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AP Statistics Chapter 1 Flashcards

7297097244	Individuals	The objects described by a set of data. They may be people, animals, or things.	0
7297100503	Variable	any characteristic of an individual	1
7297104144	Categorical Variable	places an individual into one of several groups or categories	2
7297106578	Quantitative Variable	takes on numerical values that make sense to average	3
7297109998	Distribution	tells us what values a variable takes on and how often it takes them	4
7297116847	Marginal Distribution	The distribution of one of the categorical variables in a two-way table of counts is the distribution of values of that variable among all individuals described by the table.	5
7297140840	Conditional Distribution	The distribution of the row variable for each value of the column variable or the column variable for each value of the row variable.	6
7297150451	side-by-side bar graph	Graph used to display conditional distributions	7
7297153315	Dotplot	graph used to display small quantitative data sets with a small range	8
7297159681	symmetric	right and left sides of graphs are approximately mirror images of each other	9
7316459312	skewed to the right	right side of the graph is much longer than the left side	10
7316463037	skewed to the left	left side of the graph is much longer than the right side	11
7316465349	unimodal	one distinct peak in the graph	12
7316468477	bimodal	two distinct peaks in the graph	13
7316471309	multimodal	more than two distinct peaks in the graph	14
7316474806	stemplot	simple graph for small data sets that retains the actual data values	15
7316484258	histogram	quantitative graph that organizes the data into equal sized blocks	16
7316492849	mean (x-bar)	Tells us what the amount would be if the total was shared evenly amongst the data values.	17
7316498143	median (M)	The middle number of an ordered list of data.	18
7316507828	Resistant	A measure that is not affected by outliers	19
7316515744	Q1	Median of the lower half of data	20
7316517190	Q3	Median of the upper half of data	21
7316518706	Minimum	lowest data value	22
7316520225	Maximum	highest data value	23
7316521556	IQR	Range of the middle 50% of data	24
7316524195	Standard Deviation	Average distance from the observations and their mean	25

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AP Biology Biochemistry Flashcards

