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APUSH Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution Flashcards

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303867705Sand Creek, Colorado (1864)-Militia massacre 400 Indians because they thought they were promised immunity.0
303867706Feterman Massacre (1866)-Sioux war party attempts to block construction -ambushed 81 soldiers and civilians1
303867707Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)-Government abandoned Bozeman Trail. -Great Sioux reservation was granted to Indians2
303867708Sitting Bull-leader of Siouxs -known for Battle of Little Big Horn -killed by Indian Agency police.3
303867709Nez Percé Indians (1877)-hearded onto a reservation by US authorities when Chief Joseph refused to give up land4
304871798Chief Joseph-Nez Percé chief -opposed white expansion westward and relocation to reservations -captured by U.S. forces in 18775
304450812Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)-Custer's last stand -victory for the Lakota6
304450813Wounded Knee 1890-Lakota are escorted to Wounded Knee -White settlers saw Ghost Dance as a threat -shot was fired and all troops open fire killing 3007
303867710Capture of Indians:1.) Railroads- bring in troops faster 2.) Diseases 3.) Firewater(what NAs call Whiskey)8
303867711George A. Custer-Battle of Washita -Battle of Little Big Horn9
303867712Bison-Bison numbers decrease. Hunted down -William "Buffalo Bill" Cody killed 4,000 animals.10
303867713Dawes Severalty Act of 1887-outlawed tribal ownership of land and forced 160-acre homesteads into the hands of individual Indians and their families with the promise of future citizenship -goal was to assimilate Native Americans into white culture as quickly as possible11
303867714Carlisle Indian School 1879-Indians are taught english12
303867715Boomtowns-towns created as a result of mining13
303867716Mining Frontier-attracted population and wealth -opportunities -metals created ($) -American folklore and literature14
303867717Sooners-illegally crossed the line prior to the opening gun at high noon on April 22, 1889 in order to stake claims to the best land.15
303867718Bonanza Farms...16
303867719Homestead Act of 1862-Settlers could acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30017
303867720John Westley Powell-explorer of Grand Canyon -warned that the west needed irrigation18
303867721The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry 1867-lead by Olliver H. Kelley -Kelley's objective: enhance lives through social, educational, and fraternal activities -Grangers' goals: improvement of the farmers' collective plight19
303867722Greenback Labor Party-combined the appeal of Greenbacks with a program improving labor.20
303867723Farmer's Alliance-formed to break the strong grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling.21
303867724Populist Party 1890-emerges from Farmer's Alliance -called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph; instituting a graduated income tax; creating a new federal sub-treasury (provide farmers with loans); and the free and unlimited coinage of silver.22
303867725Panic of 1893-strengthened the Populists' argument that farmers and laborers were being victimized by an oppressive economic and political system.23
304871799Frederick Jackson Turner-Historian whose 1893 essay The Significance of the Frontier in American History argued that western settlement had had an extraordinary impact on U.S. social, political, and economic development24
303867726General Jacob S. Coxey-wealthy quarry owner -demanded that the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program. -In 1894, set out with 500 men for Washington, D.C., to petition the federal government for cheap money and debt-relief programs. When "Coxey's Army" reached the Capitol building, however, the men were arrested for trespassing on the lawn.25
303867727Pullman Strike 1894-Eugene V. Debs organizes a union. -Workers strike and paralyze railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast. -AFL declines support -Army sent in because no mail was going through. -First time a legal weapon had been used on a strike26
303867728Election of 1896-William McKinley (Republican), William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) -Bryan's defeat marks the last effort to win the White House with agrarian votes - Republican victory also heralded a grip on the White House for 16 years.27
303867729Marcus Alonzo Hanna-organized McKinley's campaigns28
303867730Democratic Convention 1896-held in Ohio -Democrats needed a new leader since Cleveland was unpopular(Bryan)29
30386773116 to 1-Populists nominated former Greenback Party member James B. Weaver for president and campaigned on a platform of unlimited, cheap silver money pegged at a rate of sixteen ounces of silver to one ounce of gold.30
303867732Dingley Tariff Bill 1897-raised tariffs in United States to counteract the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894, which had lowered rates31
303867733Gold Standard Act of 1900-paper currency redeemed freely in gold. -killed Populist Party32
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APUSH The American Pageant 13e Ch 26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution Flashcards

