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AP Biology Chapter 20 - Biotechnology, Campbell 8th ed. Flashcards

Campbell & Reece 8th ed. of AP Biology, 2011-2012

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29692986recombinant DNA2 strands of DNA engineered to mesh together to make a new strand0
29692988biotechnologymanipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products1
29692989genetic engineeringthe direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes2
29692996plasmidcircular DNA that replicates separately from the bacterial chromosome3
29692997gene cloningmaking multiple copies of a single gene4
29692998restriction enzymesthey snip sugar phosphate backbones to create "sticky ends"5
29692999restriction sitethe specific cutting site of a plasmid6
29693001restriction fragmenta DNA segment that results from the cutting of a restriction enzyme7
29693002sticky endthe end off of a restriction fragment8
29693003DNA ligaseglues restriction fragments together9
29693006cloning vectorA gene carrier/plasmid that transfers DNA from a foreign cell or test tube to another cell10
29693007genomic librarya complete set of plasmid-carrying cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome11
29693009bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)another type of vector; allows for easier replication/manipulation as the number of genes is reduced to a smaller size12
29693010complementary DNA (cDNA)a complementary, single-stranded, DNA molecule to another mRNA or DNA; composed by mRNA via reverse transcriptase13
29693011cDNA librarya collection of cDNAs14
29693016nucleic acid hybridizationthe process of detecting a certain gene by adding a radioactive probe composed of complementary nucleotides15
29693017nucleic acid probean artificially synthesized nucleotide complement used in nucleic acid hybridization16
29693018expression vectorallows a cloned eukaryotic gene to function in a bacterial host; a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted into the correct reading frame17
29693019yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome (DNA origin of replication, centromere, and 2 telomeres) inserted with foreign DNA to help a eukaryotic gene function18
29693021electroporationthe act of sending an electric pulse to a cell in membrane saturated solution to allow DNA to enter19
29693022polymerase chain reaction (PCR)the act of amplifying a target DNA sequence; consists of denaturation, cooling with primers, and the DNA pol adding of nucleotides20
29693024gel electrophoresisthe process of separating nucleic acids/proteins based on size, electrical charge, and other physical properties21
29693026southern blottinga process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on DNA22
29693027northern blottinga process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on mRNA23
29693032reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)a process using cDNA, PCR, and gel electrophoresis to compare gene expression between samples24
29693033in situ hybridizationusage of placing probes in an organism with fluorescent dyes to determine which tissues/cells are expressing certain genes25
29693034DNA microarray assaya collection of many small, single-stranded DNA fragments in a glass slide that would ideally represent all genes of an organism26
29693035in vitro mutagenesisthe process of determining the function of a gene by disabling it via mutation27
29693036RNA interference (RNAi)a synthetic, double-stranded RNA acting as a sequence of a particular gene to block translation of a specific protein28
29693037totipotentdescribes a cell that can dedifferentiate29
29693038nuclear transplantationthe process of transplanting a nucleus from a differentiated cell into an unfertilized/fertilized egg30
29693039pluripotentthe capability of differentiating into different cell types31
29693040stem cellan unspecialized cell that can reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types32
29693041single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)where a single base pair site is varied33
29693043restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)an SNP that exists on the restriction site for a particular enzyme making it unrecognizable causing different restriction fragments to show during gel electrophoresis34
29693048gene therapyintroducing genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes35
29693050transgenican organism that has genes from another organism of the same or different species36
29693051genetic profilean individual's set of unique genetic markers37
29693052short tandem repeats (STRs)tandemly repeated 2-5 base sequences in specific regions of the genome38
29693053Ti plasmida plasmid of tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates its T DNA into a chromosome of a host plant; used in genetic (plant) engineering)39
29693055genetically modified (GM) organismsan organism that has artificially acquired one or more genes from another of the same or different species40

We The People 10th Edition Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1701785857Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments to the Constitution. They include rights such as freedom of speech and religion and due process protections (such as the right to a jury trial) for persons accused of crimes.0
1701785858civil libertiesThe fundamental individual rights of a free society, such as freedom of speech and the right to a jury trial, which in the US are protected by the Bill of Rights.1
1701785859clear-and-present-danger testA test devised by the Supreme Court in 1919 in order to define the limits of free speech in the context of national security. According to the test, government cannot abridge political expression unless it presents a clear and present danger to the nation's security.2
1701785860due process clause (of the Fourteenth Amendment)the clause of the constitution that has been used by the judiciary to apply bill of rights to the actions of state governments3
1701785861establishment clausethe First Amendment provision stating that government may not favor one religion over another or favor religion over no religion, and prohibiting Congress from passing laws respecting the establishment of religion.4
1701785862exclusionary ruleThe legal principle that government is prohibited from using in trials evidence that was obtained by unconstitutional means (for example, illegal search and seizure).5
1701785863free-exercise clauseA First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.6
1701785864freedom of expressionAmericans' freedom to communicate their views, the foundation of which is the First Amendment rights of freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly, and petition.7
1701785865imminent lawless action testA legal test that says government cannot lawfully suppress advocacy that promotes lawless action unless such advocacy is aimed at producing, and is likely to produce, imminent lawless action.8
1701785866Lemon testA three-part test to determine whether a law relating to religion is valid under the religious establishment clause. To be valid, a law must have a secure purpose, serve neither to advance no inhibit religion and avoid excessive government entanglement with religion.9
1701785867libelPublication of false material that damages a person's reputation.10
1701785868prior restraintGovernment prohibition of speech or publication before the fact, which is presumed by the courts to be unconstitutional unless the justification for it is overwhelming.11
1701785869procedural due processThe constitutional requirement that government must follow proper legal procedures before a person can be legitimately punished for an alleged offense.12
1701785870right of privacyA right implied by the freedoms in the Bill of Rights that grants individuals a degree of personal privacy upon which government cannot lawfully intrude. The right gives individuals a level of free choice in areas such as reproduction and intimate relations.13
1701785871selective incorporationProcess by which certain of the rights (for example, freedom of speech) contained in the bill of rights become applicable through the 14th amendment to actions by the state governments.14
1701785872slanderSpoken falsehoods that damage a person's reputation15
1701785873symbolic speechAn action for the purpose of expressing a political opinion (ex.-Waving the flag)16

The Cultural Landscape: Chapter 9 Flashcards

Development vocabulary definitions for Chapter 9 of The Cultural Landscape (10th Edition) by James M. Rubenstein for AP Human Geography.

