingdoms (SE, SW)	21
1330374892	How was early Korea influenced by China? ... Sinification	Buddhism language, education, attempt at bureaucracy (opposed	22
1330374893	How did the Tang Dynasty influence Silla?	mini-Tang kingdom; sent emissaries and tribute; peace with China, learning, art, manufactured goods, Confucian examination system	23
1330374894	What were the lives of the Korean elite/aristocracy like?	dominated imperial government artistic and entertainment pursuits (no meritocracy) Buddhism advanced technology, porcelain	24
1330374895	How did Chinese influence end in Korea?	Silla alliance with Tang; defeated Koguryo and Paekche Silla became a tribute state; independent Korea	25
1330374896	What was the main cause for the decline of the Koryo kingdom? How was it renewed?	commoners revolt (against "elite civilization") aristocratic families quarrel; outside invasions Yi Dynasty (aristocratic power after Mongol invasion)	26
1330374897	How did the Vietnamese first come into contact with the Chinese?	Qin raids; Viet-Chinese trade established	27
1330374898	Who did the Vietnamese conquer that made them a "distinct ethnic group?"	Red River Valley peoples (Khmers, Tais, south)	28
1330374899	How did Vietnamese culture differ from Chinese culture?	language, nuclear family (immediate), women independence, dress, etiquette, Buddhism, art, literature	29
1330374900	How were the Vietnamese influenced by the Chinese?	Qin conquered, Han influenced bureaucracy, schooling, agricultural techniques, military organization	30
1330374901	What were some "roots of resistance" to Sinification in Vietnam?	aristocratic and peasant revolts (Trung sisters) failure to assimilate peasantry Chinese growing disdain for Vietnamese customs	31
1330374902	What allowed the Vietnamese to win independence from China? What influences lived on?	strong sense of identity/united resistance distances and barriers, few garrisons, Tang Dynasty collapse; free until French invasion bureaucracy, Chinese-style palaces and imperial rule, civil exams, Confucian education	32
1330374903	How was the role of the scholar-gentry in Vietnam different from those in China?	identified with peasantry; looked out for local interests and served as leaders in village uprisings; Buddhists more respected	33
1330374904	Who did the Vietnamese defeat as the migrated south into the Red River Valley? How did they accomplish this?	Chams and Khmers Chinese-style military organization and bureaucracy high population	34
1330374905	What characterized the division between the peoples of Vietnam?	southern people - less responsive b/c of distance Nguyen (north) vs Trinh (south); fought to unite Vietnam under one monarch	35

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Chapter 13 - Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties Flashcards

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1948610258	What centuries did the Tang and Song dyansty rule?	7th century to late 13th	0
1948610259	True or False: The Tang and Song dynasties were the largest empires on earth both in population and in territory.	True	1
1948610260	the capital of the Song rulers which was renowned for its beauty and sophistication; location near river and coast allowed its traders and artisans to prosper through the sale of goods and the manufacture of products from materials drawn from throughout chinas as well as overseas; Marco Polo said it was. "the most noble city and the best that is in this world." city had many attractions and things could do enjoyed mainly by the elite social groups	Hangzhou	2
1948610261	True or False: Hangzhou had centralized control and a strong military that brought long periods of peace.	True	3
1948610262	True or False: The emergence of the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century C.E. signaled a return to strong dynastic control in China.	True	4
1948610263	Dynasty that succeeded the Han dynasty in China during the early 580's; emerged from strong rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered south China	Sui Dynasty	5
1948610264	a member of the prominent north Chinese noble family, forged a marriage alliance with the northern Zhou empire, eventually seized the throne of his son-in-law and proclaimed himself emperor	Yang Jian	6
1948610265	recently united much of the north china plain by defeating several rival rulers; forged a marriage alliance with Yang Jian who eventually seized the throne	Zhou empire	7
1948610266	Wendi	title taken by Yang Jian which means Literally Emperor	8
1948610267	Wendi eventualy attacked a.) the weakened Chen kingdom b.) fierce mongol empire c.) the Sui dynasty d.) the fulwider nation	a.)	9
1948610268	Who reunited the traditional core areas of Chinese civilization for the first time in over three and a half centuries? a.)Wendi b.) Yang Jian c.) Temujin d.)both a and b e.) Chang'an f.) both c and e	d.)	10
1948610269	True or False: Wendi lowered taxes and established granaries, won widespread support large landholders and peasants were taxed a portion of their crops to keep the granaries filled, Laid political unifications, and economic prosperity	True	11
1948610270	True or False: political unifications and economic prosperity strengthened by Wendi's grandson.	False it was his son, Yangdi.	12
