Evolutionary biology

-Russia: 1450-1750- Time Period 1450-1750 Geographic Description Acquired land back from Mongols in mid 1400s Territorial expansion policy focused particularly on central Asia to push Mongol overlords further East Early tsars pushed southward to the Caspian Sea and eastward past the Ural mountains- Third Rome Mentality All tsars were expansionists From its base in the Moscow region, Russia expanded outwards Cossacks moved into Siberia= gained new settlements and political control (similar to westward expansion in early US) Under Peter the Great, territory extended all the way from Black Sea to Bering Sea and down into China Catherine the Great sends explorers to Alaska, coast of California and even Hawaii Large, vast are of land with a generous supply of natural resources

Chapter 18 Notes I. Introduction A. Land empire created between 1450-1750 1. Involved limited commercial exchange 2. Altered balance of power Asia/Europe 3. Expanded eastward into Asia B. Link to Eastern Europe 1. Some regional kingdoms 2. Conflict with Poland and Lithuania C. Changes of nation 1. Sense of separate identity 2. Reaction to Western influence ? accept it, select from it, shun it II. Russia?s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars First step ? Break free from Mongol control Moscow princes strong as tax collectors Ivan III ? Ivan the Great ? large army ? 1462 frees chunk Utilized support for Orthodox Church Played off nationalism 1480 totally freed of Mongol control Need for Revival Basic Russian Values Under Mongols

Rise of Feudalism Early Middle Ages Main Idea Feudalism rose up in Europe as a way for people to protect themselves from Vikings, Muslim invaders, and other barbarian invaders. Words Worth Knowing Feudalism - the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. Lord ? Landowner, usually a king or high official Vassal - Someone given land by the lord in exchange for military service and taxes Knight - a highly-trained mounted warrior who fights for a vassal

Chapter 18 The Rise of Russia Russia's great land empire was formed between 1450 and 1750. Unlike Western colonial empires, Russia's expansion involved only limited commercial exchange. Nevertheless, it fundamentally altered power balances from Europe to Asia. Russian leaders, casting off Tatar (Mongol) domination between 1450 and 1480, proceeded on a fairly steady course of expansion. Much of the new territory was Asian, but Russia also gained the leading role in eastern Europe by the 17th century. Regional kingdoms remained in eastern Europe, and many of them differed from Russia in important ways. Poland and Lithuania continued to rival Russia into the 17th century. But Russia was increasingly the focal point as it became a significant force in world history.

The Gun Power Empire Words to Know Anarchy - A state of society without government or law. Grand Vizier - The Ottoman Sultan's chief minister, who led the meetings of the imperial council. Gunpowder Empire - an empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery of firearms Gunpowder Revolution - the military advances that resulted from the development of gunpowder weaponry Harem - "sacred place" the private domain of an Ottoman Sultan, where he and his wives resided Janissary - Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.