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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 17 Flashcards

From Gene to Protein

896104706	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or, in some cases, just RNAs)	0
896104707	transcription	synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template	1
896104708	primary transcript	the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those specifying RNA that is not translated into protein	2
896104709	mRNA	messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome	3
896104710	translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule	4
896104711	ribosomes	The sites of translation, complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains.	5
896104712	triplet code	3 bases of DNA that code for a single amino acid	6
896104713	codons	mRNA base triplets	7
896104714	template strand	The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.	8
896104715	reading frame	the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons	9
896104716	RNA polymerase	pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide	10
896104717	promoter	The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription	11
896104718	terminator	In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.	12
896104719	transcription unit	the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule	13
896104720	start point	nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins	14
896104721	transcription factors	in eukaryotes, a collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription	15
896104722	transcription initiation complex	the whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter	16
896104723	TATA box	A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex., a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex (the transcription factors recognize this); "tells RNA pol where to land"	17
896104724	5' cap	a methylated guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA	18
896104725	poly-A tail	The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.	19
896104726	RNA splicing	process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together	20
896104727	introns	a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene	21
896104728	exons	expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein	22
896104729	spliceosome	A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.	23
896104730	ribozymes	An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.	24
896104731	domains	modular architecture on proteins consisting of discrete structural and functional regions	25
896104732	alternative RNA splicing	A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	26
896104733	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases	an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA	27
896104734	tRNA	short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according	28
896104735	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	29
896104736	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon	30
896104737	rRNA	The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons	31
896104738	P site	holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.	32
896104739	A site	holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain	33
896104740	E site	This site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome.	34
896104741	polyribosomes	An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.	35
896104742	signal recognition particle	binds to the signal sequence and the ribosomal subunits and transports the complex to the ER	36
896104743	signal peptide	A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell.	37
896104744	nucleotide-pair substitution	A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides.	38
896104745	mutation	change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information	39
896104746	silent mutation	A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.	40
896104747	nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.	41
896104748	missense mutation	The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.	42
896104749	point mutation	mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another	43
896104750	insertion	A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.	44
896104751	deletion	The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome	45
896104752	frameshift mutation	mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide	46
896104753	mutagen	any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation	47

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter Ch 17: From Gene to Protein (vocabulary) Flashcards

Chapter 17
Protein Synthesis / Gene Expression
Vocabulary: transcription, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, ribosome, primary transcript, genetic code, triplet code, template strand, codon, anticodon, reading frame, RNA polymerase, promoter region, TATA box, RNA processing, RNA splicing, introns, exons, ribozymes, wobble, polyribosomes (polysomes), mutation, point mutation, frameshift mutation base-pair substitution, silent mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, mutagen
Word Roots
anti- = opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)
exo- = out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)
intro- = within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)
muta- = change; -gen = producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
poly- = many (poly-A tail: the modified end of the 3[H11032] end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)
trans- = across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)

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2009754354	Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation		0
2009754355	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs	1
2009754356	transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template	2
2009754357	messenger RNA	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein	3
2009754358	translation	the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule	4
2009754359	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm	5
2009754360	primary transcript	an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene	6
2009754361	triplet code	a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	7
2009754362	template strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	8
2009754363	codon	a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal	9
2009754364	reading frame	on the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis	10
2009754365	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription	11
2009754366	promoter	a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place	12
2009754367	terminator	a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA	13
2009754368	transcription unit	a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule	14
2009754369	transcription factor	a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes	15
2009754370	transcription initiation complex	the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter	16
2009754371	TATA box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex	17
2009754372	RNA processing	modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends	18
2009754373	5' cap	a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	19
2009754374	poly A tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	20
2009754375	RNA splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA	21
2009754376	intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing	22
2009754377	exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing	23
2009754378	spliceosome	a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons	24
2009754379	ribozyme	an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing	25
2009754380	alternative RNA splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	26
2009754381	domain	an independently folding part of a protein	27
2009754382	transfer RNA	an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA	28
2009754383	anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	29
2009754384	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon	30
2009754385	ribosomal RNA	the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes	31
2009754386	A site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain	32
2009754387	P site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain	33
2009754388	E site	the place on a ribosome where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome	34
2009754389	polyribosome	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule	35
2009754390	signal peptide	a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukarytoic cell	36
2009754391	signal recognition particle	a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER	37
2009754392	mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity	38
2009754393	point mutation	a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair	39
2009754394	base pair substitution	a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides	40
2009754395	missense mutation	a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid	41
2009754396	nonsense mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein	42
2009754397	insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene	43
2009754398	deletion	a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene	44
2009754399	frameshift mutation	a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons	45
2009754400	mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation	46
2009754401	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.	47
2009754402	Word Roots: trans- = across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)	= across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)	48
2009754403	Word Roots: poly-	= many (poly-A tail: the modified end of the 3[H11032] end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)	49
2009754404	Word Roots: -gen	= producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)	50
2009754405	Word Roots: muta-	= change; (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)	51
2009754406	Word Roots: intro-	= within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)	52
2009754407	Word Roots: exo-	= out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)	53
2009754408	Word Roots: anti-	= opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)	54

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter Ch 17: From Gene to Protein (vocabulary) Flashcards

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1408512855	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs	0
1408512856	transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template	1
1408512857	messenger RNA	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein	2
1408512858	translation	the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule	3
1408512859	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm	4
1408512860	primary transcript	an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene	5
1408512861	triplet code	a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	6
1408512862	template strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	7
1408512863	codon	a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal	8
1408512864	reading frame	on the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis	9
1408512865	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription	10
1408512866	promoter	a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place	11
1408512867	terminator	a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA	12
1408512868	transcription unit	a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule	13
1408512869	transcription factor	a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes	14
1408512870	transcription initiation complex	the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter	15
1408512871	TATA box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex	16
1408512872	RNA processing	modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends	17
1408512873	5' cap	a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	18
1408512874	poly A tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	19
1408512875	RNA splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA	20
1408512876	intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing	21
1408512877	exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing	22
1408512878	spliceosome	a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons	23
1408512879	ribozyme	an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing	24
1408512880	alternative RNA splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	25
1408512881	domain	an independently folding part of a protein	26
1408512882	transfer RNA	an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA	27
1408512883	anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	28
1408512884	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon	29
1408512885	ribosomal RNA	the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes	30
1408512886	A site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain	31
1408512887	P site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain	32
1408512888	E site	the place on a ribosome where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome	33
1408512889	polyribosome	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule	34
1408512890	signal peptide	a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukarytoic cell	35
1408512891	signal recognition particle	a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER	36
1408512892	mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity	37
1408512893	point mutation	a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair	38
1408512894	base pair substitution	a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides	39
1408512895	missense mutation	a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid	40
1408512896	nonsense mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein	41
1408512897	insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene	42
1408512898	deletion	a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene	43
1408512899	frameshift mutation	a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons	44
1408512900	mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation	45
1408512901	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.	46

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter Ch 17: From Gene to Protein (vocabulary) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1187558361	Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation	What is the central Dogma?	0
1187558362	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs	1
1187558363	transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template	2
1187558364	messenger RNA	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein	3
1187558365	translation	the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule	4
1187558366	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm	5
1187558367	Transcription	the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA	6
1187558368	primary transcript	an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene	7
1187558369	triplet code	a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	8
1187558370	template strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	9
1187558371	codon	a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal	10
1187558372	reading frame	on the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis	11
1187558375	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription	12
1187558377	promoter	a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place	13
1187558382	terminator	a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA	14
1187558384	transcription unit	a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule	15
1187558386	transcription factor	a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes	16
1187558388	transcription initiation complex	the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter	17
1187558391	TATA box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex	18
1187558393	RNA processing	modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends	19
1187558395	5' cap	a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	20
1187558398	poly A tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	21
1187558400	RNA splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA	22
1187558402	intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing	23
1187558403	exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing	24
1187558404	spliceosome	a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons	25
1187558405	ribozyme	an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing	26
1187558406	alternative RNA splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	27
1187558407	domain	an independently folding part of a protein	28
1187558408	transfer RNA	an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA	29
1187558409	anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	30
1187558410	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon	31
1187558411	ribosomal RNA	the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes	32
1187558413	A site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain	33
1187558414	P site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain	34
1187558415	E site	the place on a ribosome where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome	35
1187558416	polyribosome	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule	36
1187558417	signal peptide	a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukarytoic cell	37
1187558419	signal recognition particle	a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER	38
1187558420	mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity	39
1187558421	point mutation	a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair	40
1187558422	base pair substitution	a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides	41
1187558423	missense mutation	a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid	42
1187558425	nonsense mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein	43
1187558426	insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene	44
1187558427	deletion	a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene	45
1187558428	frameshift mutation	a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons	46
1187558429	mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation	47
1187558430	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.	48
1187558431	snRNPs	bind to specific sites in the pre-mRNA intron as well as splice out introns. They do not splice out exons.	49

