BSCS Biology: An Ecological Approach Chapter 4 & 5 Objectives
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BSCS Biology: An Ecological Approach Chapters 4 & 5: Objectives List the most common elements in living things. (25 are essential to life)
Chemical polarity
BSCS Biology: An Ecological Approach Chapters 4 & 5: Objectives List the most common elements in living things. (25 are essential to life)
Holt Biology Chapter 2 Section 1
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Unit 1 Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Section 1: Nature of Matter Atom Smallest unit of matter that can?t be broken down by chemical means Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Electron cloud Region around nucleus that electrons can occupy at any time Stable atoms usually have no charge 1 electron for every 1 proton Elements Pure substance made of one kind of atom Differ in number of protons Ex. Carbon-12 (Carbon has 6 protons) 12-6=6 Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons Compound Substance made of joined atoms of 2 or more different elements Chemical formula identifies what is in compound and those elements? proportions Ex. NaCl 1 Sodium for every 1 Chlorine Covalent Bonds Two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule Molecule Group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 7b
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Molecular Geometry 1 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory Electron concentrations are arranged so as to be at maximum distance. Why? Electrons repel each other. Number of Electron Concentrations H H H H C ? ? ? ? Ex: CH4 O F F C ? ? ? ? Ex: CF2O Number of Electron Concentrations all 4 bonded = tetrahedral Ex: CH4 H H H H C ? ? ? ? 4 Regions of e? Conc. 5 Chemistry textbook, p. 169 3 bonded = pyramidal Ex: NH3 H H H N ? ? ? 4 Regions of e? Conc. 6 Chemistry textbook, p. 167 2 bonded = bent 104.5? Ex: H2O H H O ? ? 4 Regions of e? Conc. 7 Chemistry textbook, p. 170 1 bonded = linear Ex: HF H F ? 4 Regions of e? Conc. 8 Chemistry textbook, p. 170 All 3 bonded = trigonal planar 2 bonded = bent 120? Ex: BI3 Ex: GeF2 1 bonded = linear Ex: SO 3 Regions of e? Conc.
Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 6a
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Basics of Bonding 1 The second law of thermodynamics tells us that things tend to lose energy. Balls roll downhill. Electrons return to ground state. Atoms link or bond to each other. 2 Atoms bond because they Lose energy Gain stability 3 Energy/stability Unbonded Bonded 4 BJU Press Chemistry textbook p. 140 Noble gases (8 outer e?) are the most stable elements. Elements gain, lose, or share electrons to attain the ?noble-gas electron configuration.? This is called the octet rule. 5 Ionic: Metals/nonmetals Covalent: Nonmetals/nonmetals Metallic: Metals/metals Types of Bonds A property affecting ionic and covalent bonds The tendency of objects to have regions of opposite charge Polarity Examples: N and S poles (+) and (?) ends of a battery polar bond
Campbell Biology Test Bank Chapter 2
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions
chemistry
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AP Chemistry Final Exam Version P Fall 2005 3 Free Response questions, 45 minutes CALCULATORS MAY BE USED. You will also have a periodic table, equation sheets, and the standard reduction potential table. Clearly show the method used and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. It is to your advantage to do this, since you may obtain partial credit if you do and you will receive little or no credit if you do not. Attention should be paid to significant figures. Note: For all questions, assume that the temperature is 298 K, the pressure is 1.00 atmospheres, and solutions are aqueous unless otherwise specified. Record all your work on this exam; you will only be given credit for answers showing work. NAME: PERIOD: 1 2 3 4 January 10-12, 2006
Anatomy Chemistry
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Chemistry Notes in Physiology Chemistry notes in Physiology: Atoms Atom?the basic unit of an element An atom consists of subatomic particles: Proton This has a ( + ) charge The number of protons in an atom is called atomic number Neutron This has no charge Electron This has a ( ? ) charge The number of electrons is usually equal to the number of protons ? Both the proton and the neutron are in the nucleus The sum of the proton and neutron is called atomic mass Shell = energy level 1st shell has 2 electrons 2nd shell has 8 electrons Valence electrons are the outermost electrons ? Isotopes = same atomic number, but different atomic mass Isotopes will differ in the number of neutrons For example: Hydrogen has 1 proton Deuterium has 1 proton and 1 neutron
Summary of AP Biology Chemistry Unit
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Summary of AP Bio Study Book: Barron?s AP Bio Chemistry Section The biochemistry section includes the following subjects: Atomic Structure, Bonding, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Substances, the Properties of Water, Isomers, Organic Compounds, Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism. Atomic Structure All atoms consist of three subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons. An atom in the elemental state always has a neutral charge because the number of protons equals the electrons. Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number but have a different mass because they have more or less protons than usual.
Chapter 3 Outline
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Chapter 3 Biology Outline- ?Water and the Fitness of the Environment? The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding Water is more extraordinary than people thing because water is everywhere. The unequal ?v? shape of a water molecule makes it a ?polar molecule?. Polar molecules have a positive charge on one side of the molecule and a negative charge on the other side. The polar molecules are attracted to each other (they are like magnets) and that is why water always forms droplets and stays together. Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth?s fitness for life Cohesion Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding. Cohesion contributes to the transportation of water and dissolved nutrients going against gravity in plants.
Campbell Bio 9e Test 2
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions
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