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2312085137DevelopmentA process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.0
2312085138Fair tradeAlternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.1
2312085139Foreign direct investment (FDI)Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.2
2312085140Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic and political decision making.3
2312085141Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.4
2312085142Gross domestic product (GDP)The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year).5
2312085143Human Development Index (HDI)Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.6
2312085144Less developed country (LDC)A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.7
2312085145Literacy rateThe percentage of a country's people who can read and write.8
2312085146Millennium Development GoalsEight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015.9
2312085147More developed country (MDC)A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.10
2312085148Primary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.11
2312085149ProductivityThe value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.12
2312085150Secondary SectorThe portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.13
2312085151Structural adjustment programEconomic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens for more services.14
2312085152Tertiary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with the transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.15
2312085153Transnational corporationA company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.16
2312085154Value AddedThe gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy.17

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography (8th Edition)-Chapter 10 Terms Flashcards

An Introduction to Human Geography: The Cultural Landscape (8th Edition) by James M. Rubenstein
Chapter 10: Agriculture

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2239154459agriculturethe deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain0
2239154460cropany plant cultivated by people1
2239154461hunting and gatheringmethod of obtaining food needed for survival used before the invention of agriculture2
2239154462contemporary hunters and gatherersmake up less than 0.005% (about 1/4 million people) of the world's population; live in isolated locations, including the Arctic and the interior of Africa, Australia, and South America; Ex: African Bushmen of Namibia and Botswana and Aborigines in Australia3
2239154463vegetative plantingearliest form of plant cultivation; reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots4
2239154464seed agriculturereproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization; practiced by most farmers today5
2239154465Southeast Asiawhere Carl Sauer believes that vegetative planting probably originated6
2239154466western India, northern China, and Ethiopiathree hearths of seed agriculture in the Eastern Hemisphere7
2239154467southern Mexico and northern Perutwo hearths of seed agriculture in the Western Hemisphere8
2239154468subsistence agricultureproduction of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family; found in LDCs9
2239154469commercial agricultureproduction of food primarily for sale off the farm; found in MDCs10
2239154470prime agricultural landmost productive farmland11
2239154471agribusinesssystem of commercial farming found in the U.S. and other relatively developed countries12
2239154472shifting cultivationform of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period13
2239154473slash-and-burn agricultureform of agriculture in which farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris14
2239154474fallownothing planted15
2239154475swiddencleared area used in shifting cultivation16
2239154476pastoral nomadismform of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals; used in dry climates such as North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia17
2239154477Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and North Africa and the Masai of East Africaexamples of pastoral nomads18
2239154478camels followed by sheep and goatsanimals most used by pastoral nomads in North Africa and the Middle East19
2239154479horseanimal most used by pastoral nomads in Central Asia20
2239154480transhumanceseasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas21
2239154481pasturegrass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals22
2239154482intensive subsistence agricultureform of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land; practiced in densely populated areas such as East, South, and Southeast Asia23
2239154483wet ricepractice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth; dominant type of agriculture in Southeast China, East India, and much of Southeast Asia24
2239154484sawahAustronesian term for the flooded field used in wet rice dominant intensive subsistence farming25
2239154485paddyEuropean and North American term for the flooded field used in wet rice dominant intensive subsistence farming26
2239154486chaffrice husks27
2239154487threshto beat out grain from stalks by trampling it28
2239154488winnowto allow to be blown away by the wind29
2239154489hullouter covering of rice30
2239154490double croppingprocess of obtaining two harvests per year from one field; common in places with warm winters such as South China and Taiwan31
2239154491crop rotationpractice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil32
2239154492mixed crop and livestock farmingmost common form of commercial agriculture in the U.S. west of the Appalachians and east of 98° west longitude and in much of Europe from France to Russia33
2239154493cereal grainsoats, wheats, rye, or barley34
2239154494Corn Beltmost important mixed crop and livestock farming region in the U.S.; extending from Ohio to the Dakotas, with its center in Iowa; approximately half the crop land is planted in corn35
2239154495soybeanssecond most important crop in the U.S. mixed commercial farming region36
2239154496dairy farmingmost important type of commercial agriculture practiced on farms near the large urban areas of the Northeast U.S., Southeast Canada, and Northwest Europe37
2239154497milkshedring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling38
2239154498grainseed from various grasses, like wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet, and others39
2239154499wheatmost important crop grown in grain farming40
2239154500United Stateslargest producer of grain41
2239154501winter wheat beltlarge-scale grain production area that extends through Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma42
2239154502winter wheatwheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer43
2239154503spring wheatwheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer44
2239154504spring wheat beltimportant grain-producing region in North America; extends through the Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan in Canada45
2239154505reapermachine that cuts grain standing in the field; invented by Cyrus McCormick in the 1830s46
2239154506combinemachines that performs in one operation the three tasks of reaping, threshing, and cleaning47
2239154507ranchingcommercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area48
2239154508Chisolm Trailmost famous route for driving cattle from Texas northward to the rail line49
2239154509Mediterranean agricultureagriculture practiced in the lands that border the Mediterranean Sea in Southern Europe, North Africa, and western Asia, as well as California, central Chile, the southwestern part of South Africa, and southwestern Australia50
2239154510horticulturegrowing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers51
2239154511commercial gardening and fruit farmingpredominant type of agriculture in the U.S. Southeast; grows many fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in MDCs such as apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes52
2239154512truck farmingsynonym for commercial gardening and fruit farming, named for the Middle English word meaning "bartering"53
2239154513plantation farmingform of commercial agriculture found in sparsely settled locations in the tropics and subtropics, especially in Latin America, Africa, and Asia; owned and operated by MDCs54
2239154514plantationlarge farm that specializes in one or two crops; some of the most important crops grown are cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco, cocoa, jute, bananas, tea, coconuts, and palm oil55
2239154515access to markets and overproductiontwo economic factors that influence the choice of crops/livestock by commercial farmers56
2239154516sustainable agricultureagricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality; distinguished by more sensitive land management and better integration of crops and livestock57
2239154517ridge tillagesystem of planting crops on ridge tops; crops are planted on 4- to 8-inch ridges that are formed during cultivation or after harvest; lower production costs and greater soil conservation58
2239154518"Roundup-Ready seeds"seeds used in conventional agriculture that are genetically modified to survive when herbicides and insecticides are sprayed on fields59
2239154519forest fallowfields are cleared and utilized for up to two years and left fallow for more than twenty tears, long enough for the forest to grow back60
2239154520bush fallowfield are cleared and utilized for up to eight years and left fallow for up to ten years, long enough for small trees and bushes to grow back61
2239154521short fallowfields are cleared and utilized for about two years and left fallow for up to two years, long enough for wild grasses to grow back62
2239154522annual croppingfields are used every year and left fallow for a few months by planting legumes and roots63
2239154523multicroppingfields are used several times a year and never left fallow64
2239154524desertificationprocess of land deteriorating to a desert-like condition; caused by human actions65
2239154525green revolutionthe invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques in the 1970s and 1980s; involves the introduction of higher-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers66
2239154526"miracle wheat seed"shorter and stiffer than traditional breeds of wheat; less sensitive to variation in day length, responded better to fertilizers, and matured faster67
2239154527nitrogenmost important fertilizer68
2239154528wheat, maize (corn), and ricethree top export grains69
2239154529Indialargest beneficiary of U.S. food aid70
2239154530Japanworld's leading grain importer71