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History - The Coming Crisis, The 1850s Flashcards

history 13-14

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1323107813	Sectionalism	Divisions with different parts of the country; people identify themselves more with their section that with their nation. Most southerners felt more like southerners than Americans.	0
1323107814	Internal improvements	The north and south were divided mainly by slavery but also in their opinions on ___. The north and south disagreed on where certain structures should be built, like canals and roads.	1
1323107815	Tariffs	The north and south were divided mainly by slavery but also in their opinions on ___, a tax on imported goods.	2
1323107816	Eli Whitney	He invented the Cotton Gin	3
1323107817	Cotton Gin (COTTENA GEENA)	Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, revitalized slavery. Prior to this, a slave could pick and clean 1 pound of cotton a day but now they can pick and clean 50 pounds.	4
1323107818	Missouri Compromise (1820)	The ___ admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to keep the balance in the senate. Missouri was the only slave state above the 36-30 line	5
1323107819	Missouri / Maine	In the Missouri Compromise, ___, even though it was above the 36-30 line, was admitted as a slave state while ___ was admitted as a free state	6
1323107820	36-30 line	The line that divided free states from slave states with the exception of Missouri.	7
1323107821	Abolition	a movement to end slavery	8
1323107822	John Woolman	He was a Quaker who established the first Abolitionist organization in Pennsylvania in 1754	9
1323107823	Colonization	The ___ movement transported blacks back to Africa. It was very controversial, some thought that blacks and whites could coexist, some thought they couldn't. Somewhere between 13,000-20,000 slaves were transported back.	10
1323107824	American Colonization Society	The land purchased in the movement to transport blacks back to Africa was bought by the ___. This land was bought in Liberia, capital Monrovia, named after James Monroe.	11
1323107825	William Lloyd Garrison	He was the most famous and prominent white abolitionist. He was a radical and condemned colonization, demanding immediate total emancipation. He was the founder and editor of the Liberator and the co founder of the American Anti-Slavery society. He was robbed and dragged through the streets of Boston almost to the point of death.	12
1323107826	The Liberator	It was an abolitionist newspaper founded and created by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831	13
1323107827	John C. Calhoun	He was the leading spokesperson in Congress for the south. He was the vice president under Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. He was a nasty, racist fellow, saying that slavery was both good for the slave and the slave owner.	14
1323107828	Elijah P. Lovejoy	He was killed in 1837 in Alton, Illinois because he was an abolitionist.	15
1323107829	David Walker	He was a black man who published a pamphlet "to the Coloured citizens of the World" encouraging them to rebel. He inspired hope in the blacks and fear in the whites.	16
1323107830	Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World	Written by David Walker, it encouraged slaves to rebel. It was Briefly considered the most notorious document in america. It referred to the Declaration of Independence and the old testament.	17
1323107831	Harriet Tubman	She was the leading conductor of the Underground Railroad.	18
1323107832	Underground Railroad	Sympathetic blacks and whites helped slaves escape North, sometimes to Canada. This operation was led by Harriet Tubman, and about 50,000 slaves escaped.	19
1323107833	Sojourner truth	She was born into slavery in NY and at 30, she escapes and becomes a preacher. She was an outspoken advocate of abolition and women's rights movement	20
1323107834	Grimke sisters	Sarah and Angelina were the ___ who were key speakers in the abolitionist movement with Frederick Douglas. Since they were women, they often faced harsh audiences.	21
1323107835	Frederick Douglas	He was the most influential black abolitionist. He was an escaped slave and an electrifying speaker and writer. He had a widely read autobiography.	22
1323107836	Nat Turner rebellion	This rebellion in 1831 was led by a slave in Virginia who claimed was treated well by his family. He said he had a vision to lead a slave revolt, so he tried by killing his master and the family. His rebellion did not get very far, but it instilled fear in slaveholders and stricter slave codes were enforced.	23
1323107837	Gold Rush	Within weeks of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, gold was discovered in California. By 1849, tens of thousands of people pour in.	24
1323107838	Henry Clay	He was the great compromiser, the primary author of the Missouri Compromise. He proposed a solution to CA's problem, which was how it was going to be admitted as a free state. He died while he was trying to form this compromise, so Stephen Douglas took over.	25
1323107839	Compromise of 1850	The ___ was drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas. It admitted CA as a free state and prohibited slave trade in D.C. It also strengthened the fugitive slave laws and said that the remainder of the Mexican Cession would be determined by Popular Sovereignty.	26
1327156693	California	The gold rush took place in this state, it applied for admissions as a free state in 1849 but was rejected since it would upset the Senate balance of slave states vs non slave states.	27
1323107841	Popular sovereignty	As part of the compromise of 1850, slavery in remainder of Mexican Cession would be determined by ____, i.e the people's vote	28
1323107842	Stephen Douglas	When Henry Clay could not continue the Great Compromise, ___ took over to try to carry it out. He also argued that the railroad in the Kansas-Nebraska Act should go through the North, known as the "little giant"	29
1323107843	Fugitive slave law	As a part of the Compromise of 1850, this law gave harsher provisions to slaves, suck as the accused cannot testify on his/her own behalf, judges could be bribed	30
1323107844	John Greenleaf Whittier	He was an abolitionist Quaker poet, one of America's most famous poets, he wrote a poem in response to the fugitive slave law	31
1323107845	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, this novel talked about Uncle Tom, who worked for a nice man until he was sold to a horrible slave owner named Simon Legree. This novel exposed the horrors of slavery, especially to those who knew little about it.	32
1323107846	Harriet Beecher Stowe	She wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin	33
1323107847	Simon Legree / Uncle Tom	In uncle Tom's Cabin, ___ was the mean slave owner and ___ was the slave.	34
1323107848	Kansas-Nebraska Act	In 1854, this act started with the debate of whether or not the railroad should go through the North. Stephen Douglas said that if the Railroad went through the north, then the Kansas and Nebraska territories would have slavery decided by popular sovereignty, which completely ignores the 36 30' line. This act also led to the formation of the Republican party, Border Ruffians, Free Soilers, and Bleeding Kansas.	35
1323107849	Border Ruffians	After the Kansas-Nebraska Act, many people flood into these new territories and the pro-slavery people were know as the ___	36
1323107850	Free Soilers	After the Kansas-Nebraska Act, many people flood into these new territories and the anti-slavery people were know as the ___	37
1323107851	John Brown	He was an extreme abolitionist who wanted to be part of the abolitionist movement, he led an attack on Pottawatomie Creek were he and his sons murdered 5 pro-slavery people.	38
1323107852	Pottawatomie Creek	John Brown led an attack at this pro-slavery community	39
1323107853	Bleeding Kansas	The deadly clashes between the Border Ruffians and the Free Soilers became known as ___ (1855-1856). Violence replaces Compromise as means to solve slavery issue.	40
1323107854	Republican Party	The Kansas Nebraska act led to the formation of this anti-slavery political party.	41
1323107855	Charles Sumner	He was an abolitionist senator from Massachusetts who gives a speech where he calls out slavery, Andrew Butler, and Preston Brooks. He was almost beaten to death by Brooks a couple of days after the speech.	42
1323107856	Andrew Butler	He was a Senator who was dissed in Charles Sumner's anti-slavery speech	43
1323107857	Preston Brooks	He was a member of the H of R who almost beat Charles Sumner to death a few days after Sumner's speech. He was sent to jail but 2 years later he was elected again for the H of R. He was hailed as a hero in the South and the North is alarmed over the South's favorable reaction to Brooks's vicious attack.	44
1323107858	Dred Scott vs Sanford	This case was between two people. The second person was a doctor in the US army who, over the period of 2 years, took his slave, [first person], with him. While they were traveling, they lived in some free states temporarily before moving back to Missouri. Encouraged by the family of [second guy], [first guy] filed a law suit that made it to the supreme court with Chief Justice Roger Taney. Taney ruled that living in a free state did not make him free, [first guy] is not a citizen and has no right to follow law suit, and that Congress has no right to prohibit slavery in any territory. South was delighted and they thought that this ruling would end Slavery controversy, but the NOrth was horrified and irate at the harshness of the ruling	45
1323107859	Roger Taney	He was the Chief Justice who made the ruling in the Dred Scott vs Sanford case.	46
1323107860	Licoln-Douglas debates	These debates between Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglas in 1858. Lincoln was a one-term congressman who runs for Senate against the incumbent, Douglas. They were a series of 7 deabtes primarily dealing with the issue of slavery.	47
1323107861	Harper's Ferry, VA (WVA)	In 1859, John Brown and 21 followers seize control of this federal arsel at ___ hoping to inspire massive rebellion. This short sighted plan was foiled quickly by US troops. 2 of Brown's sons were killed along with 8 others, Brown was charged for treason. Brown died a Martyr.	48
1323107862	Martyr	Someone who gives their life for a cause	49
1323107863	Election of 1860	Abraham Lincoln, a republican, defeats 3 others, including Stephen Douglas. Lincoln's resume to fill the white house was slim, but the Democratic party was divided so Licoln managed to win with only 40% of the popular vote. This election led to the secession of many southern states.	50
1323107864	Secession / secede	The withdrawal from the Union of 11 Southern states in the period 1860-61, which brought on the Civil War.	51
1323107865	Confederacy (Confederate States of America)	It was established on February 4th, 1861 with the secession of Southern states. They created a Constitution similar to the U.S. but it plainly allowed slavery. Jefferson Davis was elected president and Alexander Stephens was elected vice president.	52
1323107866	Jefferson Davis	He was a senator from mississippi who was elected president of the Confederate States of America	53
1323107867	Alexander Stephens	He was a very racist man from Georgia who became the vice president of the Confederacy	54
1323107868	Border States	...	55
1323107869	Fort Sumter, SC	The Civil war started at ___ in Charleston Harbor. Lincoln sends a ship to the harbor to bring supplies to the troops, even though the south claims it is area part of the Confederacy. Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard commanded the Confederate Troops who fired at these ships.	56
1389263709	William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator, 1831)	"On this subject I do not wish to think, or speak, or write with moderation. No No! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hand of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen. But urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest. I will not equivocate. I will not excuse. I will not retreat a single inch. AND I WILL BE HEARD"	57
1389263710	John C. Calhoun (1837)	"slavery is a positive good"	58
1389263711	Sojourner Truth (1851)	"Ain't I a woman"	59
1389273707	Abraham Lincoln (1858)	"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other"	60
1389273708	Abraham Lincoln, upon meeting author Harriet Beecher Stowe in the White House (1862)	"So you're the little lady that started this big war"	61
1389273709	Roger Taney (1857, Dred Scott decision)	"...We think [people of African ancestry] are...not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word "citizens" in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States."	62
1389273710	John Brown (on his way to the gallows, 1859)	"Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave country -- I say let it be done!"	63