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7495837483	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids	Name the four major classes of large molecules in living things	0
7495837484	lipids	What is the one class of large molecules that does not include macromolecules?	1
7495837485	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction	2
7495837486	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	3
7495837487	monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer	4
7495837488	dehydration synthesis	the process in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule	5
7495837489	hydrolysis	the process in which a water molecules added to a polymer in order to break down bonds between two molecules	6
7495837490	hydro	root word meaning water	7
7495837491	lysis	root word meaning to break	8
7495837492	monomer	Is glucose a monomer or a polymer?	9
7495837493	water	To summarize, when two monomers are joined, a molecule of _____ is always removed	10
7495837494	monosaccharides	The monomer of carbohydrates	11
7495837495	sugars starches	Carbohydrates include _______ and _________	12
7495837496	C6H12O6	Give the formula for glucose	13
7495837497	carbonyl, hydroxyl	All sugars have the same two functional groups, name them	14
7495837498	disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.	15
7495837499	glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	16
7495837500	aldehyde sugar	Carbohydrate: carbonyl group located at the end of skeleton	17
7495837501	ketone sugar	Carbohydrate: carbonyl group located within the skeleton	18
7495837502	isomers	Compounds with the same formula but different structures.	19
7495837503	glucose	What is this?	20
7495837504	maltose	malt sugar	21
7495837505	glucose + glucose	What two monomers make up maltose?	22
7495837506	sucrose	table sugar	23
7495837507	glucose + fructose	What two monomers make up sucrose?	24
7495837508	lactose	milk sugar	25
7495837509	glucose + galactose	What two monomers make up lactose?	26
7495837510	-ose	Root word meaning "full of"	27
7495837511	Carbon-1 of glucose has bonded with Carbon-4 of glucose	What does 1-4 glycosidic linkage mean in terms of carbon numbering?	28
7495837512	starch, glycogen	Give two types of polysaccharides used in energy storage	29
7495837513	cellulose, chitin	Give two types of polysaccharides used as structural	30
7495837514	energy storage, structural	Name the two types of polysaccharides	31
7495837515	enzymes that are able to digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages are unable to hydrolyze the beta linkages of cellulose because of the distinctly different shapes	Why can you not digest cellulose?	32
7495837516	cows, termites, fungi	Give three organisms that can digest cellulose	33
7495837517	starch	Has 1-4 Beta glucose linkages	34
7495837518	glycogen	is a storage polysaccharide produced by vertebrates that is stored in your liver	35
7495837519	chitin	structural polysaccharide that gives many bugs their exoskeleton	36
7495837520	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that comprises plant cell walls	37
7495837521	fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, steroids	What are the five categories of lipids?	38
7495837522	no true polymers, mix poorly with water, consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions	What three characteristics do all lipids share in common?	39
7495837523	ester linkage	the bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol that forms a lipid	40
7495837524	three fatty acids, one glycerol molecule	A fat is composed of _____ and _______	41
7495837525	unsaturated fat	type of fat that contains a double bonded carbon that causes a bend in structure, commonly found in plants, liquid at room temperature	42
7495837526	saturated fat	type of fat that consists of all single bonded carbons and lots of hydrogens, solid at room temperature, commonly found in animal fats	43
7495837527	butter, lard	Give two examples of saturated fats	44
7495837528	olive oil, canola oil	Give two examples of unsaturated fats	45
7495837529	the molecules can't pack close together to solidify due to double bond bend	Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?	46
7495837530	trans fat	An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.	47
7495837531	hydrogenated oil	hydrogen is added to vegetable oils to change the oil from liquid to solid.	48
7495837532	long term energy storage, insulation, padding, absorb vitamins	List four important functions of fats	49
7495837533	hydrophilic, hydrophobic	Phospholipids has ______ heads, and ________ tails	50
7495837534	Hydrocarbons	What are the "tails" of phospholipids made up of which make them hydrophobic?	51
7495837535	cholesterol	What is this?	52
