| CourseNotes

Policies of the Kaiser Wilhelm II Flashcards

1697419280	How did the Kaiser want to rule?	Personally	0
1697419281	What were his parents political principles, which he hated?	Constitutional monarchy on the British model	1
1697419282	How did the Kaiser's want for personal rule affect Germany?	Lots of change as the influence of the Chancellor was reduced (eventually Bismarck resigned)	2
1711140189	What was Weltpolitik?	Wilhelm's policy of playing a leading role in world affairs	3
1711140190	What did Weltpolitik involve?	Land power, sea power, consolidation of the colonial empire	4
1711140191	In which countries did Germany have a growing intererst in?	Turkey, Balkans, North Africa	5
1711140192	How did Wilhelm's personality make German policy seem?	Threatening and sinister	6
1711140193	Who was Weltpolitik popular with?	Army, navy, nationalist groups and industrialists	7
1711140194	How did these policies affect international relations?	Seem threatening so vulnerable to attack	8
1711140195	Why was it significant that Wilhelm and Bismarck disagreed?	Lots of chage in the country	9

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Campbell-Reece Chapter 31: Fungi Flashcards

From the AP Biology textbook

Terms : Hide Images

977075558	Exoenzymes	Powerful hydrolytic enzymes fungi secrete to break down food into particles that the fungi can absorb	0
977075559	Saprobes	Fungi decomposers	1
977075560	Hyphae	Network of tiny filaments composed of tubular cell walls; can be separated by septa or be coenocytic	2
977075561	Chitin	Flexible and strong nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in fungal cell wall	3
977075562	Mycelium	Mass of interwoven hyphae; grows rapidly to make up for non-motility.	4
977075563	Septa	"Walls" with pores that divide the hyphae into multiple cell compartments; they have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei to flow from cell to cell	5
977075564	Coenocytic	Fungi with a continuous cytoplasmic mass. They have no septa and are similar to plasmodial slime molds.	6
977075565	Mycorrhizae	Mutually beneficial relationships between plant roots and fungi; helps with the absorption of nutrients	7
977075566	Ectomycorrhizal fungi	Mycorrhizae plants that form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root	8
977075567	Endomycorrhizal fungi	Mycorrhizae plants that have the hyphae (one example is haustoria) penetrate the plant root	9
977075568	Pheromones	Sexual signaling molecules that allow fungi reproduce	10
977075569	Plasmogamy	Union of cytoplasm of two parent mycelia; primary form of sexual reproduction in fungi	11
977075570	Heterokaryon	A mycelium that has different nuclei; this phenomenon occurs when plasmogamy occurs. Some haploid cells fuse together right away, while others stay far away from each other. The result is multiple nuclei	12
977075571	Dikaryotic	Fungi with two haploid nuclei	13
977075572	Karyogamy	When fungi nuclei fuse together; this is the only stage in which diploidy exists in most fungi.	14
977075573	Mold	Fungi that can reproduce asexually	15
977075574	Yeasts	Asexual fungi that live in moist or liquid environments; one example is yeast.	16
977075575	Deuteromycetes	A.k.a imperfect fungi; Fungi with no sexual stage. (Perfect refers to the sexual stages of plants/fungi; it is a botanical term)	17
977075576	Opisthokonts	Members of the clade Opisthokonta. Consists of fungi, animals, and protistan relatives.	18
977075577	zoospores	Flagellated spores	19
977075578	Zygomycetes	Phylum Zygomycota; fungi responsible for rotting molds of food. Example: Rhizopus stolonifer	20
977075579	Zygosporangium	Structure that forms as a result of plasmogamy in Zygomycetes	21
977075580	Glomeromycetes	Phylum Glomeromyceta; have arbuscular mycorrhizae, which is when the tips of hyphae branch into treelike structures know as arbuscules. 90% of all plants have such symbiotic partnerships with glomeromycetes	22
977075581	Ascomycetes	Phylum Ascomycota; produce sexaul spores in saclike asci. A.k.a. Sac fungi	23
977075582	Asci	Sacs in which spores are produced in Ascomycetes	24
977075583	Ascocarps	Fruiting bodies of Ascomycetes	25
977075584	Conidia	Asexual fungi spores of Ascomycetes	26
977075585	Basidiomycetes	Phylum Basidiomycota; has a diploid stage called basidium. A.k.a. club fungus	27
977075586	Basidiocarps	Elaborate fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes. A mash room is an example of one	28
977075587	Lichens	Fungus-Photosynthetic organism hybrid. Usually microorganisms held in mass of hyphae	29
977075588	Soredia	Small bundles of hyphae with embedded algae	30
977075589	Mycosis	Fungal infection that parasitize humans; example is ringworm.	31
977075590	Ergots	Purple structures found on rye as a result of fungal infection	32
977075591	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Important yeast fungi for baking and brewing	33
977075592	Penicillium	Ascomycete fungi that makes penicillin	34
977075593	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot; helps digest wood	35

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Challenge A Geography Terms Flashcards