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AP ART HISTORY WORKS AND DATES Flashcards

Prehistoric Art
Ancient Near-Eastern Art
Egyptian Art
Aegean Art
Greek Art
Etruscan Art
Roman Art
Early Christian, Early Jewish, and Byzantine Art
Islamic Art
Asian Art
Early Medieval Art
Romanesque Art
Gothic Art

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2523496790	Woman of Willendorf	Prehistoric (Paleolithic). 28,000-21,000 BCE. Limestone. Austria. (symbol of fertility)	0
2523496791	Venus of Brassempouy	Prehistoric (Upper Paleolithic). 22,000 BCE. Ivory. (bust with first realistic depiction of face)	1
2523496792	Caves at Altamira	Prehistoric (Upper Paleolithic). 12,500 BCE. Limestone. Spain. (bison)	2
2523496793	Lascaux Caves	Prehistoric (Paleolithic). 15,000 BCE. Limestone. Southern France. (cows, bulls, horses, deer)	3
2523496794	Chauvet Cave	Prehistoric (Upper Paleolithic). Oldest cave.	4
2523496795	Stonehenge	Prehistoric (Neolithic). 21,000 BCE. Stone. Wiltshire, England. (burial site, post and lintels, mortise and tennon, cromlech: menhir and megalith)	5
2523496796	Ziggurat of Ur	Ancient Near Eastern (Sumer). 2100 BCE. Mud Brick. Ur, Iraq. (for moon god Nanna, had temple at top)	6
2523496797	Stele of Naram Sin	Ancient Near Eastern (Akkadian). 2254-2218 BCE. Sandstone. Louvre, Paris. (Depicted victory over Lullubi, blessed by gods but accomplished by Naram Sin wearing crown of divinity).	7
2523496798	Votive of Gudea	Ancient Near Eastern (Neo-Sumerian). 2141-2122 BCE. Diorite. (Depicts ancient Mesopotamian leader in worship)	8
2523496799	Stele of Hammurabi	Ancient Near Eastern (Babylonian). 1780 BCE. Basalt. Louvre, Paris. (earliest written law code: 300 law entries, sun god Shamash hands Hammurabi a rope, a ring, a rod)	9
2523496800	Narmer Palette	Egyptian (Early Dynastic, Dynasty 1). 3000 BCE. Mudstone. Hierakonpolis. (Narmer wears crown of Upper Egypt and bull's tail (strength) triumphing over foes and holds rope around head with papyrus (lower egypt) HoS. Horus:falcon god. barefoot:sacred ground. 3 registers on back side and used to make makeup).	10
2523496801	Stepped Pyramid of Djoser	Egyptian (Old Kingdom, Dynasty 3). 2630-2575 BCE. Created by Imhotep. Sandstone. Saqqara. (6 unequal steps: stairway to heavens? solid, except burial chamber below grounds believed ka inhabited it)	11
2523496802	Human-headed Winged Bull	Ancient Near Eastern (Assyrian). 721-705 BCE. (Protective spirit guarding throne room)	12
2523496803	Seated Scribe	Old Kingdom Egypt Dynasty 5. 2450-2325 BCE. Limestone, Louvre. (realistic/lifelike, red ochre, eyes are crystal more engaging)	13
2523496804	Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut	New Kingdom Egypt Dynasty 12. 1473-1458 BCE. Deir el-Bahri. (temple is coordinated with cliffs surrounding it, celebrates achievement of a woman)	14
2523496805	Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel	New Kingdom Egypt Dynasty 19. 1279-1213 BCE. Rock Cut tomb. (4 statues of Ramses II carved in situ w/small statues of Nefertari, sun god is visible)	15
2523496806	Coffin/Death Mask of Tutankhamen	New Kingdom Egypt Dynasty 18. 1332-1322 BCE. Mask: Gold enamel with stones. Coffin: Gold inlaid with glass and stones. Lapis Lazuli. (discovered by Howard Carter in 1922. Tut found inside with 143 objects.)	16
2523496807	Cycladic Figurines	Aegean (Cycladic). 2500 BCE. Marble. Athens. Both small, geometric shapes. Male: always doing something. EX: harpist, idea of harpist than depiction, holds harp. Female: outnumber male figurines, nude, found in graves, Idea > depiction. pelvic triangle & meant to lie on back	17
2523496808	Palace at Knossos	Aegean (Minoan). 1700-1400 BCE. Crete. stone, wood, paint. Columns: wood, mostly painted red. megaton design with black capitals. (meant for meeting place)	18
2523496809	Snake Goddess	Aegean (Minoan) 1600 BCE. Faience. Crete. Thin waist, exposed chest, layered ruffled skirt and apron and wide eyed (lol like sumerians) holds snakes and cat on head.	19
2523496810	Bull Leaping (Toreador Fresco)	Aegean (Minoan) 1550-1450 BCE. Crete. Wall Painting from Palace at Knossos (reconstructed). Geometric border, typical clothing and pinched waist, ORGANIC shapes. asserted manhood. men depicted darker. no ground or straight lines.	20
2523496811	Harvester Vase	Aegean (Minoan) 1650-1450 BCE. Steatite. Rowdy scene of men marching to drum, not orderly but overlapping. Much emotion not idealized. EX of rhyton (poured liquids during religions ceremonies)	21
2523496812	Octopus Jar	Aegean (Minoan) 1500-1450 BCE. Ceramic. Crete. Organic shape, as if flask was made for octopus' tentacles. very graceful and harmonious with sea creatures and energy of natural forms.	22
2523496813	Funerary Mask aka "Death Mask of Agamemnon"	Aegean (Mycenaean) 1600 BCE. Gold. Athens. REPOUSSE (punched from back, opposite of chasing). Probably altered (mustache was not Mycenaean)found in 1876 in royal shaft. Had curlycue ears and slit eyes.	23
2523496814	Warrior Vase	TRANSITION PIECE. Aegean (Mycenaean) 1300-1100 BCE. Ceramic. Woman bid farewell to men going to war, unemotional, more symbolic (woman's raised arm) Very different than Harvester Vase. Greek-styled spears, nonrealistic.	24
2523496815	Dying Warrior	Greek (Archaic Period) 500-480 BCE. From Temple of Aphaia at Aegina. Marble. West: 500-480, statue has archaic smile, idealized form, little sense of struggle/pain. East: 490-489, twisted body, realistic, more emotion and sense of pain. Attempt to evoke Pathos by the depiction of the ideaaof dying warrior (west).	25
2523496816	Kouros	Greek (archaic) . 600 BCE. Marble. (General representation, grave marker, rigid like egyptian, nude with freed arms and legs (not attached to body). knotted hair with eyes wide open, shoulders broader than hips. idealized).	26
2523496817	Anavysos Kouros	Greek (archaic) 530 BCE. Marble with paint. hands clenched, nude, SLIGHT Archaic smile, freed, more lifelike/proportionate, round not rigid, eyes open and large. still a "type"	27
2523496818	"Peplos" Kore	Greek (Archaic) 530 BCE. Marble. From Acropolis (remember calf bearer too, 560 bCE) Rounded body, clothed woman, accurate anatomy with archaic smile, type rather than specific. knotted hair	28
2523496819	"Kritios" Boy	Greek (Classical) TRANSITIONAL. 480 BCE, Athens, Marble. Contrapposto, hair and eyes suggest archaic (knotted and large) suggested archaic smile, with blank look, angle.d	29
2523496820	Aphrodite of Knidos	Greek (Late Classical) 350-340 BCE. Made by Praxiteles (Marble copy). Contrapposto. first depiction of a woman nude. (Aphrodite is bathing:humanizing gods) Suggests S-Curve. Transitional to Hellenistic. assembled from different copies	30
2523496821	Apollo from Veii	Etruscan. 510-500 BCE. Terra-Cotta. Pediment-peak statue. more energetic (stride forward) clothed, Greek Archaic Smile	31
2523496822	Tomb of the Triclinium	Etruscan 480-470 BCE. Painted. AKA Tomb of the Leopards. From Tarqinia. Depicts Celebration with high energy. Geometric pattern.	32
2523496823	Reclining Couple on a Sarcophagus	Etruscan. 520 BCE. Terra Cotta. from Cerveteri. Very welcoming/engaging, welcome you in, robs held wine or good. More focus on upper body than legs.	33
2523496824	The Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)	Roman. 72-80 CE. Rome. Concrete core in Brick covered in a limestone known as travertine. Rows of arches on top of each other with engaged columns: Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian, Flattened Corinthian. with barrel and groin vaults. Used for violent sports.	34
2523496825	The Pantheon	Roman. 118-125 CE. Rome. Dedicated to gods of ROme. Marcus Agrippa apparently built it. Round AND Square. contains porch with Corinthian capitals.	35
2523496826	Column of Trajan	Roman. 113-116 CE. Marble. Covered n reliefs commemorating Trajan's victory over Dacians.	36
2523496827	Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus	Christian. Marble 359 CE. Rome. Christ is enthroned in this. Seen as Philosopher. Rome baptized on deathbed.Depict Adam and Eve being exiled from Paradise which is a parallel to the enthronement symbolizing Jesus' redemption	37
2523496828	Old St. Peter's	Christian. Built in 320 (after Christianity became accepted) CE Torn Down 1600 CE. Axially planned. Symbolized Christianity's Victory over paganism. Simple outside, fancy inside. glass mosaics wit wooden coffered ceiling.	38
2523496829	Sutton Hoo Ship Burial	Early Medieval (Saxon) 600-650 CE. gold garnet enamel. purse cover and shoulder clasp. depicts abstract designs based on animals: animal style. interlacing, cloisonne (labor intensive, sign of high status)	39
2523496830	Lindesfarne Gospels	Early Medieval (hiberno saxon) 700 CE. tempura on vellum St. Matthew depiction. Angel is symbol of matthew. man behind curtain is possibly moses or Christ or divine intervention from God. Byzantine-like. St. Matthew is labeled, Angel's hand is covered. flattened linear elements and unrealistic cloth. gospel writing pose as if a burden.	40
2523496831	Head of a Roman Patrician	Ancient Rome. (Republic). 75-50 BCE. Marble. Otricoli, Italy. Depicting wealthy land owners of Rome.	41
2523496832	Augustus Primaporta	Ancient Rome (Early Empire). copy of bronze original. Done in Greek style. Portrayed as a god and a general. c. 20 BCE. Marble.	42
2523496833	Santa Sabina	Late Antiquity (Constantine). 422-432. Rome, Italy. (follows basilica plan)	43
2523496834	Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well	Late Antiquity. Early 16th century. Tempera gold and silver. manuscript.	44
2523496835	Great Stupa	South[east] Asia. 3rd century BCE. Sanchi, India.	45
2523496836	Sainte-Foy	Romanesque. 11th century. Gold leaf, silver, wood.	46
2523496837	Bayeux Tapestry	Holy Roman Empire. embroidered.	47
2523496838	Chartes Cathedral	Gothic. 1145-1155. Chartes, France.	48
2523496839	Rottgen Pieta	Gothic. 14th c. Painted wood. German.	49
2523496840	Giotto's Lamentation	Late Medieval. 1305. Fresco. Chiaroscura.	50
2523496841	Arnolfini Wedding	Italian Gothic. 1434. Jan Van Eyck. Oil on Canvas.	51
2523496842	David	Italian Gothic. 1430. Donatello. Bronze. (possibly represents Donatello's sexuality)	52
2523496843	Madonna with Child and Two Angels	Italian Gothic. 1457-1460. Filippo Lippi. Oil on Canvas. Florence, Italy.	53
2523496844	Birth of Venus	Italian Gothic. 1486. Botticelli. Oil on Canvas. (commissioned by Medici's)	54
2523496845	Last Supper	Northern European Ren. 1498. Da Vinci.	55
2523496846	The Fall of Man (Adam&Eve)	Northern European Ren. 1504. Duhrer. Engraving.	56
2523496847	School of Athens	Northern European Ren. 1509. Raphael. Oil on Canvas.	57
2523496848	Venus of Urbino	Northern European Ren. 1538. Titian. OIl on Canvas.	58
2523496849	Isenheim Altar Piece	Northern European Ren. 1510. Grunewald. Carved Wood.	59
2523496850	Law and Grace	Northern European. 1530. Cranach. Woodcut.	60
2523496851	Hunters in the Snow	Northern European. 1565. Bruegel the Elder. Oil on Wood.	61
2523496852	Ecstasy of Saint Theresa	Baroque. 1645. Bernini. Marble. Rome	62
2523496853	Las Meninas	Baroque. 1656. Diego Velazquez. Oil on Canvas.	63
2523496854	The Calling of St. Matthew	Baroque. 1599. Caravaggio. Oil on Canvas	64
2523496855	Frontis Piece of the Codex Mendoza	Baroque. 1541. Pigment on Paper. Spain	65
2523496856	Self Portrait with Saskia	Baroque N. Europe. 1636. Remembrandt. etching.	66
2523496857	Woman Holding a Balance	Baroque N. Europe. 1664. Vermeer. Oil on Canvas.	67
2523496858	The Swing	Neo-Classicism. 1767. Fragoniard. Oil on Canvas.	68
2523496859	The Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery	Neo-Classicism. 1763. Joseph Wright of Derby. Oil on canvas.	69
2523496860	Self Portrait	Neo-Classicism. 1790. Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun. Oil on canvas.	70
2523496861	The Oath of the Horati	Neo-Classicism. 1784. David. Oil on canvas.	71
2523496862	George Washington	Neo-Classicism. 1788-1792. Houdon. Marble.	72
2523496863	Thomas Jefferson's Monticello	Neo-Classicism. 1770-1806. Thomas Jefferson. Virginia.	73
2523496864	La Grande Odalisque	Romanticism. 1814. Ingres. Oil on canvas.	74
2523496865	Liberty Leading the People	Romanticism. 1830. Delacroix. Oil on canvas.	75
2523496866	The Slave Ship	Romanticism. 1840. William Turner. Oil on canvas.	76
2523496867	The Oxbow	Romanticism. 1836. Thomas Cole. Oil on canvas.	77
2523496868	The Stonebreakers	Realism. 1849. Gustave Courbet.Oil on canvas.	78
2523496869	Still Life in Studio	Realism. 1837. Daguerre. Daguerre-otype.	79
2523496870	Olympia	Realism. 1863. Eduoard Manet. Oil on canvas.	80
2523496871	Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art	Realism. 1862. Daumier. lithograph.	81
2523496872	Horse Galloping	Realism. 1878. Muybridge. Photograph.	82
2523496873	La Gare Saint-Lazare	Realism. 1877. Monet. Oil on canvas.	83
2523496874	Starry Night	Post Impressionism. 1889. Van Gogh. Oil on canvas	84
2523496875	The Coiffure Study	Post Impressionism. 1891. Mary Cassatt. Aquatint on paper.	85
2523496876	Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?	Post Impressionism. 1897. Paul Gaugin.	86
2523496877	Mount St. Victoire	Post Impressionism. 1902-1904. Cezanne.	87
2523496878	The Scream	Post Impressionism. 1893. Munch. Tempera and pastel on cardboard.	88
2523496879	Les Demoiselles d'Avignon	Modernism. 1907. Pablo Picasso. Oil on canvas	89
2523496880	Portuguese	Modernism. 1911. George Braque. Oil on Canvas.	90
2523496881	The Fountain	Modernism. 1917. Duchamp. Found object.	91
2523496882	The Steerage	1907. Alfred Stieglitz. Photograph.	92
2523496883	The Kiss	1907. Gustav Klimt. Oil on canvas with gold leaf.	93
2523496884	The Kiss	1907. Brancusi. Limestone.	94
2523496885	Goldfish	1912. Matisse. Oil on canvas.	95
2523496886	Improvisation	1912. Kandinsky. Oil on canvas.	96
2523496887	Self Portrait as a Soldier	1915. Kirchner. Oil on canvas.	97
2523496888	Memorial sheet for Karl Liebknecht	1919. Kathe Kollwitz. Woodcut.	98
2523496889	Composition with red blue and yellow	1930. Mondrian. Oil on canvas.	99