1948610271	Second member of the Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618	Yangdi	13
1948610272	True or False: Yangdi extended fathers conquests drove back nomadic intruders	True	14
1948610273	Who established a military legal code ?	Yangdi	15
1948610274	Was Yangdi a supporter of Confucian education?	Yes	16
1948610275	Did Yangdi like the scholar gentry?	Yes	17
1948610276	What Ruler was overly fond of luxury and extravagant construction projects, and forced peasants to build him palaces?	Yangdi	18
1948610277	What was the name of the new capital city Yangdi built?	Luoyang	19
1948610278	Yangdi lead peasants into a series of of unsuccessful wars to bring what two things back into Chinese rule from 611-614?	Korea and the Turkic nomands	20
1948610279	How did the series of of unsuccessful wars from 611-614 affect Yangdi?	set in motion widespread revolts throughout the empire, and he was eventually assassinated by his own ministers in 618	21
1948610280	(566-635) Also known as Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu; The dissolution of the imperial order was averted by the military skills and political savvy of him	Li Yuan	22
1948610281	Second son of Li Yuan, who helped finish laying the basis for the golden age of the Tang, that his father began	Tang Taizong	23
1948610282	Dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E.; more stable than the previous dynasty	Tang Dynasty	24
1948610283	How far did the Tang dynasty conquer?	deep into central Asia as far as present-day Afghanistan, empire extended to parts of Tibet	25
1948610284	What kind of armies did the Tang dynasty create?	Frontier armies	26
1948610285	668 emperor who overrun Korea	Gaozong	27
1948610286	What were the early Tang goals?	to expand and rebuild the imperial bureaucracy	28
1948610287	What did the scholar-gentry elite attempt to do during the Tang period?	reworked confucian ideology	29
1948610288	True or false: The Tang rulers used scholar-gentry bureaucracy to offset the power of the aristocracy.	True	30
1948610289	district level , roughly equivalent to an American country	Subprefecture	31
1948610290	Political power was shared by a succession of _(a.)___ and the bureaucrats of the ____(b.)_____.	a. imperial families b.civil system	32
1948610291	The Executive Department of the Tang dynasty was divided into how many ministries?	6	33
1948610292	During the Tang dynasty their chief task was to keep track of the officials at all levels, andreport misdeeds or failings	Bureau of Censors	34
1948610293	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million , larger than any other city in the world at that time	Chang'an	35
1948610294	What did the examination system teach?	moral and organizational principles essential to effective administrators	36
1948610295	Administered examinations to students from Chinese governments schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars; highest officials could only be gained by those who were able to pass the exams; legal classics at the highest imperial or metropolitan level	Ministry of Rites	37
1948610296	Title granted to the students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office; success in exams at all levels won candidates special social status; exempt from corporal punishment	Jinshi	38
1948610297	What was important in securing high office, even with the ministry of rites	birth family connections, as well as ethnic and regional ties	39
1948610298	Increasing state patronage for Confucian learning threatened what two groups?	the old aristocratic families and the Buddhist monastic orders	40
1948610299	True or false: Many pre-Tang rulers were confucian.	False, many pre-Tang rulers were Buddhists, and there were Buddhist sects were all over China	41
1948610300	Emphasizes salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses of Chinese society; seemed to provide a refuge from and age of war and turmoil	Pure Land Buddhism	42
1948610301	Known as Zen in Japan; stressed the meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society	Chan Buddhism	43
1948610302	What was the goal for those who followed Chan land Buddhism	to come to know the ultimate wisdom, and thus find release from the cycle of rebirth.	44
1948610303	How do Chan Buddhist's find release from the cycle of rebirth.	through the introspective meditation	45
1948610304	Give an example of a treatise that expresses the nature of the level of consciousness through poetic metaphors and riddles.	the Hymn of Wisdom	46
1948610305	Known as Chan in China; stressed the meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty had great appeal for the educated class in China	Zen Buddhism	47
1948610306	What made Buddhism a strong social, economic, and political force by the time of the Tang unification?	The combination of royal patronage and widespread conversion at both the elite and mass levels	48
1948610307	How did Tang emperors treat buddhism?	continued to patronized Buddhism while trying to promote education in the Confucian classic	49
1948610308	endowed monasteries; sent emissaries to India to collect tects and relics and commissioned Buddhist paintings and statuary	Taizong	50
1948610309	(690-705) Tang ruler in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhist to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created	Empress Wu	51
