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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848

7697808415	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	0
7697808416	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.	1
7697808417	James Monroe	The fifth president of the United States. His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.	2
7697808418	Nationalism	A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.	3
7697808419	tariff	A tax on imported goods	4
7697808420	Tariff of 1816	1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.	5
7697808421	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state.	6
7697808422	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	7
7697808423	Second Bank of the US	States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president.	8
7697808424	Panic of 1819	1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors.	9
7697808425	John Marshall	1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.	10
7697808426	Marbury v Madison	(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review	11
7697808427	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	12
7697808428	Gibbons v Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	13
7697808429	Worcester v Georgia	A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.	14
7697808430	Implied powers	Powers derived from the "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause.	15
7697808431	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated but led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820.	16
7697808432	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	17
7697808433	Rush-Bagot Treaty	1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.	18
7697808434	Convention of 1818	Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.	19
7697808435	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	20
7697808436	Monroe Doctrine	1823, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.	21
7697808437	National Road	First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.	22
7697808438	Lancaster Turnpike	Pennsylvania turnpike, built in the 1790s, which connected Philadelphia with the rich farmlands around Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid-1820s, connected most of the country's major cities	23
7697808439	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.	24
7697808440	Steamboat	A boat powered by a steam engine that turns a large paddle wheel.	25
7697808441	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	26
7697808442	Interchangeable parts	1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.	27
7697808443	Lowell System	Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.	28
7697808444	Industrialization	Development of a system which supports machine production of goods	29
7697808445	Specialization	Development of skills in a specific kind of work	30
7697808446	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.	31
7697808447	Thomas Jefferson	Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Purchased Louisiana for the US even though the purchase was outside of his belief in strict construction of the Constitution.	32
7697808448	Embargo Act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	33
7697808449	War of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawk Congressman wanted to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.	34
7697808450	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	35
7697808451	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain.	36
7697808452	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	37
7697808453	Sacajawea	The Native American woman who was the personal guide and translator for Lewis and Clark and their expedition in northern Louisiana Territory	38
7697808454	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	39
7697808455	James Madison	(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.	40
7697808456	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.	41
7697808457	Macon's Bill No 2	Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain.	42
7697808458	Napoleon	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. When Napoleon gave up on western hemisphere territories after the Haitian Revolution, he sold the Louisiana Territory because he needed money in war with England. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	43
7697808459	Haitian Revolution	A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Overture.	44
7697808460	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	45
7697808461	Barbary Pirate Wars	The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.	46
7697808462	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	47

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 5 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 5 The American Revolution and Confederation, 1774-1787

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7236713056	Patrick Henry	Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. Radical delegates were those demanding the greatest concessions from Great Britain. (p. 85)	0
7236713057	Samuel Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence. (p. 85)	1
7236713058	John Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He had acted as a lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. (p. 85)	2
7236713059	John Dickinson	Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania". (p. 85)	3
7236713060	John Jay	Conservative delegate from New York to the Continental Congress, favored a mild statement of protest. (p. 85)	4
7236713061	First Continental Congress	In September 1774, all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)	5
7236713066	Second Continental Congress	In May 1775, representatives met in Philadelphia. They adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms. In July 1775 they sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. In July of 1776 they ratified the Declaration of Independence. (p. 87)	6
7236713067	Olive Branch Petition	In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)	7
7236713069	Thomas Jefferson	In 1776, he was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. (p. 88)	8
7236713070	Declaration of Independence	This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the American revolution. It was ratified on July 4, 1776. (p. 88)	9
7236713071	George Washington	Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. In 1775, at the Second Continental Congress he was appointed commander-in chief of a new colonial army and sent to Boston to lead the Massachusetts militia and volunteer units from other colonies. He later became the first president of the United States. (p. 88-89)	10
7236713073	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)	11
7236713076	Lexington	On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston marched to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. (p. 86)	12
7236713077	Concord	After the British had marched to Lexington, they marched on to this town to destroy colonial military supplies. (p. 86)	13
7236713078	Battle of Bunker Hill	On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the Revolutionary War. (p. 87)	14
7236713079	Battle of Saratoga	In October 1777, General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)	15
7236713081	Battle of Yorktown	In 1781, the last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Supported by French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. (p. 90)	16
7236713082	Articles of Confederation	Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers. Its major weakness was a limited power to tax, leaving debts from the war unpaid. In 1788, it was was replaced by the Constitution. (p. 91)	17
7236713083	unicameral Legislature	The Articles of Confederation established a central government that consisted of just one body, a Congress. In this unicameral (one-house) legislature, each state was given one vote, with at least 9 of 13 votes required to pass important laws. (p. 92)	18
7236713086	Treaty of Paris	In 1783, this treaty between Britain and the United States brought an end to the Revolutionary War. It stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)	19
7236713087	Thomas Paine; Common Sense	In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)	20
7236713088	Patriots	Most of these soldiers came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies. (p. 88)	21
7236713089	Loyalists (Tories)	The pro-British Loyalists, the majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)	22
7236713090	Minutemen	The colonial militia. (p. 86)	23
7236713091	Continentals	Paper money issued by Congress which became almost worthless due to inflation. (p. 90)	24
7236713092	Abigail Adams	She was the wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. (p. 94)	25
7236713094	Valley Forge	Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)	26
7236713096	Shay's Rebellion	Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. The rebellion led many to believe that the nation needed a stronger central government, leading to the adoption of the Constitution. (p. 93)	27