APUSH

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554767849Indian Territory (Oklahoma)An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska0
554767850Great Sioux reservationIn the 1860s, the federal government herded the Indians into smaller confines;in Dakota Territory1
554767851"Buffalo Soldiers"Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s; TENTH CAVALRY was one of the original __ __ regiments2
554767852Fetterman massacre (1866)Sioux war party attempting to block construction of the Bozeman Trail to Montana ambushed Captain Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains3
554767853Sitting Bulla chief of the Sioux -- took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)4
554767854Custer's Last Standat the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors5
554767855Chief Joseph (1877)attempted to take the Nez Perce to Canada & away from the U.S. army; he surrendered. Sig: constant pressure made tribe after tribe comply with state and federal laws.6
554767856Apache/GeronimoThe fierce Apache tribes of Arizona and New Mexico were lead by Geronimo, they were pursued into Mexico by Federal troops; scattered remnants of the warriors were finally persuaded to surrender after Apache women had been exiled to Florida; the Apaches ultimately became successful farmers in Oklahoma7
554767857"Buffalo Bill" CodyThis former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows; employed by the Kansas Pacific RR Company and killed over 4,000 animals in 18 months8
554767858Helen Hunt Jacksonchildren's author from Massachusetts; wrote A Century of Dishonor 1881 (about the government ruthlessness in Indian dealings) and Ramona 1884 (a love story of injustice to the California Indians); inspired sympathy for them9
554767859Ghost Dancethe Sun Dance was outlawed by the government in 1884, this cult tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight; It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux; The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887- act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens(did little good)10
554767860Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)1890 last major clash between U.S. troops and Indians. Army sent to end sacred "Ghost Dance" by Dakota Sioux, 200 men, women and Children were killed by US Troops11
554767861Dawes Severality Act(1887) resulted from white policy of forced-Indian assimilation; Dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres; If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship in 25 years; reservation land not allotted to the Indians was to be sold to RR and white settlers, proceeds used by the Fed Govt to educate and civilize the Indians with Indian bording schools and field matrons: struck at tribal organization, tried to make individualists, ignored the Indian cultur's reliance on tribally held land (by 1900 156 mil -50%) : remained the cornerstone of the govt official Indian policy until 1934.12
554767862Carlisle Indian School(1879) Pennsylvania school for Indians funded by the government; children were separated from their tribe and were taught Engilsh and white values/customs. Motto of founder: "Kill the Indian and save the man."13
554767863Indian Reorganization Act(1934) Act which secured certain rights to Native Americans. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. Owing to this Act and to other actions of federal courts and the government, over two million acres of land were returned to various tribes in the first 20 years after passage of the act; the "indian new deal"; promoted by commisioner of indian affairs John Collier under Roosevelt14
554767864Pike's Peak Gold Rush (1858)Also known as the Colorado Gold Rush) was the boom in gold prospecting and mining in the Pike's Peak Country of western Kansas Territory and southwestern Nebraska Territory of the United States that began in July 1858 and lasted until roughly the creation of the Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861. An estimated 100,000 gold seekers took part in one of the greatest gold rushes in North American history.[1] The participants in the gold rush were known as "Fifty-Niners" after 1859, the peak year of the rush and often used the motto Pikes's Pike or Bust!15
554767865Comstock Lode (1859)Prospectors in Nevada discovered gold near the Carson River valley. This fabulously rich vein brought in about $340 million worth of gold and silver between 1860 and 1890.16
554767866"Long Drives" (1866-88)The gold rush in Colorado between 1858-1961 when gold mining in the Pikes Peak Country exploded. Prospector William G. Russell led an expedition to Ralston Creek in 1851 upon rumors of gold in the streams. Once gold was found in Cherry Creek near Denver, word spread, prompting 100,000 potential prospectors to make their way to the Rocky Mountains. Only half actually made it there. The phrase Pikes Peak or Bust! was painted on wagons by prospectors to let folks know they were on their way across the prairie to find gold in Colorado. If they could see Pikes Peak, they knew they were close, as the mountain famously sits high on the horizon, farther east than any other mountain in Colorado's Front Range. The gold camps that eventually formed were actually settled in places like Boulder City, Denver City, Golden City, and Idaho Springs. Gold wasn't found near Pikes Peak in Cripple Creek until the 1890's. The term was eventually changed to the Colorado Gold Rush.17
554767867Homestead Act (1862)Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects18
554767868John Wesley Powella U.S. soldier, geologist, and explorer of the American West. He is famous for the 1869 Powell Geographic Expedition, a three-month river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers that included the first passage through the Grand Canyon.19
554767869Joseph F. Glidden1874 invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 the company was producing 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle20
554767870Oklahoma "sooners" (1889)People who entered the district illegally to lay claim to lands, before the designated entry time, were called "Sooners." The name came from a section in the Indian Appropriations Act of March 2, 1889, that said that nobody would be permitted to enter upon and occupy the land before the time designated in the President's opening proclamation and that those that did would be denied rights to the land. This section became known as the "sooner clause."21
554767871"Sodbusters"name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm22
554767872100th meridianimaginary line separating the well-watered east from the semiarid west23
554767873Frederick Jackson Turner (1893)was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", whose ideas are referred to as the Frontier Thesis. He is also known for his theories of geographical sectionalism. In recent years western history has seen pitched arguments over his Frontier Thesis, with the only point of agreement being his enormous impact on historical scholarship and the American mind.24
554767874YellowstoneSigned into a national park in 1871 by Ulysses S. Grant, it is the first ever national park in the world, established in Wyoming, Montana and Idaho -- Yosemite followed...25
554767875Gold Standard Act (1900)signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.26
554767876Silver SenatorsSenators representing the sparsely populated western states, using their disproportionate influence to promote the interests of the silver miners27
554767877James B. "Wild Bill" Hickoka gunman who killed only in self-defense or in the line of duty, marshall for the "cowtown" of Abilene; shot in the back of the head while playing poker in 187628
554767878Great American DesertRegion between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. Vast domain became accessible to Americans wishing to settle there. This region was called the "Great American Desert" in atlases published between 1820 and 1850, and many people were convinced this land was a Sahara habitable only to Indians. The phrase had been coined by Major Long during his exploration of the middle portion of the Louisiana Purchase region.29
554767879BoomersWhite settlers who rushed out onto Indian Territory on Apr. 22, 1889 to stake claims on land after it was bought out by US gov't from NA's; settled there to take advantage of the great farming land. (Over 2 mil acres settled by end of the day)30
5547678801890settlement house movement, William Jennings Bryan, Atlanta Compromise, jingoism, Sherman Silver Purchase Act; Census Bureau announces the "closing" of the frontier, frontier line was no longer discernible, unsettled areas were now broken into by isolated bodies of settlement31
554767881Francis parkmanEarly American historian who wrote a series of volumes on the imperial struggle between Britain and France in North America.32
554767882George Catlina painter who was among the first to advocate the preservation of nature as a national policy33
554767883Fredric Remingtonfocusing on subjects such as cowhands and Native Americans known for his nineteenth century illustrations of the American West34
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AP Biology - Campbell Ch. 14 - Mendel & Heredity Flashcards