1948610310	Buddhism flourished under what ruler in the Tang era?	Empress Wu	52
1948610311	The Buddhist successes during the reign of Empress Wu aroused envy of what two rival religions?	Confucian/Daoist	53
1948610312	How did Daoist monks tried to counter Buddhism's appeals to the masses?	by stressing their own magical and predictive powers	54
1948610313	What was most damaging to the fortunes of Buddhism during the anti-buddhist Backlash?	gowning campaign of Confucian scholar-administrators	55
1948610314	What were the Confucian scholar-administrators trying to convince the Tang rulers about the Buddhist's?	that they posed a fundamental economic challenge to the imperial order.	56
1948610315	What two things did Confucian scholar-administrators show the Tang rulers as evidence to back up their claims against the Buddhist economic challenge?	1. monastic lands/resources not taxed 2. state denied labor power	57
1948610316	(841- 847) Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840's; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology	Wuzong	58
1948610317	Did Chinese Buddhism Survive the repression during the late Tang rule?	Yes, but they were weakened and never again would have that amount of political influence/wealth	59
1948610318	Did the Tang assault on the Buddhist's weaken or strengthen imperial control.	weaken	60
1948610319	married into the imperial family, poisoned her husband who was the son of Empress Wu , placed her own small child on the throne; this was a second attempt to control the throne from a woman; another prince led a palace revolt that ended with the destruction of her and her supporters	Empress Wei	61
1948610320	Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, although he encouraged overexpansion; his royal concubine was Yang Guifei;	Xuanzong	62
1948610321	Who was the prince led a palace revolt that ended with the destruction of Wei and her supporters?	Xuanzong	63
1948610322	Who marked the peak of the Tang power and the high point of Chinese civilization, and had strong interest in political and economic reforms?	Xuanzong	64
1948610323	716-756) Royal concubine during the reign of Xuanzong; introduction of her relatives into royal administration led a revolt; beautiful young woman; eventually he rose her from a regular concubine to the royal one; Xuanzong became infatuated with her; from the harem of one of the imperial princes; very ambitious	Yang Guifei	65
1948610324	What relationship was one of the most ill-fated romances in all of Chinese history?	Yang Guifei's and Xuanzong's	66
1948610325	one of the emperors main military rulers; was a general of nomadic origins, who in 755 led a widely supported revolt against the Tang dynasty and Xuanzong with the aim of founding a new dynasty; this revolt led to the execution of Yang Guifei if	An Lushan	67
1948610326	Founder of the Song dynasty originally a general following the fall of the Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent; emerged to reunite China; one of the most honest and noble generals; scholarly man; subordinates and regular troops insisted him to become emperor	Zhao Kuangyin	68
1948610327	Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from the Song dynasty in China	Liao Dynasty	69
1948610328	Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to the Song dynasty in China but they were influenced by the Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in the 11th century;	Khitans	70
1948610329	What is the word that means influenced by Chinese culture	Sinified	71
1948610330	What did the Liao dynasty force the Song to do?	to sign a series of humiliating treaties, and pay very heavy tributes to keep the Liao from raiding them	72
1948610331	During the Song Dynasty where the military above or below the civilian administrators of the scholar-gentry?	below	73
1948610332	Who were only allowed to be governors during the Song era?	civil officers	74
1948610333	Early Song rulers strongly promoted the interests of what?	Confucian scholar-gentry	75
1948610334	What did the Song Dynasty do to the civil service exams?	fully routinized every 3 years, and given at three different levels: district, provincial, imperial	76
1948610335	Did the Song or Tang pass a higher percentage of people on the civil service exams?	Song	77
1948610336	What happened to the Song bureaucracy?	It became bloated	78
1948610337	What is the order of the Dynasties in China?	Han Zhou Sui Tang Song/Liao Southern Song	79
1948610338	(1130 - 1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed the importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action	Zhu Xi	80
1948610339	Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.	Neo-Confucians	81
1948610340	How did the neo-confucians say you could obtain virtue?	by knowledge gained by book learning and personal observation	82
1948610341	What did the neo-confucians put emphasis on?	tradition and hostility to foreign influences, rank, obligation, deference, and traditional rituals reinforced class, age, and gender distinctions	83
1948610342	What did the neo-confucians Believe that historical experience was used for?	was the best guide for navigating the uncertain terrain of the future	84