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World War II, Cold War & '50s Chapter 18 Flashcards

COLD WAR CONFLICTS. origins of the cold war, when the cold war heated up, the cold war at home, and two nations living on edge.

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2355555481	Cold war	A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.	0
2355555482	United Nations	an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security	1
2355555483	Satellite Nation	nation that is dominated politically and economically by a more powerful nation	2
2355555484	Containment	American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world	3
2355555485	Iron Curtain	a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region	4
2355555486	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology (Basically helping NON-communists that were threatened by communism)	5
2355555487	Marshall Plan	a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	6
2355555488	Berlin airlift	airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin	7
2355555489	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries	8
2355555490	Chiang Kai-Shek	General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)	9
2355555491	Mao Zedong	Chinese communist leader (1893-1976)	10
2355555492	Taiwan	a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the communists led by Mao Zedong	11
2355555493	38th Parallel	line of latitude that separated North and South Korea	12
2355555494	Korean war	The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.	13
2355555495	Loyalty review board	effort to control possible communist influence in US gov: boards to investigate "security risks" working for gov- some employees released for affiliation with unacceptable political organizations/ sexual orientation	14
2355555496	HUAC	The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda	15
2355555497	Hollywood 10	• Ten people were accused of being a spies for the communists but refused to testify and were sent to prison	16
2355555498	Blacklist	list that circulated among employers, beginning in 1947, containing the names of persons who should not be hired (So called communists)	17
2355555500	Alger Hiss/Richard Nixon	Alger Hiss guilty of conspiracy, communist affiliation, and purgery; Chambers had identified him as an underground member; Nixon was the interrogator	18
2355555501	Ethel and Julius Rosenburg	Gave the Soviet Union important information on a top secret atomic bomb being built in the U.S.	19
2355555502	Joseph McCarthy	United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)	20
2355555503	McCarthyism	unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty (as by saying they were Communists)	21
2355555504	Atomic Cafe	1982 film. Dark humor about an atomic holocaust. Shows the cynicism of the US at that time. Even 20 years after the start of Vietnam.	22
2355555505	H-Bomb	hydrogen bomb invented in 1950's, MORE powerful than atomic bomb, example of Cold War arms race	23
2355555506	Dwight D. Eisenhower	American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe.	24
2355555507	John Foster Dulles	United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959)	25
2355555508	Brinksmanship	The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.	26
2355555509	CIA	an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest	27
2355555510	Warsaw Pact	treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania	28
2355555511	Eisenhower Doctrine	Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country	29
2355555512	Nikita Khrushchev	Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved.	30
2355555513	Francis Gary powers	American pilot shot down in his U-2 spy plane, captured and convicted of spying	31
2355555514	U-2 Incident	The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.	32
2359965294	General Douglas McArthur	He wanted to use nuclear weapons to invade China.	33
2359989065	1945 Yalta Conference	The Allied leaders (Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin) established several agreements: Divide Germany into four zones Get Soviet help against Japan Create the United Nations	34
2360019097	The Soviet Union and the United States	The two countries emerged as superpowers after WWII.	35
2360040323	Red Scare	The fear that communism was working inside and outside of the US to destroy American life.	36
2360050257	1954 Brown v. Board of Education	This famous Supreme Court case over turned Plessy v. Ferguson. The Brown decision stated that separated but equalities were inherently unequal.	37
2360068735	Baby Boom	The birth rate drastically increased after the return of soldiers from WWII.	38
2360078098	1957 Sputnik	The Soviets are the first to launch a satellite into space.	39
2360089332	The American Dream	The desire that Americans held to own a home in the suburbs and raise a small family.	40
2360116167	Rock N' Roll	A new type of music of the 1950s that was a source of expression for teenagers and young people.	41
2360129720	What were three of the technological advances of the 1950s?	Computer transistor advances in transportation	42
2360140020	What were some of the medical breakthroughs of 1950s?	Polio vaccine life expectancy of women rose to 71, men 65. focus on the development of new antibiotics, meds for arthritis and cancer	43
2360153448	What were some of the breakthroughs in air and space during the 1950s?	1957 Sputnik NASA - National Aeronautics Space Administration is established. 1958 - 4 months later the US launches first satellite into space. Jet planes were developed.	44
2360173431	1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott	Blacks refused to ride buses in protest of segregation on buses.	45
2360174636	Boycott	To refuse to purchase goods or services to protest something that is viewed in a negative way.	46
2360180170	SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference	Martin Luther King Jr. established this organization to help the fight for civil rights.	47
2360184416	Civil Rights Act of 1957	It created the Civil Rights Commission and gave the Justice Department the power to investigate cases of African Americans being denied voting rights.	48

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AP Statistics Review Flashcards

Review for final AP Statistics Examination...