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964163980	Altitude	elevation or height above sea level	0
964163981	Archipelago	a group or chain of many islands in a sea, usually shaped like an arch	1
964163982	Arm	an inlet from the sea or other body of water	2
964163983	Atoll	a small island the shape of a ring or horseshoe formed by deposits of coral sea animals	3
964163984	Bank	the steep or sloping border of any stream	4
964163985	Basin	a low place in the surface of the land, usually with a body of water occupying the lowest part	5
964163986	Bay	any inlet of the ocean or part of the ocean bordering on land and partly surrounded by land	6
964163987	Bayou	a slow, sluggish stream; usually used to describe inlets from the Gulf of Mexico or from the Mississippi River	7
964163988	Beach	the pebbly or sandy shore of the sea or of a lake that is washed by the waves	8
964163989	Bluff	a steep, high bank beside a body of water	9
964163990	Bog	very wet, spongy ground not able to support much weight, usually made of decayed plants	10
964163991	Branch	a small stream or creek emptying into a larger stream	11
964163992	Breakers	waves breaking into foam as they approach or dash against the shore	12
964163993	Brink	the very edge at the top of a bluff, cliff, or precipice	13
964163994	Brook	a natural stream of running water smaller than a river or a creek	14
964163995	Canal	a constructed channel filled with water used for navigation, irrigation, or drainage	15
964163996	Canyon	a deep, narrow valley having high, steep slopes	16
964163997	Cape	a narrow piece of land projecting into the sea	17
964163998	Cave	a deep, hollowed-out area under the earth's surface	18
964163999	Cavern	a large cave of room size or larger	19
964164000	Channel	a narrow strip of water	20
964164001	Chasm	an empty, deep gap in the surface of the earth	21
964164002	Cinder Cone	a cone-shaped mass of material made by volcanic eruption	22
964164003	Cliff	the steep, rocky face of a bluff	23
964164004	Coast	land along the sea	24
964164005	Continent	any one of the seven largest areas of land on the earth's surface	25
964164006	Continental shelf	the shallow sea area bordering the continents	26
964164007	Country	a nation or area of land that is politically controlled by one government	27
964164008	Cove	a small, sheltered inlet from any body of water	28
964164009	Crag	a projecting point of rock, usually perpendicular or nearly so	29
979357846	Crater	the bowl-shaped opening at the top of a volcano	30
979357847	Creek	a natural stream of running water larger than a brook but smaller than a river	31
979357848	Cultivated Land	land that is plowed or spaded and used for growing crops	32
979357849	Current	the swiftly moving part of a stream or ocean	33
979357850	Dale	a small valley	34
979357851	Dam	a bank or wall built across a stream to gold back or redirect water	35
998697345	Dell	a small sheltered valley or ravine	36
998697346	Delta	a deposit, usually triangular in shape, of sand and soil that forms at the mouth of a river	37
998697347	Desert	a large area of land with little or no moisture or vegetation	38
998697348	Dike	earth or other material built up along a river or ocean to keep them from overflowing onto land	39
998697349	Divide	a water parting or watershed that separates two drainage areas	40
998697350	Downstream	The direction in which a stream is flowing	41
1027300955	Drainage Basin	the area from which a single stream or river and its tributaries drains all of the water	42
1027300956	Dune	a hill or ridge of sand piled up by the wind	43
1027300957	Earth	the planet on which people live	44
1027300958	Elevation	height or distance above sea level	45
1027300959	Estuary	a narrow arm of the sea at the mouth of a river where the ocean tide meets the river current	46
1027300960	Fall Line	the line connecting the places where streams emerge from the uplands onto lowlands usually marked by waterfalls or rapids	47
1027300961	Field	an area of cleared land, often bounded by fences	48
1027300962	Fjord	a deep, narrow inlet of the sea between high, steep banks	49
1027300963	Foothill	the hill at the base of a mountain	50
1027300964	Ford	a shallow place where a stream or body of water may be crossed by wading or driving through the water	51
1027300965	Forest	a large area of land covered with trees	52
1027300966	Glacier	a large sheet or stream of ice formed in an area usually at high elevations, where the temperature remains below or near freezing and more snow accumulates in winter than melts in summer	53
1037248930	Glen	a small valley usually long, narrow and with steep sides	54
1037248931	Gorge	a narrow passage between steep mountains or hills	55
1037248932	Grove	a group of trees smaller than a forest, generally without undergrowth	56
1037248933	Gulch	a narrow, rocky valley or gorge, a ravine	57
1037248934	Gulf	an area of water bordering on, and lying within, a curved coastline	58
1037248935	Harbor	a sheltered body of water where ships anchor and are protected from storms	59
1060226535	Headland	a high area of land with a steep slope, projected into a body of water	60
1060226536	Hill	a small area of land that is higher than the land around it	61
1060226537	Horizon	the line where the earth's surface and the sky seem to meet	62
1060226538	Iceberg	a huge block of floating ice broken from a glacier, found in the most northerly and southerly areas of the world's oceans	63
1060226539	Inlet	a small opening between a small and larger body of water	64
1060226540	Irrigated land	land watered by artificial means through the use of small canals or ditches	65
1080233451	Island	an area of land surrounded by water	66
1080233452	Isthmus	a narrow piece of land joining a peninsula with a mainland	67
1080233453	Junction	the meeting point of two streams, roads or railroads	68
1080233454	Key	an island or reef that does not stick up very far above the water	69
1080233455	Knob	a smooth, rounded hill	70
1080233456	Knoll	a small, round hill or mound	71
1086773509	Lagoon	a pool of shallow water connected to the sea by an inlet	72
1086773510	Lake	an inland body of water usually of considerable size	73
1086773511	Land	the portion of the earth's surface above the level of the sea or ocean	74
1086773512	Latitude	the north-south measurement of position on the earth	75
1086773513	Ledge	a projection of rock having the appearance of a shelf	76
1086773514	Left bank	the bank of a stream which lies on the left side as one goes with the current	77
1109545510	Levee	an embankment beside a stream which prevents overflow	78
1109545511	Locks	an enclosure with gates built in a canal or river so that ships c an be raised or lowered by changing the water level	79
1109545512	Longitude	the west-east measurement of position on the earth	80
1109545513	Marsh	an area of low, wet, poorly drained land	81
1109545514	Meadow	an area of level land where grass is grown and usually cut for hay	82
1109545515	Mesa	a flat-topped, rocky hill with steeply sloping sides	83
1164956978	Mine	a pit from which coal, minerals, or precious stones are taken by digging	84
1164956979	Moor	an area of open wasteland, often swampy	85
1164956980	Mountain	a lofty elevation on the earth's surface	86
1164956981	Mountain Chain	a series of mountains not connected	87
1164956982	Mountain Range	a series of connecting mountains	88
1164956983	Mouth	end of a stream; point at which a stream enters a lake, sea, or ocean	89
1171447768	Natural Resource	supplies of materials found in nature, such as minerals, water or coal	90
1171447769	Oasis	a fertile spot within a desert watered by underground springs or by irrigation	91
1171447770	Ocean	any one, or all, of the four largest connecting bodies of salt water on the earth's surface	92
1171447771	Pass	an opening through hills or mountains used as a route for highways or railroads	93
1171447772	Pasture	land where grass and other plants grow and where cattle, sheep, etc. can graze	94
1171447773	Peak	the pointed top of a hill or mountain	95
1192249383	Peninsula	a piece of land nearly surrounded by water and attached to a larger area of land or the mainland by an isthmus	96
1192249384	Piedmont	an area of rolling land along the foot of a mountain range	97
1192249385	Pier	a structure projecting into the water and used as a docking or loading place for ships	98
1192249386	Plain	a nearly level area of land usually of considerable size	99
1192249387	Plateau	a large, level, or nearly level area of elevated land	100

