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Chemistry

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History of the Atomic Theory

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Cameron Hickox PAP Chemistry Mrs. Montgomery 10/12/10 Cameron Hickox PAP Chemistry Mrs. Montgomery 10/12/10 The discovery of the existence and structure of atoms was a step-by-step process and compilation of theories by multiple people. Contributions from John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Eugene Goldstein, Ernest Rutherford, Neils Bohr, and James Chadwick provided the structure of the atom that is still known today. In 1803, John Dalton published his theory of the existence of atoms. His theory was based on a system of five postulates: All matter has particles. Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable. Elements are characterized by the mass of their atoms. When elements react, atoms combine in simple, whole number ratios.

Significant Figures Rules

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Significant Figures

Significant Figures in Measurement and Calculations A successful chemistry student habitually labels all numbers, because the unit is important. Also of great importance is the number itself. Any number used in a calculation should contain only figures that are considered reliable; otherwise, time and effort are wasted. Figures that are considered reliable are called significant figures. Chemical calculations involve numbers representing actual measurements. In a measurement, significant figures in a number consist of: Figures (digits) definitely known + One estimated figure (digit) In class you will hear this expressed as "all of the digits known for certain plus one that is a guess." Recording Measurements

NYS Chemistry Lab Packet

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Chemistry lab.

Name________________________________________ SC_____-_____ Date___________ ACIDS AND ACID ANHYDRIDES Equipment: 3 test tubes, 1 gas collecting bottle, 1 deflagrating spoon, stopper, charcoal Materials: pH papers, phenolphthalein, red litmus paper, blue litmus paper, methyl orange, 20 mL of 3M HCl (hydrochloric acid), 10 mL 3M H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), 10mL HC2H3O2 (CH3COOH) (acetic acid), 4-5 pieces of Zn(s). Aim: What are some important properties of acids? Common household substances containing acids are vinegar (acetic acid) and lemon juice (citric and ascorbic acids). A. Test 3M hydrochloric acid (HCl) with red and blue litmus papers and pH paper as follows: Put 10 mL of water into a test tube. Add a drop of the acid. Use a glass rod to transfer a

Electron filling diagram

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1s2s2p
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1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f ? 6s 6p 6d ? 7s 7p ? 8s ? The order of increasing energy of the sublevels: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d ? This order corresponds to the order in which the energy sublevels are filled by electrons. nucleus 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 4d 4f n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 Energy level (n) Energy sublevel Increasing Energy
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Scientific Notation Notes

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Scientific Notation

SeJent;t, c ~t1d ExponeJJ{.~1 Nofl1.tto" 5.pcyel1f.I~1 Noh.h~rl: A f6rm G f tr1~fA~f.~1 VL{!-f-SS/o/) in wh;-c,A ""lIIn!x1 is fXpresS-cJ CAS the procl"c1 of 1 /kJm6e/S, one r1ec.a'~(A.1 q~d fAe ofle.r A, p~""V of 10. 5c;'Cllt;f,'c /tIsf(A/-ion - e.)(,pO/l-tI)"~/ I'JOf"f;o'l I~ whlGh t~e de(,'M4J pw-t- lVJ&Js7- hc ... .,vc. Of) It o,,-e n

Syn-Propanethial S-Oxide

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Onions

syn-Propanethial S-oxide (C3H6OS) is a gas that acts as a lachrymatory agent (triggers tearing and stinging on contact with the eyes). The chemical is released from onions, Allium cepa, as they are sliced. The release is due to the breaking open of the onion cells and their releasing enzymes called alliinases, which then break down amino acid sulfoxides, generating sulfenic acids. A specific sulfenic acid, 1-propenesulfenic acid, formed when onions are cut, is rapidly rearranged by a second enzyme, called the lachrymatory factor synthase or LFS, giving syn-propanethial S-oxide. The gas diffuses through the air and, on contact with the eye, it stimulates sensory neurons creating a stinging, painful sensation.

The atmosphere

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The atmosphere Made up of a mixture of gases (mainly N2 and O2) Mole fractions of major gases (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon) are pretty constant with altitude ?interesting stuff? involves tiny amounts of trace gases ? ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur and some others ~ 100% Breathing!!! Argon, Neon, Xenon ? rare gases often used in ?neon? lights Atmospheric gases can be separated by distillation, since they have different boiling points N2 77 K O2 90 K Ar 87 K Ne 24 K CH4 111 K Pressure profile of atmosphere Pressure drops almost exponentially with increasing altitude ... why?? Trop. Strat. Temperature profile in the atmosphere stratosphere pV = nRT ideal gas law is ?pretty good? (why??)

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