Flashcards
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 27 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 27 The Eisenhower Years, 1952-1960
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| 6772223766 | elections of 1952, 1956 | In these two presidential elections Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon defeated Adlai Stevenson quite easily. (p. 580-581) |  | 0 |
| 6772223767 | Dwight Eisenhower | The United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. In the election of 1952 he became the the 34th President of the United States. (p. 579) |  | 1 |
| 6772223768 | Adlai Stevenson | An Illinois governor and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956. He lost both elections to Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. (p. 580) |  | 2 |
| 6772223769 | Richard Nixon | He was vice president under Dwight Eisenhower. In 19868, he would become the 37th President of the United States, but in 1974 he resigned in disgrace after the Watergate scandal. (p. 580) |  | 3 |
| 6772223770 | modern Republicanism | President Eisenhower's term for his balanced and moderate approach to governing. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money. He helped balance the federal budget and lowered taxes without destroying existing social programs. (p. 580) |  | 4 |
| 6772223771 | Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) | In 1953, President Eisenhower consolidated welfare programs under this new department, run by Oveta Culp Hobby, the first woman in a Republican cabinet. (p. 580) |  | 5 |
| 6772223772 | soil-bank program | President Eisenhower created this program as a way to reduce farm production, thereby increasing farm income. (p. 580) |  | 6 |
| 6772223773 | Highway Act; interstate highway system | The most permanent legacy of the Eisenhower administration was this act passed in 1956. It created 42,000 miles of highway linking every major city in the nation. (p. 580) |  | 7 |
| 6772223774 | John Foster Dulles | In the Eisenhower administration, he was the Secretary of State that pursued a policy of pushing the USSR and China to the brink of war. However, Eisenhower prevented him from carrying his ideas the extreme. (p. 581) |  | 8 |
| 6772223775 | brinksmanship | The principle of pushing Communist nations to the brink of war, thinking they would back down because of American nuclear superiority. (p. 581) |  | 9 |
| 6772223776 | massive retaliation | This was Eisenhower's policy, it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe. (p. 582) |  | 10 |
| 6772223777 | decolonization | After World War II, dozens of European colonies in Asia and Africa became independent countries. (p. 582) |  | 11 |
| 6772223778 | India, Pakistan, Indonesia | From 1947 to 1949, these three countries gained their independence. (p. 582) |  | 12 |
| 6772223779 | Third World | Term applied to a group of developing countries that often lacked stable political and economic institutions. Their need for foreign aid often made them pawns of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. (p. 582) |  | 13 |
| 6772223780 | CIA, covert action | Undercover intervention in foreign government by the CIA during Eisenhower's presidency. (p. 582) |  | 14 |
| 6772223781 | Iranian overthrow | In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow this government and established a monarch ruler with close ties to the U.S. He provided favorable oil prices and purchased American military arms. (p. 582) |  | 15 |
| 6772223782 | Korean armistice | In July 1953, China and North Korea agreed to an armistice that would divide Korea into North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel. (p. 583) |  | 16 |
| 6772223783 | Indochina | In the early 1950s, France was fighting to retake control of their colony in southeastern Asia. The French were defeated in 1954 and they agreed to give up Indochina, which was divided into the nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. (p. 583) |  | 17 |
| 6772223784 | Ho Chi Minh | The North Vietnam Communist dictator who fought the French until 1954, and South Vietnam until 1975. (p. 583) |  | 18 |
| 6772223785 | Geneva Conference | A 1954 conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam. (p. 583) |  | 19 |
| 6772223786 | division of Vietnam | By the terms of the Geneva Convention, Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17 parallel until a general election could be held. A prolonged war (1954-1975) occurred between the Communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. (p. 583) |  | 20 |
| 6772223787 | domino theory | The political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also fall to Communist control. (p. 583) |  | 21 |
| 6772223788 | Southeast Asia Treaty Organization | In 1954, an international organization for collective defend and block further Communist gains is Southeast Asia. (p. 583) |  | 22 |
| 6772223789 | State of Israel | In 1948, after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided between the Israelis and the Palestinians, this nation was founded. The United Nations oversaw the process and many neighboring countries fought against the creating of this Jewish state. (p. 584) |  | 23 |
| 6772223790 | Arab nationalism | Arab nationalist General Gamal Nasser of Egypt, asked the United States for funds to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile River. (p. 584) |  | 24 |
| 6772223791 | Suez Canal Crisis | In July 1956, Egypt sized the British and French owned Suez Canal. Britain and France carried out a surprise attack and retook the canal. The United States sponsored a U.N. resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt. Eventually Britain and France withdrew their troops. (p. 584) |  | 25 |
| 6772223792 | Eisenhower Doctrine | This 1957 doctrine, pledged United States economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by Communism. (p. 584) |  | 26 |
| 6772223793 | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | In 1960, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela formed this organization of oil-producing nations. (p. 584) |  | 27 |
| 6772223794 | atoms for peace | In 1953, President Eisenhower's proposal to the U.N. to slow down the arms race. (p. 585) |  | 28 |
| 6772223795 | spirit of Geneva | The 1955 meeting in Geneva, which produced the first thaw in the Cold War. (p. 585) |  | 29 |
| 6772223796 | open-skies | The Soviets rejected this proposal for open aerial photography of eachothers territory in order to eliminate surprise nuclear attacks. (p. 585) |  | 30 |
| 6772223797 | Nikita Khrushchev | The ruler of the USSR from 1958-1964. He reduced government control of Soviet citizens and sought peaceful coexistence with the West. (p. 585) |  | 31 |
| 6772223798 | peaceful coexistence | In early 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, gave a speech in which he denounced the crimes of Joseph Stalin and supported "peaceful coexistence" with the West. (p. 585) |  | 32 |
