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Chemistry

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Hess's Law

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Notes Enthalpy / Hess?s Law 2/13/13 CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) ? CO 2(g) + 2H 2 O (g) ?H? rxn =? ?H? rxn = ??H? f products - ??H? f reactants Electron Affinity: Energy change associated with adding electrons to atoms (anions) Ionization Energy: Energy change associated with removing electrons from atoms (cations) Methods for calculating ?H rxn Hess?s Law: if a reaction can be written as the sum of two or more steps the overall enthalpy of reaction is equal to the sums of the enthalpies of reaction for each of the steps A + B ? G + H ? ?H rxn =? A + B ? C + D ? ?H rxn = x KJ C + D ? E + F ? ?H rxn = y KJ E + F ? G + H ? ?H rxn = z KJ +___________ A + B ? G + H ? ?H rxn = x + y + z KJ

Internal Energy

Solutions

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CHEMISTRY UNIT 8 SOLUTIONS 02-24-13 Solubility: A measure of how well a solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures Solute: The substance dissolved into another substance Solvent: The substance that does the dissolving Example: In a solution of salt and water, the salt is the solute and the water is the solvent NaCl (aq) recall that aq is the abbreviation for aqueous which means water is the solvent The more solute you add to a solution the more concentrated The less solute you add to a solution the more dilute Types of Solutions Saturated Solution: Contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature

CELSIUS TO KELVIN

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HOW TO CONVERT CELSIUS TO KELVIN TAKE C* AND ADD 273*=k* k may not be zero nor ? 0K= ABSOLUTE ZERO CYROGENIC STUFF FREEZE TIME Kelvin to Celsius K* MINUS 273*=C*
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ideal gas law

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IDEAL GAS LAW THE REALTIONSHIP PV=nRT describes THE BEHAVIOR OF AN IDEAL GAS. (PRESSURE*VOLUME=#MOLES*R VALUE*TEMPERATURE)
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Determination of Melting Point CHEM AP Lab

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Determination of Melting Point Abstract- This lab consists of comparing several substances melting point obtained through experimentation with the actual melting point of other known substances. With this method, the melting point of unknown substances can be determined. The data received shows melting points of three substances, two of which are identified, and the last is unknown. The first two, Benzoic Acid and Vanillin serve as confirmation of the method as they are similar to the data given of the known substances. The last is an experimental unknown substance to apply the method to determine the melting point. This experiment shows that the melting point of a substance can contribute to identifying an unknown substance.

chemistry/intro to bio

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Vaneza Paredes 1) Chemical Bonds Almost everything we do in life, even something as easy as breathing all comes from chemical bonds. There are strong bonds, as well as weak bonds. This all depends on the interactions of electrons. When a metal bonds with a nonmetal, an ionic bond was formed. This is very strong. A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms, is covalent bonding.

Evolution of the Atomic Theory

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Evolution of the Atomic Theory Democritus and Leucippus 442 BC Stated that: Between atoms lies empty space Atoms are indestructible Atoms have always been and always will be in motion Atoms differ in shape and size ?The more any indivisible exceeds, the heavier it is.? Aristotle 355 BC Came up with the idea that everything was made up of earth, air, fire, and/or water. Antoine Lavoisier 1785 Discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass J. L. Proust 1794 Discovered the law of definite proportions Thomas Young 1801 - 1817 Proved Isaac Newton?s theory, that light is a wave of particles, incorrect and discovered how there was a variation in rays of light due to the size of wavelengths John Dalton 1803 Came up with his own atomic theory that said:

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