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Chemistry

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periodicity

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Periodic Table

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Metal Nonmetal and Metalloid

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metal nonmetal metalloid chemistry

7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids The more an element exhibits the physical and chemical properties of metals, the greater its metallic character. Metals: Good conductor of heat and electricity. Malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires). Tend to have low ionization energies and therefore tend to form positive ions relatively easily. Are oxidized. Compounds of metals with nonmetals tend to be ionic substances (halides). Most metal oxides are basic. Metal oxide + water -> metal hydroxide Metal oxide + acid -> salt + water Nonmetals: Nonmetals vary greatly in appearances. Because of their electron affinities, nonmetals tend to gain electrons when they react with metals.

Chemical Equilibria checklist

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Chemical Equilibria

South Pasadena ( AP Chemistry [Keep for Reference] 16 ( Chemical Equilibria BLUFFER?S GUIDE ? 1. aA +bB + . . . rR +sS + . . . Kc = and for gases: Kp = 2. K > 1 products favored K < 1 reactants favored 3. Excluded: solids; pure liquids; water (in aqueous solutions) because their [ ]?s do not change. 4. Convert from Kc to Kp Kp = Kc(RT)(n where (n = moles of gaseous product ? moles of gaseous reactant. 5. Typical question: Given Kc and the starting concentrations of reactants, find concentrations of products at equilibrium. Example: Kc for acetic acid = 1.8 x 10-5. What is the equilibrium concentration of [H+] in a 0.100 M solution of the acid? 6. Equilibrium constant for a reverse reaction = the value of the forward reaction.

Chemical Kinetics: Rates of Reaction review sheet

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Rates of reaction

South Pasadena ? AP Chemistry [Keep for Reference] 15 ? Chemical Kinetics: Rates of Reaction DRAFT-- A B L U F F E R ? S G U I D E ? ? How to talk about Reaction Rate rate = ([chemical]/(time Common Units: M/s, mol?L-1?s-1 rate of disappearance of reactant or rate of appearance of product use coefficients to change one rate to another Reaction: 2A + 3B ( 4C = = watch your signs (([React.] = -([Prod.]) From a graph of [R] vs time Average rate is the slope of a segment. Instantaneous rate is slope of the tangent. Initial rate is often used.? ? How to Speed Up a Reaction [Use Collision Theory, Kinetic Molecular Theory] increase the concentration of reactants - increase molarity of solutions - increase partial pressure of gases

Prentice Hall AP Chem. Chapter 2 notes

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Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO ? 2006, Prentice Hall, Inc. Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Atomic Theory of Matter The theory that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter reemerged in the early 19th century, championed by John Dalton. Dalton?s Postulates Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. Dalton?s Postulates All atoms of a given element are identical to one another in mass and other properties, but the atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. Dalton?s Postulates

Prentice Hall AP Chem. Chapter 1 notes

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Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO ? 2006, Prentice Hall Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chemistry: The study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Scientific Method: A systematic approach to solving problems. Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom. Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom. A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements. States of Matter Classification of Matter

Alkanes

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ISU TOPIC: ALKANES Submitted to: Mr. Ram Submitted by: Patrick Do Course Code: SCH4U1 - 02 Date: Thursday February 14, 2013 Alkanes have no functional groups. They are essentially made up of carbon and hydrogen bonded together through single bonds. Alkanes can appear as alkyl groups. The general structure of an alkane is CnH2n+2. a) Straight chain alkanes: Number of Carbons Name of Compound Condensed Formula 1 Methane CH4 2 Ethane CH3 - CH3 3 Propane CH3 - CH2 - CH3 4 Butane CH3 - CH3 - CH3 - CH3 5 Pentane CH3 - CH3 - CH3 - CH3 - CH3 b) Branched alkanes: Number of Carbons Name of Compound Condensed Formula 4 Isobutane (2-methyl propane) CH3 | CH3 - CH - CH3 5 Isopentane

Chapter 18 Powerpoint

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Chapter 18: Chemistry of the Environment Priyal Patel AP Chemistry 0pd 18.1 Earth?s Atmosphere Temperature varied due to altitude Decreases with increasing altitude Layer of atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Not uniform Bombarded with radiation and energetic particles Lighter atoms rise to top N2 triple bond for between Nitrogen atoms O2 Much more reactive Reacts to form oxides 18.2 The Outer Regions of the Atmosphere Outer portion of atmosphere is important in determining conditions of life Upper layer forms outer defense against radiation and high-energy particles Photodissociation Rupture of a chemical bond resulting form absorption of a photon by a molecule Does not form ions Forms two neutral particles

Chapter 16 Powerpoint

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Acid-Base Equilibria Priyal Patel 0 period 16.1 Acids and Bases: A Brief Review Acids have a sour taste and cause certain dyes to change color Sour taste Linked to H+ ions Bases are bitter and feel slippery Bitter taste Feel slippery Linked to OH- ions When acids and bases are mixed in certain proportions, their characteristics disappear altogether 16.2 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Danish Chemist Johannes Bronsted and English chemist Thomas Lowry proposed a definition of acids and bases Based on the fact that acid-base reactions involve the transfer of H+ ions from one substance to another. The H+ Ion in Water An H+ is a proton with no surrounding valence electrons This proton bonds interacts with nonbonding electrons of water molecules to form hydrated hydrogen ions.

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