| 6772223799 | Hungarian revolt | In October 1956, Hungary actually succeeded in overthrowing a government backed by Moscow. The Soviets sent in tanks to crush the freedom fighters and restore control over Hungary. The United States took no action in the crisis and gave de facto recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. (p. 586) |  | 33 |
| 6772223800 | Warsaw Pact | This 1945 agreement formed formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries including the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (p. 586) |  | 34 |
| 6772223801 | Sputnik | In 1957, the Soviet Union shocked the United States by launching the first space satellites into orbit around the earth. Fears of nuclear war were intensified since the missiles that launched the satellites could also deliver nuclear warheads anywhere in the world within minutes. (p. 586) |  | 35 |
| 6772223802 | NDEA, NASA | In 1958, Congress created the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (p. 586) |  | 36 |
| 6772223803 | U-2 incident | In 1960, the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory, revealing a formerly secret American tactic of the Cold War. (p. 586) |  | 37 |
| 6772223804 | Cuba, Fidel Castro | A bearded socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba, only 90 miles from the United States. He nationalized American-owned businesses and the U.S. cut off trade with the country. (p. 587) |  | 38 |
| 6772223805 | military-industrial complex | In his farewell address, President Eisenhower warned the nation to "guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence... by the military-industrial complex". (p. 587) |  | 39 |
| 6772223806 | Jackie Robinson | The first African American player in major league baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. (p. 588) |  | 40 |
| 6772223807 | causes of movement | The origins of the 1950s civil rights movement was the migration of African Americans to the North where they gained more political power. As the United States battled the Soviets for the hearts and minds of people around the world, it was clear that racial discrimination in the U.S. was a wrong that needed to be corrected. (p. 588) |  | 41 |
| 6772223808 | NAACP | The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People tried to protect the constitutional right of African Americans. (p. 588) |  | 42 |
| 6772223809 | desegregation | The action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community. (p. 588) | 43 | |
| 6772223810 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | In May 1954, the Supreme Court agreed with Thurgood Marshal and ruled that "separate facilities are inherently unequal" and unconstitutional, and that school segregation should end immediately. (p. 588) |  | 44 |
| 6772223811 | Earl Warren | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who presided over the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case, which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. (p. 588) |  | 45 |
| 6772223812 | Southern Manifesto | After the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision, 101 members of Congress signed this manifesto condemning the Supreme Court for a "clear abuse of judicial power". (p. 588) |  | 46 |
| 6772223813 | Little Rock Crisis | In 1957, Governor Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to ensure the black students could attend class. (p. 589) |  | 47 |
| 6772223814 | Rosa Parks | In 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, a middle aged black woman refused to give up her seat on a bus, which led to her arrest for violating segregation laws. This triggered an African American protest of boycotting the city buses. (p. 589) |  | 48 |
| 6772223815 | Montgomery bus boycott | Rosa Park sparked a massive Afican American protest of the Montgomery, Alabama buses. (p. 589) | | 49 |
| 6772223816 | Martin Luther King Jr. | The minister of a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, and a civil rights leader. (p. 589) |  | 50 |
| 6772223817 | Civil Rights acts of 1957, 1960 | The first civil rights laws since Reconstruction, they formed the Civil Rights Commission and provided some protection for the voting rights of blacks. (p. 590) |  | 51 |
| 6772223818 | Civil Rights Commission | Created by civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960. (p. 590) |  | 52 |
| 6772223819 | Southern Christian Leadership Conference | In 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. organized ministers and churches to create this civil rights organization. (p. 590) |  | 53 |
| 6772223820 | nonviolent protest | To call attention to the injustice of segregated facilities students would deliberately invite arrest by sitting in restricted areas. (p. 590) |  | 54 |
| 6772223821 | sit-in movement | In February 1960, African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina created this protest after they were refused service at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. (p. 590) |  | 55 |
| 6772223822 | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee | In 1960, an organization that called attention to the sit-in movement. (p. 590) |  | 56 |
| 6772223823 | immigration issues | In the 1950s, Congress dropped the bans on Chinese and other Asian immigrants and eliminated race as barrier to naturalization. (p. 590) |  | 57 |
| 6772223824 | Operation Wetback | In the early 1950s, this program forced an estimated 3.8 million people to return to Mexico. (p. 590) |  | 58 |
| 6772223825 | homogeneity | A description of American 1950s culture. (p. 590) |  | 59 |
| 6772223826 | popular culture | In the 1950s, white suburbanites conformed to societal norms. (p. 590) |  | 60 |
| 6772223827 | paperbacks | This innovation in books, started in the 1950s, and led to the sales of a million copies per day by 1960. (p. 591) |  | 61 |
| 6772223828 | television | A curiosity in the late 1940s, by 1961 there were 55 million of these devices in America. (p. 591) |  | 62 |
| 6772223829 | rock and roll | Teenagers loved this popular music which was available as inexpensive records during the 1950s. (p. 591) |  | 63 |
| 6772223830 | consumer culture | In the 1950s, consensus and conformity were hallmarks of the American culture. Television, advertising, and the middle-class move to the suburbs, contributed to this culture. (p. 590) |  | 64 |
| 6772223831 | fast food | There was a proliferation of these restaurants in the 1950s. (p. 591) |  | 65 |
| 6772223832 | credit cards | A new method of payment in the 1950s. (p. 591) |  | 66 |
| 6772223833 | conglomerates | In the 1950s, large businesses with diversified holdings began to dominate industries such as food processing, hotels, transportation, insurance, and banking. (p. 591) |  | 67 |
| 6772223834 | social critics | In the 1950s, conformity was valued. William Whyte documented the loss of individuality in his book, "The Organization Man" (p. 591) |  | 68 |
| 6772223835 | The Lonely Crowd | In 1958, this book by Harvard sociologist David Riesman criticised the replacement of inner direct individuals with other directed conformists. (p. 592) |  | 69 |