1948610343	Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of NW China; one of regionals kingdoms during the period of southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226	Tangut	85
1948610344	Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of the Song kingdom, in mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry; army nearly 1 million soldiers; Song paid them to protect their Northern borders	Xi Xia	86
1948610345	Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in the 1070's; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society; tried to correct the grave defects in the imperial order; introduced cheap loans and government assisted irrigation projects to encourage agriculture expansion; taxed the landlord and scholarly class increase in revenue	Wang Anshi	87
1948610346	What did Wang Anshi try to do with the examination system?	tried to reorganize university education and reorient the examination system	88
1948610347	Founders of the Jin Kingdom that succeeded the Liao in Northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to the south.	Jurchens	89
1948610348	Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by the Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing the Liao dynasty; ended in 1234.	Jin	90
1948610349	Rump state of the Song dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Song; culturally one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.	South Song	91
1948610350	Built in the 7th century during the reign of Yangdi during the Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the North China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long	Grand Canal	92
1948610351	rice-growing areas in the south were fast becoming major food producing areas of the empire	Yangzi basin	93
1948610352	What did the canal system in the Tang and Song era's promote?	commercial expansion	94
1948610353	Which dynasty re-opened the Persian silk trade-rout?	Tang	95
1948610354	What did China mainly export?	manufactured goods to overseas areas	96
1948610355	What did China mainly import?	luxury products	97
1948610356	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of Malayan peninsula; best ships in the world in this period	Junks	98
1948610357	heightened role of commerce and money economy in Chinese life was readily apparent in these; found in all cities and major towns; filled with shops and stalls that sold products; Gov't supervised the hours and marketing methods; guilds formed here	Market Quarters	99
1948610358	Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency; could be used as a reimbursement at an appropriate office in the city of destination 11th	Flying Money	100
1948610359	True or False: the number of people living in large cities was far greater than that found in any civilizations until after the Industrial revolution	true	101
1948610360	True or False: Tang and Song officials actively encouraged peasant groups to migrate where?	to uncultivated areas or those occupied by shifting cultivators or peoples of non-chinese descent.	102
1948610361	What did the state supported military garrisons of the Tang and Song Era's do?	protect new settlements subdue non-chinese peoples	103
1948610362	True or false: the moldbord was invented at this time	false it was the wheelbarrow	104
1948610363	What policies did the Tang and Song adopt?	breaking up the great estates of the old aristocracy and distributing land more equitably among the free peasant households of the empire	105
1948610364	did the number of free peasentry increase or deacrease during the Tang and Song era's? Why?	Increase because of the agrarian movements and measures that were being accomplished at this time	106
1948610365	During the Tang dynasty what did a curved room mean?	people with high rank lived in that household	107
1948610366	True or false position of women showed signs of improving under Tang and Song Eras	False, the position improved during the Tang buy declined during the Song	108
1948610367	What was the male dominated hierarchy promoted by?	Confucianism	109
1948610368	Women of upper classes in urban areas, the opportunities for personal expression_______ in the Tang and early Song	increased	110
1948610369	________ women could yield considerable power in highest levels of Chinese society	Tang	111
1948610370	Was divorce allowed during the Tang and Song rule?	yes, but only by mutual consent of both husband and wife	112
1948610371	the assertion of male dominance was pronounced in the thinkings of ______________ philosophers	Neo-Confucian	113
1948610372	Neo-Confucian stressed women's role as...?	homemaker, mother, and bearer of sons to continue the patrilineal family line.	114
1948610373	Did Neo-Confucian's advocate confining women?	Yes	115
1948610374	What did the Neo-Confucian's say about Men and sex?	allowed to have premarital sex without scandal; take concubines if they could afford them; remarry if their first wife dies	116
1948610375	Did the Neo-Confucian's include women in education?	No	117
1948610376	What was one of the most important things was epitomized by late Song women and Neo-Confucian's?	Footbinding	118
1948610377	Were the Tang and Song remembered by their Artistic accomplishments ?	Yes, The Tang and Song eras are remembered by the accomplishments in science, technology, literature, and fine arts	119