www.eduvee.com Key terms for AP Biology. This covers the terms for Chapter 14 from Campbell Biology - Mendel & Heredity. Find more study resources and revision tools with questions at www.eduvee.com. It's FREE!

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116286464geneticsthe branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, in particular chromosomes and DNA0
116286465genotypethe specific genetic information of a cell or organism, usually a description of the allele or alleles relating to a specific gene.1
116286466true-breeding planta plant that always produces offspring of the same phenotype when self-fertilized.2
116286467phenotypethe observable characteristics of an organism, often resulting from its genetic information or a combination of genetic information and environmental factors3
116286468filialof a generation or generations descending from a specific previous one4
116286469parentalof the generation of organisms that produce a hybrid5
116286470dominanta relationship between alleles of a gene, in which one allele masks the expression (phenotype) of another allele at the same locus6
116286471recessiveable to be covered up by a dominant trait7
116286472hybridoffspring resulting from cross-breeding different entities, e.g. two different species or two purebred parent strains8
116286473probabilitya number, between 0 and 1, expressing the precise likelihood of an event happening9
116286474product rulethe probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone10
116286475sum rulethe probability of the occurrence of one event or the other event, of two mutually exclusive events, is the sum of their individual probabilities11
116286476phenotypethe appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees12
116286478genotypethe combination of alleles, situated on corresponding chromosomes, that determines a specific trait of an individual, such as "Aa" or "aa"13
116286479Punnett squarea graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype14
116286480monohybrida hybrid between two species that only have a difference of one gene15
116286481homozygousof an organism in which both copies of a given gene have the same allele16
116286482heterozygousof an organism which has two different alleles of a given gene17
116286484alleleone of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosome18
116286485incomplete dominancea condition in which the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes19
116286486codominancea condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other20
116286487X-linkedassociated with the X chromosome21
116286488hemizygoushaving some single copies of genes in an otherwise diploid cell or organism22
116286489carriera person or animal that transmits a disease to others without itself contracting the disease23
116286490mutationany heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material24
116286492recessive lethalan inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form and in which the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered non-lethal phenotype25
116286493dominant lethalan inheritance pattern is one in which an allele is lethal both in the homozygote and the heterozygote; this allele can only be transmitted if the lethality phenotype occurs after reproductive age26
116286494genea unit of heredity; the functional units of chromosomes that determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins27
116286495chromosomea structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins28
116286496geneticsthe branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, in particular chromosomes and DNA29
116286497dominanta relationship between alleles of a gene, in which one allele masks the expression (phenotype) of another allele at the same locus30
116286498recessiveable to be covered up by a dominant trait31
116286499law of segregationa diploid individual possesses a pair of alleles for any particular trait and each parent passes one of these randomly to its offspring32
116286500independent assortmentseparate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring33
116286501linkagethe property of genes of being inherited together34
116286502recombinationthe formation of genetic combinations in offspring that are not present in the parents35
116286504epistasisthe modification of the expression of a gene by another unrelated one36
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AP Biology - Campbell Ch. 17 - Genes & Proteins Flashcards

www.eduvee.com Key terms for AP Biology. This covers the terms for Chapter 17 from Campbell Biology - Genes & Proteins. Find more study resources and revision tools with questions at www.eduvee.com. It's FREE!