Terms- AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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318399835AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for _____ in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.0
318399836AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. _____s can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of _____.1
318399837AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An _____ can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. _____s can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.2
318399838AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the _____ of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; IT exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted." The _____ of "IT" is...? (answer: all truth)3
318399839AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An _____ can be a memorable summation of the author's point.4
318399840AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the _____. Frequently _____ foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.5
318399841ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. _____s may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes6
318399842DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the _____ of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal)7
318399843DictionRelated to style, _____ refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP Exam you should be able to describe an author's _____ (for example, formal or informal) and understand how it compliments the author's purpose. _____, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.8
318399844DidacticFrom the Greek, _____ literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.9
318399845Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.10
318399846Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid11
318400107Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, understatement.12
318400108ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, _____ uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader, deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex _____ while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this _____.13
318400109Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")14
318400111Irony/IronicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. _____ is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of _____ used in language: (1) verbal _____ - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational _____ - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic _____ - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.15
318400112LitotesA form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. _____ is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).16
318400113MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. _____ical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.17
318400114MetonymyA term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," _____ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.18
318400115MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the _____. _____ is similar to tone and atmosphere.19
318400116NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.20
318400117OnomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.21
318400118OxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an _____ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of _____.22
318400119ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")23
318400120PersonificationA _____ __ ______ in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.24
318400121Point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of _____ __ _____, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term _____ __ _____ carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's _____ __ ____, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.25
318400122SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," _____ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are _____stic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done,_____can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.26
318400123SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, _____ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the _____ist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).27
318400124SyllogismFrom the Greek for "reckoning together," a _____ (or _____istic reasoning or _____istic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A _____'s conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. _____s may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men").28
318400125Symbol/SymbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a _____is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, _____s (1) natural _____s are objects and occurrences from nature to _____lize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn _____lizing hope or a new beginning, a rose _____izing love, a tree _____lizing knowledge). (2) conventional _____s are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious _____s such as a cross or Star of David; national _____s, such as a flag or an eagle; or group _____s, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary _____s are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's _____s may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a _____ for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.29
318400127SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. _____ is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of _____ as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates _____. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how _____ produces effects.30
318400128ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually _____ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the _____ may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.31
318400129ThesisIn expository writing, the _____ statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.32
318400130ToneSimilar to mood, _____ describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. ____ is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's ____. Some words describing ____are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.33
318400131Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact, ___________ presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. _____________ is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."34
318400132AntiheroA protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.35
318400133ArchetypeA detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response36
318400134SimileA comparison using like or as37
318400135AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meanin. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The ________ meaning usually deals with the moral truth or a generalization about human existence.38
318400137AntithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite39
318400138ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour:/ England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: "Thou still unravished bride of quietness". Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed.40
318400139CaricatureA verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features and other characteristics.41
318400140ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main ______ expresses complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate ______, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent _____. The point that you want to consider is the question or what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.42
318400141Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, ____________ give a work a conversational, familiar tones. __________ expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.43
318400142ConceitA fanicful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A _______ displays intellectual cleverness as a result of an unusual comparison being made.44
318400143EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech", ________s are a mor agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The _________ may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or iroinic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of __________.45
318400144Generic ConventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and a political writing. On the AP Language Exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.46
318400145GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, _____ is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called _____s themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP Language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following _____s: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.47
318400146HomilyThis term literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.48
318400147HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") _________s often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, _________ produces irony. The opposite of _________ is understatement.49
318400148Inference/InferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice asks for an _________ to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable _________ is the safest answer choice. If an __________ is implausible, it is unlikely to be the correct answeer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not ______ed and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation-negative or positive- of the choices.50
318400149Loose Sentence/Non-Periodic SentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many _____ ________s often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, _____ ________s create loose style. The opposite of a _____ ________ is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.51
318400150ParallelismAlso referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this terms comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another". It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as preposition or verbal phrase. (Again, the opening of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities is an example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity...") The effects of ___________ are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythym.52
318400151AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).53
318400152ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written ______ offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being ______ed in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occassionally, however, ______es take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.54
318400153PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of big words).55
318400154Periodic SentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase of clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of the ________ ________ is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)56
318400155ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, _____ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In _____ the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.57
318400156RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.58
318400157RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator", this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.59
318400158Rhetorical ModesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of major kinds of writing. The four most common _________ _____ (often referred to as the modes of discourse) are as follows: 1) The purpose of 'exposition' (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP Language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. 2) The purpose of 'argumentation' is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. 3) The purpose of 'description' is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in a description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive imaging may be straightforward and objective, or highly emotional and subjective. 4) The purpose of 'narration' is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mod frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.60
318400159SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.61
318400160StyleThe consideration of _____ has two purposes: 1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' _____s are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. we can analyze and describe an author's personal _____ and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. _____s can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. 2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's _____ reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.62
318400161Subject ComplementThe word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it(the predicative nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined below: 1) The predicate nominative- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star= predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts 2) The predicate adjective- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic= predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren63
318400162Subordinate ClauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subjec and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike independent clauses, the ___________ ______ cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. The ___________ ______ depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how, and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West 'that is known for its geysers'. Parenthesed phrase= ___________ ______64
318400163SynechdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something us used to represent the whorle, or occassionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to referr to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings". **Different tan metynomy, in whcih one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated withi it (but is not necessarily part of it), i.e., regerring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House".65
318400164SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of the red ants makes you itchy. In literature, __________ refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in te same image. Red Hot Chili Pepper's song title,"Taste the Pain" is an example.66
318400166TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, __________s effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. a few commonly used __________al words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary,etc. More sophisitcated writers use more subtle means of __________.67
318400167WitIn modern usage, intllectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A ___ty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speakers verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. ___ usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, ___ originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creating fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.68
758454918RHETORICAL STRATEGIESAny tools used by the author to make his/her point more convincing. Rhetorical strategies help the author to make his claim (Logos) more convincing by appealing to Pathos and Ethos.69
758454919Assertion/claim (noun)/ assert (verb)Assertions are opinions stated as facts—the basis of all arguments. Assertions are always arguable. Another word for an assertion that controls an argument is claim."America has long had a love affair with violence and guns"(x). Canada begins his book by claiming, or asserting that an important part of America's experience has been their love of violence and guns.70
758454920Qualification (noun)to modify, restrict or limit. A qualification of an assertion or claim means that you agree in part, or you wish to redefine or reshape the assertion. If you were asked your opinion of Canada's assertion, or claim, you might agree that guns have held an important place in the defense of America, but that "love affair" is too strong a term to describe Americans' feelings for guns. So you would express your opinion as a qualification of Canada's argument: while it is true that guns have played an important part in American history, the reason is not Americans' love for guns but rather their desire for safety and security.71
758454921Speaker's Stancea "stance" is a position, where you stand on an issue. You might, for example, disagree with Bush's stance on Iraq and believe instead that we should withdraw our troops. That belief, then, would be your stance.72
758454922Rebuttal/Refutation(nouns) rebut/refute (verbs)an opposing argument; a contradiction. To prove an argument wrong.73
758454923Recapitulateto repeat briefly; to summarize. Often when you write an argument essay or give a speech, you recapitulate, or sum up your points, in your conclusion. After describing his experience as a teacher with some difficult students (Ch. 4), Canada recapitulates by comparing these students to those he had grown up with in the Bronx and restating his claim that "Violence is a learned response"(28).74
758454924Appeals to authorityusing the endorsement , approval or voice of an authority to make an argument seem more convincing. When students voice their opinions in a synthesis essay, they often quote from authority figures to support their opinions.75
758455406Anecdotethe retelling of a brief incident that may illustrate or prove a point made in an argument.76
758455407Juxtapositiona device by which a writer or speaker juxtaposes, or places two items side by side. This is done to create an ironic contrast or effect. A famous photograph from the Depression shows a long line of men waiting for bread who are standing in front of a billboard that says, "America, Land of Opportunity." The picture of men who are out of work and must rely on food hand-outs is juxtaposed with the message that America provides opportunities for all.77
758455408Litotes (understatement)deliberately representing something as less than it is in order to create a particular effect. Canada relates an incident which begins with the claiming of a basketball and escalates into the confrontation of a man with a gun. He watches as the older boys reach for their knives and face down an opponent who has a much more powerful weapon. Later, when Geoffrey wants to talk about this incident, Mike and Junior deliberately understate the severity of what happened: '"He was an *******. Forget it."'(42). Their use of litotes or understatement is meant to teach an important lesson: you must keep your emotions under control in order to survive on the streets78
758455455Doublespeaklanguage used to distort and manipulate rather than to communicate. "Not doing so well" instead of very sick or injured79
758456313EllipsisThe omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in the context. "The eyes of others our prisons; their thoughts our cages."80
758456314EthnocentricThe belief in the inherent superiority of one's own group and culture.81
758456315Euphemismthe substitution of an inoffensive, indirect, or agreeable expression for a word or phrase perceived as socially unacceptable or unnecessarily harsh. "overweight" rather than "fat," "disadvantaged" rather than "poor"82
758456316Jargonrefers to a specialized language providing a shorthand method of quick communication between people in the same field. The basis of assessment for Schedule D Case I and II, other than commencement and cessation, is what is termed a previous year basis. (legal jargon)83
758456317Lending CredenceIn arguing her point, a writer or speaker should always give the opponent some credit for his / her ideas.84
758456318Logical Fallaciesmethods of pseudo-reasoning that may occur accidentally or may be intentionally contrived to lend plausibility to an unsound argument.85
758456319Shift or Turna change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization, or insight gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader86
758456320Spintwist and turn so as to give an intended interpretation"The President's spokesmen had to spin the story to make it less embarrassing"87
758456321Parallel syntactic structuresusing the same part of speech or syntactic structure in (1) each element of a series, (2) before and after coordinating conjunctions (and, but, yet, or, for, nor), and (3) after each of a pair of correlative conjunctions (not only...but also, neither...nor, both...and, etc.). Below are examples for definitions (1) and (3):Over the hill, through the woods, and to grandmother's house we go. (3) That vegetable is both rich in vitamins and low in calories.88
642553872Antithesisthe contrast of opposites within parallel clauses or phrases. Canada uses antithesis to point out the contrast between his innocent belief that the police would help him and his growing awareness that they didn't care about people in his neighborhood: "It was nothing they did, it was what they didn't do"(14).89