| 6772223836 | The Affluent Society | In 1958, economist by John Kenneth Galbraith wrote this book about the failure of wealthy American to address the need for increased social spending for the common good. (p. 592) |  | 70 |
| 6772223837 | The Catcher in the Rye | A 1950s book by J. D. Salinger, it provided a classic commentary on phoniness as viewed by a troubled teenager. (p. 592) |  | 71 |
| 6772223838 | Catch-22 | A 1950s book by Joseph Heller that satirized the stupidity of the military and war. (p. 592) |  | 72 |
| 6772223839 | beatniks | A group of rebellious writer and intellectuals led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. They advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards. (p. 592) |  | 73 |
AP US History Period 6 (1865-1898) Flashcards
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| 6712084813 | People's (Populist) Party | An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement. |  | 0 |
| 6712084814 | assimilation | the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group |  | 1 |
| 6712084815 | social services | a range of public services provided by governmental or private organizations. Aimed at creating effective organizations, building stronger communities, and promoting equality and opportunity. Include benefits of education, health care, job training and subsidized housing |  | 2 |
| 6712084816 | consumer culture | consumption choices and behaviors made from a social and cultural point of view, as opposed to an economic or psychological one |  | 3 |
| 6712084817 | The Gilded Age | The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress. |  | 4 |
| 6712084818 | Social Darwinism | Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century. |  | 5 |
| 6712084819 | Gospel of Wealth | An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. |  | 6 |
| 6712084820 | Jane Addams | A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize. |  | 7 |
| 6712084821 | Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |  | 8 |
| 6712084822 | racial segregation | the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home. |  | 9 |
| 6712084823 | rebate | a return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services |  | 10 |
| 6712084824 | free enterprise | an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; associated with laissez-faire capitalism |  | 11 |
| 6712084825 | trust | A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other. |  | 12 |
| 6712084826 | plutocracy | government by the wealthy |  | 13 |
| 6712084827 | socialist | one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations |  | 14 |
| 6712084828 | radical | one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system |  | 15 |
| 6712084829 | lockout | the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms |  | 16 |
| 6712084830 | cooperative | an organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits |  | 17 |
| 6712084831 | anarchist | one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle |  | 18 |
| 6712084832 | tenement | a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded |  | 19 |
| 6712084833 | affluence | an abundance of wealth |  | 20 |
| 6712084834 | despotism | government by an absolute or tyrannical ruler |  | 21 |
| 6712084835 | sweatshop | a factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages |  | 22 |
| 6712084836 | pauper | a poor person, often one who lives on tax-supported charity |  | 23 |
| 6712084837 | tycoon | a wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position |  | 24 |
| 6712084838 | prohibition | forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor |  | 25 |
| 6712084839 | filibuster | to utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments |  | 26 |
| 6712084840 | landslide | an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election |  | 27 |
| 6712084841 | reserve | in finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans |  | 28 |
| 6712084842 | bimetallism | the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value; in US History associated with the Free Silver movement |  | 29 |
| 6712084843 | lobbyist | someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay |  | 30 |
| 6712084844 | concession | a privilege granted by a government to another government, private company, or individual |  | 31 |
| 6712084845 | nation-state | the modern form of political organization in which the government coincides exactly with a single national territory and population having a distinctive culture, language, history, and so on |  | 32 |
| 6712084846 | jingoist | aggressively patriotic and warlike |  | 33 |
| 6712084847 | atrocity | a specific act of extreme cruelty |  | 34 |
| 6712084848 | Civil Rights Cases of 1883 (a single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems) | Legalized segregation with regard to private property. |  | 35 |
| 6712084849 | Wabash v. Illinois (1886) | Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional. |  | 36 |
| 6712084850 | U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895) | Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies. |  | 37 |
| 6712084851 | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |  | 38 |
| 6712084852 | Frontier Thesis | stereotypical thesis that west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over https://o.quizlet.com/vQsdYvvy28WLQUKZ-8RtzA_m.jpg |  | 39 |
| 6712084853 | Land Grants | land given by government to universities and railroad companies |  | 40 |
| 6712084854 | Dawes Act | land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land |  | 41 |
| 6712084855 | Bureau of Indian Affairs | designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture |  | 42 |
| 6712084856 | Open Range | the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land |  | 43 |
| 6712084857 | Vertical Integration | Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel) |  | 44 |
| 6712084858 | Horizontal Integration | Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil) | | 45 |
| 6712084859 | Knights of Labor | American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals. |  | 46 |
| 6712084860 | Haymarket Riot | Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor. |  | 47 |
| 6712084861 | American Federation of Labor | An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor). |  | 48 |
| 6712084862 | Homestead and Pullman Strikes | Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business. |  | 49 |
| 6712084863 | Urbanization | movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities |  | 50 |
| 6712084864 | "New Immigrants" | immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century |  | 51 |
| 6712084865 | Chinese Exclusion Act | First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII. |  | 52 |
| 6712084866 | Political Machine | Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations |  | 53 |
| 6712084867 | Tammany Hall | Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed |  | 54 |