1948610378	Name one thing invented in the Tang and Song era's.	Compass, explosive powder, and abacus.	120
1948610379	Who was responsible for the artistic and literary creativity of the Tang and Song eras?	The scholar-gentry elite.	121
1948610380	What were educated people in the Tang and Song periods educated people were expected to practice?	skillful writing and painting	122
1948610381	Did the Buddhists or the Confucian scholar gentry produce more art?	Confucian scholar gentry	123
1948610382	(701-762) Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. The name is alternatively spelled Li Po and Li Bai.	Li Bo	124
1948610383	Most of the landscape paintings were created by which class?	scholar-gentry class	125
1948610384	What did the scholar-gentry class do in their paintings?	they pulled together diverse aspects of Chinese civilization; and signed their paintings	126
1948610385	The artists of the paintings were concerned with a.)depicting natures seasons as the rise and fall of dynasties b.) depicting life's internal struggles through natures violent forces c.) depicting nature accurately d.) creating a highly personal vision of natural beauty	d.)	127
1948610386	Why did the shift of population happen from the North to the South?	Because of the Discovery of rice	128

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APWH Terms Chapter 12: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization:The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties Flashcards

Post Classical Period, 500 CE to 1450 CE.
Ch.12 Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilizattion:The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
The Tang and Song Dynasties become the 2 most Popular and successful in History.

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1149258522	Luoyang	During Wu's reign, the court frequently moved East to this location to recruit officials.	0
1149258523	Xuanzong	Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, though he encouraged overexpansion. Defeated Empress Wei.	1
1149258524	Kublai Khan	Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan; In 1271, he founded the Yuan Dynasty, and became the first Yuan emperor., He defeated the Song Dynasty in the process	2
1149258525	Grand Canal	Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.	3
1149258526	Footbinding	Practice in chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household, Song Dynasty	4
1149258527	Chang'an	The capital city of the Tang Dynasty located in the Wei Valleywhere 2 million people lived during the 700s and 800s... it was the center of government, culture and trade.	5
1149258528	Mahayana Buddhism	Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. Main start in Tang Dynasty	6
1149258529	Yang Jian	Northern ruler who finally ended the Period of Disunion., Founder of Sui Dynasty, considered the "cultured emperor" In Public work: repair Great Wall, constructed Grand Canal, rebuilt former capital Changan, used FORCED laborers; Emperor Wen. Was murdered by his son (the Yangdi Emperor)	7
1149258530	Sui Dynasty	The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China	8
1149258531	Wendi	Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty. ALSO known as Tang Jian, Was murdered by his son (the Yangdi Emperor)	9
1149258532	Yangdi	Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system;Extravagance and luxurious he also built a new palace at Luoyang, forced peasants to build a game park responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; Led his subjects into a series of unsuccesful wars against Korea and he was assassinated in 618.	10
1149258533	Li Yuan	Was the Duke of Tang, he founded the Tang dynasty; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu	11
1149258534	Tang Tiazong	First great Tang emperor, and 2nd son of Li Yuan its founder., Was able to conquer into Afghanistan.	12
1149258535	Gaozong	Third emperor of the Tang Dynasty. He had a stroke and became a vegetable, rendering him unable to technically rule China for several decades. Ws the Husband of Empress Wu. Under his rule, Korea was over run by Chinese Armies ans Silla was created	13
1149258536	Silla	Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.	14
1149258537	Bureau of Censors	A powerful Bureau in Tang era China that tracked all the officials and their records, also conducted the Chinese Census.	15
1149258538	Ministry of Rites	Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars in the Tang Dynasty.	16
1149258539	Jinshi	Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office	17
1149258540	Pure Land	The place where Amida Buddha has vowed to have reborn those who call on his name ten times at death	18
1149258541	Chan Buddhism	Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society	19
1149258542	Zen Buddhism	Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty. Main start in Tang Dynasty	20
1149258543	Empress Wu	Tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhism establishment; she tried to elevate Buddhism to state of religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created	21
1149258544	Hymn to Wisdom	A treatise that followed Chan Buddhism, where the ultimate goal is to achieve and know the ultimate Wisdom and find release from the cycle of rebirth.	22