Terms- AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

Terms : Hide Images
318399835AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for _____ in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.0
318399836AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. _____s can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of _____.1
318399837AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An _____ can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. _____s can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.2
318399838AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the _____ of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; IT exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted." The _____ of "IT" is...? (answer: all truth)3
318399839AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An _____ can be a memorable summation of the author's point.4
318399840AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the _____. Frequently _____ foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.5
318399841ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. _____s may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes6
318399842DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the _____ of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal)7
318399843DictionRelated to style, _____ refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP Exam you should be able to describe an author's _____ (for example, formal or informal) and understand how it compliments the author's purpose. _____, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.8
318399844DidacticFrom the Greek, _____ literally means "teaching." They have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.9
318399845Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.10
318399846Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid11
318400107Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Could include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, understatement.12
318400108ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, _____ uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader, deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex _____ while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this _____.13
318400109Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")14
318400111Irony/IronicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. _____ is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of _____ used in language: (1) verbal _____ - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational _____ - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic _____ - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.15
318400112LitotesA form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. _____ is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).16
318400113MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. _____ical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.17
318400114MetonymyA term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," _____ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.18
318400115MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the _____. _____ is similar to tone and atmosphere.19
318400116NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.20
318400117OnomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.21
318400118OxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an _____ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of _____.22
318400119ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")23
318400120PersonificationA _____ __ ______ in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.24
318400121Point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of _____ __ _____, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term _____ __ _____ carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's _____ __ ____, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.25
318400122SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," _____ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are _____stic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done,_____can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.26
318400123SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, _____ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the _____ist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).27
318400124SyllogismFrom the Greek for "reckoning together," a _____ (or _____istic reasoning or _____istic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A _____'s conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. _____s may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men").28
318400125Symbol/SymbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a _____is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, _____s (1) natural _____s are objects and occurrences from nature to _____lize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn _____lizing hope or a new beginning, a rose _____izing love, a tree _____lizing knowledge). (2) conventional _____s are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious _____s such as a cross or Star of David; national _____s, such as a flag or an eagle; or group _____s, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary _____s are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's _____s may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a _____ for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.29
318400127SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. _____ is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of _____ as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates _____. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how _____ produces effects.30
318400128ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually _____ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the _____ may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.31
318400129ThesisIn expository writing, the _____ statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.32
318400130ToneSimilar to mood, _____ describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. ____ is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's ____. Some words describing ____are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.33
318400131Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact, ___________ presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. _____________ is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."34
318400132AntiheroA protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.35
318400133ArchetypeA detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response36
318400134SimileA comparison using like or as37
318400135AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meanin. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The ________ meaning usually deals with the moral truth or a generalization about human existence.38
318400137AntithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite39
318400138ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour:/ England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: "Thou still unravished bride of quietness". Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed.40
318400139CaricatureA verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features and other characteristics.41
318400140ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main ______ expresses complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate ______, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent _____. The point that you want to consider is the question or what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.42
318400141Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, ____________ give a work a conversational, familiar tones. __________ expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.43
318400142ConceitA fanicful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A _______ displays intellectual cleverness as a result of an unusual comparison being made.44
318400143EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech", ________s are a mor agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The _________ may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or iroinic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of __________.45
318400144Generic ConventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and a political writing. On the AP Language Exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.46
318400145GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, _____ is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called _____s themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP Language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following _____s: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.47
318400146HomilyThis term literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.48
318400147HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") _________s often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, _________ produces irony. The opposite of _________ is understatement.49
318400148Inference/InferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice asks for an _________ to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable _________ is the safest answer choice. If an __________ is implausible, it is unlikely to be the correct answeer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not ______ed and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation-negative or positive- of the choices.50
318400149Loose Sentence/Non-Periodic SentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many _____ ________s often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, _____ ________s create loose style. The opposite of a _____ ________ is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.51
318400150ParallelismAlso referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this terms comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another". It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as preposition or verbal phrase. (Again, the opening of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities is an example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity...") The effects of ___________ are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythym.52
318400151AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).53