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AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.

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6451563558	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	0
6451563559	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
6451563560	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
6451563561	Pocohontas	An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America.	3
6451563562	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	4
6451563563	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	5
6451563564	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	6
6451563565	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	7
6451563566	Massachusetts Charter	Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World.	8
6451563567	Loss of Massachusetts Charter	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region.	9
6451563568	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	10
6451563569	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	11
6451563571	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	12
6451563572	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	13
6451563573	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	14
6451563574	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.	15
6451563575	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.	16
6451563576	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	17
6451563577	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	18
6451563578	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	19
6451563579	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	20
6451563580	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.	21
6451563582	Anne Hutcheson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack.	22
6451563583	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	23
6451563584	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	24
6451563585	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	25
6451563586	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	26
6451563587	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	27
6451563588	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	28
6451563589	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	29
6451563590	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	30
6451563591	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	31
6451563592	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	32
6451563594	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	33
6451563595	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	34
6451563596	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	35
6451563597	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	36
6451563598	George Whitefield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	37

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 1 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 1 A New World of Many Cultures, 1491-1607

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5522487173	corn	This was an important cultivated crop of the Mayas and the Incas. (p. 2)	0
5522487174	horses	Not until the 17th century the American Indians acquired these animals from the Spanish. (p. 4)	1
5522487175	disease	When Europeans came to America they brought smallpox and measles to which the natives had no resistance. 90% of the natives died. (p. 8)	2
5522487176	encomienda system	King of Spain gave grants of land and natives (as slaves) to individual Spaniards. (p. 8)	3
5522487177	asiento system	The tax to the King of Spain for the imported slaves that they brought from West Africa. (p. 8)	4
5522487178	slavery	As far back as the 1500s the Spanish brought captured Africans to America to provide labor. (p. 11)	5
5522487179	land bridge	Some time between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago people migrated from Asia to the Americas across this area that connected Siberia and Alaska. (p. 2)	6
5522487180	Adena-Hopewell	American Indian culture centered in Ohio created large earthen mounds as tall as 300 feet. (p. 4)	7
5522487181	Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos	American Indians located in the New Mexico and Arizona region. They developed farming using irrigation systems. (p. 4)	8
5522487182	Woodland mound builders	American Indian tribe east of the Mississippi. (p. 4)	9
5522487183	Lakota Sioux	American Indian tribe that started using horses in the 17th century. This allowed them to move from farming to nomadic buffalo hunting. (p. 4)	10
5522487184	Mayas	From A.D. 300 to 800 this highly developed civilization built large cities in what is today's southern Mexico and Guatemala. (p. 2)	11
5522487185	Incas	This highly developed civilization developed a vast South American empire based in Peru. (p. 2)	12
5522487186	Aztecs	Starting about 1300 this civilization flourished in central Mexico. (p. 2)	13
5522487187	conquistadores	These Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain making it the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. (p. 8)	14
5522487188	Native Americans	The first people to settle North America arrived as many as 40,000 years ago. They came from Asia and may have crossed by a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. (p. 1)	15
5522487189	Francisco Pizarro	Conquered the Incas in Peru. (p. 8)	16
5522487190	Hernan Cortes	Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. (p. 8)	17
5522487191	New Laws of 1542	Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, began the process of ending the encomienda systems. (p. 11)	18
5522487192	Roanoke Island	In 1587 Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement here, but it failed. (p. 9)	19
5522487193	compass	One aspect of the Renaissance was a gradual increase in scientific knowledge and technological change; europeans made improvements in the inventions of others (chinese and arab merchants)	20
5522487194	printing press	This invention in the 1450s spread knowledge across Europe. (p 5)	21
5522487195	Ferdinand and Isabella	They united Spain, defeated and drove out the Moors. In 1492 they funded Christopher Columbus's voyage to America. (p. 5)	22
5522487196	Protestant Reformation	in the early 1500s, certain christians in germany, england, france, holland, and other northern european countries revolted against the authority of the pope in rome	23
5522487197	Henry the Navigator	The monarch of Portugal. (p. 7)	24
5522487198	Christopher Columbus	He spent 8 years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to the "Indies". His success in discovering lands on the other side of the ocean brought him a burst of glory in Spain.	25
5522487199	slave trade		26
5522487200	nation-state	A country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government.	27
5522487201	Algonquian	The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe in the Northeast was one of the largest. (p. 4)	28
5522487202	Siouan	The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe from the Great Plains was one of the largest. (p. 4)	29
5522487203	Iroquois Confederation	A political union of five independent American Indian tribes in the Mohawk Valley of New York. (p. 5)	30
5522487204	longhouses	American Indians along the Pacific Coast lived in the these plank houses. (p. 4)	31
5522487205	John Cabot	An Italian sea captain who was under contract to England's King Henry VII, he explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497.	32
5522487206	Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	moved the line papal line a few degrees to the west; signed by spain and portugal	33
5522487207	Jacques Cartier	Explored the St. Lawrence River.	34
5522487208	Samuel de Champlain	Established the first permanent french settlement at quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River.	35
5522487209	Henry Hudson	Hired by the dutch government to seek a northwest passage; sailed up a broad river and established dutch claims to the surrounding area that would become new amsterdam (and later new york)	36
5522487210	Bartolome de Las Casa	A Spanish priest who was an advocate for better treatment of Indians. (p. 11)	37
5522487211	Valladolid Debate	In 1550-1551 in Valladolid, Spain a formal debate concerning the American Indians. (p. 11)	38
5522487212	Juan Gines de Sepulveda	Spaniard that argued that the American Indians were less than human. (p. 11)	39

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 15 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1863-1877

