Human Evolution

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anthropology

culture

Anthropology of religion

Cultural studies

Civilizations

Animism

Lecture 1: Ancient Civilizations I. What is ?Civilization?? A. Civilization Capable of sustaining a substantial number of specialists to cope with the economic, social, political, and social needs of a populous society. Characteristics: a. Some Characteristics: b. Writing system record keeping Monumental architecture Art representative of people and their lives B. Overall? People live in cities or regions often organized as states or city-states Developed a writing system Specialized labor/arts and crafts Advances in science and technology Complex economic, government, social, and cultural systems. II. So how do we determine what a ?Western? civilization is? Or, why are we talking about the Ancient Near East? A. It all begins with the Greeks?

world history

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Phanerozoic

Pleistocene

Pleistocene extinctions

Lower Paleolithic

The Bronze Age (3000 BC) ? Key Question from Lecture: What aspects of life during the bronze age in Afroeurasia distinguish it from earlier eras? ? technology ? plow, tools & weapons ? plow only useful in areas of harder soil ? sticks used in softer soil areas ? depended on environment ? maritime trade ? star charts---planning ? WRITING ? population grew: 8000 BC ? there was a population boom leading up to the bronze age ? Writing ? The code of Hammurapi (c. 1792 BC) ? only the elite can read --> power ? emerging class differences ? hierarchy ? slavery/ class ? legal system that favors the wealthy (slaveholder) ? gender ? differentiation based on ? class ? gender ? women have fewer rights but they have some ? ex: they can initiate divorce

Before History- Ch.1

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Phanerozoic

Geologic time scale

anthropology

Recent single origin hypothesis

Neogene

human

The evolution of Homo sapiens The hominids Australopithecus Appeared in east Africa about four million to one million years ago Walked upright on two legs; well-developed hands Stone tools; fire later Homo erectus 2.5 million to two hundred thousand years ago, east Africa Large brain; sophisticated tools; definitely knew how to control fire Developed language skills in well-coordinated hunts of large animals Migrated to Asia and Europe; established throughout by two hundred thousand years ago Homo sapiens; evolved as early as two hundred thousand years ago Brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective thought Spread throughout Eurasia beginning more than one hundred thousand years ago, Ice age land bridges enabled them to populate other continents

Before History- Ch.1

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Phanerozoic

Geologic time scale

anthropology

Recent single origin hypothesis

Neogene

human

The evolution of Homo sapiens The hominids Australopithecus Appeared in east Africa about four million to one million years ago Walked upright on two legs; well-developed hands Stone tools; fire later Homo erectus 2.5 million to two hundred thousand years ago, east Africa Large brain; sophisticated tools; definitely knew how to control fire Developed language skills in well-coordinated hunts of large animals Migrated to Asia and Europe; established throughout by two hundred thousand years ago Homo sapiens; evolved as early as two hundred thousand years ago Brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective thought Spread throughout Eurasia beginning more than one hundred thousand years ago, Ice age land bridges enabled them to populate other continents

World History Notes

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culture

Science

Tigris

Writing

Pre-History Time before written records Artifacts ? Remains of a Manmade object Culture ? Way of life. Paleolithic (old stone) Age ? 2.5 million-10,000BC Oldest stone tools, evidence of the 1st people, used fire. Neandertals ? 100,000-30,000 BC Buried their dead with objects, suggest belief in an afterlife. Neolithic (new stone) Age ? 8,000-4,000 BC Systematic agriculture Probably by women, raised animals, grew crops This would facilitate the development of all civilization. Characteristics of Civilization 1. Cities ? Internal production, trade 2. Government ? Organized means of order 3. Religion ? Structured system of belief: nature, existence, right to rule. 4. Social Structure ? Division of labor-trade Class orders-upper, lower, slaves

The Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages

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Outline of prehistoric technology

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The separation of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages mark a great divide in the lives and cultures of prehistoric peoples. Many aspects of everyday life were modified to suit a new standard of living. Society, Economy, and Technology were greatly affected by the "Agricultural Revolution" that spawned the Neolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age, Greek for "Old Stone", is the era of the emergence of modern man. During this age, man was a hunter-gatherer species. Due to the plentiful sources of animals and plants, man could simply follow the herds and their migratory patterns. With no proprietary knowledge, each nomadic band was egalitarian as there was no distinction for a social ladder.

The Emergence of Early Human Communities and the People of the Earth (Timeline)

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Hominina

Biology

Transitional fossils

Zoology

Pleistocene extinctions

Prehistoric Africa

Australopithecus afarensis

Homo

Ardipithecus

Australopithecus

Environment

The Emergence of Early Human Communities and the People of the Earth (ca. 5 million B.C.E. - 10,000 B.C.E.) BIG BANG SOLAR SYSTEM AND EARTH LIKELY APPEARANCE OF FIRST HUMAN- LIKE SPECIES ARDIPITECUS RAMIDUS, "ARDI," EARLIEST KNOWN BIPEDAL HOMINIDS AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS, "LUCY" HOMO HABILIS, THE "TOOLMAKER," AND BEGINNING OF THE ICE AGES HOMO ERECTUS AND MIGRATION OUT OF AFRICA HOMO SAPIENS AND LANGUAGE HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS OR MODERN HUMANS HOMO SPAIENS SAPIENS REMAINS FOUND OVER LARGE AREAS 14 billion years ago 5-6 billion B.C.E. 6 million B.C.E. 4.4 million B.C.E. 3.9 million B.C.E. 2.5 million B.C.E. 1.8 million B.C.E. 400,000 B.C.E. 135,000 B.C.E. 100,000 B.C.E.

Nature, Humanity, and History: the First Four Million Years

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Human–computer interaction

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Digital media

CNote

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agricultural revolution

Ice Age