318400152ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written ______ offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being ______ed in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occassionally, however, ______es take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.54
318400153PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of big words).55
318400154Periodic SentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase of clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of the ________ ________ is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)56
318400155ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, _____ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In _____ the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.57
318400156RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.58
318400157RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator", this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.59
318400158Rhetorical ModesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of major kinds of writing. The four most common _________ _____ (often referred to as the modes of discourse) are as follows: 1) The purpose of 'exposition' (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP Language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. 2) The purpose of 'argumentation' is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. 3) The purpose of 'description' is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in a description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive imaging may be straightforward and objective, or highly emotional and subjective. 4) The purpose of 'narration' is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mod frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.60
318400159SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.61
318400160StyleThe consideration of _____ has two purposes: 1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' _____s are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. we can analyze and describe an author's personal _____ and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. _____s can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. 2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's _____ reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.62
318400161Subject ComplementThe word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it(the predicative nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined below: 1) The predicate nominative- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star= predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts 2) The predicate adjective- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic= predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren63
318400162Subordinate ClauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subjec and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike independent clauses, the ___________ ______ cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. The ___________ ______ depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how, and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West 'that is known for its geysers'. Parenthesed phrase= ___________ ______64
318400163SynechdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something us used to represent the whorle, or occassionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to referr to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings". **Different tan metynomy, in whcih one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated withi it (but is not necessarily part of it), i.e., regerring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House".65
318400164SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of the red ants makes you itchy. In literature, __________ refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in te same image. Red Hot Chili Pepper's song title,"Taste the Pain" is an example.66
318400166TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, __________s effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. a few commonly used __________al words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary,etc. More sophisitcated writers use more subtle means of __________.67
318400167WitIn modern usage, intllectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A ___ty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speakers verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. ___ usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, ___ originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creating fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.68
758454918RHETORICAL STRATEGIESAny tools used by the author to make his/her point more convincing. Rhetorical strategies help the author to make his claim (Logos) more convincing by appealing to Pathos and Ethos.69
758454919Assertion/claim (noun)/ assert (verb)Assertions are opinions stated as facts—the basis of all arguments. Assertions are always arguable. Another word for an assertion that controls an argument is claim."America has long had a love affair with violence and guns"(x). Canada begins his book by claiming, or asserting that an important part of America's experience has been their love of violence and guns.70
758454920Qualification (noun)to modify, restrict or limit. A qualification of an assertion or claim means that you agree in part, or you wish to redefine or reshape the assertion. If you were asked your opinion of Canada's assertion, or claim, you might agree that guns have held an important place in the defense of America, but that "love affair" is too strong a term to describe Americans' feelings for guns. So you would express your opinion as a qualification of Canada's argument: while it is true that guns have played an important part in American history, the reason is not Americans' love for guns but rather their desire for safety and security.71
758454921Speaker's Stancea "stance" is a position, where you stand on an issue. You might, for example, disagree with Bush's stance on Iraq and believe instead that we should withdraw our troops. That belief, then, would be your stance.72
758454922Rebuttal/Refutation(nouns) rebut/refute (verbs)an opposing argument; a contradiction. To prove an argument wrong.73
758454923Recapitulateto repeat briefly; to summarize. Often when you write an argument essay or give a speech, you recapitulate, or sum up your points, in your conclusion. After describing his experience as a teacher with some difficult students (Ch. 4), Canada recapitulates by comparing these students to those he had grown up with in the Bronx and restating his claim that "Violence is a learned response"(28).74
758454924Appeals to authorityusing the endorsement , approval or voice of an authority to make an argument seem more convincing. When students voice their opinions in a synthesis essay, they often quote from authority figures to support their opinions.75
758455406Anecdotethe retelling of a brief incident that may illustrate or prove a point made in an argument.76
758455407Juxtapositiona device by which a writer or speaker juxtaposes, or places two items side by side. This is done to create an ironic contrast or effect. A famous photograph from the Depression shows a long line of men waiting for bread who are standing in front of a billboard that says, "America, Land of Opportunity." The picture of men who are out of work and must rely on food hand-outs is juxtaposed with the message that America provides opportunities for all.77
758455408Litotes (understatement)deliberately representing something as less than it is in order to create a particular effect. Canada relates an incident which begins with the claiming of a basketball and escalates into the confrontation of a man with a gun. He watches as the older boys reach for their knives and face down an opponent who has a much more powerful weapon. Later, when Geoffrey wants to talk about this incident, Mike and Junior deliberately understate the severity of what happened: '"He was an *******. Forget it."'(42). Their use of litotes or understatement is meant to teach an important lesson: you must keep your emotions under control in order to survive on the streets78
758455455Doublespeaklanguage used to distort and manipulate rather than to communicate. "Not doing so well" instead of very sick or injured79
758456313EllipsisThe omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in the context. "The eyes of others our prisons; their thoughts our cages."80
758456314EthnocentricThe belief in the inherent superiority of one's own group and culture.81
758456315Euphemismthe substitution of an inoffensive, indirect, or agreeable expression for a word or phrase perceived as socially unacceptable or unnecessarily harsh. "overweight" rather than "fat," "disadvantaged" rather than "poor"82
758456316Jargonrefers to a specialized language providing a shorthand method of quick communication between people in the same field. The basis of assessment for Schedule D Case I and II, other than commencement and cessation, is what is termed a previous year basis. (legal jargon)83
758456317Lending CredenceIn arguing her point, a writer or speaker should always give the opponent some credit for his / her ideas.84
758456318Logical Fallaciesmethods of pseudo-reasoning that may occur accidentally or may be intentionally contrived to lend plausibility to an unsound argument.85
758456319Shift or Turna change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization, or insight gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader86
758456320Spintwist and turn so as to give an intended interpretation"The President's spokesmen had to spin the story to make it less embarrassing"87
758456321Parallel syntactic structuresusing the same part of speech or syntactic structure in (1) each element of a series, (2) before and after coordinating conjunctions (and, but, yet, or, for, nor), and (3) after each of a pair of correlative conjunctions (not only...but also, neither...nor, both...and, etc.). Below are examples for definitions (1) and (3):Over the hill, through the woods, and to grandmother's house we go. (3) That vegetable is both rich in vitamins and low in calories.88
642553872Antithesisthe contrast of opposites within parallel clauses or phrases. Canada uses antithesis to point out the contrast between his innocent belief that the police would help him and his growing awareness that they didn't care about people in his neighborhood: "It was nothing they did, it was what they didn't do"(14).89