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Challenge A Geography Terms Flashcards

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964163980	Altitude	elevation or height above sea level	0
964163981	Archipelago	a group or chain of many islands in a sea, usually shaped like an arch	1
964163982	Arm	an inlet from the sea or other body of water	2
964163983	Atoll	a small island the shape of a ring or horseshoe formed by deposits of coral sea animals	3
964163984	Bank	the steep or sloping border of any stream	4
964163985	Basin	a low place in the surface of the land, usually with a body of water occupying the lowest part	5
964163986	Bay	any inlet of the ocean or part of the ocean bordering on land and partly surrounded by land	6
964163987	Bayou	a slow, sluggish stream; usually used to describe inlets from the Gulf of Mexico or from the Mississippi River	7
964163988	Beach	the pebbly or sandy shore of the sea or of a lake that is washed by the waves	8
964163989	Bluff	a steep, high bank beside a body of water	9
964163990	Bog	very wet, spongy ground not able to support much weight, usually made of decayed plants	10
964163991	Branch	a small stream or creek emptying into a larger stream	11
964163992	Breakers	waves breaking into foam as they approach or dash against the shore	12
964163993	Brink	the very edge at the top of a bluff, cliff, or precipice	13
964163994	Brook	a natural stream of running water smaller than a river or a creek	14
964163995	Canal	a constructed channel filled with water used for navigation, irrigation, or drainage	15
964163996	Canyon	a deep, narrow valley having high, steep slopes	16
964163997	Cape	a narrow piece of land projecting into the sea	17
964163998	Cave	a deep, hollowed-out area under the earth's surface	18
964163999	Cavern	a large cave of room size or larger	19
964164000	Channel	a narrow strip of water	20
964164001	Chasm	an empty, deep gap in the surface of the earth	21
964164002	Cinder Cone	a cone-shaped mass of material made by volcanic eruption	22
964164003	Cliff	the steep, rocky face of a bluff	23
964164004	Coast	land along the sea	24
964164005	Continent	any one of the seven largest areas of land on the earth's surface	25
964164006	Continental shelf	the shallow sea area bordering the continents	26
964164007	Country	a nation or area of land that is politically controlled by one government	27
964164008	Cove	a small, sheltered inlet from any body of water	28
964164009	Crag	a projecting point of rock, usually perpendicular or nearly so	29
979357846	Crater	the bowl-shaped opening at the top of a volcano	30
979357847	Creek	a natural stream of running water larger than a brook but smaller than a river	31
979357848	Cultivated Land	land that is plowed or spaded and used for growing crops	32
979357849	Current	the swiftly moving part of a stream or ocean	33
979357850	Dale	a small valley	34
979357851	Dam	a bank or wall built across a stream to gold back or redirect water	35
998697345	Dell	a small sheltered valley or ravine	36
998697346	Delta	a deposit, usually triangular in shape, of sand and soil that forms at the mouth of a river	37
998697347	Desert	a large area of land with little or no moisture or vegetation	38
998697348	Dike	earth or other material built up along a river or ocean to keep them from overflowing onto land	39
998697349	Divide	a water parting or watershed that separates two drainage areas	40
998697350	Downstream	The direction in which a stream is flowing	41
1027300955	Drainage Basin	the area from which a single stream or river and its tributaries drains all of the water	42
1027300956	Dune	a hill or ridge of sand piled up by the wind	43
1027300957	Earth	the planet on which people live	44
1027300958	Elevation	height or distance above sea level	45
1027300959	Estuary	a narrow arm of the sea at the mouth of a river where the ocean tide meets the river current	46
1027300960	Fall Line	the line connecting the places where streams emerge from the uplands onto lowlands usually marked by waterfalls or rapids	47
1027300961	Field	an area of cleared land, often bounded by fences	48
1027300962	Fjord	a deep, narrow inlet of the sea between high, steep banks	49
1027300963	Foothill	the hill at the base of a mountain	50
1027300964	Ford	a shallow place where a stream or body of water may be crossed by wading or driving through the water	51
