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Cell biology

AP Biology Chapter 19

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Differential Gene Expression in Development Stem Cells from Fat 19 Differential Gene Expression in Development 19.1 What Are the Processes of Development? 19.2 Is Cell Differentiation Irreversible? 19.3 What Is the Role of Gene Expression in Cell Differentiation? 19.4 How Is Cell Fate Determined? 19.5 How Does Gene Expression Determine Pattern Formation? 19.1 What Are the Processes of Development? Development: the process in which a multicellular organism undergoes a series of progressive changes that characterizes its life cycle. In its earliest stages, a plant or animal is called an embryo. The embryo can be protected in a seed, an egg shell, or a uterus. 19.1 What Are the Processes of Development? Four processes of development: Determination sets the fate of the cell.

bio 211 quiz

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Study tips for Quiz 3 Fluid mosaic membrane model Selective permeability: control what goes in and out of cell Compartmentalization: different processes can be separate Phospholipids-main component of membranes (50% by weight) Structure: hydrophilic heads faces out (water loving) polar surface Hydrophobic tails face in (weather fearing) non-polar region Interior 1972 singer and Garth Fluid- lipids and proteins can move relative to each other within membrane The typical membrane structure consists of a phospholipid bilayer with a number of proteins scattered throughout, along with some carbohydrates (glycoproteins), glycolipids and sterols, similar to the way in which one does a mosaic tile, hence the name. molecules involved in membrane transport Pg 107 fig 5.12

Chapter 6-A Tour of the Cell

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Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint? Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life ? All organisms are made of cells ? The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live ? Cell structure is correlated to cellular function ? All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 6-1 Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry ? Though usually too small to be seen by the

Anatomy and Physiology

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CELL OUTLINE I. Cell Defined living structural and functional units enclosed by a membrane arise from existing cells by cell division different types fulfill unique roles that support homeostasis and contribute to the functional capabilities of human organisms the form of the cell follows the function II. Parts of a Cell A. Plasma Membrane - (page 62) form?s the cell?s flexible outer surface, has a permeable barrier that regulates flow of materials in and out of cell. Also plays a key role in communication among cell. (outside layer of cell) i. Phospholipid Bilayer - basic framework of the plasma membrane. - 2 back-to-back layers - 3 types lipid molecules phospholipid 75% cholesterol 20% glycolipid 5% - amphipathic - have both polar and nonpolar parts

Chapter 4

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Summary 1. Life emerged on the earth through two phases of development: a chemical evolution of the organic molecules, biopolymers, and systems of chemical reactions to form the first cells and the biological evolution from single-celled prokaryotic bacteria to single-celled eukaryotic creatures, and then to multicellular organisms. 2. Evolution is the change in a population’s genetic makeup over time. Evolution forces adaptations to changes in environmental conditions in a population. The diversity of life on earth reflects the wide variety of adaptations necessary and suggests that environmental conditions have varied widely over the life of the earth.

Cellular Respiration

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Cellular respiration is a cycle that occurs in both plant and animal cells. However, note that it does not occur in prokaryotic cells for they lack organelles. The first stage of cell respiration takes place outside the mitochondria and is called glycolosis. Here, glucose is converted to two pyruvates. Then through the Krebs Citric Acid Cycle, the pyruvate is changed to Acetyl-CoA and creates more ATP. Finally, the electron chain results in hydrogen ions being pumped out and then forced to diffuse back and in doing so, produce ATP through facilitated diffusion. In this manner, eukaryotic cells create ATP to power their cells.

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