1149258545	Wuzong	Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology	23
1149258546	Empress Wei	Woman who poisoned her husband, son of Empress Wu, to try and get power but failed.	24
1149258547	Yang Guifei	Royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt.Young woman belonging to harem of Tang prince; raised to status of royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong	25
1149258548	Zhao Kuangyin	Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Emperor Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. Was also a scholary man who collected books while out on campaigns.	26
1149258549	Liao Dynasty	Founded in 907 by Nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; mantained independence from Song dynasty in China.	27
1149258550	Khitan	Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century	28
1149258551	Song Dynasty	(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Taizu(Zhao Kuangyin); by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; Also promoted the scholar gentry over the Military and Aristocracy*landscape black and white paintings, Dynasty that replaced the Tang	29
1149258552	Zhu Xi	Most prominent neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life.	30
1149258553	Neo- Confucians	Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.	31
1149258554	Tangut Tribes	Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China(Tibet; one of the regional kingdoms during period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226, collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry	32
1149258555	Xi Xia	Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry.	33
1149258556	Wang Anshi	Confucian scholar and chief minister of the Song emperor Shenzong in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.	34
1149258557	Shenzong	Emperor who gave power to Wang Anshi to make mainly legalistic changes during the Song Dynasty	35
1149258558	Jurchens	Founders of Qin kingdom(Jin) that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced the Song to flee south.	36
1149258559	Jin	Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by the Jurchens in 115 after overthrowing the Liao dynasty; ended in 1234.	37
1149258560	Southern Song	Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; Culturally, one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.	38
1149258561	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula, especially in the Song and Tang Dynasty's were the BEST ships in the world.	39
1149258562	Flying Money	Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency, (fei-chien) because it could blow out of your hand. Started in Tang Dynasty	40
1149258563	Abacus	An ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters, a tablet placed horizontally on top of the capital of a column as an aid in supporting the architrave, Was introduced in the Song Dynasty	41
1149258564	Li Bo	Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings	42

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Therapies Flashcards

Pscyhological Therapies, Evaluating Therapies, Biomedical Therapies

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2118290408	Psychotherapy	An interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties or wants to achieve personal growth.	0
2118290409	Psychoanalysis	(Sigmund Freud) Uses patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference, and therapist interpretations of them, releasing previously repressed feelings and allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	1
2118290410	Eclectic Approach	An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.	2
2118290411	Psychodynamic Therapy	therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.	3
2118290412	Insight Therapies	A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses	4
2118290413	Client-Centered	A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth.	5
2118290414	Active Listening	Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.	6
2118290415	Unconditional Positive Regard	A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance	7
2118290416	Behavior Therapy	A form of psychotherapy in which disruptive behaviors are changed and human functioning's improved based on learning principles via Classical and/or Operant Conditioning. Focuses more on changing particular behaviors than possible unconscious/underlying factors. (Sometimes called behavior modification or cognitive-behavior therapy)	8
2118290417	Counter-conditioning	A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors (pairs trigger stimulus with fear-incompatible response); includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.	9
2118290418	Exposure Therapies	behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid	10
2118290419	Systematic Desensitization	A type of exposure therapy associating pleasant relaxed state (progressive relaxation) with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.	11
2118290420	Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy	An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears (when anxiety-rousing situations are too expensive, difficult, or embarrassing to recreate)	12
2118290421	Aversive Conditioning	A type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior (think: Clockwork Orange)	13