| 6712084868 | Pendelton Civil Service Act | Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations; also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause. |  | 55 |
| 6712084869 | Sherman Antitrust Act | Outlawed monopolistic business practices; not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it. |  | 56 |
| 6712084870 | Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance | Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement. |  | 57 |
| 6712084871 | William Jennings Bryan | Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold". |  | 58 |
| 6712084872 | Seward's Folly | Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase. |  | 59 |
| 6712084873 | Susan B. Anthony | Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. |  | 60 |
| 6712084874 | Laissez-Faire Economics | This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution. |  | 61 |
| 6712084875 | New South | After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow. |  | 62 |
| 6712084876 | Americanization | Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship. |  | 63 |
| 6712084877 | middle class | a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers |  | 64 |
| 6712084878 | Interstate Commerce Act | Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers; first legislation to regulate corporations; ineffective because government failed to enforce it. |  | 65 |
| 6712084879 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. |  | 66 |
| 6712084880 | transcontinental railroads | a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution |  | 67 |
| 6712084881 | Social Gospel | Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement. |  | 68 |
| 6712084882 | Standard Oil | John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition. |  | 69 |
| 6712084883 | Carnegie Steel | A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations. |  | 70 |
| 6712084884 | John D. Rockefeller | Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government. | | 71 |
| 6712084885 | Industrial Revolution | Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925. |  | 72 |
AP US History Progressivism Flashcards
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| 5638117683 | Progressivism | A loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups who hoped to bring about significant change in American social and political life. Its members included forward-looking businessmen, labor activists, members of female reform organizations, social scientists, and members of the middle class. | 0 | |
| 5638117684 | Teddy Roosevelt | This man started out as a Liberal Republican, and when William McKinley was assassinated, he took over. He was pro-conservation and pro-union. He eventually started the Progressive Party. He believed in walking softly and carrying a big stick. He intervened in the affairs of Latin American countries, believing it to be his duty. *SYNTHESIS- ANDREW JACKSON* | 1 | |
| 5638117685 | Square Deal | Teddy Roosevelt's program that attempted to deal with problems caused by economic consolidation by distinguishing between "good" and "bad" corporations | 2 | |
| 5638117686 | 1902 Anthractite Coal Strike | During a revolt at a coal mine, Teddy Roosevelt forced laborers and the owners of the mine to work out a deal, which resulted in the union receiving a wage increase and a shift to an 8 hour day. | 3 | |
| 5638117687 | Meat Inspection Act (1906) | Under Teddy Roosevelt, this act was passed to protect customers by investigating their food. This law was inspired by The Jungle | 4 | |
| 5638117688 | Trust-busting | Roosevelt attacked what he considered to be "bad trusts," (such as J.P Morgan's) a move that no previous president had dared to implement. | 5 | |
| 5638117689 | Conservation movement | Teddy Roosevelt set aside 17 million acres for parks, and he was aided by Gifford Pinchot | 6 | |
| 5638117690 | Bull Moose Party | The original name for the Progressive Party | 7 | |
| 5638117691 | Hepburn Act (1906) | An act passed to give the ICC the power to examine railroads' business records and to set reasonable rates | 8 | |
| 5638117692 | Muckrakers | Investigative journalists who exposed corrupt, illegal, and dangerous business practices. | 9 | |
| 5638117693 | Jacob Riis | The Progressive writer who investigated tenements. He took pictures of the living conditions in the city, and he wrote the book "How the Other Half Lives" (Muckraker) | 10 | |
| 5638117694 | Ida Tarbell | A woman who exposed Standard Oil's corrupt business. Though she was a sensationalist who wasn't always credible, she did manage to take down John D. Rockefeller | 11 | |
| 5638117695 | Robert La Follette | After serving as a Republican member of Congress for Wisconsin, he became convinced that railroad and lumber companies controlled state politics. When elected governor in 1900, he instituted a series of measures known as the Wisconsin Idea, including nominations of candidates for office through primary elections instead of city bosses, taxation of the corporate wealth, and state regulation of railroads and public utilities. | 12 | |
| 5638117696 | Social Gospel Movement | Using Christian principles to solve societies problems | 13 | |
| 5638117697 | Upton Sinclair, The Jungle | A Muckraker who wrote a book about the terrible working conditions in meat factories. He told of people falling into the vats and turning into lard, he told of how the meat was made, and many other horror stories. | 14 | |
| 5638117698 | Eugene V. Debs | He became the leader of the Socialist Party in the US and brought together socialists from around the country. He ran for president 5 times and never one, notably in 1912 | 15 | |
| 5638117699 | Socialist Party | Founded in 1901, this organization called for immediate reforms such as free college education, legislation to improve the condition of laborers, as, as an ultimate goal, democratic control over the economy through public ownership of railroads and factories | 16 | |
| 5638117700 | William Howard Taft | An early 20th century Republican president. He was much more conservative than Teddy Roosevelt. | 17 | |
| 5638117701 | National American Women Suffrage Association | A feminist organization that filed lawsuits and held rallies | 18 | |
| 5638117702 | Alice Paul — National Women's Party | A group of radical women who protested for suffrage and were arrested. While in prison, they staged a hunger strike, | 19 | |
| 5638117703 | Nineteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment that officially gave women the right to vote | 20 | |
| 5638117704 | Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | 500 workers, mostly young Jewish and Italian immigrant women, worked on the top three floors of a ten-story building in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of NYC. When a fire started in the factory, the workers discovered that they had been locked in, so they perished. | 21 | |
