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Chemistry

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Bent Shape of Molecules in Covalent Bonds

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Croque Monsieur 2004, Barefoot in Paris, All Rights Reserved Prep Time: 5 min Cook Time: 25 min Serves: 4 to 8 servings Ingredients 2 tablespoons unsalted butter 3 tablespoons all-purpose flour 2 cups hot milk 1 teaspoon kosher salt 1/2 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper Pinch nutmeg 12 ounces Gruyere cheese, grated (5 cups) 1/2 cup freshly grated Parmesan 16 slices white sandwich bread Dijon mustard 8 ounces baked Virginia ham, sliced Directions Preheat the oven to 400 degrees F.

AP Chem Notes

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South Pasadena ? AP Chemistry Name ________________________________ Period ___ Date ___/___/___ 2 ? Atoms and Elements ATOMIC STRUCTURE? Parts of Atoms: Most people already know that the atom is made up of three main parts, the _______________ and ______________ in the nucleus and the ______________ somewhere outside of the nucleus. Let?s summarize: proton neutron electron symbol charge location mass size (see below) Let?s make this more visual using information from the Chart of Fundamental Particles. If the proton were 10 cm in diameter? the size of an orange, how big would everything be? object actual size model size model proton 10-15 m 10 cm orange neutron 10-15 m electron 10-18 m atom 10-10 m

Chem

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What is a ? Chemical property? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Physical Property? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

AP Chem Multiple Choice Questions listed by topic

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Summary of Multiple Choice Questions on the AP Chemistry Exam (1984) Topic Problem Numbers % of Exam Stoichiometry/Mole relationships 44,45,52,73,85 5.9 Gas Laws/Kinetic Theory 21,23,39,50,78 5.9 Atomic Theory 19,22,58,66,70 5.9 Bonding/Intermolecular Forces 8,9,18,40,41,51,60,80 9.5 Periodic Properties 43 1.2 Solutions/Phase Diagrams 27,37,54,55,59,67,69,84 9.4 Rates and Equilibrium 25,26,28,36,76,82 7.1 Precipitation 68,74 2.4 Acid/Base/Buffer 33,48,49,53,63,64,75 8.2 Oxidation/Reduction/Electrochemistry14,15,16,17,20,34,46,65,79 10.6 General 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,24 9.4 Thermodynamics 29,47,56,57,83 5.9 Qualitative 10,11,12,13,31,35 7.1 Reactions 32,42,61,71,81 5.9 Nuclear 30,38 2.4 Organic 77 .9 Laboratory 62,72 2.4

cellular respiration

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STUDY GUIDE FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular Respiration: Transfer of energy from organic compounds (especially GLUCOSE) to ATP. AEROBIC: cellular respiration WITH O2 ANEROBIC: cellular respiration WITHOUT O2 TWO STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION: STAGE 1: Glucose is converted to Pyruvate producing small amounts of ATP and NADH. STAGE 2: If O2, then: PYR and NADH make lots of ATP; if no O2, then Lactate or Ethanol and CO2 are produced. SEE FIGURE 10 FROM PAGE 104 IIN THE TEXTBOOK.

Chapter 2: Chemical Units and Their Identities

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ATOMS: - made of nucleus (protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral charge)) and electron cloud (electrons (negative charge) - smallest particle that still retains properties of element - atomic # - # of protons (unique to each element) (also # of electrons in neutral atoms) - mass # - # of protons + neutrons - atomic mass - actual (average) mass of atom (measured in daltons) - about mass # b/c electrons have very small mass compared to protons/neutrons - isotope - atom w/ more/less than usual # of neutrons ELECTRONS: - elemental form of element is when element is by itself - compound - joint of 2+ elements w/ own set of properties diff. from elements - elements in periodic table are arranged in atomic # and are in 18 columns (groups)

Chapter 1: Background and Basics

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MEASUREMENTS: - chemistry uses both quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (non-numerical) aspects - SI unites - system international of units of measure - "official" - Measurement Prefixes: Giga - G 109 Mega - M 106 Kilo - K 103 Centi - C 10-2 Milli - m 10-3 Micro - ? 10-6 Nano - n 10-9 Pico - p 10-6 - base units - length (meter - m) - Mass (kilogram, kg) - Time (second - s) - derived units - function of base units - speed (m/s) - Volume (L) - density (m/V) - temperature - Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin(absolute temp. (0 K) scale) H2O boils at = 100?C 212?F 373K H2O freezes at = 0?C 32?F 273K

Chemistry of Oxygen

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The Chemistry of Oxygen: Basic and Acidic Oxides and the Periodic Table Pre Lab Report The objective of the experiment will be to perform and to observe the reactions of oxygen with several metallic and nonmetallic elements. We will determine whether these oxides behave as an acid or a base in aqueous solutions. We will perform this experiment by decomposing hydrogen peroxide by using a catalyst. We will burn certain elements inside a vessel that will be used to capture the oxygen decomposed by the H2O2 and then capture the contents. Once we captured the oxides, a small amount of water will be added so that a universal indicator will be used to determine their acidity.

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