2118290422	Cognitive Therapy	therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions (deals with less specific psycho-cognitive problems, like depression of general anxiety, which make forming hierarchy of anxiety-triggering situations tough). Includes REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy) and CBT (cognitive behavior therapy)	14
2118290423	Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)	Confrontational Cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges peoples illogical self-defeating attitudes and assumptions	15
2118290424	Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	popular integrative therapy combining cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). Focus on maintaining awareness of irrational negative thoughts and the practice of the replacement thoughts with prevention of relapses.	16
2118290425	Group Therapy	therapy conducted with groups; benefits: saves therapist's time/clients' money; offers social lab ti explore social behaviors and develops social skills; enables understanding others' share problems; feedback provided for newly developing behaviors	17
2118290426	Meta-Analysis	A procedure for statistically combining the conclusions of many different research studies (provides bottom-line results of lots of studies)	18
2118290427	Evidence-Based Practice	Clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences	19
2118290428	Resilience	personal strength helping most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma	20
2118290429	Biomedical Therapy	Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.	21
2118290430	Psychopharmacology	the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior	22
2118290431	Antipsychotic Drugs	Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder	23
2118290432	Anti-anxiety Drugs	drugs used to control anxiety and agitation	24
2118290433	Antidepressant Drugs	Treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD/ utilize SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)	25
2118290434	Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)	A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which brief electric current's sent though anesthetized patient's brain	26
2118290435	Psychosurgery	surgery removing/ destroying brain tissue to alter behavior	27
2118290436	Lobotomy	A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain	28

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Campbell Biology C&C, 7th Edition, Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1120683291	photophores	light-producing organs which emit a soft glow that matches the light filtering down from above	0
1120683292	counter-illumination	what photophores use to blend in with light from above	1
1120683293	bioluminescence	Emission of light by a living organism (i.e. algae) -90% of deep-sea marine life produce this	2
1120683294	fluid mosaic	description of membrane structure, depicting cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids	3
1120683295	selective permeability	a property of cell membranes; allows some substances to cross more easily than others	4
1120683296	thermal motion (heat)	energy used for random movement of molecules	5
1120683297	diffusion	tendency for particles of any kind to spread out evenly in an available space	6
1120683298	concentration gradient	a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases	7
1120683299	equilibrium	when solutions on both sides of a concentration gradient have equal concentration	8
1120683300	passive transport	diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, with no expenditure of energy	9
1120683301	osmosis	diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	10
1120683302	tonicity	the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water	11
1120683303	isotonic	solution that has no effect on passage of water into or out of the cell -cell's volume remains constant -characteristic of IV fluids to blood cells	12
1120683304	flaccid	isotonic plant cells	13
1120683305	hypotonic	a solution with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell	14
1120683306	lysed	in a hypotonic animal cell, when the cell gains water and bursts	15
1120683307	turgid	a hypotonic plant cell; healthy state for most plant cells	16
1120683308	hypertonic	a solution with a higher solute concentration -cell shrivels and can die from water loss	17
1120683309	crenate	hypertonic animal cell	18
1120683310	plasmolyzed	hypertonic plant cell	19
1120683311	osmoregulation	control of water balance in a cell	20
1120683312	facilitated diffusion	passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient -type of passive transport	21
1120683313	aquaporin	transport protein that facilitates diffusion of water across membrane (osmosis) -a single one allows entry or exit of up to 3 billion water molecules per second	22
1120683314	active transport	cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient -energy supplied by ATP	23
1120683315	exocytosis	helps cells export bulky materials like proteins or polysaccharides	24
1120683316	endocytosis	transport process that is the opposite of exocytosis; cells take in large molecules -depression in plasma membrane pinches in and forms vesicle enclosing material that had been outside cell	25