| 5638117705 | Lochner v. New York (1905): | the Supreme Court ruled that a New York law setting maximum working hours for bakers was unconstitutional. The Court held that the Constitution prohibits states from interfering with most employment contracts because the right to buy and sell labor is a fundamental freedom protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. | 22 | |
| 5638117706 | Muller v. Oregon (1908) | In this case, Louis Brandeis employed "sociological jurisprudence," which was the use of statistics to show that women's labor should be regulated to protect women. This practice was very new for the court system | 23 | |
| 5638117707 | Anti-Saloon League | An organization that pressured politicians to pass temperance laws | 24 | |
| 5638117708 | Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | Women who worked to close down saloons, which were havens for workingmen and immigrants | 25 | |
| 5638117709 | Henry Ford | utilized the assembly line to mass produce Model T cars | 26 | |
| 5638117710 | Fordism | The economic system based on mass production and mass consumption. | 27 | |
| 5638117711 | Recall | The means to remove officials from office by popular vote | 28 | |
| 5638117712 | Initiative | The ability of voters to propose legislation | 29 | |
| 5638117713 | Referendum | The ability of voters to vote directly on legislation | 30 | |
| 5638117714 | NAACP | An organization started by W.E.B DuBois and others who met at Niagara Falls in 1905 to organize against Jim Crow. This group used legal tools to fight discrimination | 31 | |
| 5638117715 | Woodrow Wilson | The first Democratic president after a long era of Republicans. | 32 | |
| 5638117716 | Sixteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment that allowed Congress to enact a graduated income tax | 33 | |
| 5638117717 | Seventeenth Amendment | An amendment that stated that U.S. senators had to be chosen by popular vote rather than by state legislatures | 34 | |
| 5638117718 | Underwood-Simmons Tariff Bill | A bill that significantly reduced duties on imports (40%-20%) and, to make up for lost revenue, imposed a graduated income tax on the richest 5 percent of Americans. | 35 | |
| 5638117719 | Federal Reserve Act (1913) | A system of regional banks was created to control the money supply | 36 | |
| 5638117720 | Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) | An act that exempted labor unions from antitrust laws and barred courts from issuing injunctions curtailing the right to strike | 37 | |
| 5638117721 | Keating-Owen Act (1916) | An act that outlawed child labor within the manufacturing of goods that were sold in interstate commerce | 38 | |
| 5638117722 | "Big Stick Diplomacy" | Sending the US into other countries to protect US interests (i.e. Panama, Nicaragua, etc.) | 39 | |
| 5638117723 | Panama Canal | A waterway between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that made the journey between the American East and West Coasts 8,000 miles shorter. It was led by President Theodore Roosevelt, who negotiated the entire ordeal, from the uprising in Panama to the actual construction of the canal. | 40 | |
| 5638117724 | Roosevelt Corollary | A principle that said that the US had the right to exercise "an international police power" in the Western Hemisphere | 41 | |
| 5638117725 | Dollar Diplomacy | Taft's belief that economic investment and loans from American banks, rather than direct military intervention, was the best way to spread American influence | 42 | |
| 5638117726 | Moral Diplomacy | Wilson's idea that America has a right to judge how well another country is being run. Wilson uses it to intervene in Mexico and control the leaders. (Actually motivated by US oil interests) | 43 |
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 10 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 10 The Age of Jackson, 1824-1844
Terms : Hide Images
| 9367302707 | Indian Removal Act | In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195) |  | 0 |
| 9367302708 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | In 1831, this Supreme Court case ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (p. 195) |  | 1 |
| 9367302709 | Worcester v. Georgia | In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (p 196) |  | 2 |
| 9367302710 | Cherokee trail of tears | In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196) |  | 3 |
| 9367302711 | Bank of the United States | In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed this bank's recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197) |  | 4 |
| 9367302712 | Nicholas Biddle | During the 1830s, he was president of the Bank of the United States. (p. 197) |  | 5 |
| 9367302713 | Roger Taney | He was Andrew Jackson's secretary of Treasury. In an attempt to destroy the Bank of the United States, he transferred funds from the national bank to various state banks. (p. 198) |  | 6 |
| 9367302714 | pet banks | A term for the state banks. President Andrew Jackson was trying to destroy the Bank of the United States, so he transferred federal funds to these state banks. (p. 198) |  | 7 |
| 9367302715 | Specie Circular | To check inflationary, President Andrew Jackson issued a presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands be made with gold or silver rather than paper bank notes. (p. 198) |  | 8 |
| 9367302716 | Panic of 1837 | Just as Martin Van Buren became the president, the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199) |  | 9 |
| 9367302717 | Martin Van Buren | He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198) |  | 10 |
| 9367302718 | common man | Between 1824 and 1840, the middle and lower classes became more involved in politics. Several factors contributed to this including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased newspaper circulation. (p. 192) |  | 11 |
| 9367302719 | universal white male sufferage | In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840. (p. 192) |  | 12 |
| 9367302720 | party nominating convention | In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192) |  | 13 |
| 9367302721 | King Caucus | A closed door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress which nominated candidates. (p. 192) |  | 14 |
| 9367302722 | popular election of president | In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192) |  | 15 |
| 9367302723 | Anti-Masonic Party | A political party, that attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, anti democratic elite. (p. 192) |  | 16 |
| 9367302724 | Workingmen's Party | A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192) |  | 17 |
| 9367302725 | popular campaigning | Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193) |  | 18 |
| 9367302726 | spoils system | President Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Democratic party. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193) |  | 19 |
| 9367302727 | rotation in office | President Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them. (p. 193) |  | 20 |
| 9367302728 | Henry Clay | He was secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams. He was President Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832, he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197) |  | 21 |