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5522550578	Civil Rights Act of 1866	This act declared that all African Americans were U.S. citizens and also attempted to provide a shield against the operation of the Southern states' Black Codes. (p. 295)	0
5522550579	14th Amendment	Ratified in 1868, this Constitutional amendment, declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens, and it obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law". Other parts of the amendment related to Congress' plan for Reconstruction. (p. 295)	1
5522550580	equal protection of the laws	Part of the 14th amendment, it emphasizes that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people. (p. 295)	2
5522550581	due process of law	Part of the 14 Amendment, it denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property. (p. 295)	3
5522550582	15h Amendment	Ratified in 1870, this Constitutional amendment, prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (p. 297)	4
5522550583	Civil Rights Act of 1875	The last major piece of Reconstruction legislation, this law prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodation and transportation. It also prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. However, the law was poorly enforced. (p. 297)	5
5522550584	Jay Gould	In 1869, this Wall Street financier obtained the help of President Grant's brother in law, to corner the gold market. The Treasury Department broke the scheme, but after he had already made a huge profit. (p. 300)	6
5522550585	Credit Mobilier	In this affair, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress, to avoid investigation of the huge profits they were making from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad. (p. 300)	7
5522550586	William (Boss) Tweed	This New York City politician, arranged schemes that allowed he and his cronies to steal about $200 million dollars from New York. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1871. (p. 301)	8
5522550587	spoilsmen	In the 1870s, political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine, used patronage - giving jobs and government favors to their supporters. (p. 300)	9
5522550588	patronage	Term for one of the key inducements used by party machines. A job, promotion, or contract that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence. (p. 300)	10
5522550589	Thomas Nast	New York Times political cartoonist who exposed the abuses of the "Boss" Tweed ring. Tweed was eventually arrested and imprisoned in 1871. (p. 310)	11
5522550590	Liberal Republicans	In 1872, this party advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade.	12
5522550591	Horace Greeley	In the presidential election of 1872, both the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats made this newspaper editor their nominee. He lost the election to Ulysses S. Grant, he died just days before the counting of the electoral vote count. (p. 301)	13
5522550592	Panic of 1873	Economic panic caused by over speculation by financiers and over building by industry and railroads. In 1874, President Grant sided with the hard-money bankers who wanted gold backing of the money supply. He vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional greenbacks. (p. 302)	14
5522550593	greenbacks	Name given to paper money issued by the government, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold. (p 302)	15
5522550594	redeemers	By 1877, these Southern conservatives had taken control of state governments in the South. Their foundation rested on states rights, reduced taxes, reduced social programs, and white supremacy. (p. 302)	16
5522550595	Rutherford B. Hayes	He won the presidential election of 1876, which was a highly contested election. He was a Republican governor from Ohio. (p. 302)	17
5522550596	Samuel J. Tilden	In the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes, but was defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes, when all of the electoral votes from the contested states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana went to Hayes. (p. 303)	18
5522550597	Compromise of 1877	This informal deal settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). It was agreed that Hayes would become president. In return, he would remove all federal troops from the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad. (p. 303)	19
5522550598	presidential reconstruction	President Abraham Lincoln believed that the Southern states could not leave the Union and therefore never did leave. He consider them a disloyal minority. After Lincoln's assassination, President Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln's plan for reconstruction. (p. 292)	20
5522550599	Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	In 1863, President Lincoln's proclamation set up a process for political reconstruction, creating state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. It include a full presidential pardon for most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves. It also reestablished state governments as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath. In practice, the proclamation meant that each Southern state would need to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate existence of slavery. (p. 292)	21