1027300965	Forest	a large area of land covered with trees	52
1027300966	Glacier	a large sheet or stream of ice formed in an area usually at high elevations, where the temperature remains below or near freezing and more snow accumulates in winter than melts in summer	53
1037248930	Glen	a small valley usually long, narrow and with steep sides	54
1037248931	Gorge	a narrow passage between steep mountains or hills	55
1037248932	Grove	a group of trees smaller than a forest, generally without undergrowth	56
1037248933	Gulch	a narrow, rocky valley or gorge, a ravine	57
1037248934	Gulf	an area of water bordering on, and lying within, a curved coastline	58
1037248935	Harbor	a sheltered body of water where ships anchor and are protected from storms	59
1060226535	Headland	a high area of land with a steep slope, projected into a body of water	60
1060226536	Hill	a small area of land that is higher than the land around it	61
1060226537	Horizon	the line where the earth's surface and the sky seem to meet	62
1060226538	Iceberg	a huge block of floating ice broken from a glacier, found in the most northerly and southerly areas of the world's oceans	63
1060226539	Inlet	a small opening between a small and larger body of water	64
1060226540	Irrigated land	land watered by artificial means through the use of small canals or ditches	65
1080233451	Island	an area of land surrounded by water	66
1080233452	Isthmus	a narrow piece of land joining a peninsula with a mainland	67
1080233453	Junction	the meeting point of two streams, roads or railroads	68
1080233454	Key	an island or reef that does not stick up very far above the water	69
1080233455	Knob	a smooth, rounded hill	70
1080233456	Knoll	a small, round hill or mound	71
1086773509	Lagoon	a pool of shallow water connected to the sea by an inlet	72
1086773510	Lake	an inland body of water usually of considerable size	73
1086773511	Land	the portion of the earth's surface above the level of the sea or ocean	74
1086773512	Latitude	the north-south measurement of position on the earth	75
1086773513	Ledge	a projection of rock having the appearance of a shelf	76
1086773514	Left bank	the bank of a stream which lies on the left side as one goes with the current	77
1109545510	Levee	an embankment beside a stream which prevents overflow	78
1109545511	Locks	an enclosure with gates built in a canal or river so that ships c an be raised or lowered by changing the water level	79
1109545512	Longitude	the west-east measurement of position on the earth	80
1109545513	Marsh	an area of low, wet, poorly drained land	81
1109545514	Meadow	an area of level land where grass is grown and usually cut for hay	82
1109545515	Mesa	a flat-topped, rocky hill with steeply sloping sides	83
1164956978	Mine	a pit from which coal, minerals, or precious stones are taken by digging	84
1164956979	Moor	an area of open wasteland, often swampy	85
1164956980	Mountain	a lofty elevation on the earth's surface	86
1164956981	Mountain Chain	a series of mountains not connected	87
1164956982	Mountain Range	a series of connecting mountains	88
1164956983	Mouth	end of a stream; point at which a stream enters a lake, sea, or ocean	89
1171447768	Natural Resource	supplies of materials found in nature, such as minerals, water or coal	90
1171447769	Oasis	a fertile spot within a desert watered by underground springs or by irrigation	91
1171447770	Ocean	any one, or all, of the four largest connecting bodies of salt water on the earth's surface	92
1171447771	Pass	an opening through hills or mountains used as a route for highways or railroads	93
1171447772	Pasture	land where grass and other plants grow and where cattle, sheep, etc. can graze	94
1171447773	Peak	the pointed top of a hill or mountain	95
1192249383	Peninsula	a piece of land nearly surrounded by water and attached to a larger area of land or the mainland by an isthmus	96
1192249384	Piedmont	an area of rolling land along the foot of a mountain range	97
1192249385	Pier	a structure projecting into the water and used as a docking or loading place for ships	98
1192249386	Plain	a nearly level area of land usually of considerable size	99
1192249387	Plateau	a large, level, or nearly level area of elevated land	100

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Challenge A Geography Terms Flashcards