Terms : Hide Images

775519583	Addition Rule	P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(A) - P(A ∩ B) aids in computing the chances of one of several events occurring at a given time.	0
775519584	Alpha (α)	The probability of a Type I error. See significance level.	1
775519585	Alternative Hypothesis	The hypothesis stating what the researcher is seeking evidence of. A statement of inequality. It can be written looking for the difference or change in one direction from the null hypothesis or both.	2
775519586	Association	Relationship between or among variables.	3
775519587	Back-Transform	The process by which values are substituted into a model of transformed data, and then reversing the transforming process to obtain the predicted value or model for nontransformed data.	4
775519588	Bar Chart	A graphical display used with categorical data, where frequencies for each category are shown in vertical bars.	5
775519589	Bell-Shaped	Often used to describe the normal distribution. See mound-shaped.	6
775519590	Beta (β)	The probability of a Type II error. See power.	7
775519591	Bias	The term for systematic deviation from the truth (parameter), caused by systematically favoring some outcomes over others.	8
775519592	Biased	A sampling method is biased if it tends to produce samples that do not represent the population.	9
775519593	Bimodal	A distribution with two clear peaks.	10
775519594	Binomial Distribution	The probability distribution of a binomial random variable.	11
775519595	Binomial Random Variable	A random variable x (a) that has a fixed number of trials of a random phenomenon n, (b) that has only two possible outcomes on each trial, (c) for which the probability of a success is constant for each trial, and (d) for which each trial is independent of other trials.	12
775519596	Bins	The intervals that define the "bars" of a histrogram.	13
775519597	Bivariate Data	Consists of two variables, an explanatory and a response variable, usually quantitative.	14
775519598	Blinding	Practice of denying knowledge to subjects about which treatment is imposed upon them.	15
775519599	Blocks	Subgroups of the experimental units that are separated by some characteristic before treatments are assigned because they may respond differently to the treatments.	16
775519600	Box-And-Whisker Plot/Boxplot	A graphical display of the five-number summary of a set of data, which also shows outliers.	17
775519601	Categorical Variable	A variable recorded as labels, names, or other non-numerical outcomes.	18
775519602	Census	A study that observes, or attempts to observe, every individual in a population.	19
775519603	Central Limit Theorem	As the size n of a simple random sample increases, the shape of the sampling distribution of x̄ tends toward being normally distributed.	20
775519604	Chance Device	A mechanism used to determine random outcomes.	21
775519605	Cluster Sample	A sample in which a simple random sample of heterogeneous subgroups of a population is selected.	22
775519606	Clusters	Heterogeneous subgroups of a population.	23
775519607	Coefficient of Determination (r²)	Percent of variation in the response variable explained by its linear relationship with the explanatory variable.	24
775519608	Complement	The compliment of an event is that event not occurring.	25
775519609	Complementary Randomized Design	One in which all experimental units are assigned treatments solely by chance.	26
775519610	Conditional Distribution	See conditional frequencies.	27
775519611	Conditional Frequencies	Relative frequencies for each cell in a two-way table relative to one variable.	28
775519612	Conditional Probability	The probability of an event occurring given that another has occurred. The probability of A given that B has occurred is denoted as P(A\|B).	29
775519613	Confidence Intervals	Give an estimated range that is likely to contain an unknown population parameter.	30
775519614	Confidence Level	The level of certainty that a population parameter exists in the calculated confidence interval.	31
775519615	Confounding	The situation where the effects of two or more explanatory variables on the response variable cannot be separated.	32
775519616	Confounding Variable	A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be untangled from the effects of the treatment.	33
775519617	Contingency Table	See two-way table.	34
775519618	Continuous Random Variables	Those typically found by measuring, such as heights or temperatures.	35
775519619	Control Group	A baseline group that may be given no treatment, a faux treatment like a placebo, or an accepted treatment that is to be compared to another.	36
775519620	Control	The principle that potential sources of variation due to variables not under consideration must be reduced.	37
775519621	Convenience Sample	Composed of individuals who are easily accessed or contacted.	38
775519622	Correlation Coefficient (r)	A measure of the strength of a linear relationship, r=(1/(n-1))Σ((xi-x̄)/sx)((yi-ȳ)/sy).	39
775519623	Critical Value	The value that the test statistic must exceed in order to reject the null hypothesis. When computing a confidence interval, the value of t* (or z) where ±t (or ± z*) bounds the central C% of the t (or z) distribution.	40
775519624	Cumulative Frequency	The sums of the frequencies of the data values from smallest to largest.	41
775519625	Data Set	Collection of observations from a sample or population.	42
775519626	Dependent Events	Two events are called dependent when they are related and the fact that one event has occurred changes the probability that the second event occurs.	43
775519627	Discrete Random Variables	Those usually obtained by counting.	44
775519628	Disjoint Events	Events that cannot occur simultaneously.	45
775519629	Distribution	Frequencies of values in a data set.	46
775519630	Dotplot	A graphical display used with univariate data. Each data point is shown as a dot located above its numerical value on the horizontal axis.	47
775519631	Double-Blind	When both the subjects and data gatherers are ignorant about which treatment a subject received.	48
775519632	Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7) Rule	Gives benchmarks for understanding how probability is distributed under a normal curve. In the normal distribution, 68% of the observations are within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% is within two standard deviations of the mean, and 99.7% is within three standard deviations of the mean.	49
775519633	Estimation	The process of determining the value of a population parameter from a sample statistic.	50
775519634	Expected Value	The mean of a probability distribution.	51
775519635	Experiment	A study where the researcher deliberately influences individuals by imposing conditions and determining the individuals' responses to those conditions.	52
775519636	Experimental Units	Individuals (a person, a plot of land, a machine, or any single material unit) in an experiment.	53
775519637	Explanatory Variable	Explains the response variable, sometimes known as the treatment variable.	54
775519638	Exponential Model	A model of the form y = abˣ.	55
775519639	Extrapolation	Using a model to predict values far outside the range of the explanatory variable, which is prone to creating unreasonable predictions.	56
775519640	Factors	One or more explanatory variables in an experiment.	57
775519641	First Quartile	Symbolized Q1, represents the median of the lower 50% of a data set.	58
775519642	Five-Number Summary	The minimum, first quartile (Q1), median, third quartile (Q3), and maximum values in a data set.	59
775519643	Frequency Table	A display organizing categorical or numerical data and how often each occurs.	60
775519644	Geometric Distribution	The probability distribution of a geometric random variable X. All possible outcomes of X before the first success is seen and their associated probabilities.	61
775519645	Geometric Random Variable	A random variable X (a) that has two possible outcomes of each trial, (b) for which the probability of a success is constant for each trial, and (c) for which each trial is independent of the other trials.	62
775519646	Graphical Display	A visual representation of a distribution.	63
775519647	Histogram	Used with univariate data, frequencies are shown on the vertical axis, and intervals or bins define the values on the horizontal axis.	64
775519648	Independent Events	Two events are called independent when knowing that one event has occurred does not change the probability that the second event occurs.	65
775519649	Independent Random Variables	If the values of one random variable have no association with the values of another, the two variables are called independent random variables.	66
775519650	Influential Point	An extreme value whose removal would drastically change the slope of the least-squares regression model.	67
775519651	Interquartile Range	Describes the spread of middle 50% of a data set, IQR = Q3 - Q1.	68
775519652	Joint Distribution	See joint frequencies.	69
775519653	Joint Frequencies	Frequencies for each cell in a two-way table relative to the total number of data.	70
775519654	Law of Large Numbers	The long-term relative frequency of an event gets closer to the true relative frequency as the number of traits of random phenomenon increases.	71
775519655	Least-Squares Regression Line (LSRL)	The "best-fit" line that is calculated by minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed and predicted values of the line. The LSRL has the equation ŷ = bo + b1x.	72
775613389	levels	The different quantities or categories of a factor in an experiment.	73
775613390	Linear Regression	A method of finding the best model for a linear relationship between the explanatory and response variable.	74
775613391	Logarithmic Transformation	Procedure that changes a variable by taking the logarithm of each of its values.	75
775613392	Lurking Variable	A variable that has an effect on the outcome of a study but was not part of the investigation.	76
775613393	margin of Error	A range of values to the left and right of a point estimate.	77
775613394	Marginal Distribution	See marginal frequencies.	78
775613395	marginal Frequencies	Row totals and column totals in a two-way table.	79
775613396	Matched-Pairs Design	The design of a study where experimental units are naturally paired by a common characteristic, or with themselves in a before-after type of study.	80
775613397	Maximum	The largest numerical value in a data set.	81