5522550600	Wade-Davis Bill	In 1864, this harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill stated that the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. It required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, only non-Confederates could vote for a new state constitution. President Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. (p. 292)	22
5522550601	Andrew Johnson	The 17th President of the United States from 1865 to 1869. This Southerner from Tennessee was Lincoln's vice president, and he became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. (p. 297)	23
5522550602	Freedmen's Bureau	In March 1865, an organization created at end of Civil War, which provided aid to the both black and whites in the South. It provided food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the Civil War. (p. 292)	24
5522550603	Black Codes	Southern state legislatures created these codes after the Civil War. They restricted the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans. 1) prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, 2) placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts, 3) prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court. (p. 294)	25
5522550604	Congressional Reconstruction	In the spring of 1866, many in Congress were unhappy with President Andrew Johnson's policies and this led to the second round of reconstruction. Its creation was dominated by Congress and featured policies that were harsher on Southern whites and more protective of freed African Americans. (p. 295)	26
5522550605	Radical Republicans	In the 1860s, this was the smaller portion of the Republican party than the moderates. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported various programs that were most beneficial to the newly freed African Americans in the South. (p. 295)	27
5522550606	Charles Sumner	The leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massechusetts. (p. 295)	28
5522550607	Thaddeus Stephens	This Pennsylvania Congressman was a Radical Republican. He hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands confiscated from planter class. (p. 295)	29
5522550608	Benjamin Wade	Radical Republican who endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks. (p. 295)	30
5522550609	Reconstruction Acts	In 1867, Congress passed three acts which placed the South under military occupation. They created five military districts in the former Confederate states, each under control of the Union army. To rejoin the Union, ex-Confederate states were required to ratify the 14th amendment and place guarantees in their state constitution that all adult males of all races would be guaranteed the right to vote. (p. 296)	31
5522550610	Tenure of Office Act	In 1867, this act prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander, without the approval of the Senate. The purpose of the law was purely political, to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet from dismissal. (p. 297)	32
5522550611	Edwin Stanton	He was President Andrew Johnson's secretary of war. President Johnson believed the new Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and he challenged the law, by dismissing him from his position. This led to Johnson's impeachment. (p. 297)	33
5522550612	impeachment	President Johnson was the first president impeached, for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868. One of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office. The impeachment failed, falling just one vote short. (p. 297)	34
5522550613	scalawags	The term for White Republican Southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments. (p. 298)	35
5522550614	carpetbaggers	The term for Northern newcomers who came to the South during Reconstruction. (p. 298)	36
5522550615	Blanche K. Bruce	During the Reconstruction era, he represented Mississippi as a Republican U.S. Senator, from 1875 to 1881. He was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. (p. 298)	37
5522550616	Hiram Revels	During the Reconstruction era, this black politician, was elected to the Mississippi senate seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the Civil War. (p. 298)	38
5522550617	sharecropping	Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South. They received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who usually took half of the harvest. It evolved into a new form of servitude. (p. 300)	39
5522550618	Ku Klux Klan	Founded in 1867, by ex-Confederate general, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This organization of white supremacists used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the South. (p. 302)	40
5522550619	Force Acts (1870, 1871)	These act passed in 1870 and 1871, gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South. (p. 302)	41
5522550620	Amnesty Act of 1872	This act removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. Allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments. (p. 302)	42

