European History

Chapter 21 Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850 The Conservative Order (1815-1830) The Peace Settlement 1814 Congress of Vienna: Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich considered it necessary to restore legitimate monarchs to preserve traditional institutions Restoration of Bourbons in France and Spain Austria + Prussia have claims over Poland new Polish kingdom (Romanov as hereditary monarchs) established foreign policy under Russian control Balance Russian gains = Prussia and Austria strengthened Prevent possible French expansion = creation of enlarged Netherlands (Dutch Republic + Austrian Netherlands) under King William I (House of Orange) Prussian given territory along east bank of Rhine

Chapter 23 The Mass Society in an ?Age of Progress,? 1871-1894 The Growth of Industrial Prosperity New Products First major change in industrial development after 1870 was the substitution of steel for iron. Great Britain fell behind Germany in steel production Great Britain also fell behind in the new chemical industry. By 1910: power stations and plants districts tide to single power distribution systems commons source of power for homes, shops, industrial enterprises Thomas Edison: invention of lightbulb Joseph Swan: opened homes and cities to illumination by electric lights Alexander Graham Bell: 1876: invented telephone Guglielmo Marconi: 1901: sent first radio waves across the Atlantic 1897: invention of oil-fired engion 1902: used by Hamburg-Amerika Line ocean liners

Chapter 25 The Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis: War and Revolution The Road to World War I Nationalism and Internal Dissent Division of Europe?s great powers into two loose alliances only added to tensions Each nation-state regarded itself as sovereign, subject to no higher interest or authority Each state was motivated by its own self-interest and success Not all ethnic groups had achieved the goal of nationhood Socialist labor movements had grown more powerful Militarism Influence of military leaders grew as armies grew Military leaders insisted that their plans could not be altered Generals? lack of flexibility forced European political leaders to make decision for military instead of political reasons The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914

Chapter 27 The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II Prelude to War (1933-1939) The Role of Hitler Germany needed more land to support a larger population and be a great power Hitler firmly believed in Lebensraum (living space) Hitler: Russian Revolution created conditions for Germany to expand east Bolshevik seizure of power left Russia weak Russia could be resettled by German peasants using Slavic slave labor Hitler?s expansionist ambitions initially supported by conservative elite eventually realized that Nazi policy went far beyond previous goals Hitler?s ability to be both ideologue and opportunist Hitler periodically deviated from Mein Kampf foreign policy goals always returned to basic ideological plans for racial supremacy The ?Diplomatic Revolution? (1933-1936)