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Atomic physics

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 5b

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Periodic Trends 1 Sizes of Atoms Increase from top to bottom on the periodic table Why? There are higher energy levels, and electrons are farther from the nucleus. Atomic Radii Sizes of Atoms Decrease from left to right on the periodic table Why? There are more protons in the nucleus attracting more electrons (electrostatic attraction). Atomic Radii Atomic Radii 4 p. 113 of Chemistry textbook (BJU Press) Question Why do atoms get larger as you go down the periodic table? They are heavier. They are less dense. Electrons are further from the nucleus. Electrons are bigger. 5 (Comparing the size of an atom to that of its ion, not going across or up the table) Sizes of Atoms Ionic Radii Sizes of Atoms Atoms that lose outer electrons have smaller positive ions (metals).

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 4b

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The Electron Structure of the Atom The quantum model emphasizes the wave nature of electrons. The Quantum Model Quantum numbers are solutions to the wave equations of electrons. Scientists use a set of 4 quantum numbers to determine an electron?s location around an atom. Quantum Numbers Electrons exist in principal energy levels that correspond to Bohr?s orbits: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ? Principal energy levels are divided into 4 types of sublevels: s, p, d, and f. Where are the Electrons? The sublevels contain orbitals. Each orbital can hold up to two electrons. Where are the Electrons? Identifies the principal energy level Correlates to Bohr?s orbits n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 for the ground state e?. The total number of e? in a level is 2n2. Principal Quantum Number (n) Level Total # e? 1

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 4a

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Proton
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The Development of Atomic Models: A Historical Perspective 1 Model of an Atom An IDEA of what it looks like (a working representation) 2 Atomic Models Democritus? Idea An object CANNOT be divided indefinitely. There is a smallest particle. atom: (Gk. atomos?indivisible) 3 Democritus ? Chemistry textbook p. 73 (BJU Press) Atomic Models There is a basic unit of matter?the atom. Chemists found this out by looking at the mass ratio of substances. But the atom is NOT indivisible. Democritus? Idea was CORRECT! 4 Democritus ? Chemistry textbook p. 73 (BJU Press) Continuous: Matter can be subdivided forever. Particulate: A smallest particle exists. 2 Theories Atomic Models 9 grams of H2O: 8 grams of oxygen 1 gram of hydrogen Ratio is 8:1 Mass Ratio 90 grams of H2O:

Chemistry The central science Summary Chapter 6

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Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy Heated solids emit radiation (blackbody radiation) The wavelength distribution depends on the temperature (i.e., ?red hot? objects are cooler than ?white hot? objects). In 1900 Max Planck solved the problem He investigated black body radiation. He proposed that energy can only be absorbed or released from atoms in ?chucks? of some minimum size . These amounts are called quanta. A quantum (meaning ?fixed amount?) is the smallest amount of energy that can be emitted or absorbed as electromagnetic radiation. The relationship between energy and frequency is: . The Photoelectric Effect and Photons The photoelectric effect provides evidence for the particle nature of light and for quantization.

Chapter 7

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Claire Rafson Chapter 7: Atomic Structure and Periodicity 7.1- 7.3 Wavelength and frequency are inversely related C= speed of light = 2.9979 X 10^8 m/s Photoelectric effect- Einstein. Phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from the surgace of a metal when light strikes it. E=mc^2 ?. M= mass Dual nature of light Diffraction- light is scattered from a regular array of points or lines. Change in E= hv 7.4- quantum model- made by Bohr. Model for the hydrogen atom. Electron in a hydrogen atom moves around the nucleus only in certain orbits. Ground state- lowest possible energy state. 7.5- quantum mechanical model- Heisenberg, Broglie, and Schrodinger probability distribution- intensity of color is used to indicate probability value near a given point in space. 7.6-

Chapter 8 Solutions

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Valence electron
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electron
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Periodic Properties of the Elements Review Questions 8.1 A periodic property is one that is predictable based on the element's position within the periodic table. 8.2 The relative size of the sodium and potassium ions is important to nerve signal transmission. The pumps and channels within cell membranes are so sensitive that they can distinguish between the sizes of these two ions and selectively allow only one or the other to pass. The movement of ions is the basis for the transmission of nerve signals in the brain and throughout the body. 8.3 The first attempt to organize the elements according to similarities in their properties was made by the German chemist Johann Dobereiner. He grouped elements into triads; three ele-

Chapter 8 Test Banks

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? Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (Tro) ? Chapter 8 ?? Periodic Properties of the Elements ? 1) ?? Give the ground state electron configuration for Se. ? A) ?? [Ar]4s23d104p4 ? B) ?? [Ar]4s24d104p4 ? C) ?? [Ar]4s23d104p6 ? D) ?? [Ar]4s23d10 ? E) ?? [Ar]3d104p4 ? Answer: ?? A ? 2) ?? Give the ground state electron configuration for I. ? A) ?? [Kr]5s24d105p6 ? B) ?? [Kr]5s24d105p5 ? C) ?? [Kr]4d105p6 ? D) ?? [Kr]5s25p6 ? E) ?? [Kr]5s25d105p6 ? Answer: ?? B ? 3) ?? Give the ground state electron configuration for Sr. ? A) ?? [Kr]5s24d2 ? B) ?? [Kr]5s24d105p2 ? C) ?? [Kr]5s2 ? D) ?? [Kr]5s25d105p2 ? E) ?? [Kr]5s24d10 ? Answer: ?? C ? 4) ?? Give the ground state electron configuration for Pb. ? A) ?? [Xe]6s26p2 ? B) ?? [Xe]6s25d106p2 ? C) ?? [Xe]6s25f146d106p2 ? D) ??

APBIOLOGY

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Biology
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#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 1 #Quiz

Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

APBIOLOGY

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#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 1 #Quiz

Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

The Chemistry Of Life

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#AP Biology #AP Bio #Biology

Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Elements and Compounds An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride Essential Elements of Life Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantities LE 2-3 Nitrogen deficiency Iodine deficiency LE 2-4 Nucleus Electrons Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons) Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Atoms of the various elements differ in number of subatomic particles Atomic number Mass number Atomic mass Isotopes Atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons

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