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Terms : Hide Images

964163980	Altitude	elevation or height above sea level	0
964163981	Archipelago	a group or chain of many islands in a sea, usually shaped like an arch	1
964163982	Arm	an inlet from the sea or other body of water	2
964163983	Atoll	a small island the shape of a ring or horseshoe formed by deposits of coral sea animals	3
964163984	Bank	the steep or sloping border of any stream	4
964163985	Basin	a low place in the surface of the land, usually with a body of water occupying the lowest part	5
964163986	Bay	any inlet of the ocean or part of the ocean bordering on land and partly surrounded by land	6
964163987	Bayou	a slow, sluggish stream; usually used to describe inlets from the Gulf of Mexico or from the Mississippi River	7
964163988	Beach	the pebbly or sandy shore of the sea or of a lake that is washed by the waves	8
964163989	Bluff	a steep, high bank beside a body of water	9
964163990	Bog	very wet, spongy ground not able to support much weight, usually made of decayed plants	10
964163991	Branch	a small stream or creek emptying into a larger stream	11
964163992	Breakers	waves breaking into foam as they approach or dash against the shore	12
964163993	Brink	the very edge at the top of a bluff, cliff, or precipice	13
964163994	Brook	a natural stream of running water smaller than a river or a creek	14
964163995	Canal	a constructed channel filled with water used for navigation, irrigation, or drainage	15
964163996	Canyon	a deep, narrow valley having high, steep slopes	16
964163997	Cape	a narrow piece of land projecting into the sea	17
964163998	Cave	a deep, hollowed-out area under the earth's surface	18
964163999	Cavern	a large cave of room size or larger	19
964164000	Channel	a narrow strip of water	20
964164001	Chasm	an empty, deep gap in the surface of the earth	21
964164002	Cinder Cone	a cone-shaped mass of material made by volcanic eruption	22
964164003	Cliff	the steep, rocky face of a bluff	23
964164004	Coast	land along the sea	24
964164005	Continent	any one of the seven largest areas of land on the earth's surface	25
964164006	Continental shelf	the shallow sea area bordering the continents	26
964164007	Country	a nation or area of land that is politically controlled by one government	27
964164008	Cove	a small, sheltered inlet from any body of water	28
964164009	Crag	a projecting point of rock, usually perpendicular or nearly so	29
979357846	Crater	the bowl-shaped opening at the top of a volcano	30
979357847	Creek	a natural stream of running water larger than a brook but smaller than a river	31
979357848	Cultivated Land	land that is plowed or spaded and used for growing crops	32
979357849	Current	the swiftly moving part of a stream or ocean	33
979357850	Dale	a small valley	34
979357851	Dam	a bank or wall built across a stream to gold back or redirect water	35
998697345	Dell	a small sheltered valley or ravine	36
998697346	Delta	a deposit, usually triangular in shape, of sand and soil that forms at the mouth of a river	37
998697347	Desert	a large area of land with little or no moisture or vegetation	38
998697348	Dike	earth or other material built up along a river or ocean to keep them from overflowing onto land	39
998697349	Divide	a water parting or watershed that separates two drainage areas	40
998697350	Downstream	The direction in which a stream is flowing	41
1027300955	Drainage Basin	the area from which a single stream or river and its tributaries drains all of the water	42
1027300956	Dune	a hill or ridge of sand piled up by the wind	43
1027300957	Earth	the planet on which people live	44
1027300958	Elevation	height or distance above sea level	45
1027300959	Estuary	a narrow arm of the sea at the mouth of a river where the ocean tide meets the river current	46
1027300960	Fall Line	the line connecting the places where streams emerge from the uplands onto lowlands usually marked by waterfalls or rapids	47
1027300961	Field	an area of cleared land, often bounded by fences	48
1027300962	Fjord	a deep, narrow inlet of the sea between high, steep banks	49
1027300963	Foothill	the hill at the base of a mountain	50
1027300964	Ford	a shallow place where a stream or body of water may be crossed by wading or driving through the water	51
1027300965	Forest	a large area of land covered with trees	52
1027300966	Glacier	a large sheet or stream of ice formed in an area usually at high elevations, where the temperature remains below or near freezing and more snow accumulates in winter than melts in summer	53
1037248930	Glen	a small valley usually long, narrow and with steep sides	54
1037248931	Gorge	a narrow passage between steep mountains or hills	55
1037248932	Grove	a group of trees smaller than a forest, generally without undergrowth	56
1037248933	Gulch	a narrow, rocky valley or gorge, a ravine	57
1037248934	Gulf	an area of water bordering on, and lying within, a curved coastline	58
1037248935	Harbor	a sheltered body of water where ships anchor and are protected from storms	59
1060226535	Headland	a high area of land with a steep slope, projected into a body of water	60
1060226536	Hill	a small area of land that is higher than the land around it	61
1060226537	Horizon	the line where the earth's surface and the sky seem to meet	62
1060226538	Iceberg	a huge block of floating ice broken from a glacier, found in the most northerly and southerly areas of the world's oceans	63
1060226539	Inlet	a small opening between a small and larger body of water	64
1060226540	Irrigated land	land watered by artificial means through the use of small canals or ditches	65
1080233451	Island	an area of land surrounded by water	66
1080233452	Isthmus	a narrow piece of land joining a peninsula with a mainland	67
1080233453	Junction	the meeting point of two streams, roads or railroads	68
1080233454	Key	an island or reef that does not stick up very far above the water	69
1080233455	Knob	a smooth, rounded hill	70
1080233456	Knoll	a small, round hill or mound	71
1086773509	Lagoon	a pool of shallow water connected to the sea by an inlet	72
1086773510	Lake	an inland body of water usually of considerable size	73
1086773511	Land	the portion of the earth's surface above the level of the sea or ocean	74
1086773512	Latitude	the north-south measurement of position on the earth	75
1086773513	Ledge	a projection of rock having the appearance of a shelf	76
1086773514	Left bank	the bank of a stream which lies on the left side as one goes with the current	77
1109545510	Levee	an embankment beside a stream which prevents overflow	78
1109545511	Locks	an enclosure with gates built in a canal or river so that ships c an be raised or lowered by changing the water level	79
1109545512	Longitude	the west-east measurement of position on the earth	80
1109545513	Marsh	an area of low, wet, poorly drained land	81
1109545514	Meadow	an area of level land where grass is grown and usually cut for hay	82
1109545515	Mesa	a flat-topped, rocky hill with steeply sloping sides	83
1164956978	Mine	a pit from which coal, minerals, or precious stones are taken by digging	84
1164956979	Moor	an area of open wasteland, often swampy	85
1164956980	Mountain	a lofty elevation on the earth's surface	86
1164956981	Mountain Chain	a series of mountains not connected	87
1164956982	Mountain Range	a series of connecting mountains	88
1164956983	Mouth	end of a stream; point at which a stream enters a lake, sea, or ocean	89
1171447768	Natural Resource	supplies of materials found in nature, such as minerals, water or coal	90
1171447769	Oasis	a fertile spot within a desert watered by underground springs or by irrigation	91
1171447770	Ocean	any one, or all, of the four largest connecting bodies of salt water on the earth's surface	92
1171447771	Pass	an opening through hills or mountains used as a route for highways or railroads	93
1171447772	Pasture	land where grass and other plants grow and where cattle, sheep, etc. can graze	94
1171447773	Peak	the pointed top of a hill or mountain	95
1192249383	Peninsula	a piece of land nearly surrounded by water and attached to a larger area of land or the mainland by an isthmus	96
1192249384	Piedmont	an area of rolling land along the foot of a mountain range	97
1192249385	Pier	a structure projecting into the water and used as a docking or loading place for ships	98
1192249386	Plain	a nearly level area of land usually of considerable size	99
1192249387	Plateau	a large, level, or nearly level area of elevated land	100