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1974465797proteinany of numerous large, complex naturally-produced molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, in which the amino acid groups are held together by peptide bonds0
1974465798DNAa biopolymer of deoxyribonucleic acids (a type of nucleic acid) that has four different chemical groups, called bases1
1974465799messenger RNAMessenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product.2
1974465800ribosomeprotein/mRNA complexes found in all cells that are involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA3
1974465801degeneratethe redundancy of the genetic code (more than one codon codes for each amino acid)4
1974465802codona sequence of three adjacent nucleotides, which encode for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or translation5
1974465803nucleotidethe monomer comprising DNA or RNA molecules; consists of a nitrogenous heterocyclic base that can be a purine or pyrimidine, a five-carbon pentose sugar, and a phosphate group6
1974465804redundancyduplication of components, such as amino acid codons, to provide survival of the total system in case of failure of single components7
1974465805amino acidAny of 20 naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino, and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom), and a variety of side chains, that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins.8
1974465806holoenzymea fully functioning enzyme, composed of all its subunits9
1974465807promoterthe section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription10
1974465808elongationthe addition of nucleotides to the 3'-end of a growing RNA chain during transcription11
1974465809activatorany chemical or agent which regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription12
1974465810polymeraseany of various enzymes that catalyze the formation of polymers of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of DNA or RNA as a template13
1974465811repressorany protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription14
1974465812nucleosomeany of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a histone core15
1974465813chromatina complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins within the cell nucleus out of which chromosomes condense during cell division16
1974465814histoneany of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin17
1974465815moietya specific segment of a molecule18
1974465816spliceosomea dynamic complex of RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from precursor mRNA19
1974465817introna portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded20
1974465818anticodona sequence of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that binds to the complementary triplet (codon) in messenger RNA, specifying an amino acid during protein synthesis21
1974465819ribosomeprotein/mRNA complexes found in all cells that are involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA22
1974465820translationa process occurring in the ribosome in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) guides assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein23
1974465821priona self-propagating misfolded conformer of a protein that is responsible for a number of diseases that affect the brain and other neural tissue24
1974465822chaperonea protein that assists the non-covalent folding/unfolding of other proteins25
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AP Biology - Campbell Ch. 18 - Gene Expression Flashcards

www.eduvee.com Key terms for AP Biology. This covers the terms for Chapter 18 from Campbell Biology - Gene Expression. Find more study resources and revision tools with questions at www.eduvee.com. It's FREE!

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1974467728somaticpart of, or relating to the body of an organism0
1974467729genomethe cell's complete genetic information packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule1
1974467730proteomethe complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome2
1974467731epigeneticsthe study of heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in DNA sequence3
1974467732nucleosomeany of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a histone core4
1974467733repressorany protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription5
1974467734operona unit of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator, a promoter, and structural genes that are transcribed together6
1974467735promoterthe section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription7
1974467736operona unit of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator, a promoter, and structural genes that are transcribed together8
1974467737RNA polymerasea DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme, that produces RNA9
1974467738operatora segment of DNA to which a transcription factor protein binds10
1974467739repressorany protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription11
1974467740promoterthe section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription12
1974467741TATA boxa DNA sequence (cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes13
1974467742transcription factora protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA14
1974467743repressorany protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription15
1974467744enhancera short region of DNA that can increase transcription of genes16
1974467745activatorany chemical or agent which regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription17
1974467746histoneany of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin18
1974467747epigeneticsthe study of heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in DNA sequence19
1974467748nucleosomeany of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a histone core20
1974467749spliceosomea dynamic complex of RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from precursor mRNA21
1974467750exona region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule22
1974467751introna portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded23
1974467752reading frameeither of three possible triplets of codons in which a DNA sequence could be transcribed24
1974467753phosphorylationthe addition of a phosphate group to a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes25
1974467754proteasomea complex protein, found in bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic cells, that breaks down other proteins via proteolysis26
1974467755ubiquitina small polypeptide present in the cells of all eukaryotes; it plays a part in modifying and degrading proteins27
1974467756totipotencythe ability of a cell to produce differentiated cells upon division28
1974467757autologousderived from part of the same individual (i.e. from the recipient rather than the donor)29
1974467758morulaa spherical mass of blastomeres that forms following the splitting of a zygote; it becomes the blastula30
1974467759pluripotentable to develop into more than one mature cell or tissue type, but not all31
1974467760progenitor cella biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell.32
1974467761blastocystthe mammalian blastula formed during development where the inner cell mass can be found which forms the embryo33
1974467762proteomethe complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome34
1974467763inner cell massa mass of cells within a primordial embryo that will eventually develop into the distinct form of a fetus in most eutherian mammals35
1974467764pluripotentable to develop into more than one mature cell or tissue type, but not all36
1974467765transcriptionthe synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA37
1974467766proteomethe complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome38
1974467767differentiateto produce distinct cells, organs or to achieve specific functions by a process of development39
1974467768neural tubehollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed in the folding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord40
1974467769neurulationthe process by which the beginnings of the vertebrate nervous system is formed in embryos41
1974467770anencephalya lethal birth defect in which most of the brain and parts of the skull are missing; absence of the encephalon42
1974467771notochorda flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spine43
1974467772bleban irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell44
1974467773laminarof fluid motion, smooth and regular, flowing as though in different layers45
1974467774metastasisthe transference of a bodily function or disease to another part of the body; specifically the development of a secondary area of disease remote from the original site, as with some cancers46
1974467775chemotaxisthe movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant47
1974467776organogenesisthe formation and development of the organs of an organism from embryonic cells48
1974467777somiteone of the paired masses of mesoderm distributed along the sides of the neural tube that will eventually become dermis, skeletal muscle, or vertebrae49
1974467778gastrulationthe stage of embryo development at which a gastrula is formed from the blastula by the inward migration of cells50
1974467779apoptosisa process of programmed cell death51
1974467780autophagya type of programmed cell death accomplished through self-digestion52
1974467781extracellular matrixAll the connective tissues and fibres that are not part of a cell, but rather provide support.53
1974467782oncogeneany gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels54
1974467783proto-oncogenea gene that promotes the specialization and division of normal cells that becomes an oncogene following mutation55
1974467784cancera disease in which the cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation56
1974467785epigeneticthe study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence57
1974467786methylationthe addition of a methyl group to cytosine and adenine residues in DNA that leads to the epigenetic modification of DNA and the reduction of gene expression and protein production58
1974467787acetylationthe reaction of a substance with acetic acid or one of its derivatives; the introduction of one or more acetyl groups into a substance59
1974467788transcription factora protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA60
1974467789exosomea vesicle responsible for the selective removal of plasma membrane proteins61
1974467790microRNAa single-stranded, non-coding form of RNA, having only about 20-30 nucleotides, that has a number of functions including the regulation of gene expression62
1974467791post-translational modificationthe chemical modification of a protein after its translation; one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis, and thus gene expression, for many proteins63
1974467792targeted therapya type of medication that blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules rather than by interfering with rapidly dividing cells64
1974467793cancera disease in which the cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation65
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All about DNA/RNA Flashcards

