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Psychology

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Psychology
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David G. Meyers Psychology 8th Edition Chapter 1 outline

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Psychology
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Science
Information
Statistics
Design of experiments
scientific method
Covariance and correlation
Behavioural sciences
Evaluation methods
Psychology
Illusory correlation
Randomness
Correlation does not imply causation
health

The Need for Psychological Science Hindsight bias and judgmental overconfidence show that we cannot rely on intuition and common sense. Hindsight Bias: The thought that once a person finds out the outcome, that the person knew the outcome all along and could have predicted it. Overconfidence: Thinking is limited not only because of our after-the-fact common sense but by over confidence When you are 100% sure about something, self prediction may change up to 15% of the time When someone predicts wrong, they seem to use the ? I was close? excuse Skepticism and humility must be added to help us tell the difference between life and reality The Scientific Attitude You need to be Skeptical but not cynical Need to be able to have humility and be able to reject ones owns ideas

AP Psych Myers 6th edition Chapter 2

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Psychology
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anatomy
nervous system
Mind
Cerebrum
Motor system
Neuroanatomy
brain
Cerebral cortex
Neocortex
Human brain
Neuron
Thalamus
health

BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR THE HUMAN BRAIN The influence of biology (sometimes called the neuroscience or biopsychological perspective) is growing. Some researchers predict that someday psychology will be a specialty within the field of biology. An understanding of the biological principles relevant to psychology is needed to understand current psychological thinking. The human brain consists of three major divisions; hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain Major Division Subdivision Structures Prosencephalon?(Forebrain) Telencephalon Neocortex; Basal Ganglia; Amygdala; Hippocampus; Lateral Ventricles Diencephalon Thalamus; Hypothalamus; Epithalamus; Third Ventricle Mesencephalon?(Midbrain) Mesencephalon Tectum; Tegmentum; Cerebral Aqueduct

AP Psych Myers 6th edition Chapter 1

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Psychology
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Mind
Psychology
behavior
Behavioural sciences
Philosophy of psychology
Behaviorism
Comparative psychology
Structuralism
Introspection
Wilhelm Wundt
Aggression
Unconscious mind
health

HISTORY AND METHODS Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes A Brief History- Wilhelm Wundt- founded first research lab in 1879- birth of scientific psychology Structuralism ? studied consciousness- introspection, examining one?s mind and what one is thinking and feeling. Edward Titchener Functionalism- look at function not structure, stress adaptation to the environment. William James (Principles of Psychology in 1890) John Dewey Gestalt psychology ? focus on the totality of perception, Max Wertheimer Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud- focus on role of unconscious conflicts, the process of raising these conflicts to a level of awareness is the goal of psychoanalysis Current Views of Psychology- Neurobiology- Behavior viewed in terms of biological responses

Notes & such

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Psychology
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Biology
Sleep
Neurophysiology
Dreaming
Circadian rhythms
Circadian rhythm
Rapid eye movement sleep
Slow-wave sleep
Melatonin
brain
Dream
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
health

Consciousness: Some occur spontaneously: Daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming. Some are physiologically: Hallucination, orgasm, food or oxygen, starvation. Some are psychologically induced: Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation. Bodily Rhythms Biological Rhythms: periodic physiological fluctuations Grizzly bears hibernating Sleep length Female menstrual cycle 24-hour day cycle (alertness) 90-minute sleep cycle Circadian Rhythms: biological clock that regulates bodily rhythms on a 24-hour cycle. Influenced by LIGHT -> causes our pineal gland to increase or decrease production of melatonin. With age, we shift from night owls to morning birds. What would happen if a person was put into a cave for a long period of time without any light? The body works on a natural 25-hour clock.

Development Through the Ages

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Psychology
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Child psychology

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: study of physical, cognitive and social changes through the lifetime ARGUE OVER THE EXTENT TO WHICH EACH INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR NATURE: genetics influence most NURTURE: learning/environment shapes us Thomas Bouchard: Minnesota Twins Study -study identical (MZ) twins Nature v. Nurture: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Twins_2004.jpg IS DEVELOPMENT: CONTINUOUS: a gradual, cumulative change from birth to death (walking up a hill) OR DISCONTINUOUS: a sequence of distinct stages that build upon one another that every person goes through (climbing stairs) Continuity v. Discontinuity: 3 LONGITUDINAL: study same group of people for a long time Good: accuracy Bad: costly, long time, lose participants

nothing

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Psychology
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behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Attachment theory
Ethology
Personal life
Technology

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Psychology
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behavior
education
Human development
learning
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Education reform
Homework
Attachment theory
Toddler
Crayon

Ages 0 to 2 Timeouts can be effective discipline for toddlers. A child who has been hitting, biting, or throwing food, for example, should be told why the behavior is unacceptable and taken to a designated timeout area ? a kitchen chair or bottom stair ? for a minute or two to calm down (longer timeouts are not effective for toddlers). Ages 3 to 5 Explain to kids what you expect of them before you punish them for a certain behavior. For instance, the first time your 3-year-old uses crayons to decorate the living room wall, discuss why that's not allowed and what will happen if your child does it again (for instance, your child will have to help clean the wall and will not be able to use the crayons for the rest of the day). Ages 6 to 8

sample for chapter for off cliffnotes

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Psychology
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Mind
Perception
cognitive science
nervous system
Sensory system
Vision
Mental processes
Visual system
Sensation
Optical illusion
Visual perception
Color vision

AP Psychology Outline Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception ? Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions ? Sensation ? The Stimulation of Sense Organs. Perception ? the Selection, Organization, and interpretation of Sensory Input. Psychophysics: Basic Concepts & Issues Psychophysics - Study of how physical stimuli are translated into Psychological Experience. Gustav Fechner ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? i.????? Psychophysics Psychologists in 1860?s at University of Leipzig. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ii.????? Wilhelm Wundt based lots of research upon Fechner.

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