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2001-Present, (Ch31) Global Dangers, Global Challenges Flashcards

Chapter 31 (Enduring Vision), Global Dangers, Global Challenges, 2001-Present

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1375977400	Colin Powell	Was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.	0
1375977401	Condoleezza Rice	secretary of state under GW Bush. first African-American woman secretary of state. pioneered a policy of Transformational Diplomacy, with a focus on democracy in the greater Middle East.	1
1375977402	Dick Cheney	This vice president under George W. Bush is regarded as one of the most powerful vice presidents in U.S. history. He oversaw the War on Terror and the 2nd Persian Gulf War.	2
1375977403	Donald Rumsfeld	Secretary of Defense under G.W.Bush, wanted the US to start the War in Iraq, headed the invasion of Afghanistan, coined the terms "War on Terror," and "Weapons of Mass Destruction", resigned on own power in 2006 after being displeased with US strategy in Iraq.	3
1375977404	9/11 attacks	September 11, 2001: four airplanes were hijacked: three hit their targets, the fourth plane's passengers rushed the cockpit and forced the plane to crash into the ground. Osama bin Laden was identified as the person responsible for the terrorist attack.	4
1375977405	al Qaeda	a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001	5
1375977406	Guantanamo Bay	Military base granted to the US in Cuba (as result of the Spanish-American War in 1898) and used (2002-Present) to hold persons suspected of terrorism. Not technically owned by US, but occupied by US territory. Known as Gitmo.	6
1375977407	USA-Patriot Act	Law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties.	7
1375977408	Department of Homeland Security	A cabinet division created in 2001 after 9/11 to combat terrorism and foreign immigration. Soon after its creation, Tom Ridge, its leader, had to deal with a serious problem. This incident was a report of anthrax letters being mailed to government officials and the media, resulting in 18 infections and 5 deaths. The department was quickly created soon after this (it was a Cabinet office beforehand) and began to institute several regulations in travel, border control, and imports/exports to combat the danger of terrorism and to promote security, especially at airports across the country, where it was easiest before these changes to transport terrorists and dangerous weapons quickly.	8
1375977409	Neoconservatives	Advocates of a policy of overwhelming US military superiority and aggressive projection of US power. They believe any actual or potential threat must be resisted by all available means including preemptive strikes. Supporters of invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the "America acts alone" foreign policy.	9
1375977410	Arctic National Wildlife Refuge	known as "the Serengeti of North America", this area of land on Alaska's North Slope consists of federal lands set aside to protect wildlife and preserve the unique ecosystems in the area. Proponents of oil drilling have repeatedly tried to open this area to development.	10
1375977411	No Child Left Behind (NCLB)	A U.S. law passed by Congress in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring standardized tests to measure school achievement. Many critics, especially teachers, says the law undercuts learning and fails to take local needs into consideration	11
1375977412	John Kerry	Decorated Vietnam War veteran who lost the 2004 presidential election to G.W. Bush. Secretary of State during Obama's 2nd term.	12
1375977413	global warming	Gradual warming of the earth and its atmosphere that may be caused in part by pollution and an increase in the greenhouse effect.	13
1375977414	Kyoto Accords	A protocol setting strict emission targets for industrialized nations. President Bush refused to sign the agreement, making America one of only four nations that refused to cooperate.	14
1375977415	World Trade Organization	Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.	15
1375977416	Hurricane Katrina	(2005) The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the U. S., killing nearly 2,000 Americans. The storm ravaged the Gulf Coast, especially in the city of New Orleans, in late Aug. of 2005. In New Orleans, high winds and rain caused the city's levees to break, leading to catastrophic flooding, particularly centered on the city's most impoverished wards. A tardy and feeble response by local and federal authorities exacerbated the damage and led to widespread criticism of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).	16
1375977417	Barack Obama	2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia	17
1375977418	John McCain	Arizona Senator and war hero was runner up to George W. Bush for the GOP presidential nomination in 2000; also ran for president in 2008 -lost to President Obama	18