| 9367302729 | corrupt bargain | The term that President Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194) |  | 22 |
| 9367302730 | John Quincy Adams | In 1824, he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made secretary of state. (p. 194) |  | 23 |
| 9367302731 | Tariff of 1828; tariff of abominations | In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194) |  | 24 |
| 9367302732 | Revolution of 1828 | In the 1828 election, Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). p. 195) |  | 25 |
| 9367302733 | Andrew Jackson | He won the 1828 presidential election easily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195) |  | 26 |
| 9367302734 | role of the president | President Andrew Jackson presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abused of power by the rich and privileged. He thought this was the role he should play. (p. 195) |  | 27 |
| 9367302735 | Peggy Eaton affair | When President Andrew Jackson's secretary of war's wife was the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives, Jackson supported her. The majority of cabinet resign because Jackson tried to force the wives to accept Peggy Eaton. (p. 195) |  | 28 |
| 9367302736 | states' rights | President Andrew Jackson favored this form of power for the state governments. (p. 196) |  | 29 |
| 9367302737 | nullification crisis | In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197) |  | 30 |
| 9367302738 | Webster-Hayne debate | In 1830, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal union under the Constitution. Daniel Webster declared that a state could not defy or leave the union. (p. 196) |  | 31 |
| 9367302739 | John C. Calhoun | He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196) |  | 32 |
| 9367302740 | Proclamation to the People of South Carolina | President Andrew Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason. (p. 197) |  | 33 |
| 9367302741 | two-party system | This system developed in the 1820s. Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197) |  | 34 |
| 9367302742 | Democrats | In the 1820s, this party was led by President Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197) |  | 35 |
| 9367302743 | Whigs | In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. (p. 197) |  | 36 |
| 9367302744 | log cabin and hard cider campaign | The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election. (p. 199) |  | 37 |
Flashcards
AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754), AP US History Period 3, 1754-1800, AP US History Period 1 Flashcards
Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.
Terms : Hide Images
| 5802316117 | Jamestown | 1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607. |  | 0 |
| 5802316118 | John Smith | A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives. |  | 1 |
| 5802316119 | John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack. |  | 2 |
| 5802316120 | Pocohontas | An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America. |  | 3 |
| 5802316121 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony |  | 4 |
| 5802316122 | John Winthrop | As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. |  | 5 |
| 5802316123 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. |  | 6 |
| 5802316124 | Pilgrims | English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620 |  | 7 |
| 5802316125 | Massachusetts Charter | Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World. |  | 8 |
| 5802316126 | Loss of Massachusetts Charter | Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region. | 9 | |
| 5802316127 | New Amsterdam | A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire. |  | 10 |
| 5802316128 | Great Migration of Puritans | 1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World increasing population of New England. |  | 11 |
| 5802316129 | New York | It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot. |  | 12 |
| 5802316130 | Peter Stuyvesant | The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. |  | 13 |
| 5802316131 | House of Burgesses | 1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies. |  | 14 |
| 5802316132 | Headright system | Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. |  | 15 |
| 5802316133 | Indentured servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years |  | 16 |
| 5802316134 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. |  | 17 |
| 5802316135 | King Phillip's War | Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England. |  | 18 |
| 5802316136 | royal colony | A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king |  | 19 |
| 5802316137 | proprietary colony | English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment |  | 20 |
| 5802316138 | town meetings | A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws. |  | 21 |
| 5802316139 | Salem Witch Trials | 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed. |  | 22 |
| 5802316140 | Roger Williams | A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. |  | 23 |
| 5802316142 | Anne Hutcheson | One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack. |  | 24 |
| 5802316143 | Thomas Hooker | A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. He wrote the first written constitution "The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". This would become a cherished ideal of the colonial settlers that laws were written not arbitrary. |  | 25 |
| 5802316144 | Sir William Berkeley | The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion |  | 26 |
| 5802316145 | William Penn | Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region. |  | 27 |
| 5802316146 | James Oglethorpe | Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life |  | 28 |
| 5802316147 | Lord Baltimore | 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. |  | 29 |
| 5802316148 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised. |  | 30 |
| 5802316149 | Halfway Covenant | A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. |  | 31 |
| 5802316150 | Dominion of New England | 1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. |  | 32 |
| 5802316151 | Acts of Trade and Navigation | Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts. |  | 33 |
| 5802316152 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. |  | 34 |
| 5802316153 | Triangular Slave Trade | A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. |  | 35 |
| 5802316154 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives. |  | 36 |
| 5802316157 | Great Awakening | (1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution. |  | 37 |
| 5802316158 | Jonathan Edwards | A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day. |  | 38 |
| 5802316159 | African American Culture | Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes. |  | 39 |
| 5802316161 | George Whitfield | English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies |  | 40 |