History 1302 Final Flashcards

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168487506Richard Nixonvietnam war/ watergate/ tried to impeach/ was the first president to resign 37th president!0
168487507Jimmy Carteroil crisis/ 3 mile island/ iran crisis/ 39th president1
168487508Ronald ReaganEconomics Theories was to make america great again used the suppy side and trickle down/40th president2
168487509Bill Clintonused a combination of conservative and liberalism/ tried to impeach him, but the 2/3 vote was not met./ 42nd president3
168487510George W. BushIraq war/ lead to the worst deficit/43rd president4
168487511What were the reactions of anti- vietnam american boys when drafted?by 1967, young men were burning their draft cards or fleeing to canada to avoid fighting in what they considered an unjust war5
168487512why american forces burned and destroyed villages in vietnam?it was increasingly difficult to know where viet cong forces were hiding especially with the tunnel systems they had under huts and bushes. therefore the us troops destroyed the whole village to ruin a hiding spot. villagers suspected of aiding the viet cong were killed and others were forced to live in encampments called "strategic hamlets"6
168487513What tramatized soldiers in vietnam?the idea of death, teh constant fear of being blown up, and the sight of their fellow soldiers being blown up by land mines. they began to experiment with drugs7
168487514what stories can do for the dead who fought in the war?stories kept the dead alive by telling stories of the dead. it made things present.8
168487515Anti- vietnam demonstrationsProtests began to spread on college campuses. 4 studenst from kent state were killed when the national guard opened fire on them. over 350 colleges and univerisities had protest and troops occupied 21 campuses. within vietnam, many soilders began to disregard disicipline and some even attacked their officers.9
168487516How did Nixon end the war?he negociated a peace and the paris peace agreement was signed. with this the final withdrawal of american military could take place.10
168487517Watergaterelease of the pentagon papers, nixon created a team of investigators called "plumbers" to gather evidence about daniel ellsberg. they raided his psychiatrist office. in june 72, 5 fomer members of nixon's re-election committee took part in a break- in of the democratic party headquaters. nixon paid burglars to keep quiet or commit perjury.11
168487518oil crisisa brief war between israel and its neighbors egypt and syria. Middle eastern arab states retaliated for western support of israel and quadrupling the price of oil and suspending export of oil to the us for several months. The second oil crisis happened because of a revolution in iran when ayatollah khomeini overthrew the shah of iran12
1684875193- mile island accidentthis set back teh move for using nuclear power to replace oil dependence. 3 mile island plant in pennsylvania released massive amounts of radioactive steam into the atmosphere. this reinforced the dangers of nuclear power13
168487520Soviet invasion of afghanistanthe soviets (soviet union) invaded to support a friendly government threatened by islamic rebellion. President carter announced the carter, stating the us would use military force to protect its interest in persian gulf. the us funded fundamental muslims......who were fighting guerilla warfare with soviets.14
168487521Reagan, Gorbacev, and the Cold Warin his second term, he estab. good relations with gorbachev the soviet premier. in an effort to build up the economy gorbachev implemented policies, glasnot (political openness) and perestrokia (economic reform). the two men made agreements on arms control and to eliminate the intermediate and short- range nuclar missiles in europe. the relations improved to the point of tearing down the berlin wall..15
168487522Computer RevolutionApple and IBM began producing computers, which changed america. this industry created and revolutionized the way people conducted busines at work and home. the internet also contributed to this spread of new and information, and let to the globalization of business and economy.16
168487523pros and cons of globalizationit opened up a wider market for goods, but also led to problems with practices such as outsourcing employment to foreign countries..17
168487524distribution of wealth and income in the usthe gap between rich and poor has widened and the middle class had be decreasing18

