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Biology

ps 2.4

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Biology
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Biology
Protein biosynthesis
Gene expression
Molecular biology
Genetics
Molecular genetics
Translation
Genetic code
Messenger RNA
Start codon
Gene
Nucleic acid sequence

Solutions to Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 3: Transcription, Translation ? ? Question 1 ? ? Fill in the table: ? Transcription Translation Where does this process occur in a nucleus cytoplasm eukaryotic cell? What is the enzyme that carries out RNA polymerase Ribosome this process? What is the template that is read DNA RNA during this process? In what direction is the template 3? ? 5? 5? ? 3? read? What is the start signal/sequence for promoter Start codon this process? What is the polymer that is formed? RNA polypeptide What monomer is used to form this ribonucleotides Amino acids polymer? What type of bond is formed phosphodiester peptide between monomers? In what direction is the new polymer 5? ? 3? N ? C

ps 2.3

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Biology
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Biology
Gene expression
Genetics
Molecular biology
RNA
Protein biosynthesis
Translation
Nucleic acid sequence
Messenger RNA
Gene
DNA
Transcription

Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 3: Transcription, Translation ? ? Question 1 ? ? Fill in the table: ? Transcription Translation Where does this process occur in a eukaryotic cell? ? ? What is the enzyme that carries out this process? ? ? What is the template that is read during this process? ? ? In what direction is the template read? ? ? What is the start signal/sequence for this process? ? ? What is the polymer that is formed? ? ? What monomer is used to form this polymer? ? ? What type of bond is formed between monomers? ? ? In what direction is the new polymer formed? ? ? What is the stop signal/sequence for this process? ? ?

bio PS soln

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Biology
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Biology
Gene expression
biochemistry
Lac operon
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Lac repressor
Beta-galactosidase
Activator
Allolactose
Repressor
X-gal
Operon
health

Solutions to Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 5: Gene Regulation and the Lac Operon ? ? Question 1 ? ? ? a) How does lactose (allolactose) promote transcription of LacZ? 1) Lactose binds to the polymerase and increases efficiency. 2) Lactose binds to a repressor protein, and alters its conformation to prevent it from binding to the DNA and interfering with the binding of RNA polymerase. 3) Lactose binds to an activator protein, which can then help the RNA polymerase bind to the promoter and begin transcription. 4) Lactose prevents premature termination of transcription by directly binding to and bending the DNA. Solution: 2) Lactose binds to a repressor protein, and alters its conformation to prevent it from binding to the DNA

bio PS

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Gene expression
biochemistry
Lac operon
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Beta-galactosidase
Lac repressor
Allolactose
Activator
X-gal
Repressor
Operon
health

Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 5: Gene Regulation and the Lac Operon ? ? Question 1 ? ? ? a) How does lactose (allolactose) promote transcription of LacZ? 1) Lactose binds to the polymerase and increases efficiency. 2) Lactose binds to a repressor protein, and alters its conformation to prevent it from binding to the DNA and interfering with the binding of RNA polymerase. 3) Lactose binds to an activator protein, which can then help the RNA polymerase bind to the promoter and begin transcription. 4) Lactose prevents premature termination of transcription by directly binding to and bending the DNA. b) What molecule is used to signal low glucose levels to the Lac operon regulatory system? 1) Cyclic AMP 2) Calcium 3) Lactose

bio diagram

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Biology
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Gene expression
Biology
biochemistry
Lac operon
Activator
Repressor
Lac repressor
Operator
Operon
Promoter
Regulation of gene expression
Messenger RNA

glucose lactose operator (repressor binding site) PromoterZYA lacZ lacY lacAcrp lacI repressor active activator inactive PromoterIPromotercrp + - mRNA mRNA activator binding site polymerase RNA polymerase RNA operator (repressor binding site) PromoterZYA lacZ lacY lacAcrp lacI repressor active repressor lactose inactive activator inactive cAMP activator active PromoterIPromotercrp mRNA mRNA mRNA LacZ (?gal) LacY LacA activator binding site polymerase RNA polymerase RNA repressor active can metabolize lactose!cAMP + - + lactose + cAMP activator active polymerase RNA DNA DNA The lac operon: a model of gene regulation in E. coli MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 7.01SC Fundamentals of Biology Fall 2011

exam 2

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Gene expression
Molecular biology
RNA
Enzymes
Lac operon
Transcription
Gene
Reverse transcriptase
DNA Replication
DNA
health

Molecular Biology Unit Exam Question 1 Consider the following origin of replication that is found on a chromosome. The sequence of region 1 is shown below. Region 1: 5??CTGACTGACA?3? 3??GACTGACTGT?5? 3? 5? 5? 3? Region 1 top ? ori bottom ? a) Within Region 1, which strand will be the template for leading strand synthesis, the top or the bottom? b) If we assume that a lagging strand fragment is made from region 1, what will be its sequence? c) You examine DNA replication in an E. coli mutant, which has a partially defective DNA polymerase. In vitro experiments using the mutant DNA polymerase gives an error rate of 10-3, as compared to the expected error

exam2 soln

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Biology
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Biology
Gene expression
Genetics
Molecular biology
RNA
Protein biosynthesis
Lac operon
Gene
Mutation
Transcription
DNA Replication
Translation
health

Solutions to Molecular Biology Unit Exam Question 1 Consider the following origin of replication that is found on a chromosome. The sequence of region 1 is shown below. Region 1: 5??CTGACTGACA?3? 3??GACTGACTGT?5? 5? 3? 5? 3? Region 1 ori top ? bottom ? a) Within Region 1, which strand will be the template for leading strand synthesis, the top or the bottom? The bottom strand will be the template for leading strand synthesis. b) If we assume that a lagging strand fragment is made from region 1, what will be its sequence? 5? T G T C A G T C A G 3? c) You examine DNA replication in an E. coli mutant, which has a partially defective DNA polymerase. In vitro

Ps2 soln

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Biology
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DNA Replication
Biology
Genetics
Replication fork
DNA polymerase
Primer
DNA
Primase
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
Polymerase
Dam
Replisome

H Solutions for Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 2: DNA Replication Question 1 ATP * * H a) Box the part that is added to a growing chain of nucleic acid. b) Star the atom(s) that can form a hydrogen bond with the complementary nitrogenous base. c) Circle the part of the molecule that decreases the stability of RNA as compared to DNA.

PS2

Subject: 
Biology
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DNA Replication
Biology
Genetics
Replication fork
DNA polymerase
Primase
DNA
Primer
Dam
Polymerase
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
Circular bacterial chromosome

Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 2: DNA Replication Question 1 ATP ? a) Box the part that is added to a growing chain of nucleic acid. b) Star the atom(s) that can form a hydrogen bond with the complementary nitrogenous base. c) Circle the part of the molecule that decreases the stability of RNA as compared to DNA. d) Draw an arrow to the part of this molecule that you would modify to prevent further elongation. Indicate what change you would make next to the arrow drawn. Question 2 Consider the following origin of replication that is found on a chromosome. The sequence of region 1 is shown. Region 1: 5??CTGACTGACA?3?

lecture presentation

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
British people
Chemistry
Pearson PLC
Benjamin Cummings
evolution
organism
Francis Crick
Enzyme
DNA

Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Overview: Inquiring About the World of Life Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth Biology is the scientific study of life Biologists ask questions such as: How a single cell develops into an organism How the human mind works How living things interact in communities Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 1-1 Fig. 1-2 Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition Life is recognized by what living things do Video: Seahorse Camouflage Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Order Evolutionary adaptation Response to the environment Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing Regulation Fig. 1-3

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