| 5802316162 | French & Indian War | 1754 - 1763; conflict between France and Great Britain over land in North America in the Ohio River Valley. |  | 41 |
| 5802316163 | Ohio River Valley | Controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming. |  | 42 |
| 5802316165 | General James Wolfe | Commander of a British fleet sailed to Quebec and defeated French Troops that were defending the city, British seized Quebec and took control of New France. He died in the battle and became a hero of English military. |  | 43 |
| 5802316166 | Join or Die | Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War |  | 44 |
| 5802316167 | Albany Plan of Union, 1754 | Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown. |  | 45 |
| 5802316168 | Enlightenment | a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state |  | 46 |
| 5802316169 | Benjamin Franklin | One of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. |  | 47 |
| 5802316170 | The Patriot Movement | Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists." |  | 48 |
| 5802316171 | The Declaration of Independence | the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. |  | 49 |
| 5802316172 | Republican Motherhood | Predominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously. |  | 50 |
| 5802316173 | Legislative Branch | The branch of government tasked with writing laws. |  | 51 |
| 5802316174 | Judicial Branch | The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws. | | 52 |
| 5802316175 | Executive Branch | The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws. | | 53 |
| 5802316176 | The Articles of Confederation | An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America. |  | 54 |
| 5802316177 | Constitutional Convention | took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although this was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. |  | 55 |
| 5802316178 | Federalism | a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government. |  | 56 |
| 5802316179 | Separation of Powers | Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. |  | 57 |
| 5802316180 | The Federalist Papers | a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. |  | 58 |
| 5802316181 | Alexander Hamilton | Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury |  | 59 |
| 5802316182 | James Madison | Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States |  | 60 |
| 5802316183 | Bill of Rights | the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. |  | 61 |
| 5802316184 | Democratic-Republican Party | formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution. |  | 62 |
| 5802316185 | The Northwest Ordinance | created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. |  | 63 |
| 5802316186 | French Revolution | a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. | | 64 |
| 5802316187 | Popular Sovereignty | the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. |  | 65 |
| 5802316188 | protective tariffs | Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers. |  | 66 |
| 5802316189 | virtual representation | The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote. |  | 67 |
| 5802316190 | aliens | Foreigners; also, persons resident in but not citizens of a country. |  | 68 |
| 5802316191 | territory | In America, government an organized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of a state. | | 69 |
| 5802316192 | bicameral | Referring to a legislative body with two houses |  | 70 |
| 5802316193 | cabinet | The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments. |  | 71 |
| 5802316194 | excise | A tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of certain products. |  | 72 |
| 5802316195 | impressment | To force people or property into public service without choice. |  | 73 |
| 5802316196 | nullification | In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty. |  | 74 |
| 5802316197 | Alien Sedition Acts | deport foreigners deemed dangerous and arrest anyone speaking against government | 75 | |
| 5802316198 | Whiskey Rebellion | Displayed power of new constitution with putting down disorder. | 76 | |
| 5802316199 | XYZ Affair | France hold meetings hostage for tribute, angers Adams | 77 | |
| 5802316200 | John Jay Treaty | Britain said they'd leave interior but didnt promise impressment would stop or that theyd stop trading with Native Americans. | 78 | |
| 5802316201 | Hamilton Debt Plan | Gov Assumes all state debt and taxes all imports and states to pay it off. Debt shared by all to get America on sound financial footing | 79 | |
| 5802316202 | National Bank of US | Hamilton aimed to create a standard reliable predictable currency and fix problem of inflation | 80 | |
| 5802316203 | maize cultivation | The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans. | 81 | |
| 5802316204 | hunter-gatherer economy | A nomadic way of life with no agriculture focused on following food sources including animals and wild plants | 82 | |
| 5802316205 | western hemisphere | The Americas |  | 83 |
| 5802316206 | west africa | A area of Africa that was previously unreachable until the invention of the caravel by the Portuguese, leading to exploitation of the region for its gold and slaves |  | 84 |
| 5802316207 | plantation-based agriculture | Large scale agriculture worked by slaves | 85 | |
| 5802316208 | capitalism | Economic system based on private investment and possessions | 86 | |
| 5802316209 | great basin | Desert area with no drainage to the ocean |  | 87 |
| 5802316210 | agricultural economy | economy based on the production of crops | 88 | |
| 5802316211 | spanish exploration | Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god | 89 | |
| 5802316212 | encomienda system | A government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity. | 90 | |
| 5802316213 | great plains | The open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roming the prairies on horseback | 91 | |
| 5802316214 | permanent villages | The settlements of Indians tribes based on the spread of agriculture | 92 | |
| 5802316215 | Portuguese exploration | Due to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies | 93 | |
| 5802316216 | slave labor | Forced labor of people considered property by the people in charge | 94 | |
| 5802316217 | feudalism | A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection | 95 | |
| 5802316218 | political autonomy | the ability of a state to govern themselves without outside control | 96 | |
| 5802316219 | Colombian exchange | the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills |  | 97 |
AP US History Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards
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| 7811464978 | Seven Years' (French and Indian) War | fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies |  | 0 |
| 7811464979 | "No Taxation Without Representation." | a phrase, generally attributed to James Otis about 1761, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution; in full, "Taxation without representation is tyranny.". |  | 1 |
| 7811464980 | Enlightenment | a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state | | 2 |