Purpose of Nucleotides? Metabolic intermediates, chemical messengers, cofactors, building blocks of nucleic acids
Role of Nucleic Acids? Genetic information and Structural role
What does a nucleotide consist of? Phosphate+sugar+base
What does a nucleoside consist of? Sugar + base
What is larger? Pyrimidine or Purine? Purine
What is stronger? A-T/U or C-G? C-G because it has 3 bonds. Therefore, the more CG bonds, the higher the melting temp
Examples of Purines? A,G
Pyrimidines? C,T,U
Difference between DNA and RNA sugars? DNA has H, RNA has OH
Are A,T,C,G,U the only bases? Nope, minor ones exist too
Which carbon is the phosphate of the standard AMP attached to? Carbon 5 (but it can attach in other places too)
Typical pattern of DNA strand? 5' end with phosphate, then sugar, phosphate.....finally 3' end
Backbone of DNA is hydrophobic or hydrophilic? hydrophilic
Base pairs are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Hydrophobic
Which is more susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis? DNA or RNA? RNA because of the OH that can get deprotanated easily
How many nucleotides long are oligonucelotides? Less than 50
Light absorbance of nucleic acids? 260 nm
Shape of the bases? flat
Two important features that help shape nucleic acids? Base-stacking and base-pairing
PH of bases? near neutral
What is primary NA structure? sequence
Secondary Nucleic Acid Structure? local interactions and patterns such as watson crick
Tertiary Nucleic Acid Structure? 3 Dimensional longer range involving other moleucles
What are the 3 forms of DNA? A,B,Z
Which DNA form doesn't exist in nature A form
What DNA form is the most common? B form
What DNA form is the thinnest? Z form
How many bases per turn in the Watson Crick Model? 10.5 bases per turn
Pattern of DNA groves? 1 major grove, then 1 minor grove, repeat
Which DNA forms are right handed? A and B
Which DNA forms are left handed? zform
What is perpendicular to the DNA backbone axis? base pairs
True or False? Z form is more elongated than B form.