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848

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7807865927	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	0
7807865928	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West).	1
7807865932	Tariff of "Abominations"	designed to protect industry in the northern United States.	2
7807865934	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	3
7807865935	The Bank War	Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill of the Second Bank of the United States on July 10, 1832, which was a blow against monopolies, "New England aristocrats", and foreign domination, but a victory for labor. Jackson created pet banks and destabilized the national currency.	4
7807865936	Panic of 1819	1st economic depression (under US Constitution); marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Caused by the National Bank's tightening of its credit lending policies, aimed at stopping risky lending practices and over speculation on lands in west, forcing state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms resulting in bankruptcies.	5
7807865938	Marbury v Madison	(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review	6
7807865939	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	7
7807865941	Worcester v Georgia	A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional; led to the removal of Cherokee from their native lands.	8
7807865944	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	9
7807865945	Rush-Bagot Treaty	between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.	10
7807865947	Adams Onis Treaty	U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	11
7807865948	Monroe Doctrine	Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.	12
7807865949	National Road	First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.	13
7807865951	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.	14
7807865953	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	15
7807865955	Lowell System	Developed in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the 1820s, where few skilled workers were needed, labor was done mostly by single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives.	16
7807865958	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.	17
7807865960	Embargo Act of 1807	Meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade; difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and it hurt the national economy; replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	18
7807865961	War of 1812	between the United States and England caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawks desire to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.	19
7807865962	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	20
7807865963	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain.	21
7807865964	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	22
7807865966	Louisiana Purchase	Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	23
7807865972	Revolution of 1800	represented a return to what Jefferson considered the original spirit of the Revolution, restoring the republican experiment, checking the growth of government power, and halting the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	24
7807865973	Barbary Pirate Wars	At issue was the demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked North African cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.	25
7807865974	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa (known as The Prophet) worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes, which was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.	26
7808138386	Hartford Convention	a meeting of Federalists at Hartford, Connecticut, to protest the War of 1812; New England states threatened to leave the union if the war continued	27
7808146530	"Corrupt Bargain"	what Jackson and followers called the Clay/Adams deal that kept him from election in 1824.	28
7808158589	Jacksonian Democracy	an expansion of voting rights to ensure majority rule during 1820's/30s	29
7808184945	Nullification Crisis	Conflict that resulted when South Carolina voided federal tariffs and threatened to secede	30
7808195769	Trail of Tears	The removal of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory in 1838 and 1839	31
7808199872	Whig party	Political party formed by Henry clay, Daniel Webster, and other Jackson opponents	32
7808206293	Webster-Hayne Debate	series of speeches in the Senate, during which South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, while Massachusetts expressed the concept of the United States as one nation.	33
7808236243	Samuel Slater	Father of the Factory system-memorized the ideas of Britain's factory system	34
7808242045	Steam Power	an efficient power source for machines in factories and trains	35
7808247750	Second Great Awakening	religious revival that swept the country and helped inspire reform movements, especially the abolitionist movement	36
7808263416	Cult of Domesticity	a belief that married women should restrict their activities to their home and family	37
7808269503	Hudson River School	American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.	38
7808273945	Dorothea Dix	Reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of prisoners and the mentally ill	39
7809009046	Seneca Falls Convention	the first organized public meeting about women's rights held in the United States	40
7809015611	Utopian Societies	Small societies dedicated to perfection in social and political conditions	41
7809022297	Transcendentalism	the belief that people could transcend, or rise above, material things in life.	42
7809029943	Nat Turner's Rebellion	the largest and deadliest slave uprising in U.S. history; resulted in new laws (South) prohibiting education of slaves and free black people, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free black people, and requiring white ministers to be present at all worship services.	43
7809087264	54-40 or fight	Popular slogan that led Polk's to victory, reflecting popular sentiment towards expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory.	44
7809130128	Mexican-American War	Instigated by the US with the intent of gaining California, but led to the conquest of over 500,000 square miles of land in the Southwest	45
7809161590	Wilmot Proviso	1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico	46
7809181565	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	A treaty that ended the Mexican War and gave the U.S. much of Mexico's northern territory	47
7809189267	Free Soil Party	Political party formed to oppose extending slavery in the territories	48
7809196770	Know-Nothing Party	Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant	49
7809315835	Manifest Destiny	the belief by Americans that they were destined to spread out across the continent	50
7809322024	Mormons	members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; Relocated to Utah to escape religious persecution, settling in Salt Lake City, Utah	51

