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Chemistry

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Kinetic Molecular Theory

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Chemistry
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Physics
Thermodynamics
Introductory physics
Gases
Kinetic theory
Collision
Ideal gas
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Boyle's law
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Kinetic Molecular Theory All matter is composed of small particles. Particles of matter are in constant motion. Particle collisions are elastic. (No transfer of energy/loss of energy in a collision) Gases only: Volume of each gas particle is negligible compared to the volume of the sample. Particles of gases exert no forces of attractions on each other. (This is due to the great distance between molecules.) Ideas of KMT explain ideal gas behavior. Deviations of ideal gas behavior occur among real gases because real gases do have volume and IMF?s. Deviations are minimized under conditions of low pressure and high temperature (PLIGHT) Hydrogen and helium behave most like ideal gases due to their small size and very weak IMFs.

Gas Laws

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Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Charles's law

Gas Laws -study the relationships that exist between pressure, volume, temperature and amount (moles) of gas. Boyle?s Law Pressure-volume relationship At constant temperature and amount, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional. As pressure increases, volume decreases. P1V1=P2V2 Charles? Law Temperature-volume relationship At constant pressure and amount, the temperature and volume of a gas are directly proportional. V1/T1=V2/T2 Gay Lussac?s Law Pressure-temperature relationship Under conditions of constant volume and amount, the temperature and pressure of a gas are directly proportional. P1/T1=P2/T2

Practice Test

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Underwater diving
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Piston engines

AP ?Prac?ce ?Exam ??Gases ? 1. The ?total ?pressure ?inside ?a ?1.62L ?cylinder ?kept ?at ?35?C ?is ?1.15atm. ?If ?the ?volume ?of ?the ?cylinder ?drops ?to ?0.74L ?and ? the ?temperature ?remains ?the ?same, ?what ?is ?the ?new ?pressure ?inside ?the ?cylinder? 2. The ?total ?pressure ?inside ?a ?2.7L ?cylinder ?kept ?at ?25?C ?is ?0.85 ?atm. ?Suppose ?the ?pressure ?inside ?that ?cylinder ?rises ?to ? 1.03atm. ?If ?the ?temperature ?remains ?the ?same, ?what ?is ?the ?new ?volume ?of ?the ?cylinder?

Unit 4 Study List: Aqueous Solutions

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Hydroxide
Acid

AP Chemistry Unit Four: Aqueous Solutions S T U D Y L I S T Properties of Aqueous Solutions ?? Define solute, solvent, and solution. Give examples. ?? Define electrolytes. Give operational and theoretical definitions of electrolytes. ?? Know that soluble ionic compounds and strong acids are strong electrolytes. Ionic compounds of low solubility [e.g. Mg(OH) 2 ] and weak acids/bases are weak electrolytes. ?? Know that molecular compounds (except acids) are non-electrolytes. ?? Know that alcohols (e.g. CH 3 OH )are not ionic hydroxides. Bases are usually metallic hydroxides. ?? Know the solubility rules. State whether an ionic compound is soluble in water. Precipitation Reactions ?? Know that ppt reactions are double

AP Chemistry learning exercise

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Uranium
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Learning exercise

Energy Calculation Problems Problem #1: A cubic block of uranium metal (specific heat = 0.117 J g?1 ?C?1) at 200.0 ?C is dropped into 1.00 L of deuterium oxide of "heavy water" (specific heat = 4.211 J g?1 ?C?1) at 25.5 ?C. The final temperature of the uranium and the deuterium oxide mixture is 28.5 ?C. Given the densities of uranium (19.05 g/cm3) and deuterium oxide (1.11 g/mL) what is the length of the side of the uranium cube? Problem #2: 175.0 g pure H2O was placed in a constant-pressure calorimeter and chilled to 10.0 ?C. 9.80 g pure H2SO4 (also at 10.0 ?C) was added, stirred and the temperature rose to 19.8 ?C. (a) What mass increased in temperature? (b) What was ?t? (c) What was the chemical reaction? (d) What do we assume about the specific heat?

Hydrates Lab

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Evaporating dish
Laboratory glassware
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chemistry hydrates lab

Pre-Lab Title: Hydrates Lab Purpose: This investigation should aid in the understanding of the composition of hydrates and simple decomposition reactions. The purpose is to determine the percent of water in a hydrate. Materials: 1. Evaporating dish 5. Iron Ring 8. Crucible tongs 2. Wire gauze 6. Microspatula 9. Bunsen burner 3. Laboratory balance 7. Safety glasses 10. Ring stand 4. Copper (II) sulfate hydrate Procedure: 1. Prepare the set up shown in figure. 2. Heat the dish with the hottest part of the flames for 3 minutes. 3. Leave the evaporation dish on the gauze and let it cool for 3 minutes.

Bonding General concepts

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bonding
AP Chemistry

Bonding ? General Concepts Electronegativity: The ability of anatom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself. Ionic Bonds Electrons are transferred Electronegativity differences are generally greater than 1.7 The formation of ionic bonds is always exothermic! Determination of Ionic Character Compounds are ionic if they conduct electricity in their molten state Electronegativity difference is not the final determination of ionic character Coulomb?s Law ?The energy of interaction between a pair of ions is proportional to the product of their charges, divided by the distance between their centers? There will be a negative sign on the Energy once calculated?it indicates an attractive force so that the ion pair has lower energy than the separated ions.

Why Doctors Uselessly Prescribe Antibiotics for a Common Cold

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Chemistry
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Medicine
Acute upper respiratory infections
Infectious diseases
Clinical pharmacology
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Patient safety
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Common cold

? HEALTH & SCIENCE Why Doctors Uselessly Prescribe Antibiotics for a Common Cold Half of all prescriptions are written for respiratory ailments that aren't going to be helped by a drug By?SHANNON BROWNLEE?|?@ShannonBrownlee?|?April 16, 2012?|?23 inShare8 Brownlee's latest book isOvertreated: Why Too Much Medicine is Making Us Sicker and Poorer.

Intro to Polymers Lab

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Polymers

Sam Glasset and Dan Velez Oliver- Chemistry Honors Period 3 December 7, 2011 Lab Report: Introduction to Polymers Survey of the Man-Made Polymers: See attached chart Preparation of Polymers- See signed lab sheet Question: Draw Structural Formula for the following and name two specific uses of the polymer. Polyethylene (PE) Shampoo Bottles Bulletproof Vests Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Credit Cards Drainage and Portable Piping Polystyrene (PS) CD and DVD cases Disposable Cutlery Polypropylene (PP) Food Containers Fiber in carpeting Tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Teflon Cookware Nail Polish A. Addition Polymerization: A chemical reaction in which monomers are added to each other to form long-chain polymers without by-products. B. Tetrafluoroethylene is often made this way.

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