European History

English 233: Introduction to Western Humanities ? Baroque & Enlightenment Martin Luther: Excerpts from his account of the confrontation at the Diet of Worms (1521) [The translation is from H.C. Bettenson, Documents of the Christian Church (1903), based on Luther's Opera Latina (Frankfurt, 1865-73] Background. In 1520, Pope Leo X issued a bull of excommunication against Luther. He directed the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation to execute it. Charles V, however, was reluctant to take this step. Only 21 years old at the time, Charles had only at great expense and with much diplomacy managed to get himself elected Emperor in 1519. He was reluctant to alienate the German princes, many of whom were

THE GIANT EHAP REVIEW OUTLINE! By Susanna, Horace Greeley High School The Renaissance *The Causes of the Renaissance* - The Middle Ages, which began around 500 AD, finally came to an end around 1450 AD. - Though the beginning of the Renaissance, which signaled the end of the Middle Ages, occurred in the city-states of Italy, the same reasons that caused the Renaissance to begin in Italy caused it to appear in the rest of Western Europe. - The conditions that led to the Renaissance in Italy are as follows: Because of the Crusades, and the new trade routes, Europeans began to come in contact with other, more advanced civilizations, which influenced them greatly. The Church, due to the scandals that occurred, lost much of its power, and people began to doubt its ultimate authority.

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