7495837536	cholesterol, vertebrate sex hormones	Give two examples of a steroid	53
7495837537	amphipathic	a molecule that has hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions	54
7495837538	enzymatic	Type of protein: accelerates chemical reactions	55
7495837539	digestive enzymes	Give an example of an enzymatic protein	56
7495837540	defensive	Type of protein: protects against disease	57
7495837541	antibodies	Give an example of a defensive protein	58
7495837542	storage	Type of protein: stores amino acids	59
7495837543	casein	Give an example of a storage protein	60
7495837544	transport	Type of protein: transports substances	61
7495837545	hemoglobin	Give an example of transport protein	62
7495837546	hormonal	Type of protein: coordinates organism activities	63
7495837547	insulin	Give an example of a hormonal protein	64
7495837548	receptor	Type of protein: response of cell to chemical stimuli	65
7495837549	nerve cell receptors	Give an example of a receptor protein	66
7495837550	contractile and motor structural	Type of protein: movement	67
7495837551	actin, myosin	Give two examples of the contractile and motor structural proteins	68
7495837552	structural	Type of protein: support	69
7495837553	keratin	Give an example of a structural protein	70
7495837554	amino acid	What is this?	71
7495837555	the side chain	What is represented by the R group in an amino acid?	72
7495837556	20	How many different types of amino acid side chains are there?	73
7495837557	hydrocarbons	Nonpolar amino acid side chains typically contain ______	74
7495837558	OH or SH groups	Polar amino acid side chains typically contain _______	75
7495837559	charged side chains	Electrically charged amino acid side chains typically contain ____________	76
7495837560	peptide bond	the covalent bond between the carbonyl group on one amino acid and the amino acid group on another, formed through dehydration reaction	77
7495837561	dipeptide bond	two amino acids put together	78
7495837562	polypeptide	the polymer of a protein	79
7495837563	amino acid	the monomer of a protein	80
7495837564	primary	Level of protein sequence: basic amino acid sequence, determined by DNA	81
7495837565	primary structure	Level of protein sequence:	82
7495837566	secondary	Level of protein sequence: hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents in backbone, determined by backbone	83
7495837567	helix, pleated sheet	What are the two types of secondary protein structure?	84
7495837568	secondary structure	Level of protein sequence:	85
7495837569	tertiary	Level of protein sequence: regions repel and attract each other, determined by interactions in R groups	86
7495837570	tertiary structure	Level of protein sequence:	87
7495837571	quaternary structure	Level of protein sequence:	88
7495837572	quaternary	Level of protein sequence: two or more polypeptides form into one functional macromolecule	89
7495837573	sickle-cell disease	occurs when there is a change, specifically from glutamic acid to valine acid, in the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of the protein	90
7495837574	denaturation	a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, becoming biologically inactive	91
7495837575	heat, pH, salts	Give three ways a protein may become denatured	92
7495837576	chaperonins	protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins	93
7495837577	mRna is synthesized in the nucleus, mRNA moves into cytoplasm via nuclear pore, a protein is synthesized by a ribosome by using the correct info carried on mRNA	Give the three detailed steps in which the flow of genetic information is achieved from DNA to RNA to proteins in a cell	94
7495837578	nucleic acid	any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells	95
7495837579	sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group	What are the three components of a nucleic acid	96
7495837580	nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	97
7495837581	5' to 3'	Always read mRNA from -- to ---, the end is always with an OH	98
7495837582	cytosine, adenine, thymine, guanine	What four nitrogenous bases are found in DNA	99
7495837583	cytosine, adenine, uracil, guanine	What four nitrogenous bases are found in RNA	100
7495837584	deoxyribose lacks one less oxygen on the second carbon	What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose	101
7495837585	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.	102
7495837586	antiparallel	The two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite 5'-3' directions in DNA which is why it is said to be ______________	103
7495837587	nitrogenous bases	In DNA, what molecules are said to be the "rungs" on the double helix model	104
7495837588	cytosine, adenine, uracil, guanine	What four nitrogenous bases are found in RNA	105

