European History

Amanda Herrmann November 12, 2014 Period 7 By challenging organized religion and advocating for freedom, Voltaire's work reflected principles of Enlightenment thought. Questioning everything about organized religion, Voltaire reflected the Enlightenment ?principle of reason. Advocating for different natural rights, Voltaire's various works reflected of Enlightenment principle nature.

Calvin and Institutions Calvin dids: synthesis creates system of practice (new ins. of Protestant reformed church) Institutional Purpose: STOP farther change Ex: today- public education (way of doing school) In Protestant: constant state of change Before Calvin: change After Calvin: very little change Synth: this is a complete system can?t change Set example with Geneva System that produces same thing over and over English Reformation Henry VIII Idea: matter of state; ALL political Evidence Requested an annul, denied for pope Succession of acts by parliament Dissolved monasteries Gave to low prices to key members Parliament Have parliament in favor of separating from church Retained tradition of Catholic To what extent was the English Church Protestant?

What? Nation-State: It?s Nature Introduction Nation-State? Defined DecentralCentralized power for central territory Opp. Of Feudal State New Monarchy (modern nation state) Before: King relied on nobles to give power: nobles center Feudal Kings Nobles People King trying to get more power, cut out middle man--- get rid of power among nobles King People Raised own power / reduced power of opponent (nobles) Centralized power in king: By? Raising king power; king above nobles Lowering nobles power, nobles below king ?I?m better than you? = ?You suck? This takes time--Nobles have lots of power? Western Europe? Who? Whats? France England Dutch Republic All forms of CENTRALIZED power; nation state Central-Eastern Europe Declining: ?Aging States? HRE Poland Ottoman Empire

England: English 17th century: -Civil War -Glorious Revolution -Limited monarch?(power limited by Constitution?not absolute) 1603-1689: Filled with high drama (1603: Elizabeth died) (1689: last Stuart king ruled) Q: motivation mainly religious or political? a) Political: Stuart Kings vs Parliament Kings: i) Stuart- king of Scotland and now England ii) divine right of God, Catholic Parliament: ruled by Puritans ii) nobles strong in England Who has political authority? Kings or Parliament? (sovereignty) b) Religious: Puritan ?Purification? Idea: Catholicism?no more?Elizabeth died---saying get Catholic part out of English church -Purify church---genuine protestant Sequence: James (Stuart) Sandwich James I (1603-25) Charles I (1625-49) Cromwell (1649-58)