Terms : Hide Images
1249540412Purpose of Nucleotides?Metabolic intermediates, chemical messengers, cofactors, building blocks of nucleic acids0
1249540413Role of Nucleic Acids?Genetic information and Structural role1
1249540414What does a nucleotide consist of?Phosphate+sugar+base2
1249540415What does a nucleoside consist of?Sugar + base3
1249540416What is larger? Pyrimidine or Purine?Purine4
1249540417What is stronger? A-T/U or C-G?C-G because it has 3 bonds. Therefore, the more CG bonds, the higher the melting temp5
1249540418Examples of Purines?A,G6
1249540419Pyrimidines?C,T,U7
1249540420Difference between DNA and RNA sugars?DNA has H, RNA has OH8
1249540421Are A,T,C,G,U the only bases?Nope, minor ones exist too9
1249540422Which carbon is the phosphate of the standard AMP attached to?Carbon 5 (but it can attach in other places too)10
1249540423Typical pattern of DNA strand?5' end with phosphate, then sugar, phosphate.....finally 3' end11
1249540424Backbone of DNA is hydrophobic or hydrophilic?hydrophilic12
1249540425Base pairs are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?Hydrophobic13
1249540426Which is more susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis? DNA or RNA?RNA because of the OH that can get deprotanated easily14
1249540427How many nucleotides long are oligonucelotides?Less than 5015
1249540428Light absorbance of nucleic acids?260 nm16
1249540429Shape of the bases?flat17
1249540430Two important features that help shape nucleic acids?Base-stacking and base-pairing18
1249540431PH of bases?near neutral19
1249540432What is primary NA structure?sequence20
1249540433Secondary Nucleic Acid Structure?local interactions and patterns such as watson crick21
1249540434Tertiary Nucleic Acid Structure?3 Dimensional longer range involving other moleucles22
1249540435What are the 3 forms of DNA?A,B,Z23
1249540436Which DNA form doesn't exist in natureA form24
1249540437What DNA form is the most common?B form25
1249540438What DNA form is the thinnest?Z form26
1249540439How many bases per turn in the Watson Crick Model?10.5 bases per turn27
1249540440Pattern of DNA groves?1 major grove, then 1 minor grove, repeat28
1249540441Which DNA forms are right handed?A and B29
1249540442Which DNA forms are left handed?zform30
1249540443What is perpendicular to the DNA backbone axis?base pairs31
1249540444True or False? Z form is more elongated than B form.TRUE32
1249540445Which DNA form is favored in the absence of water?A form of DNA, only occurs in the lab though33
1249540446Which DNA has the largest diameter (widest)?A form of DNA34
1249540447If one DNA stand is 5' A T C G 3', what is the other strand?3' T A G C 5'35
1249540448T or F? Palindromes can occur on the same and opposite strands?TRUE36
1249540449What forms the hairpin loop? GGATACTCGATCCACTC37
1249540450Palindromes need at least ____ base pairs.4 base pairs38
1249540451Double stranded palindrome can form what?cruciform structure39
1249540452T or F? 3 and 4 stranded DNA structures existyes40
1249540453Are prokaryote RNA mono or polycistronic?It can be both. The mRNA can contain 1 or more genes.41
1249540454Are eukaryote mRNA mono or polycistronic?strictly monocistronic42
1249540455Helical RNA is typically in what form?A form43
1249540456T or F? Helical RNA in the Z form existsTrue but only in labs44
1249540457T or F? Helical RNA in B form existsFalse. Never has been observed45
1249540458Riboenzymes are an example or primary, secondary, or teritiary RNA structure?tertiary46
1249540459What happens to UV absorption as DNA strands break?Absorbance changes47
1249540460What is Tm?Temperature where half the DNA is denatured. It is different for different DNA strands48
1249540461What happens to Tm as G+C base pairs increase?Tm goes up because it is harder to break.49
1249540462Hybrid duplexes form when the DNA strands are ________.Complementary50
1249540463In hybridization, rank the strengths of nucleic acid bonds.RNA:RNA>RNA:DNA>DNA:DNA51
1249540464Applications of NA Hybridization?Research of relatedness of species, forensic medicine, diagnostic tests, drugs52
1249540465Give 3 examples of 3 important spontaeous but rare reactions changing Nucleic Acids:Deamination, Depurination, Dimer Formation53
1249540466Give 3 examples of reactive chemicals that can affect nucleic acids:1)Deaminating agents such as Nitrites,nitrates, nitrosamines, bisulfuite. 2) alkylating agents that disrupt base pairing such as dimethylsulfate 3) oxidizing agents54
1249540467What is the purpose of DNA methylation (alkylation)?It can provide natural protection. Happens in E-coli naturally55
1249540468What does methylation of cytosine do to DNA structure?Leads some DNA segments to assume the Z form56
1249540469What does the human genome project do?Determination of DNA sequence.57
1249540470What is the maximum number of nucleotides synthesized in the lab?Usually 70-80 though it can be more (rarely)58
1249540471What are the 3 functions of nucelotides?energy carriers, componenets of enzyme cofactors, regulatory molecules59
1249540472Examples of energy carriers:amp, adp, atp, adensosine60
1249540473Examples of enzyme cofactors:coenzyme A, NAD,FAD61
1249540474Examples of Regulatory moleculescAMP,cGMP,ppGpp62
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Math Chapter 10 -- Arcs, Chords, Secant, Tangent, etc. Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
1500127415Central anglecentral angle and intercepted arc have the SAME MEASURE0
1500127416Inscribed angleON the circle; 1/2 int. arc1
1500127417Tangent-Chord angleON the circle; 1/2 int. arc2
1500127418Chord-Chord angleIN the circle; add arcs and multiply by 1/23
1500127419Tangent-Tangent angleOUTSIDE the circle; 1/2 (major - minor)4
1500127420Secant-Secant angleOUTSIDE the circle; 1/2 (diff. int. arc)5
1500127421Tangent-Secant angleOUTSIDE the circle; 1/2 (diff. int. arc)6
1500127422Inside the circleADD7
1500127423On the circleHALF8
1500127424Outside the circleSUBTRACT9
1500127425Secantline that intersects the circle at 2 points10
1500127426Tangentline that intersects the circle at 1 point11
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Ch 03 Federalism Flashcards