1120683317	phagocytosis	cellular "eating"; a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm	26
1120683318	pseudopodia	used in phagocytosis; wrap around particle packaging it with a membrane-enclosed sac large enough to be called a vacuole, then fuses with a lysosome, who hydrolytic enzymes digest contents of vacuole	27
1120683319	pinocytosis	cellular "drinking"; cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles -NOT SPECIFIC-takes in any and all solutes dissolved in droplets	28
1120683320	receptor-mediated endocytosis	movement of specific molecules into cell by inward budding of membranous vesicles, which contain proteins with receptor sites specific to molecules being taken in -HIGHLY SELECTIVE -plasma membrane indents to form coated pit, whose receptor proteins pick up particular molecules from surroundings	29
1120683321	low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)	lipoproteins containing a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; "bad" cholesterol; bind to receptor proteins and enter cells by endocytosis	30
1120683322	familial hypercholesterolemia	LDL receptor proteins are defective and cholesterol accumulates to high levels in blood, leading to athersclerosis	31
1120683323	energy	capacity to cause change or to perform work	32
1120683324	kinetic energy	energy of motion	33
1120683325	heat (thermal energy)	type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules	34
1120683326	potential energy	energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure	35
1120683327	chemical energy	potential energy available for release in chemical reaction -most important type of energy for living organisms	36
1120683328	thermodynamics	study of energy transformations that occurs in a collection of matter -system is matter under study; rest of universe is the surroundings	37
1120683329	first law of thermodynamics	also known as law of energy conservation, states that energy in the universe is constant; can't be created or destroyed	38
1120683330	entropy	measure of disorder or randomness -more random=greater entropy	39
1120683331	second law of thermodynamics	energy conversions increase entropy (disorder) of the universe	40
1120683332	cellular respiration	chemical energy stored in organic molecules is converted to a form that the cell can use to perform work -waste products are mostly CO2 and water -cells convert 34% of chemical energy in fuel to energy for cellular work vs. 25% for a car -other 66% of chemical energy generates heat	41
1120683333	exergonic reaction	chemical reaction that releases energy -reaction releases to surroundings amount of energy equal to difference in potential energy between reactants and products	42
1120683334	endergonic reactions	energy-requiring chemical reactions that yield products rich in potential energy	43
1120683335	metabolism	total of an organism's chemical reactions -road map of thousands of chemical reactions arranged as intersecting metabolic pathways	44
1120683336	metabolic pathway	series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds	45
1120683337	energy coupling	use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions	46
1120683338	ATP	adenosine triphosphate, the main energy source for cells	47
1120683339	adenosine	consists of adenine, nitrogenous base, and ribose	48
1120683340	triphosphate	chain of 3 negatively charged phosphate groups -bonds are unstable and can be readily broken by hydrolysis	49
1120683341	Phosphorylation	The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule -endergonic	50
1120683342	Chemical work	Phosphorylation of reactants provides energy to drive endergonic synthesis of products	51
1120683343	Mechanical work	Ex. Transfer of phosphate groups to special motor proteins in muscle cells causes proteins to change shape and pull on protein filaments, causing cells to contract	52
1120683344	Transport work	ATP drives active transport of solutes across membrane against concentration gradient by phosphorylating transport proteins	53
1120683345	Activation energy (Ea)	Amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start	54
1120683346	Enzymes	Molecules that function as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction -almost all are proteins	55
1120683347	Substrate	Specific reactant that an enzyme acts on	56
1120683348	Active site	Part of enzyme where substrate molecule attaches (by weak chemical bonds)	57
1120683349	Induced fit	Active site changes shape slightly to embrace substrate	58
1120683350	Cofactors	Non protein molecules required for functioning of enzyme -bind to active site	59
1120683351	Coenzyme	Organic cofacter	60
1120683352	Inhibitor	Chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity	61
1120683353	Competitive inhibitor	Substance that reduces activity of an enzyme by binding to an enzyme's active site in place of substrate -can be overcome by increasing concentration of substrate	62
1120683354	Noncompetitive inhibitor	Substance that reduces activity of enzyme without entering active site	63
1120683355	Allosteric site	Place where noncompetitive inhibitor binds	64
1120683356	Feedback inhibition	Method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway -used when cell is producing more of a product than needed	65

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