775613398	Mean	The arithmetic average of a data set; the sum of all the values divided by the number of values, x̄ = (Σxi)/n.	82
775613399	Mean of a Binomial Random Variable X	μx = np.	83
775613400	Mean of a Discrete Random Variable	μx = Σ from i=1 to n of xiP(xi).	84
775613401	Mean of a Geometric Random Variable	μx=1/p.	85
775613402	measures of Center	These locate the middle of a distribution. The mean and median are measures of center.	86
775613403	Median	The middle value of a data set; the equal areas point, where 50% of the data are at or below this value, and 50% of the data are at or above this value.	87
775613404	Minimum	The smallest numerical value in a data set.	88
775613405	Mound-Shaped	Resembles a hill or mount; a distribution that is symmetric and unimodal.	89
775613406	Multiplication Rule	P(A ∩ B) = P(A) * P(B\|A) is used when we are interested in teh probability of two events occurring simultaneously, or in succession.	90
775613407	Multistage Sample	A sample resulting from multiple applications of cluster, stratified, and/or simple random sampling.	91
775613408	Mutually Exclusive Events	See disjoint events.	92
775613409	Nonresponse Bias	The situation where an individual selected to be in the sample is unwilling, or unable, to provide data.	93
775613410	Normal Distribution	A continuous probability distribution that appears in many situations, both natural and man-made. It has a bell-shape and the area under the normal density curve is always equal to 1.	94
775613411	Null Hypothesis	The hypothesis of no difference, no change, and no association. A statement of equality, usually written in the form Ho: parameter = hypothesized value.	95
775613412	Observational Study	Attempts to determine relationships between variables, but the researcher imposes no conditions as in an experiment.	96
775613413	Observed Values	Actual outcomes or data from a study or an experiment.	97
775613414	One-Way Table	A frequency table of one variable.	98
775613415	Outlier	An extreme value in a data set. Quantified by being less than Q1 - 1.5IQR or more than Q3 + 1.5IRQ.	99
775613416	Percentiles	Divide the data set into 100 equal parts. An observation at the Pth percentile is higher tha P percent of all observations.	100
775613417	Placebo	A faux treatment given in an experiment that resembles the real treatment under consideration.	101
775613418	Placebo Effect	A phenomenon where subjects show a response to a treatment merely because the treatment is imposed regardless of its actual effect.	102
775613419	Point Estimate	An approximate value that has been calculated for the unknown parameter.	103
775613420	Population	The collection of all individuals under consideration in a study.	104
775613421	Population Parameter	A characteristic or measure of a population.	105
775613422	Position	Location of a data value relative to the population	106
775613423	Power	The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false. Equal to 1 - β. See beta and Type II error.	107
775613424	Power Model	A function in the form of y - axᵇ.	108
775745343	Predicted Value	The value of the response variable predicted by a model for a given explanatory variable.	109
775745344	Probability	Describes the chance that a certain outcome of a random phenomenon will occur.	110
775745345	Probability Distribution	A discrete random variable X is a function of all n possible outcomes of the random variable (xi) and their associated probabilities P(xi).	111
775745346	Probability Sample	Composed of individuals selected by chance.	112
775745347	P-Value	The probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the statistic obtained from a sample, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.	113
775745348	Quantitative	A variable whose values are counts or measurements.	114
775745349	Random Digit Table	A chance device that is used to select experimental units or conduct simulations.	115
775745350	Random Phenomena	Those outcomes that are unpredictable in the short term, but nevertheless, have a long-term pattern.	116
775745351	Random Sample	A sample composed of individuals selected by chance.	117
775745352	Random Variables	Numerical outcome of a random phenomenon.	118
775745353	Randomization	The process by which treatments are assigned by a chance mechanism to the experimental units.	119
775745354	Randomized Block Design	First, units are sorted into subgroups or blocks, and then treatments are randomly assigned within the blocks.	120
775745355	Range	Calculated as the maximum value minus the minimum value in a data set.	121
775745356	Relative Frequency	Percentage or proportion of the whole number of data.	122
775745357	Replication	The practice of reducing chance variation by assigning each treatment to many experimental units.	123
775745358	Residual	Observed value minus predicted value of the response variable.	124
775745359	Response Bias	Because of the manner in which an interview is conducted, because of the phrasing of questions, or because of the attitude of the respondent, inaccurate data are collected.	125
775745360	Response Variable	Measures the outcomes that have been observed.	126
775745361	Sample	A selected subset of a population from which data are gathered.	127
775745362	Sample Statistic	Result of a sample used to estimate a parameter.	128
775745363	Sample Survey	A study that collects information from a sample of a population in order to determine one or more characteristics of the population.	129
775745364	Sampling Distribution	The probability distribution of a sample statistic when a sample is drawn from a population.	130
775745365	Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean (x̄)	The distribution of sample means from all possible simple random samples of size n taken from a population.	131
775745366	Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion p̂	The distribution of sample proportions from all possible simple random samples of size n taken from a population.	132
775745367	Sampling Error	See sampling variability.	133
776426844	Sampling Variability	Natural variability due to the sampling process. Each possible random sample from a population will generate a different sample statistic.	134
776426845	Scatterplots	Used to visualize bivariate data. The explanatory variable is shown on the horizontal axis and the response variable is shown on the vertical axis.	135
776426846	Significance Level	The probability of a Type I error. A benchmark against which the P-value compared to determine if the null hypothesis will be rejected. See also alpha.	136
776426847	Simple Random Sample (SRS)	A sample where n individuals are selected from a population in a way that every possible combination of n individuals is equally likely.	137
776426848	Simulation	A method of modeling chance behavior that accurately mimics the situation being considered.	138
776426849	Skewed	A unimodal asymmetric, distribution that tends to slant-most of the data are clustered on one side of the distribution and "tails" off on the other side.	139
776426850	Standard Deviation of a Binomial Random Variable X	σₓ=√(np(1-p)).	140
776426851	Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable X	σₓ=√(σ²ₓ).	141
776426852	Standard Deviation	Used to measure variability of a data set. It is calculated as the square root of the variance of a set of data, s = √((Σ(xi-x̄)²/(n-1)).	142
776426853	Standard Error	An estimate of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.	143
776426854	Standard Normal Probabilities	The probabilities calculated from values of the standard normal distribution.	144
776426855	Standardized Score	The number of standard deviations an observation lies from the mean, z = (observation - mean) / (standard deviation).	145
776426856	Statistically Significant	When a sample statistic is shown to be far from a hypothesized parameter. When the P-value is less than the significance level.	146
776426857	Stemplot	Also called a stem-and-leaf plot. Data are separated into a stem and leaf by place value and organized in the form of a histogram.	147
776426858	Strata	Subgroups of a population that are similar or homogeneous.	148
776426859	Stratification	Part of the sampling process where units of the study are separated into strata.	149
776426860	Stratified Random Sample	A sample in which simple random samples are selected from each of several homogeneous subgroups of the population, known as strata.	150
776426861	Subjects	individuals in an experiment that are people.	151
776426862	Symmetric	The distribution that resembles a mirror image on either side of the center.	152
776426863	Systematic Random Sample	A sample where every kth individual is selected from a list or queue.	153
776426864	Test Statistic	The number of standard deviations (standard errors) that a sample statistic lies from a hypothesized population parameter.	154
776426865	Third Quartile	Symbolized Q3, represents the median of the upper 50% of a data set.	155
776426866	Transformation	Changing the values of a data set using a mathematical operation.	156
776426867	Treatments	Combinations of different levels of the factors in an experiment.	157
776426868	Two-Way Table	A frequency table that displays two categorical variables.	158
776426869	Type I Error	Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is in fact true.	159
776426870	Type II Error	Failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is in fact false.	160
776426871	Undercoverage	When some individuals of a population are not included in the sampling process.	161
776426872	Uniform	All data values in the distribution have similar frequencies.	162
776426873	Unimodal	A distribution with a single, clearly defined, peak.	163
776426874	Univariate	One-variable data.	164
776426875	Variables	Characteristics of the individuals under study.	165
776426876	Variability	The spread in a data set.	166
776426877	Variance	Used to measure variability, the average of the squared deviations from the mean, s²ₓ = √((Σ(xi-x̄)²/(n-1)).	167
776426878	Variance of a Binomial Random Variable X	σ²ₓ - np(1-p).	168
776426879	Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X	σ²ₓ = Σ from i=1 to n of (xi-μₓ)²οP(xi).	169
776426880	Venn Diagram	Graphical representation of sets or outcomes and how they intersect.	170
776426881	Voluntary Response Bias	Bias due to the manner in which people choose to respond to voluntary surveys.	171
776426882	Voluntary Response Sample	Composed of individuals who choose to respond to a survey because of interest in the subject.	172
776426883	Z-Score	See standardized score.	173