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Wilkins AP Bio Evolution Flashcards

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8374964017	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
8374964018	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
8374964019	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
8374964020	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
8374964021	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
8374964022	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
8374964023	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
8374964024	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
8374964025	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
8374964026	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
8374964027	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
8374964028	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
8374964029	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
8374964030	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
8374964031	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
8374964034	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	15
8374964036	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	16
8374964037	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	17
8374964038	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	18
8374964039	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	19
8374964040	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	20
8374964041	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	21
8374964042	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	22
8374964043	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	23
8374964044	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	24
8374964045	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	25
8374964049	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	26
8374964052	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	27
8374964053	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	28
8374964055	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	29
8374964057	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	30
8374964058	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	31
8374964059	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	32
8374964060	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	33
8374964065	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	34
8374964069	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	35
8374964074	extinction	total disappearance of all members of a species	36
8374964075	mass extinction	total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years	37
8374964077	fitness	the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment	38
8374964081	biological species concept	species are identified as separate because of reproductive isolation.	39
8374964084	fossil	remains and traces of evidence of past life	40
8374964086	index fossils	fossils used to identify deposits made at apparently the same time in different parts of the world, used for relative dating	41
8374964087	absolute dating	relies on radiometric dating to assign an age to a fossil	42

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AP Psychology Unit 3 Flashcards