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899119365FederalismA way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority of the same area and people. A system of shared power between units of government.0
899119366Unitary GovernmentsWhere all power resides in central government.1
899119367Intergovernmental RelationsRefers to the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments.2
899119368Supremacy ClauseSupreme Law of the Land: 1. The Constitution 2. Law of national government (when consistent with the Constitution) 3. Treaties (which can be made by only the national government)3
899119369Tenth AmendmentThe constitutional amendment that states "The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited it by the states, are reserved to the states perspectively, or to the people."4
899119370McCulloch v. MarylandSupreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments.5
899119371Enumerated PowersPowers that are specifically addressed in the constitution.6
899154863Implied PowersPowers that go beyond those enumerated in the constitution.7
899154864Gibbons v. OgdenIt gave congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.8
899154865Full Faith and CreditA clause in the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states9
902441454Dual FederalismA system of government in which both the national government and states remain supreme within their spheres each responsible for some policies10
902441455Cooperative FederalismA system of government in which both the national government and states share powers and policy assignments.11
902441456DevolutionTransferring responsibility for polities form the federal government to state and local governments.12
902441457Fiscal FederalismThe pattern of spending, taxing, and providing federal grants in the federal system.13
902441458Categorial GrantsThe main source of federal aid to states and local governments.14
902441459Project GrantsFederal Categorial Grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the ments of applications.15
902441460Formula GrantsFederal Categorial Grant distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.16
902441461Block GrantsFederal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services.17
902441462ExtraditionA legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials.18
902441463Privileges and ImmunitiesA clause of the Constitution according to citizens of each state and most of the privileges of citizens of other states.19
902441464Elastic ClauseA clause of the Constitution which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers.20
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Chapter 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion Flashcards

AP Biology 8th ed. Campbell Reece

Terms : Hide Images
2280453754OsmoregulationThe general process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss0
2280453755OsmolarityTotal concentration of solutes measured in osmoles/Litre1
2280453756OsmoconformerMarine animal isoosmotic with its surroundings2
2280453757OsmoregulatorAnimal that controls its internal osmolarity independent of that of its environment. Takes in or discharges water to maintain internal osmolarity.3
2280453758StenohalineUnable to tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity. Most animals, whether osmoconformers or -regulators are this. (stenos - narrow, halos - salt)4
2280453759EuryhalineAble to survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity. Ex: barnacles, mussels, salmon. (eurys - broad, halos - salt)5
2280453760AnhydrobiosisA dormant state when an animal's habitat dries up that allows the animal to undergo dessication yet survive. Ex: water bears :D ("life without water")6
2280453761Transport epitheliumOne or more layers of specialised epithelial cells that regulate solute movement in controlled amounts in specific directions7
2280453762AmmoniaNitrogenous waste removed from proteins or nucleic acids as they are broken apart for energy/converted to carbs or fats. Very toxic.8
2280453763UreaA nitrogenous waste produced the the livers of mammals, adult amphibians, sharks, and some marine bony fishes & turtles that combines ammonia with CO2. Very low toxicity, but with an energy cost.9
2280453764Uric acidNitrogenous waste excreted by insects, land snails, and birds that does not readily dissolve in water. Excreted as a semisolid paste with very little water loss. Relatively nontoxic, high ATP cost10
2280453765FiltrationA process during excretion driven by hydrostatic pressure that brings body fluid in contact with selectively permeable transport epithelium11
2280453766FiltrateSolution that crosses the transport epithelium comprised of water and small solutes (e.g. salts, sugars, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes)12
2280453767ReabsorptionSelective excretory process that recovers useful materials and water from the filtrate and returns them to bodily fluids (i.e. valuable solutes: glucose, salts, vitamins, hormones, amino acids) using active transport13
2280453768SecretionExcretory process that adds nonessential wastes and solutes to the filtrate using active transport14
2280453769ProtonephridiaThe excretory systems of flatworms, forming a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings.15
2280453770MetanephridiaExcretory organs of most annelids that open internally to the coelom. Each segment of the annelid has a pair of these organs.16
2280453771Malphighian tubulesOrgans in insects and terrestrial arthropods that remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation. They extend from dead-end tips immersed in haemolymph to openings in the digestive tract.17
2280453772Renal arteryThe artery which supplies each kidney with blood18
2280453773Renal veinThe blood vessel that drains blood from the kidney19
2280453774UreterThe duct through which urine exits each kidney and drains into the bladder20
2280453775Urinary bladderUrine collects in here after draining through the ureters, and is expelled out during urination21
2280453776UrethraThe tube that expels urine during urination which empties either through the penis or near the vagina22
2280453777Renal cortexThe outer layer of the kidney, containing the proximal/distal tubules of the nephron23
2280453778Renal medullaThe inner layer of the kidney, containing the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons and the collecting duct24
2280453779NephronThe functional unit of the vertebrate kidney25
2280453780GlomerulusA ball of capillaries in the nephron surrounded by the Bowman's capsule26
2280453781Bowman's capsuleThe cup-shaped swelling at the end of the nephron surrounding the glomerulus27
2280453782Proximal tubuleThe first major region of the nephron. Reabsorption and secretion occurs here.28
2280453783Loop of HenleA turn in the nephron that extends down into the medulla in juxtamedullary nephrons. Has an ascending and descending limb.29
2280453784Distal tubuleLast region of the nephron. Reabsorption and secretion occurs once again here.30
2280453785Collecting ductReceives processed filtrate from many nephrons and empties into the renal pelvis31
2280453786Renal pelvisThe broadened top part of the ureter that filtrate funnels into from collecting ducts32
2280453787Cortical nephronA type of nephron with a short loop of Henle and is almost entirely confined to the renal cortex. 85% of human nephrons are this.33
2280453788Juxtamedullary nephronHas a loop of Henle that extends deeply into the renal medulla. This adaptation allows mammals to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids. 15% of the human nephrons are this type.34
2280453789Afferent arterioleAn offshoot of the renal artery that branches to form the capillaries of the glomerulus. This vessel supplies blood to the glomerulus.35
2280453790Efferent arterioleCapillaries converge as they leave the glomerulus, forming this vessel which leads to peritubular capillaries.36
2280453791Peritubular capillariesCapillaries which surround the proximal and distal tubules of the nephron37
2280453792Vasa rectaCapillaries which surround the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons38
2280453793AquaporinA protein which forms water channels in transport epithelia, making the membrane freely permeable to water39
2280453794Countercurrent multiplier systemThe system which expends energy in the loop of Henle to actively transport NaCl from the filtrate to produce a concentration gradient. A high salt concentration in the interior of the kidney is formed, allowing the urine to become concentrated.40
2280453795Antidiuretic hormoneHormone which reduces blood osmolarity by increasing the reabsorption of water in distal tubules and collecting ducts41
2280453796Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemUtilises the JGA, angiotensin, and aldosterone to increase blood vol. and bp by causing distal tubules to reabsorb Na+ and H2O and arterioles to constrict.42
2280453797Juxtaglomerular apparatusSpecialised tissue located near the afferent arteriole and releases renin to yield angiotensin II in the RAAS.43
2280453798ReninAn enzyme released by the JGA that initiates chemical reactions to turn angiotensinogen into angiotensin II44
2280453799Angiotensin IIA hormone that raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles and stimulating the adrenal glands to release aldosterone45
2280453800AngiotensinogenA plasma protein that is a precursor to angiotensin II. Renin is used to convert this protein into angiotensin II.46
2280453801AldosteroneA hormone released by the adrenal glands that acts on the distal tubules, making them reabsorb more Na+ and water47
2280453802Atrial natriuretic peptideOpposes RAAS. This hormone inhibits the release of renin from the JGA, inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the collecting ducts, and reduces aldosterone release from the adrenal glands. Lowers blood volume and pressure.48
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spencer a rathus psych 101 Flashcards