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Psychology: Themes and Variations Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior (69 terms)
pages 72-117;
Transcribed by alexwyllie

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936383402	Neurons	Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.	0
936383403	Soma	The cell body, contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells.	1
936383404	Dendrites	The parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.	2
936383405	Axon	A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands.	3
936383406	Myelin sheath	Insulating material that encases some axons.	4
936383407	Terminal buttons	Small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters.	5
936383408	Synapse	A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.	6
936383409	Resting potential	A neuron's stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.	7
936383410	Action potential	A brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon.	8
936383411	Absolute refractory period	The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.	9
936383412	Synaptic cleft	A microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron.	10
936383413	Neurotransmitters	Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.	11
936383414	Postsynaptic potential (PSP)	A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane.	12
936383415	Excitatory PSP	A positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials.	13
936383416	Inhibitory PSP	A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials.	14
936383417	Reuptake	A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane.	15
936383418	Agonist	A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.	16
936383419	Antagonist	A chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter.	17
936383420	Endorphins	Internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects.	18
936383421	Peripheral nervous system	All the nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord.	19
936383422	Nerves	Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system.	20
936383423	Somatic nervous system	Nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.	21
936383424	Afferent nerve fibers	Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body.	22
936383425	Efferent nerve fibers	Axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.	23
936396766	Autonomic nervous system (ANS)	Nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.	24
936396767	Sympathetic division	The branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.	25
936396768	Parasympathetic division	The branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources.	26
936396769	Central nervous system (CNS)	The brain and the spinal cord.	27
936396770	Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	Nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it.	28
936383426	Electroencephalograph (EEG)	A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.	29
936383427	Lesioning	Destroying a part of the brain.	30
936407697	Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)	Sending a weak electrical current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it.	31
936383428	Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)	A new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain.	32
936383429	Hindbrain	The cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons.	33
936383430	Midbrain	The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain.	34
936383431	Forebrain	The largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.	35
936383432	Thalamus	A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.	36
936383433	Hypothalamus	A structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs.	37
936383434	Limbic system	A loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas.	38
936383435	Cerebral cortex	The convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum.	39
936383436	Cerebral hemispheres	The right and left halves of the cerebrum.	40
936383437	Corpus callosum	The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.	41
936383438	Split-brain surgery	The bundle of fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres (the corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures.	42
936383439	Perceptual asymmetries	left-right imbalances between the cerebral hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing.	43
936383440	Endocrine system	Glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.	44
936383441	Hormones	The chemical substances released by the endocrine glands.	45
936426038	Pituitary gland	A gland that releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands.	46
936383442	Behavioral genetics	An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits.	47
936383443	Chromosones	Strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules that carry genetic information.	48
936383444	Zygote	A single cell formed by the union of a sperm and an egg.	49
936383445	Genes	DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.	50
936383446	Homozygous condition	The two genes in a specific pair are the same.	51
936383447	Heterozygous condition	The two genes in a specific pair are different.	52
936383448	Dominant gene	The gene that is expressed when paired genes are different.	53
936383449	Recessive gene	The gene that is masked when paired genes are different.	54
936383450	Genotype	A person's genetic makeup.	55
936383451	Phenotype	The ways in which a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics.	56
936383452	Polygenic traits	Characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes.	57
936383453	Family studies	Studies in which researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait.	58
936383454	Twin studies	Studies in which researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait.	59
936383455	Identical (monozygotic) twins	Twins that emerge from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons.	60
936383456	Fraternal (dizygotic) twins	Twins that result when two eggs are fertilized simultaneously by different sperm cells, forming two separate zygotes.	61
936383457	Adoption studies	Studies that assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological parents and their adoptive parents.	62
936383458	Genetic mapping	The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes.	63
936383459	Fitness	The reproductive success (number of descendants) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population.	64
936421028	Natural selection	Heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time.	65
936383460	Adaption	An inherited characteristic that increased in a population (through natural selection) because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged.	66
936383461	Inclusive fitness	The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others.	67
936383462	Critical period	A limited time span in the development of an organism when it is optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the organism is especially responsive to certain experiences.	68