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7791519939	Soma	Cell body of neuron, contains nucleus	0
7791521151	Axon	Conducting wire of neuron, Na-K pumps Coated by myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier	1
7791539804	Dendrites	Receives signals from neighboring neurons Branch-like structure from soma	2
7791543401	Receptor sites	Special places on dendrites where neurotransmitters attach	3
7791551485	Myelin sheath	Fatty layer that coats axon Insulation for electrical signals	4
7826852773	Axon terminal	End of neuron/axon Electric signal is converted into chemical signals	5
7826883885	Nodes of Ranvier	Spaces between the myelin sheath	6
7826902417	Synapse	The space between the ending of an axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another	7
7826928162	Positive vs. Negative ions	Sodium (Na) vs Potassium (K) Both are positive ions, but the inside of the neuron is very negative, so bringing in Na makes it positive	8
7827164962	Sodium	The "Positive ion" Rushes into neuron to cause electric signal	9
7827193405	Potassium	The "Negative ion" Rushes out of neuron to cause electric signal	10
7827201798	All or nothing principle	A neuron fires at the same strength every time If threshold met, neuron fires If threshold not me, nothing	11
7827208555	Absolute threshold	the smallest amount of energy required by an external stimulus to be detected	12
7827235562	Resting potential	More negative ions inside than outside neuron Neuron NOT transmitting information Neuron is polarized	13
7827247331	Action potential	Electric impulse travels down the axon Fires when threshold met More positive ions inside than outside neuron Neuron depolarizes	14
7827259373	Depolarization	sodium gates open and let sodium into the axon, causing the axon to be more positive that the outside	15
7827267422	Repolarization	potassium gates open and positive ions flow out of the axon, causing the inside of the axon to be more negative than the outside	16
7827271366	Refractory period	Period after action potential when action potential cannot occur Neuron trying to reach resting potential	17
7827282627	Reuptake	After neurotransmitters reach receptors on synapse, they return to the axon terminal through the reuptake valve	18
7827297723	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. they bind to receptor sites on receiving neurons	19
7827302737	Electrical vs. chemical signals	Inside neuron - electrical In between neurons - chemical	20
7827311933	Afferent (receptor/sensory) neurons	Take sensory information to the brain	21
7827318212	Efferent (effector/motor) neurons	Take neuronal information from brain to muscles	22
7827320805	Interneurons	Connect efferent and afferent neurons	23
7827331725	Reflex	An automatic response to sensory stimulus	24
7827334488	Central nervous system	composed of the brain and spinal cord	25
7827342088	Peripheral nervous system	The sensory and motor neurons that connect to the rest of the body	26
7827352628	Somatic nervous system	Peripheral Controls voluntary control of skeletal muscles	27
7827361234	Autonomic nervous system	Peripheral Controls unconscious behaviors (heartbeat)	28
7827370445	Sympathetic nervous system	Peripheral, autonomic "Flight or fight" response increases heart rate, pupils dilate, digestion stops	29
7827385175	Parasympathetic nervous system	Peripheral, autonomic "rest and digest" Heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion occurs	30
7827407450	Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)	Most detailed picture of the brain structures	31
7827411743	Functional Magnetic Resonance Image (FMRI)	Most detailed picture of the brain structures and metabolic processes	32
7827414881	Electroencephalography (EEG)	Detects bursts of neural activity used for seizures, fainting, and sleep	33
7827435063	Computed axial tomography (CAT scan)	Gives basic picture of brain	34
7827443029	Position emission tomography (PET scan)	Uses glucose dye to detect brain functioning	35
7827456531	Acetylcholine (ACh)	Activating muscles, autonomic, short term memory Shortage: Alzheimer's disease	36
7827466785	Dopamine	Engaged somatic nervous system Shortage: Parkinson's disease Excessive: Schizophrenia	37
7827485575	Norepinephrine	Mood	38
7827495163	Serotonin	Mood	39
7827488120	Epinephrine	Adeline, flight or fight	40
7827504464	GABA	Inhibitory neurotransmitter, calms neural activity	41
7827518050	Endorphins	natural neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure	42
7827533318	Frontal Lobe	Somatic movement, speech, reason, judgement Prefrontal cortex & Motor cortex	43
7827549103	Pariental Lobe	Sensation, spacial intelligence Sensory cortex	44
7827556408	Temporal Lobe	Processing auditory stimuli and home of language center Auditory cortex	45
7827564452	Occipital Lobe	Processing of visual stimuli Visual cortex	46
7827571406	Brain stem	Connects to the spine Medulla Pons Cerebellum Reticular formation Thalamus	47
7827579488	Motor cortex	An area at the rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements	48
7827579489	Sensory cortex	Area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.	49
7833299599	Auditory cortex	The cortex of the brain in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information	50
7833299600	Visual cortex	the cortex of the brain in the occipital lobe where visual information goes	51
7833310747	Prefrontal cortex	Part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language	52
7833317189	Medulla	Autonomic nervous system	53
7833325050	Pons	Levels of consciousness	54
7833327313	Cerebellum	Voluntary movement and balance	55
7833331141	Reticular formation	Arousal (respond to environment) Broken = Comatose	56
7833337694	Thalamus	Processes all sensory information into brain except smell	57
7833349437	Limbic system	Survival Memory storage and assessment Thalamus Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Neurotransmitter	58
7833374750	Hypothalamus	Regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and pituitary gland	59
7833384185	Ventromedial hypothalamus	Feeling full	60
7833385581	Lateral hypothalamus	Feeling hungry	61
7833389427	Amygdala	Basic emotional response origin of "flight or fight"	62
7833408240	Hippocampus	Connecting new information for memory storage and retrieval	63
7833459322	Language centers	Broca's area, Wernicke's area, Angular gyrus	64
7833461112	Broca's area	Creation of auditable speech from conscious thought	65
7833464543	Wernicke's area	Responsible for turning auditory stimuli into discernible language	66
7833471946	Angular gyrus	Responsible for turning visual stimuli into discernible language	67
7833476425	Aphasia	Loss of linguistic ability	68
7833480827	Broca's/Expressive aphasia	Cannot speak complete sentences	69
7833483825	Wernicke's/receptive aphasia	Cannot understand speech	70
7900506851	Chromosome	Strands of DNA within a cell	71
7900509012	DNA	Carries genetic information	72
7900513637	Diathesis	Genetic predisposition passed down to the child	73
7900519879	Teratogen	Environmental stimuli or condition that could affect the normal growth of the child	74
7900528468	Phenotype	Physical trait that is displayed	75
7900530460	Genotype	Two alleles for a trait	76
7900534161	Kerotyping	A test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells	77
7900539840	Heritability	The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied	78
7900544646	Temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	79
7900556088	Phenylketonuria (PKU)	Body cannot break down amino acids	80
7900567661	Down Syndrome	21 Trisomy Physical and mental abnormalities	81
7900585104	Turner's Syndrome	Only 1 X on 23rd pair Physical and mental abnormalities Infertile	82
7900592943	Klinefelter's Syndrome	XXY Androgynous with some mental abnormalities	83
7900623837	Homosexuality	Someone who is attracted to someone of the same gender There are various theories of whether it is is genetic, environmental, or physical abnormalities cause this or it is simply natural	84
7900670237	Monozygotic twins	Identical twins	85
7900673323	Dizygotic twins	Fraternal twins	86
7900675677	Minnesota twin study	Longitudinal study Claimed that monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic = nature > nurture	87
7900686381	Gender role	One's sense of what it means to be a male/female	88
7900687975	Gender identity	One's sense of being a male or female	89
7900694732	Gender typing	The process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own.	90
7900699909	Social learning explanation	People act based on observation and imitation	91
7900711089	Gender-Schema theory	The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly	92