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1980-2000, (Ch30) A Conservative Revival and the End of the Cold War Flashcards

Chapter 30 (Enduring Vision), A Conservative Revival and the End of the Cold War, 1980-2000

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1375915010	Ronald Reagan	(1981-1985) and (1985-1989), first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.	0
1375915011	Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)	Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.	1
1375915013	Osama bin Laden	(1957-2011) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks. Was trained by the US during the Cold War to fight the Soviet Union.	2
1375915014	Democratic Leadership Council (DLC)	Was founded by Al From in 1985 in the wake of Democratic candidate and former Vice President Walter Mondale's landslide defeat to incumbent President Ronald Reagan in the 1984 presidential election. The organization's goal was to steer the party away from the New Left influence that had permeated the Democratic party since the late 1960s and back to the policies that made the FDR coalition electorally successful for close to 40 years.	3
1375915016	Iran-contra scandal	1986, Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.	4
1375915018	Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty	Ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of between 500 and 5,500 kilometers. Had to be destroyed by USSR and US after making a treaty for it.	5
1375915020	George H. W. Bush	41st U.S. President. 1989-1993. Republican; increased welfare and unemployment benefits during a recession, yielded to Democrat Congress on economic issues, signed the American with Disabilities Act, sent troops to Panama, Soviet Union collapsed in 1991: end of Cold War, sent troops to fight Sadaam Hussein in the Persian Gulf War; North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	6
1375915023	Persian Gulf War	(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.	7
1375915025	Americans with Disabilities Act	Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.	8
1375915027	Bill Clinton	Democrat (1993-2001) War in Bosnia; NAFTA, campaign that emphasized broad economic issues instead of the racial and cultural questions that had divided Democrats in the past., extended Palestinian self-rule and arranged timetables for Israeli withdrawal from disputed lands, was impeached due to the Monica Lewinski scandal and was later acquitted, cut spending; lowered taxes; decreased national debt	9
1375915029	Al Gore	...The VP for Bill Clinton. He was concerned with environmental issues. He also ran against George W. Bush in the disputed election of 2000. The 2000 election is referred to as the "stolen election". There was an automatic recount because of "hanging chads". The voter cards were punched out and in the Florida humidity the chads got messed up. It was a close vote. Gore won the popular vote, but Bush won over all and was elected.	10
1375915032	North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	An economic pact that combined the conomies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico into one of the world's largest trading blocs.	11
1375915034	Hillary Rodham Clinton	She was born in Chicago, Illinois on October 26, 1946, and graduated from Yale Law School. She married Bill Clinton in 1975 and had one daughter, Chelsea, in 1980. During her husband's presidency, she headed a Task Force on National Health Care Reform as well as supported women's rights at home and abroad. She was elected to the United States Senate on November 7, 2000. She was also the Secretary of State during Obama's first term.	12
1375915036	Christian Coalition	in the 1990's, Pentecostal minister Pat Robertson began a political movement and launched this organization. These and other organizations of the Christian right opposed federal interference in local affairs; denounced abortion, divorce, feminism, and homosexuality; defended unrestricted free enterprise, and supported a strong American posture in the world.	13
1375915039	Newt Gingrich	Gingrich was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency.	14
1375915041	Ross Perot	This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.	15
1375915043	Welfare Reform Act	1996 law that established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program in place of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and tightened Medicaid eligibility requirements	16
1375915045	globalization	(Present) Creation of a global economy and society through improved communications, transportation, and trade.	17
1375915047	George W. Bush	2000 and 2004; Republican; 9/11 terrorist attack invade Afghanistan and Iraq; economy: huge tax cuts, 2007-great recession; No Child Left Behind, Medicare prescription drug benefits, Hurricane Katrina disaster	18
1375915049	Oklahoma City bombing	Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.	19

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Unit 11: Feeding the World Flashcards