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Cambell's Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1896878888	Gene	A discrete unite of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA	0
1896878889	DNA	A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G)	1
1896912024	Nucleotide Differences	RNA is a single strand, ribose sugar and U with A, not T. DNA is double stranded, deoxyribose and T, A, C, G.	2
1896924719	RNA Modifications after transcription	Immature RNA becomes mature due to protein splicing	3
1896924720	mRNA	...messanger RNA in the nucleus that encodes the DNA code, writes it down, has U's instead of T's, only one strand	4
1896924721	RNA Polymerase	An enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA by attaching to the promoter region of the DNA, after it's unwound(by helicase).	5
1896924722	poly(A) Tail	A sequence of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	6
1896924723	5' Cap	specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some eukaryotic primary transcripts -guanine cap which srves to protect the RNA and attach the ribosomes.	7
1896924724	Translation	When mRNA and tRNA(anticodon) translate the code, by transferring the correct amino acid for the codon(mRNA) There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids	8
1896924725	Protein Synthesis	the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins by mRNA writing down the code from the DNA template, tRNA transferring the correct amino acid, and then they bond to form the protein.	9
1896924726	Ribosome (large vs small)	A molecule consisting of 2 subunits that fit together and work as 1 to build proteins according to messages in mRNA. Using mRNA as a template, it traverses codon and pairs with the right amino acid. Interacting with tRNA.	10
1896924727	A site	A: ribosome binding site. holds tRNA carrying amino acid for polypeptide chain	11
1896924728	tRNA	Transports specific amino acids to ribosome to add to polypeptide chain on the ribosome	12
1896924729	rRNA	location where the mRNA and tRNA meet; 2 units(lg and sm)	13
1896924730	Start Codon	The first of the 3 nucleotide sequence that specifies, AUG, that establishes the reading frame for protein synthesis	14
1896924731	Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid or the to the appropriate tRNA	15
1896924732	Amino acids	An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides to build a protein	16
1896924733	Peptidyl Transferase	an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of amino acid residues to the growing polypeptide chain in protein synthesis by means of peptide bonds	17
1896924734	Polypeptide	single linear chain of many amino acids, held together by peptide bonds	18
1896924735	Codons	a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis	19
1896924736	Stop Codons	nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation. UGA, UAG, UAA	20
1896924737	Anticodons	a sequence of three nucleotides in a region of transfer RNA that recognizes a complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation	21
1896924738	Initiation	...1st step in translation of RNA. Two step process to establish exactly where translation will begin, ensuring that the mRNA codons are translated in the correct sequence of amino acids.	22
1896924739	Elongation	...Aminoacyl tRNA brings a new amino acid to the A site. And the binding occurs due to cod an/anticodon recognition	23
1896924740	Termination	...tells the polymerase to stop by Release Factors which bind with stop codons in the A site; add water to release the chain from final tRNA, mRNA is released and free	24
1925595818	promoter	DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription, contains the TATA box	25
1925595819	TATA box	a promoter DNA sequence	26
1925595820	direction for processing mRNA	DNA-3 to 5, mRNA-5 to 3	27
1925595821	transcription factors	proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase	28
1925595822	RNA splicing	removal of large portions of RNA molecule that is initially synthesized-long noncoding sequences, not continuous(split into segments)	29
1925595823	introns	intervening sequences that do not code-stay in the nucleus, refer to both the DNA and RNA sequences that encode them	30
1925595824	exons	EXIT the nucleus, because they will be coded	31
1925595825	wobble	pairing with tRNA -can be different anticodons synonymous for a given amino acid; allows 45 rRNA molecules to service all the different types of codons on the mRNA	32
1925595826	point mutation	single base pair of a gene, can be harmful, not fatal, a disease for instance, only affects one amino acid	33
1925595827	insertions and deletions	add or loss-causes a frame shift-can be disastrous	34
1925595828	Bacteria	..prokaryotic cells that consists of 1 double stranded circular DNA.	35
1925595829	operon	...promoter/operator pair that services multiple genes	36
1925595830	operator	...a short sequence near the promoter that assists in transcription by interacting with regulatory proteins(factors)	37
1925595831	regulator	...enhancer, DNA region that is influences transcription by interacting with specific transcription factors	38
1925595832	repressor	...protein that prevents the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter site	39
1925595833	inducer	...molecule that binds to and inactivates a repressor	40
1928959012	pyrimidine	Thymine and cytosine, single ring structure, will match with a purine	41
1928959013	purine	adenosine and guanine, double ring structure, will match with a pyrimidine	42
1928959014	helicase	unzips the helix of DNA to start replication and protein synthesis	43
1928959015	P site	the site the polypeptide bond of the protein, A site is behind it "new P site" is bonding the amino acid from the A site, and the "old P" site release the tRNA	44
1928959016	DNA methylation	addition of methyl, CH3, to DNA which renders DNA inactive, ex. Barr Bodies	45
1928959017	virus	parasitic infectious agent that can only survive on a host, only DNA and a capsid(protein coat)	46
1928959018	retrovirus	RNA virus that carries an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, EX: HIV virus of AIDS, reverse transcription	47
1928959019	lytic cycle	the cell produces many viral offspring which are released from the cell and kill the host cell in the process	48
1928959020	lysogenic cycle	the virus falls dormant and incorporates its DNA into the host DNA as an entity(provirus). Viral DNA is reproduced every time, staying alive, never killing the host. Can enter into a lytic cycle	49
1928959021	plasmids	circular DNA in bacteria, with only a few genes, replicate independent of the main chromosome	50
1928959022	binary fission	bacteria's reproductive process, replicates DNA and pinches in half, so identical to parent	51
1928959023	transformation	uptake of foreign DNA, use of proteins on the surface of cells that snag pieces of DNA	52
1928959024	Griffith's experiment	bacteria Strep which is either rough(non virulent) or smooth(virulent)-->passes the virulent strain because they were transformed	53
1928959025	virulent	strain that contracts the illness	54
1928959026	bacteriophage	a virus that infects bacteria, by latching on the surface of a cell and firing the DNA into the cell	55
1928959027	transduction	movement of genes from one cell to another by phages, specialized or specialized	56
1928959028	generalized transduction	creating a new cell to resistant to penicillin by a phage virus infecting and taking over a bacterial cell that contains a functional gene for resistance to penicillin	57
1928959029	specialized transduction	virus that is in the lysogenic cycle, resting quietly along with the other DNA of the host cell. If the new phage offspring attaches to a cell that is not penicillin resistant and injects its DNA and crossover occurs, specialized transduction occurred.	58
1928959030	recombinant DNA	when DNA fragments with sticky ends reconnect with other DNA fragments. For genetic engineering to move DNA from one source to another.	59

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