Ch. 32 AP World History (Latin America: Revolutions and Reaction into the 2st Century) Flashcards

The Newest Stage of World History: 1914- Present

Ch. 32 Latin America: Revolutions and Reaction into the 2st Century

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1501284026Fidel CastroCuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976.0
1501284027Vicente FoxBecame president of Mexico in 2000 and ended the PRI's reign; Pushed to end official corruption, reduce poverty, and spur economic growth; Tried to protect the rights of Mexico's natives;1
1501284028PRIParty of the Institutionalized Revolution; dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico.2
1501284029ZapatistasGuerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation.3
1501284030National Action Party (PAN)A conservative and Christian democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. Since 2007, the party is led by Germán Martínez Cázares. Since 2000, the President of Mexico has been a member of this party4
1501284031NAFTAA trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.5
1501284032GATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; international trade organization ehtat encourages free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions6
1501284033Juan Jose ArevaloElected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit Company7
1501284034United Fruit CompanyMost important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 19548
1501284035Fulgencio BatistaOpressive dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro. Marred by corruption9
1501284036Ernesto "Che" GuevaraArgentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967. (p 785)10
1501284037Liberation TheologyCombined Catholic theology and Socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America (20th century).11
1501284038Allende SalvadorPresident of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of lands and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States.12
1501284039Sandinista PartyNicaraguan Socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a Socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s. (p. 824)13
1501284040Augusto SandinoHe was a nationalist leader who fought against the U.S. Marines in Nicaragua. He led an army of peasants and Indians to restore Nicaraguan national sovereignty; rediscovered the guerilla tradition, been influenced by the anti-yankees and socialist ideas of the Mexican revolution, returned to Nicaragua.14
1501284041Banana RepublicsTerm given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.15
1501284042Good Neighbor PolicyFranklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.16
1501284043Alliance for ProgressBegun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention17

Chapter 24: The Industrial Age, 1865-1900 Flashcards

Industry Comes Of Age

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759312927Federal land grants and subsidiesEncouraged the railroads to build their lines across the North American continent.0
759312928Union Pacific RailroadA railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH1
759312929Central Pacific RailroadA joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.2
759312930Great Northern Railroad...A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH3
759312931Stock WateringDishonest device in which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds4
759312932Huse vs. GloverSupreme Court case of 1886 Prevented states from regulating railroads Prevented other forms of interstate commerce5
759312933Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)Federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition6
759312934TelephoneLate-nineteenth-century invention Revolutionized communication and created a large new industry relying heavily on female workers7
759312935Standard OilFirst of the great industrial trusts Organized a principle of horizontal integration8
759312936United States Steel Corporation (USSC)The first billion-dollar American corporation Organized when J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie9
759312937New SouthThe technologically advanced industrial South10
759312938Colored National Labor Union (CNLU)Black labor organization that briefly flourished in the late 1860s11
759312939Knights of LaborSecret, ritualistic labor organization Enrolled both skilled and unskilled workers Collapsed after the Haymarket Square bombing12
759312940The American Federation of Labor's concentration on skilled craft workersSkilled Labor Organizations Created a strong but narrowly based union organization.13
760848775American Federation of LaborLabor group for SKILLED workers14
760848776Leland StanfordFormer governor of California Ivy League donator of the West Central Pacific Railroad15
760848777Russel ConwellPro-business clergyman "Acres of Diamonds" speech-criticized the poor16
760848778James J. HillRailroad builder Felt dedicated to the public Northern Pacific Railroad17
760848779Cornelius VanderbuiltCreator of the New York Central rail line Considered the law an obstacle to success18
760848780Charles Dana GibsonMagazine illustrator who showed the athletic, independent woman19
760848781Alexander Graham BellFormer teacher of the deaf Inventor of the telephone20
760848782Thomas EdisonElectric light The Phonograph The Motion Picture21
760848783Andrew CarnegieSteel industry leader Scottish immigrant Vertical Integration22
760848784John D. RockefellerOwner of Standard Oil Trust builder based on Horizontal Integration23
760848785J.P. MorganA rich banker Bought out Carnegie Steel Company Created the United States Steel Corporation24
760848786Henry GradySouthern newspaper editor Promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South25
760848787Terence V. PowderlyLeader of the Knights of Labor26
760848788William Graham SumnerIntellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism Argued that the wealthy owed NOTHING to the poor27
760848789John P. AltgedIllinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists28
760848790Samuel GompersOrganizer of the AF of L Advocated more wages for skilled workers29
760848791Corrupt financial dealings and political manipulations by the railroadsCreated a public demand for railroad regulation, such as the Interstate Commerce Act.30
760848792New developments in steel making, oil refining, and communicationLaid the technological basis for huge new industries and spectacular economic growth.31
760848793The ruthless competitive techniques of Rockefeller and other industrialistsEliminated competition and created monopolistic "trusts" in many industries.32
760848794The growing concentration of wealth and power in the new corporate "plutocracy"Fostered growing class divisions and public demands for restraints on corporate trusts.33
760848795The North's use of discriminatory price practices against the SouthKept the South in economic dependency as a poverty-stricken supplier of farm products and raw materials to the Northeast.34
760848796The growing mechanization and depersonalization of factory workOften made laborers feel powerless and vulnerable to their well-off corporate employers.35
760848797The Haymarket Square bombingHelped destroy the Knights of Labor and increased public fear of labor agitation.36