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AP World 600-1450 Flashcards

Third study set for 600-1450.

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7743578063	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	0
7743578064	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.	1
7743578067	Mali Empire	From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.	2
7743578084	Ummayad Dynasty	First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, they ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.	3
7743578085	Abbasid Dynasty	(750-1258) Overthrew the Umayyads. Put in place things similar to what was already there so people would be familiar with it (ex. mosques that look like Ziggurats, similar coinage, etc.). Golden age of Islam during this dynasty.	4
7743578086	Sufi	A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with God through mystical means.	5
7743578087	Hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslim people.	6
7743578088	Bedouin	Arab nomads. They were organized into tribes and groups called clans. These clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert. Their settlement is from where the Muslim Empire sprang. This was around the 600s CE and at the Arabian Peninsula.	7
7743578089	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam 570-632 CE.	8
7743578090	Caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire from the 7th to 13th century.	9
7743578096	632	Date for the death of Muhammad: Rise of Islam	10
7743578099	1095	Date for the First Crusade	11
7743578100	1258	Date for the Mongol conquest of Baghdad. End of the Abbasid dynasty.	12
7743604123	Charles Martel	Stopped Muslims from advancing further into Europe	13
7743616760	Dar al Islam	Lands that practiced Islam	14
7743622741	Baghdad	Capital of the Abbasid Empire	15
7743638174	Mosque	Muslim place of worship	16
7743641873	Dhimmi or People of the Book	Jews and Christians	17
7743650513	Muslims	Followers of Islam	18
7743654049	5 Pillars	- confession of faith - prayer five times a day - charity to the needy - fasting during the holy month of Ramadan - pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime (if finances permit)	19
7743656096	Sharia	Islamic law	20

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AP Biology Nervous System Flashcards

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8874707929	neuron	main cell of the nervous system	0
8874707930	glial cells	cells that support neurons (ex: Schwann cells)	1
8874707931	cell body	contains nucleus of the neuron	2
8874707932	dendrite	receive stimuli; highly branched extensions	3
8874707933	axon	conduct and propagate impulses	4
8874707934	Schwann cell	creates the myelin sheath	5
8874707935	node of Ranvier	gap between myelin sheaths that expose the axon, help accelerate impulses	6
8874707936	sensory neuron	pick up stimuli from the environment and send to the brain	7
8874707937	motor neuron	sends impulses to muscles to create movement	8
8874707938	interneuron	neurons in the CNS that communicate internally and connect sensory to motor neurons; are responsible for reflexes	9
8874707939	resting potential	membrane potential of a neuron that is not firing, -70 mV	10
8874707940	sodium-potassium pump	protein that uses active transport to move 3 Na out of the membrane and 2 K in, which resets the neuron to resting potential	11
8874707941	action potential	rapid change in the voltage between the membrane of a neuron in response to a stimulus	12
8874707942	threshold	the voltage needed to open the voltage gated Na channels and start the unstoppable flow of Na into the cell, -55 mV	13
8874707943	depolarization	the massive influx of Na causes the cell's voltage to become less negative, all the way up to 35 mV	14
8874707944	repolarization	Na channels close and K channels open, which allows K out of cell so the cell is more negative	15
8874707945	hyperpolarization	because K channels are slow to close, the voltage reaches -80 mV, and causes the Na/K pump to reset the neuron	16
8874707946	refractory period	period where the neuron resets using the Na/K pump before a neuron can be fired again	17
8874707947	synapse	transmission of information is from one neuron to the next	18
8874707948	neurotransmitter	molecule that neurons use in synaptic transmission	19
8874707949	synaptic vesicle	hold the neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron	20
8874707950	postsynaptic receptor	receive neurotransmitters and open Na gated ion channels to start another action potential	21
8874707951	synaptic cleft	space between the pre and postsynaptic neurons	22
8874707952	myelin sheath	insulates the axon and speeds transmission of the impulse	23
8874707953	afferent pathway	signal received from outside your nervous system and conducted toward it	24
8874707954	efferent pathway	carry signals away from the central nervous system toward muscle cells or glandular cells	25
8874707955	dopamine	neurotransmitter that controls the brain's reward and pleasure center	26
8874707956	serotonin	neurotransmitter responsible for maintaining mood balance	27
8874707957	GABA	neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve impulse from being transmitted	28
8874707958	ion-gated channels	proteins responsible for allowing sodium or potassium to diffuse into or out of the axon	29
8874707959	sodium	ion responsible for depolarization	30
8874707960	potassium	ion responsible for repolarization	31
8874707961	calcium	ion that signals vesicles to release neurotransmitters	32