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Religion

Chapter 12 Notes

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Pg 407 Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Thirty years war- most destructive of the wars of religion, set their religious beliefs aside for their hatred for eachother (catholics against protestants, Calvinists against Lutherans) Pg 408 Preconditions for war Fragmented Germany: germany was 360 autonomous political entities, independent secular principalities, ecclesiastical principalities, numerous free cities, and knights ruling small areas from castles Peace of Augsburg (1555) gave each of them significant sovereignty within its own borders (each levied tolls and tariffs and coined their own money). Land travel and trade between various regions diffcult to impossible

relativism

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Arieana Castellanos Relativism Essay 8/23/2011 P. 7 I really don?t have a strong position in the argument of relativism. I do believe it is self-contradictory and impracticable. I also think that ethics is objective rather than subjective but I believe that circumstances do make a difference; for example a bachelor with no obligations can read a book alone but a family man with responsibilities cannot. However, I find myself not agreeing with the author so much. When he says we should bring it to others? attention that they are wrong or when he says that cultures aren?t that different. Some cultures are drastically different though they may have some similar rules they hold very different beliefs and customs.

The Renaissance Outside of Europe

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The Renaissance Outside Italy Religious element was stronger than in Italy. Religious Scholarship and Science Christian vs. pagan humanism Established more universities German scientific figures spent time in Italy Johann Muller: mathematical conception on the universe Corpenicus: earth revolved around the sun Faust: sold his soul to the devil Mysticism and Lay Religion Soul could commune directly with God Did not need the Church Climate for Luther Laymen became more religious Emphasis on Christian idea of character and conduct Erasmus Greatest Northern Humanist Studied the classics Aware of the need to reform church and clergy Opposed violence, and put faith in gradual moral improvements through enlightened discussion Put the Bible in the Vernacular

Chapter 11 Outline

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Inner and Eastern Asia, 400–1200 I. The Sui and Tang Empires, 581–755 A. Reunification Under the Sui and Tang 1. The Sui Empire reunified China and established a government based on Confucianism but heavily influenced by Buddhism. The Sui’s rapid decline and fall may have been due to its having spent large amounts of resources on a number of ambitious construction, canal, irrigation, and military projects. 2. The Tang Empire was established in 618. The Tang state carried out a program of territorial expansion, avoided over-centralization, and combined Turkic influence with Chinese Confucian traditions. B. Buddhism and the Tang Empire

Major Belief Systems

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Major Belief Systems: -Belief systems were the basic building blocks for most ancient civilizations -They include guidelines for human behavior; Philosophies focus on human behavior interations with others -Some belief systems disappeared while others persisted for many years (including Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, ect.) -The major belief systems of to 600 C.E. are Polytheism, Confucianism, Daoism, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity POLYTHEISM: -belief in numerous gods, each god had a specialty, usually referring to nature; the gods impacted daily life on earth to varying degrees, sometimes good or bad -Usually centered on spirits who were sensed in certain objects of places -Farmers often centered on a Mother Earth and Sky God (agriculture)

chap. 3 notes

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Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700 The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism German friar Martin Luther denounced the authority of the priests and popes when he nailed his protests against Catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517. He declared that the Bible alone was the source of God's words. He started the "Protestant Reformation." John Calvin of Geneva elaborated Martin Luther's ideas. He spelled out his basic doctrine in Latin in 1536, entitled Institutes of the Christian Religion. These ideas formed Calvinism.

Old Lights & New Lights

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Old and New lights were the terms to describe the religious views of colonies in the 18th century and Enlightenment. Old lights refused to accept new teachings and ideals while New Lights embraced the ideas of expansion. New Lights were more liberals who were unhappy with the ways of the English religious system. Pushed for revolution

Great Awakening

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The Great Awakening took place in the 18th century, but mostly 1730-1740. It was a time were colonies began questioning the role of individuals in religion and society. It emphasized logic and reasoning and stressed power of the ability to understand the universe ans scientific law. Made a more personal approach to religion and salvation. It taught people to think for themselves.

Classical Civilizations

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The classical civilizations of China and India have many similar qualities as well as differences. With Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism in China and Hinduism in India, the affects on politics in both areas contrast immensely. Also, social systems become present in both regions, but differ in formality and severity such as the caste system in India. The dynastic cycle occurs in China consisting of a constant pattern of the rise and fall of a dynasty eventually forming a central government. Meanwhile, Indian dynasties do not unify the government as greatly with many kingdoms throughout the subcontinent. Religious variations, social classes, and various dynasties create distinct civilizations that influence modern day China and India.

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