Chapter 34 push 1929-1939 Flashcards

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2369821624great depression-longer than previous depressions -caused more business failures -affected both middle/working class0
2369841929Black Tuesday-Oct. 29, 1929 -bottom fell out as millions panicky investors order their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found.1
2369849134Dow Jones Index-had fallen from its september high of 381 to 1982
2369854803stock market-exchange of stocks -not responsible for great depression3
2369867727buying on margin-allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10%4
2369874636Gross National Product-value of all the goods and services produced by the nation in one year5
2369880748Herbert Hoover-wrong in thinking that prosperity would soon return -believed the nation could get through the difficult times if the people took his advice about exercising voluntary action and restraint. -urged businesses not to cut wages, unions not to strike, and private charities to increase their efforts for the needy and the jobless. -afraid gov. assistance to individuals would destroy there self-reliance. -recognized the need for more direct government.6
2369900654Hawley Smoot Tariff (1930)-passed by republican congress -set tax increases ranging from 31% to 49% on foreign imports. -political purpose: to satisfy U.S. business leaders who thought higher tariffs of their own against U.S. goods.7
2369912584debt moratorium(suspension) on the payment of international debts. -brit and germany accepted8
2369916676Farm Board-created in 1929 before stock market crash -helped farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton storage.9
2369925169Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)-federally funded, government owned corp. -created by congress in 1932 as a measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. -help stabilize key businesses10
2369941416bonus march 1932-thousand unemployed WWI veterans mached to Washington, DC -demanded immediate payment of the bonuses promised them at a later date (1945)11
2369950207Election of 1932-depressions worst year -republicans for hoover -democrats for FDR -Resulted in election of FDR12
236995696720th amendment(lame duck amendment) -shortened the period between the presidential election and inauguration13
2369962253FDR-married to Eleanor -expanded size of federal government, altered its scope of operations, enlarged powers of presidency -disability from polio 192114
2369974290Eleanor Roosevelt-FDR's wife -leader in her own right -most active first lady in history -writing newspaper columns, speeches, traveling the country -served as presidents social conscience and influenced him to support minorities and the less fortunate.15
2369987021Three R's-relief: people out of work -recovery: for business and economy as one -reform: of american economic institutions16
2369994477Brain Trusts-included Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, Adolph A. Berle. -roosevelt turned to these professors for economic advise17
2370015253Frances Perkins-first woman to serve in a presidents cabinet -FDR's secretary of labor18
2370019586Hundred Days-congress passed into law every request from roosevelt...enacting more major legislation than any single congress in history -new laws: WPA,AAA,CCC,NRA19
2370027687bank holiday-to restore confidence in those banks that were still solvent -pres. ordered for those banks to have a holiday on March 6, 193320
2370034542Beer-Wine revenue act-legalized the sale of beer and wine -bringing prohibition to an end21
2370038590Fireside chats-March 12, 1933 -FDR said to people that banks were now safe22
2370104302Emergency Banking Relief Act-gov. to examine the finances of banks closed during bank holiday and reopen those judged to be sound23
2370109778Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC)-Guaranteed individual bank deposits up to 5,00024
2370116229Home Owners Loan Corp. (HOLC)-provided refinancing of small homes to prevent foreclosures25
2370118401Farm Credit Administration-provided low-interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosures on the millions of indebted farmers26
2370126752Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)-outright grants of federal $ to states and local gov. that were operating soup kitchens and other forms of relief for the jobless and homeless27
2370133709Public Works Administration (PWA)-directed by Harold Ickes -allotte money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams,etc.28
2370140401Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)-experiment in the regional development of public planning. -hired thousands of people in one of the nation's poorest regions(tennessee valley) to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion, manufacture fertilizer29
2370150221Civillian Conservation Corps. (CCC)-employed young men on projects on federal ands and paid their families small monthly sums30
2370157303Schechter vs. US-Supreme court ruiling declaring the NRA unconstitutional31
2370164319Civil Works Administration (CWA)-Hired laborers for temporary construction projects sponsored by the federal government.32
2370226513Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)-created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practics that had led to the crash of 192933
2370233909Federal Housing Administration (FHA)-both the construction industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones.34
2370240593Second New Deal-1935 -concentrated on relief and reform35
2370243395Workers Progress Administration (WPA)-sent billions of dollars between 1935-40 -provided people with jobs -employed 3.4 million men and women who had formerly been on relief rolls of state and local governments.36
2370250058Harry Hopkins-operate the WPA37
2370253265National Labor Relations-"Wagner Act 1935" -replaced labor provisions of the National Industrial Recovery act -guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively -outlawed business practices that were unfair labor38
2370263028Social Security Act-1935 -created federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers39
2370270472Father Coughlin-catholic priest -radio broadcaster -founded National union for Social Justice, calling to issue an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks40
2370279318Dr. Frances E. Townsend-proposing a simple plan for guaranteeing a secure income to senior citizens. -argued that recipients would stimulate the economy and soon bring the depression to an end41
2370290920Huey Long-roosevely, "most dangerous of the depression demagogues" -"kingfish" -"share on our wealth" promised a minimal income of 5,000 for every american family , to be paid for by the rich.42
2370303341court- reorganization plan-1937 -"court packing" bill -proposed that the press. be authorized to appoint the supreme court and additional justice for each current justice who was older than a certain age.43
2370310731Committee of industrial organizations (CIO)-leader John L. Lewis (pres. of United Mine Workers Union. -industrial unions came together -union membership to expand to ALL workers in an industry. (unskilled too)44
2370320423sit down strike for General Motors plant-workers instead on their right to join a union.45
2370327522fair labors standards act-1938 -provided a host of regulations on businesses in interstate commerce...establishing: 1.minimum wage 2. maximum workweek 3.child-labor restrictions on those under 1646
2370337084Fair employment practices committee-1941 -assist minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries47
2370338823A phillip randolph-head of the railroad porters union, threatened a march on washington to demand job opportunities for african americans48
2370343438indian reorganization-(wheeler-howard act 1934) -returned lands to the control of tribes and supported the preservation of native american cultures49

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