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 12 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 12 Territorial and Economic Expansion, 1830-1860

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5055106421	manifest destiny	The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)	0
5055106461	industrial technology	After 1840, industrialization spread rapidly throughout most of the Northeast. New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, ﬁrearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new products. (p. 238)	1
5055106448	Elias Howe	The U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from homes to factories. (p. 238)	2
5055106449	Samuel F. B. Morse	In 1844, he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)	3
5055790680	railroads	In the 1840s and the 1850s, this industry expanded very quickly and would become America's largest industry. It required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)	4
5055106453	Panic of 1857	Financial crash which sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and caused unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)	5
5055106445	Great American Desert	In the 1850s and 1860s, the arid area between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, was known by this name. (p. 236)	6
5055106456	mountain men	The first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers and explorers included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)	7
5182335802	Far West	In the 1820s, the Rocky Mountains were known by this name. (p. 237)	8
5055106446	overland trails	The wagon train trails that led from Missouri or Iowa to the west coast. They traveled only 15 miles per day and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains. Months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. The final challenge was to reach the mountain passes before the first heavy snows. Disease was even a greater threat than Indian attack. (p. 237)	9
5055106447	mining frontier	The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)	10
5182352648	gold rush	California's population soared from 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 in 1860, primarily because of this event. (p. 237)	11
5182352649	silver rush	The discovery of silver in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)	12
5055106458	farming frontier	In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)	13
5055106460	urban frontier	Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)	14
5055106450	federal land grants	In 1850, the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)	15
5055106427	John Tyler	He was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Benjamin Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)	16
5055106430	Oregon territory	This was a vast territory on the Pacific coast that stretched as far north as the Alaskan border. Originally the United States was interested in all the territory, but in 1846 Britain and the U.S. agreed to divide the territory at the 49th Parallel, today's border between Canada and the United States. (p. 232)	17
5055106431	Fifty-four Forty or Fight	The slogan of James K. Polk's plan for the Oregon Territory. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° latitude (near present-day Alaska) and were willing to fight Britain over it. Eventually, 49 degrees latitude was adopted as the northern border of the United States, and there was no violence. (p. 232)	18
5055106432	James K. Polk	The eleventh U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. He was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and a protege of Andrew Jackson. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. (p. 232)	19
5055106440	Wilmot Proviso	In 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)	20
5055106455	Franklin Pierce	In 1852, he was elected the fourteenth president of the United States. (p. 236)	21
5055106441	Ostend Manifesto	The United States offered to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States, it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Franklin Pierce to drop the plan. (p. 235)	22
5055106422	Texas	In 1823, Texas won its national independence from Spain. The annexation of this state was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect James Polk. This annexation contributed to the Mexican War because the border with Mexico was in dispute. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)	23
5055106423	Stephen Austin	In the 1820s, his father had obtained and large land grant in Texas. He brought 300 families from Missouri to settle in Texas. (p. 231)	24