APES Unit 11: Feeding the world

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2194714355	Undernutrition	The condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain a healthy diet.	0
2194714356	Malnourished	Having a diet that lacks a correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.	1
2194714357	Food Security	A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meet their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.	2
2194714358	Food Insecurity	A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food.	3
2194714359	Famine	The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period.	4
2194714360	Anemia	A deficiency of iron.	5
2194714361	Overnutrition	Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods.	6
2194714362	Meat	Livestock or poultry consumed as food.	7
2194714363	Conventional (Industrial) Agriculture	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization.	8
2194714364	Energy Subsidy	The energy input per calorie of food produced.	9
2194714365	Green Revolution	A shift in agricultural practices in the 20th century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output.	10
2194714366	Economies of Scale	The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.	11
2194714367	Waterlogging	A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains underwater for prolonged periods.	12
2194714368	Salinization	A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.	13
2194714369	Organic Fertilizers	Fertilizers composed of organic matter from plants and animals.	14
2194714370	Synthetic (inorganic) Fertilizers	Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels.	15
2194714371	Monocropping	An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety.	16
2194714372	Pesticides	Substances, either natural or synthetic, that kill or control organisms that people consider pests.	17
2194714373	Insecticides	Pesticides that target species of insects and other invertebrates.	18
2194714374	Herbicides	Pesticides that target plant species that compete with crop.	19
2194714375	Broad-Spectrum Pesticides	Pesticides that kill many different types of pests.	20
2194714376	Selective Pesticides	Pesticides that target a narrower range of pests.	21
2194714377	Persistent Pesticides	Pesticides that remain in the environment for a long time.	22
2194714378	Bioaccumulation	An increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time.	23
2194714379	Non-Persistent Pesticides	A pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months.	24
2194714380	Resistant	The few individuals that are not as persistent to a pesticide as others and may survive.	25
2194714381	Pesticide Treadmill	A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pesticide resistance, followed by new pesticide development.	26
2194714382	Shifting Agriculture	An agricultural method in which the land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of its nutrients.	27
2194714383	Desertification	The transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate.	28
2194714384	Nomadic Grazing	Feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances.	29
2194714385	Sustainable Agriculture	Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability (viability = capable of normal growth) for the farmer.	30
2194714386	Intercropping	An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote synergistic interaction.	31
2194714387	Crop Rotation	An agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are alternated from season to season.	32
2194714388	Agroforestry	An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are inter-cropped.	33
2194714389	Contour Plowing	An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land.	34
2194714390	Non-Till Agriculture	An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion.	35
2194714391	Integrated Pest Management	An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs.	36
2194714392	Organic Agriculture	Production of crops with the goal of improving the soil each year without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.	37
2194714393	Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations	A large indoor or outdoor structure used to raise animals at very high densities.	38
2194714394	Fishery	A commercially harvest-able population of fish within a particular geographical region.	39
2194714395	Fishery Collapse	The decline of a fish population by 90% or more.	40
2194714396	Bycatch	The unintentional catch of non-target species while fishing.	41
2194714397	Individual Transferable Quotas	A fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell.	42
2194714398	Aquaculture	Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds.	43
2194715158	Conventional Agriculture	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization	44

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BACTERIA Flashcards

bacteria are a group of micro-organisms that replicates exponentially 2,4,8,16 etc. they are millionth of a meter), Low 02 environments bacteria get energy : Fermentation, Life began in water :Anaerobic bacteria: protects from UV

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1303269838	Cytoplasmic membrane	Boundary between the living cell and the environment	0
1303269839	Cytoplasm	Fluid jelly substance biological reactions take place here	1
1303269840	DNA	Hereditary material	2
1303269841	Ribosomes	Translate genes into proteins	3
1303269842	ATP	Universal energy currency	4
1303269843	Prokaryotic cell	Small cell No nucleus DNA- circular (one) No organelles A unicellular organism	5
1303269844	Eukaryotic vell	Large cell Nucleus DNA-Linear (several) Many organelles Does not have a cell wall Mainly multicellular organism (Human)/ Single-celled (Amoeba)	6
1303269845	gram negative bacteria	a class of bacteria whose peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall is much thinner and therefore stains pink	7
1303269846	gram positive bacteria	a class of bacteria whose cell wall layer is much thicker and resist penetration by stains , therefore satin purple	8
1303269847	spiral bacteria	it is a spiral shaped aerobic organism. e.g spirochaete which causes syphilis and yaws	9
1303269848	acid fast bacteria	a type of bacteria that stain with basic dyes and fluorochromes and resist decoloration by acid solutions.	10
1303269849	cell wall deficient bacteria	a type of bacteria with no cell wall and therefore has many shapes. eg mycoplasm	11
1303269850	cell wall	maintains the shape of a cell and also prevents it from bursting	12
1303269851	cell membrane	sorrounds the cell and it is selectively permeable	13
1303269852	cytoplasm	contains all the organelles of a cell	14
1303269853	mesosome	gram positive, cellular respiration	15
1303269854	peptidoglycan layer	both gram negative and positive, gives cell wall structural strength	16
1303269855	capsule	both gram negative and positive, protects bacteria	17
1303269856	inclusion body	both gram negative and positive, takes a characteristic stain	18
1303269857	flagellum	both gram negative and positive, controls the movement of a bacteria	19
1303269858	surface proteins	gram positive, controls the growth of a cell culture	20
1303269859	ribosomes	both gram negative and positive, protein synthesis	21
1303269860	chromosomes	both gram negative and positive, genetic material of a cell	22
1303269861	pili	gram negative, allows bacteria to attach to other cells	23
1303269862	outer membrane	gram negative, source of lipopolysaccharide	24
1303269863	porin proteins	gram negative, acts as channels that are specific to different types of molecules	25
1303269864	periplasmic space	gram negative, a space where enzymes and proteins help digest and move nutrients into cell	26

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Ch. 37: Introduction to Forms of Business and Formation of Partnerships Flashcards

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1719155415	sole proprietorship	it has only one owner.	0
1719155416	Partnership	it has two or more owners, called partners.	1
1719155417	limited liability partnerships (LLPs)	is identical to a partnership except that an LLP partner has no liability for most LLP obligations; however, an LLP partner retains unlimited liability for his own wrongful acts, such as his malpractice liability to a client.	2
1719155418	limited partnership	it has one or more general partners and one or more limited partners.	3
1719155419	limited liability limited partnership (LLLP)	is a limited partnership whose partners have elected limited liability status for all the partners.	4
1719155420	corporation	it is owned by shareholders who elect a board of directors to manage the business.	5
1719155421	S Corporation	the corporation and its shareholders are taxed nearly entirely like a partnership: Income and losses of the business are reported on the shareholders' individual federal income tax returns.	6
1719155422	professional corporation	is identical to a business corporation in most respects.	7
1719155423	limited liability company (LLC)	is a business form intended to combine the non- tax advantages of corporations with the favorable tax treatment of partnerships.	8

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