chapter 6- learning

Terms : Hide Images
740082271learning1. according to behaviorists, a relatively permanent change in behavior that results in experience 2. according to cognitive theorists the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience0
740082272classical conditioninga simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by being paired repeatedly with other stimulus.1
740082274stimulusan environmental condition that elicits a response2
740082276unconditioned stimulusa stimulus that conditions an unconditioned response3
740082278Unconditioned Response (UCR)a natural, usually unvarying response elicited by a stimulus with out learning or conditioning.4
742846524Conditioned Responsea response that becomes associated with a previously unrelated stimulus as a result of pairing the stimulus with another stimulus that ordinarily elicits the response5
742846525Conditioned stimulusa previously neutral stimulus that after repeated associated that after repeated associated with an unconditioned stimulus elicits the response elicited by the unconditioned6
742846526Orienting Reflexan unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.7
742846527Extinctionan experimental procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occurred8
742846528spontaneous recoverythe recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.9
742846529generalizationin conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response,10
742846530discriminationin conditioning the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus11
742846531higher-order conditioninga fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli to lose their aversive qualities12
742846532counterconditioninga fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with aversive stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities13
742846533floodingthe behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning ; fear evoking stimuli (CS) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CR) are are extinguished.14
742846534systematic desensitizationa behavioral fear reduction technique in which a heirarchy of fear evoking stimuli is presented while the other person remains relaxed15
742846535reinforceto follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response16
742846536operant behaviorvoluntary responses that are reinforced17
742846537operant conditioninga simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced.18
742846538positive reinforcera reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of the operant19
742846539negative reinforcera reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of the operant20
742846540primary reinforceran unlearned reinforcer21
742846541secondary reinforcera stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers22
742846542conditioned reinforceranother term for secondary reinforcer23
742846543rewarda pleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of the behavior follows24
742846544punishmentan unpleasant stimulus that suppresses the behavior it follows25
742846545discriminative stimulusin operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available26
742846546continuous reinforcementa schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced27
742846547partial reinforcementone of several reinforcement schedules in which every correct response is not reinforced28
742846548fixed interval schedulea schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between previous and subsequent times reinforcement is available29
742846549variable- interval schedulea schedule in which variable amounts of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times reinforcement is available30
742846550fixed-ratio schedulea schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses31
742846551variable-ratio schedulea schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses.32
742846552shapinga procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behaviors33
742846553successive proximationsbahaviors that are progressively closer to a target behavior34
742846554latenthidden or concealed35
742846555contingency theorythe view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of stimuli36
742846556observational learningthe acquisition of knowledge and skill through the observation of others (models) rather than direct experience37
742846557modelan organism that engages in a response that is imitated by another organism.38
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