5055106424	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	In 1834, he established himself as dictator of Mexico and attempted to enforce Mexico's laws in Texas. In March 1836 a group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He then led an army which attacked the Alamo in San Antonio, killing all the American defenders. Shortly after that, Sam Houston led an army that captured him and he was forced to sign a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. (p. 231)	25
5055106425	Sam Houston	In March 1836, he led a group of American settlers that revolted against Mexico and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He led an army that captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent republic. As the first president of the Republic of Texas, he applied to the U.S. government for Texas to be added as a new state. It was many years before the U.S. would act to add Texas as a state. (p. 231)	26
5055106426	Alamo	The mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders. The event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto. Eventually Texas would join the United States. (p. 231)	27
5055106428	Aroostook War	In the early 1840s, there was a dispute over the the British North America (Canada) and Maine border. Open fighting broke out between rival groups of lumbermen. The conflict was soon resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. (p. 231)	28
5055106429	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	In this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)	29
5182378168	Rio Grande; Nueces River	In the 1840s the United States believed the southern Texas border was the Rio Grande River. Mexico believed the border was further north on the Nueces River. (p. 233)	30
5055106433	Mexican War (1846-1847)	A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)	31
5055106434	Zachary Taylor	In 1845, this U.S. general, moved his troops into disputed territory in Texas, between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. Eleven of his soldiers were killed by Mexican troops and President James Polk used the incident to justify starting the Mexican War. He used of force of 6,000 to invade northern Mexico and won a major victory at Buena Vista. In 1848, he was elected president. (p. 233, 234)	32
5055106454	Winfield Scott	This U.S. general invaded central Mexico with an army of 14,000. They took the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)	33
5055106435	Stephen Kearney	This U.S. general led a small army of less than 1,500 that succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California during the Mexican War. (p. 234)	34
5055106436	John C. Fremont	In June 1846, he overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed California to be an independent republic, the Bear Flag Republic. (p. 234)	35
5055106437	California; Bear Flag Republic	In June 1846, John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)	36
5055106438	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	In 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War. Under its terms, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, Mexico ceded the California and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)	37
5055106439	Mexican Cession	Historical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that were ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (p 234)	38
5055106442	Walker Expedition	An expedition by a Southern adventurer who unsuccessfully tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when a coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him, and he was executed. (p. 236)	39
5055106443	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. (p. 236)	40
5055106444	Gadsden Purchase	In 1853, the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)	41
5182383330	foreign commerce	In the mid-1800s, the growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products (Western grains and Southern cotton) caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)	42
5182393501	exports and imports	In the mid-1800s, the U.S. was exporting primarily manufactured goods and agriculture products such as Western grains and Southern cotton. Imports also increased during this period. (p. 238, 239)	43
5055106452	Matthew C. Perry; Japan	Commodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent to force Japan to open up its ports to trade with the U.S. (p. 239)	44

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 2 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 2 The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754

