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Chemistry

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AP Chemistry Chapter 6 Outline

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Chemistry
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thermodynamics
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Thermochemistry
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Chemical thermodynamics
Physical chemistry
Standard enthalpy of formation
Exothermic reaction
Calorimeter
Chemical energy
Exothermic
Environment

Daniel Seo 10/10/13 Period 5 Chapter 6 Thermochemistry Outline 6.1 The Nature of Energy 1. Energy ? capacity to do work (or to produce heat) i. Work ? force acting over a distance (moving an object) ii. Heat ? form of energy. ? chemicals may store potential energy in their bonds that can be released as heat energy 2. The law of conservation of mass ? energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed ? is also the first law of thermodynamics. i. Potential energy ? energy due to position or composition ii. Kinetic energy ? energy due to the motion of an object ? K? = 1/2mv2 3. Temperature reflects random motion of particles in a substance 4. Temperature indicates the direction in which heat energy will flow

Hydorcarbons

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Organic compounds
Stereochemistry
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons
Cycloalkane
Alkene
Cyclopropane
Haloalkane
Aliphatic compound
Hydorcarbons

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Dr. Geetu Gambhir E-340, Greater Kailash II New Delhi -110048 (31.07.2006) CONTENTS Introduction Alkanes Nomenclature of branched and unbranched Alkanes Condensed Structures Isomerism Classification of Carbon Substitution Sources Preparation Properties Reactions Cycloalkanes Classification Methods of preparation Properties Baeyer?s strain theory Ring strain in Cycloalkanes Reactions 1 Introduction With the key element carbon, organic compounds contain large chemical diversity. They contain wide variety of elements and varisity in the structures. This is due to the unique property of

Stereo chemistry of organic compounds

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Chemistry
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Stereochemistry
Isomerism
Chemical nomenclature
Physical organic chemistry
Chemical formulas
Isomer
Cyclohexane conformation
Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules
Stereoisomerism
Chirality
Alkane
Stereo chemistry

Organic Chemistry Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds Dr. Anita Tandon University of Delhi Delhi -110007 CONTENTS Structural Isomers Stereoisomers Conformational Isomers Configurational Isomers (i) Optical isomers (a) Compound with one Asymmetric Carbon Atom (b) Compound with more than one Asymmetric Carbon Atom (c) Compound with no Asymmetric Carbon Atom (d) Elements of Symmetry (e) Properties of Enantiomers (f) Relative Configuration (g) Absolute Configuration (h) Fischer?s Plane Projection Diagram (i) Optical inactivity in compounds having Chiral Carbon Atom (ii) Geometrical Isomers (a) E&Z system of nomenclature (b) Properties of Geometrical Isomers

Chemistry Chapter 4,25

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Chemistry
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Physics
Chemistry
Particle physics
Nuclear physics
Nuclear chemistry
radioactivity
Baryons
Chemical properties
Proton
Atomic nucleus
Isotope
Atom
Technology

Lecture 2 (Chapter 4 & 25) Atomic Structure Democritus (400 BC) ? Postulated there must be some basic unit of matter that could not be divided any further. ? Basic unit ? atomos (Greek = indivisible) Dalton Dalton?s Atomic Theory ? All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms ? All atoms of a given element are identical having the ame size, mass and chemical properties. Atoms of a specific element are different from those of any other element ? Different atoms combined in simple whole number ratios to form compounds ? Ina chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged ? Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles or destroyed. Scientist and Experiments Cathode Ray Tube Experiments ? Plum pudding model ?

Chemistry Chapter 1~3

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Chemistry
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thermodynamics
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State functions
Physical quantities
Chemical engineering
Heat transfer
Heat capacity
Temperature
Heat
energy

Lecture 1 (Chapter 1 ~ Chapter 3) Chapter 1 Chemistry ? The?study?of?the?composition,?structure,?and?properties?of?MATTER?and?CHANGES?it?undergoes? Scientific method ? Observation? o Observe? o Gather??Data? ? Qualitative?(Description)? ? Quantitative?(Number?[followed?by?unit])? ? Identify?Problem? o Known? o Unknown? ? Hypothesize? o If_____________?then_______________? ? Test?&?Collect?Data? ? Analyze?Data? ? Theorize? Branch of Chemistry ? Biochemistry? ? Organic?chemistry? ? Inorganic?chemistry? ? Etc.? Significant figures ? All??0?s?between?two?nonzero?=?significant? ? Place?holding??0?s?=?not?significant? ? All?nonzero?=?significant? ? All??0?s?on?the?right?of?the?non??0?s?=?significant? ? All??0?s?on?the?right?of?decimal,?except?place?holders?=?significant?

Chapter 2 Outline

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Chemistry
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measurement
Statistics
Science
Accuracy and precision
Units of measurement
International System of Units
scientific method
Decibel
Scientific Notation
Arithmetic precision
Uncertainty
Significant Figures
Measurements and Calculations

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 2 Notes-Measurements and Calculations 2.1 The Scientific Method The process that researchers use to carry out their investigations is often called the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. 2.2 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurements are quantitative information. They represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. A quantity is not the same as a measurement. For example, the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement, while the volume is a quantity.

Chapter 2 Outline

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Chemistry
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measurement
Statistics
Science
Accuracy and precision
Units of measurement
International System of Units
Decibel
Scientific Notation
Arithmetic precision
Uncertainty
scientific method
Significant Figures
Measurements and Calculations

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 2 Notes-Measurements and Calculations 2.1 The Scientific Method The process that researchers use to carry out their investigations is often called the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. 2.2 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurements are quantitative information. They represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. A quantity is not the same as a measurement. For example, the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement, while the volume is a quantity.

Chapter 1 Outline

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
matter
Chemical substance
Physical change
Chemical element
Chemical compound
Solution
Metalloid
Solid
Mixture
Chemical reaction
Homogeneous
Environment
Matter and Change

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 1 Notes ? Matter and Change 1.1 Chemistry is a Physical Science 1. The natural sciences were once divided into two categories: biological and physical sciences. 2. The biological sciences focus on living things and their interaction with the environment. 3. The physical sciences focus is mainly on non-living things. 4. However, chemistry is central to all living and non-living things because they consist of chemical structures. 5. Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. Branches of Chemistry 1. Chemistry includes six branches of study ? although these branches often overlap.

AP Chemistry Lab: Determination of the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
matter
Chemical elements
Magnesium
Analytical chemistry
Crucible
Laboratory equipment
Oxygen
Oxide
Mole
health

Conclusion 1) One error could be if the Magnesium did not heat all the way, then there were still solid pieces of Magnesium that could have made the mass greater. Extra mass in the crucible could cause the oxygen to be too low because extra mass would consume more space and would lessen the amount of space for oxygen within the crucible. 2) a. If you put more water in to the crucible than is needed for reaction 3, and did not wait for the excess water to dry out, then there would be to little oxygen. This is because the product in the crucible and the water would increase the amount of weight of the crucible/product as a whole and would leave little space for oxygen.

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