| 7811464981 | Benjamin Franklin | One of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. | | 3 |
| 7811464982 | The Patriot Movement | Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists." | | 4 |
| 7811464983 | Colonial Militias | Groups of able-bodied colonialist men without proper military training that banded together to revolt against British tyrannny. |  | 5 |
| 7811464984 | The Continental Army | formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies, created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. Commanded by General George Washington (Commander-in-Chief) |  | 6 |
| 7811464985 | George Washington | General, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Later named the first President of the United States. |  | 7 |
| 7811464986 | Thomas Paine's Common Sense | Published in 1776. Pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Used "Common Sense" and plain language to appeal to the average colonist. First work to ask for independence outright. |  | 8 |
| 7811464987 | The Declaration of Independence | the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. | | 9 |
| 7811464988 | Republican Motherhood | Predominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously. | | 10 |
| 7811464989 | Legislative Branch | The branch of government tasked with writing laws. | | 11 |
| 7811464990 | Judicial Branch | The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws. | | 12 |
| 7811464991 | Executive Branch | The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws. | | 13 |
| 7811464992 | The Articles of Confederation | An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America. | | 14 |
| 7811464993 | Constitutional Convention | Took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. | | 15 |
| 7811464994 | Federalism | a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government. | | 16 |
| 7811464995 | Separation of Powers | Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. | | 17 |
| 7811464996 | The Federalist Papers | a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. | | 18 |
| 7811464997 | Alexander Hamilton | Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury | | 19 |
| 7811464998 | James Madison | Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States | | 20 |
| 7811464999 | Bill of Rights | the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. | | 21 |
| 7811465000 | Democratic-Republican Party | formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution. | | 22 |
| 7811465001 | National Identity | one's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language and politics. |  | 23 |
| 7811465002 | The Northwest Ordinance | created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. | | 24 |
| 7811465003 | French Revolution | a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. | | 25 |
| 7811465004 | Popular Sovereignty | the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. | | 26 |
| 7811465005 | Public Virtue | Sacrificing one's self-interest for the public good. |  | 27 |
| 7811465006 | insurrection | Rebellion against political authority. |  | 28 |
| 7811465007 | mercantilism | The economic theory that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state; hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire. |  | 29 |
| 7811465008 | depreciate | To decrease in value, as in the decline of the purchasing power of money. |  | 30 |
| 7811465009 | protective tariffs | Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers. | | 31 |
| 7811465010 | admiralty courts | In British law, special administrative courts designed to handle maritime cases without a jury. |  | 32 |
| 7811465011 | virtual representation | The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote. | | 33 |
| 7811465012 | nonimportation agreement | A pledge to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad. |  | 34 |
| 7811465013 | duty | A customs tax on the export or import of goods. |  | 35 |
| 7811465014 | propaganda | A systematic program or particular materials designed to spread certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term implies the use of manipulative or deceptive means. |  | 36 |
| 7811465015 | boycott | An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product. |  | 37 |
| 7811465016 | inflation | An increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money. |  | 38 |
| 7811465017 | mercenary | A professional soldier who serves in a foreign army for pay. |  | 39 |
| 7811465018 | indictment | A formal written accusation charging someone with a crime. |  | 40 |
| 7811465022 | confiscate | To seize private property for public use, often as a penalty. |  | 41 |
| 7811465023 | envoy | A messenger or agent sent by a government on official business. |  | 42 |
| 7811465024 | rabble | A mass of disorderly and crude common people. |  | 43 |
| 7811465025 | isolationist | Concerning the belief that a country should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars. |  | 44 |
| 7811465027 | blockade | The isolation of a place by hostile ships or troops. |  | 45 |
| 7811465030 | emancipation | Setting free from servitude or slavery |  | 46 |
| 7811465031 | abolitionist | favoring the end of slavery |  | 47 |
| 7811465032 | ratification | The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval. |  | 48 |
| 7811465033 | aliens | Foreigners; also, persons resident in but not citizens of a country. | | 49 |
| 7811465034 | township | in America, a surveyed territory six miles square; the term also refers to a unit of social government, smaller than a country that is often based on these survey units. |  | 50 |
| 7811465035 | territory | In America, government an organized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of a state. | | 51 |
| 7811465037 | quorum | The minimum number of persons who must be present in a group before it can conduct valid business. |  | 52 |
| 7811465038 | anarchy | The theory that formal government is unnecessary and wrong in principle; the term is also used generally for lawlessness or anti-governmental disorder. |  | 53 |
| 7811465039 | bicameral | Referring to a legislative body with two houses | | 54 |
| 7811465041 | public debt | The debt of a government or nation to individual creditors, also called the national debt. |  | 55 |
| 7811465042 | cabinet | The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments. | | 56 |
| 7811465043 | fiscal | Concerning public finances-expenditures and revenues. |  | 57 |
| 7811465044 | excise | A tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of certain products. | | 58 |
| 7811465046 | despotism | Arbitrary or tyrannical rule. |  | 59 |
| 7811465047 | impressment | To force people or property into public service without choice. | | 60 |
| 7811465050 | compact | An agreement or covenant between states to perform some legal act. |  | 61 |
| 7811465051 | nullification | In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty. | | 62 |
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