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7235461754	Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore	In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27)	0
7235461755	Act of Toleration	The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27)	1
7235461756	Roger Williams	A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29)	2
7235461757	Providence	This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29)	3
7235461758	Anne Hutchinson	This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29)	4
7235461759	antinomianism	The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. (p. 29)	5
7235461760	Rhode Island	In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30)	6
7235461761	Halfway covenant	In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31)	7
7235461762	Quakers	Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34)	8
7235461763	William Penn	In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34)	9
7235461766	rice plantations	These plantations required a large land area and many slaves. (p. 37)	10
7235461767	tobacco farms	As Tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. (p. 37)	11
7235461769	Jamestown	In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25)	12
7235461770	Captain John Smith	Because of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25)	13
7235461771	John Rolfe	He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25)	14
7235461772	Pocahontas	She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25)	15
7235461773	Puritans	Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26)	16
7235461774	Separatists	Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of their travels. (p. 26)	17
7235461776	Mayflower	In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26)	18
7235461777	Plymouth Colony	This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26)	19
7235461778	John Winthrop	In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26)	20
7235461779	Great Migration	This movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (p. 26)	21
7235461780	Virginia	Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29)	22
7235461783	Connecticut	In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30)	23
7235461784	New Hampshire	Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31)	24
7235461785	The Carolinas	In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32)	25
7235461786	New York	In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33)	26
7235461787	New Jersey	The territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33)	27
7235461788	Pennsylvania	In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34)	28
7235461789	Delaware	In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34)	29
7235461790	Georgia	In 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34)	30
7235461791	James Oglethorpe	Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35)	31
7235461792	Wampanoags	An American Indian tribe led by Metacom. (p. 31)	32
7235461793	Metacom	This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31)	33
7235461794	King Philip's War	From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31)	34
7235461795	Mayflower Compact	In 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27)	35
7235461796	Virginia House of Burgesses	In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27)	36
7235461797	Sir William Berkeley	Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29)	37
7235461798	Bacon's Rebellion	In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29)	38
7235461799	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30)	39
7235461800	New England Confederation	In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31)	40
7235461802	corporate colonies	Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24)	41
7235461803	royal colonies	Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24)	42
7235461804	proprietary colonies	Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24)	43
7235461805	Chesapeake Colonies	In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27)	44
7235461806	joint-stock company	Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24)	45
7235461807	Virginia Company	England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25)	46
7235461808	mercantilism	An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35)	47
7235461809	Navigation Acts	Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade. * Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. * All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England. * Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. (p. 35)	48
7235461810	Dominion of New England	James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit. (p. 36)	49
7235461811	Sir Edmund Andros	In 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. (p. 36)	50
7235461813	indentured servants	Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (p. 28)	51
7235461814	headright system	A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage. (p. 28)	52
7235461816	triangular trade	Merchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum. (p. 37)	53
7235461817	Middle Passage	Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (p. 38)	54

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AP US History: Imperialism Flashcards

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6264039752	Alfred T. Mahan	United States Navy officer; his ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I; wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History	0
6264039754	Dupuy de Lóme	He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War.	1
6264039755	Theodore Roosevelt	26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War.	2
6264039757	Emilio Aguinaldo	Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.	3
6264039758	William Howard Taft	(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson.	4
6264039760	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.	5
6264039761	Spheres of Influence	Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly; China was carved into several of these by the late 19th century	6
6264039762	Teller Amendment	Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war.	7
6264039763	Treaty of Paris	Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War.	8
6264039764	Anti-Imperialist League	Group objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900.	9
6264039765	Boxer Rebellion	1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.	10
6264039766	"Rough Riders"	volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt	11
6264039767	Big-stick Diplomacy	-roosevelts foreign policy was agressive and imperialistic and would use military force if necessary	12
6264039768	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	13
6264039769	Mckinley Tariff	raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the USA	14
6264039770	USS Maine	american battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over cuba in early 1898 it mysteriously blew up havana harbor on feb. 2 1898 w/260 sailors dead, explosion was accidental, USA thought it was spanish submarine fault and was ready for war	15
6264039771	Insular Cases	These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.	16
6264039772	Platt Amendment	US forced into Cuban Constitution. Cuba could not make treaties with other nations; US had right to intervene in Cuba; US naval bases on Cuban land; Cuba cant borrow money from other countries	17
6264039773	Open Door Note	sent by John Hay to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.	18
6264039775	Root-Takahira Agreement	1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.	19
6264039778	Queen Liliuokalani	queen of Hawaii that highly didnt agree w the US control of Hawaii and wanted to keep the islands mainly native, reducing the power of merchants from foreign nations.	20
6264039779	John Hay	Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the "open-door" policy and Panama canal	21
6264039780	Yellow Press	Journalist who wrote to influence american public opinion about the Spanish/American War ( influenced americans to think they needed to go to war with Spain)	22
6264039781	Hawaii	Know where it is located on the map. Also know facts about Hawaii (Queen Liliuokalani, Cleveland didn't want to annex Hawaii, Mckinley did. )	23
6264039782	Alaska	Purchased from Russia in 1867; nicknamed "Seward's Folly"	24
6264039783	"Gentlemen's Agreement"	informal and secret arrangement b/w TR and Japan in which California discrimination laws were relaxed in exchange for limits on Japanese immigration to the US	25
6264039785	Sanford B. Dole	chief among the American planters in Hawaii who staged a coup against Queen Lili and requested US military support and annexation of the territory	26
6264039786	International Darwinism	philosophy that the fittest nations were those which exerted their military and economic influence over lesser nations; advocated strongly by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge	27

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