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AP Language Vocab Section 8 Flashcards

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5362940770ChimericalDefinition: existing only as the product of unchecked imagination; wildly fanciful POS: adj Synonyms: absurd, fantastic, fictional, imaginary, unfounded, fabulous, absurd, Utopian, fabulous Antonyms: actual, existent, existing, real, feasible, plausible, possible, rational0
5362940771DebacleDefinition: a sudden violent event that brings about great loss or destruction POS: N Synonyms: apocalypse, calamity, catastrophe, disaster, tragedy Antonyms: victory, success, triumph1
5362941985DenigrateDefinition: to attack the reputation of; to deny the importance or validity of POS: V Synonyms: belittle, deprecate, derogate, diminish, discount, dismiss, criticize, berate, calumniate, traduce Antonyms: acclaim, applaud, exalt, glorify, magnify, praise, laud (applaude), praise, extol2
5362941986EfficaciousDefinition: having the power to produce a desired effect POS: adj Synonyms: effective, efficient, operative, productive, puissant, strong Antonyms: fruitless, ineffective, ineffectual, inoperative, unproductive, useless, impotent, abortive3
5362943072EngenderDefinition: to be the cause of a situation, action, or state of mind; to bring something into existence POS: V Synonyms: beget, breed, bring about, bring on, catalyze, yield, induce, insight, generate Antonyms: impede, limit, restrict, crush, destroy, demolish, annihilate4
5362943073EsotericDefinition: intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest POS: adj Synonyms: abstruse, obscure, arcane, rarefied, recondite, abstract, mystical, deep, secret, occult Antonyms: common, familiar, known, obvious, public, unmysterious, understandable, comprehensible5
5362945220FactotumDefinition: an employee who does all kinds of work POS: N Synonyms: handyman6
5362945221kenDefinition: one's range of knowledge or sight POS: N Synonyms: knowledge, awareness, perception, vision, understanding, grasp, comprehension, realization, appreciation, consciousness, horizon, range, perception, understanding, comprehension, esoteric Antonyms: blindness, misconception, misinterpretation, mistake, misunderstanding, stupidity, unconsciousness7
5362945222MalingerDefinition: exaggerate or feign illness in order to escape duty or work POS: V Synonyms: pretend, feign, fake Antonyms: fulfill8
5362948355PeremptoryDefinition: insisting on immediate attention or obedience, especially in a brusquely imperious way; allowing no denial or refusal POS: adj Synonyms: abrupt, commanding, dictatorial, autocratic, authoritarian, absolute, imperious, brusque, bossy, domineering, imperative Antonyms: humble, meek, modest, unassuming, acquiescent, resigned, submissive, indefinite, subordinate9
5362949231PerspicuityDefinition: clearness or lucidity; ease in being understood POS: N Synonyms: lucidity, plainness, precision, prominence, clarity, opacity, Antonyms: ambiguity, imprecision, inexactness, inaccuracy, obscurity10
5362951037PlenaryDefinition: complete in every respect; full; not lacking in any way POS: adj Synonyms: comprehensive, entire, full, grand, intact, integral, perfect, complete, total, whole Antonyms: incomplete, partial, lacking11
5362951038SpeciousDefinition: superficially plausible, but actually wrong; appears to be true, but actually false; false sense of truth POS: adj Synonyms: misleading, deceptive, false, fallacious, unsound, spurious, deceptive, showy, counterfactual, pretentious, apparent, inaccurate, ostensible, erroneous Antonyms: accurate, correct, genuine, honest, real, right, true, truthful, valid, credible, profound12
5362951039SpuriousDefinition: not being what it purports to be; false or fake; not coming from the right source POS: adj Synonyms: bogus, fake, false, counterfeit, forges, fraudulent, sham, artificial, illegitimate, artificial, Pseudo, inauthentic, counterfeit Antonyms: genuine, actual, real, true, authentic13
5362952787SuperciliousDefinition: behaving or looking as though one thinks one is superior to others; patronizingly haughty POS: adj Synonyms: arrogant, haughty, conceited, disdainful, overbearing, pompous, condescending, insolent, superior Antonyms: humble, modest, inferior14
5362954220UrbanityDefinition: suavity, courteousness, and refinement of manner; state of being very polished and polite POS: N Synonyms: politeness, refinement, sophistication, elegance Antonyms: coarseness, crudeness, lowliness15
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AP World History Islam Flashcards

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7613000834ShiitesWho- Muslims What- Muslims who believed that God vests leadership of community in a decendant of Muhhamad Why- State religion of islam0
7613011938Umayyad CaliphateWho- Muslims What- First heredetary dynasty of muslim caliphs When- 661-750 Where- Spain to India1
7613030602MongolsWho- Nomads who took over Abbasid Caliphate What- Established an empire under Ghengis Khan When- 1206 Where Poland to North China2
7613091850MamluksWho- Turkic Slaves owned by Islamic Military What- Slaves who formed important part of army when- 9 and 10 centuries Where- From central Asia3
7613111278Bubonic PlagueWho- Mongols What- A bacterial disease transferred from animals to humans that causes high mortality rates4
7613127565Seljuk TurksWhat- Turkish Muslims state based on nomadic empires in 1930s in afganistan to anatolia.5
7613137881UmmaWho- Muslims What- Community of Muslims Where- Started in Mecca Why- Meccan Immigrants and Median groups banned together6
7613162972CaliphateWho- Muslims; Muhammad What- Office that would succeed Muhammad When- After Muhammad died in 632 Where- Islam Why- Rule Islam empire7
7613177929Quaran8
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Chapter 38 American Pageant 13th Edition Flashcards

APUSH PHS

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9725670038New FrontierPresident Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care.0
9725670039Peace CorpsA federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries. It provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world.1
9725670040ApolloProgram of manned space flights run by America's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The project's highest achievement was the landing of Apollo 11 on the moon on July 20, 1969.2
9725670041Berlin WallFortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West. Until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds.3
9725670042European Economic Community (EEC)Free trade zone in Western Europe created by Treaty of Rome in 1957. Often referred to as the "Common Market," this collection of countries originally included France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The body eventually expanded to become the European Union, which by 2005 included 27 member states.4
9725670043Bay of Pigs invasionCIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power. The mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in John F. Kennedy's presidency.5
9725670044Cuban Missile CrisisStandoff between John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in America's favor and represented a foreign policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world's superpowers perilously close to the brink of nuclear confrontation.6
9725670045Freedom RidersOrganized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement.7
9725670046Voter Education ProjectEffort by SNCC and other civil rights groups to register the South's historically disenfranchised black population. The project typified a common strategy of the civil rights movement, which sought to counter racial discrimination by empowering people at grassroots levels to exercise their civic rights through voting.8
9725670047March on WashingtonMassive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, the march was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech.9
9725670048Civil Rights Act of 1964Federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment.10
9725670049Affirmative ActionProgram designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education. The term grew from an executive order issued by John F. Kennedy in 1961 mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices. In the late 1960s, President Nixon's Philadelphia Plan changed the meaning of affirmative action to require attention to certain groups, rather than protect individuals against discrimination.11
9725670050Great SocietyPresident Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic policy agenda. Billed as a successor to the New Deal, it aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty. It's programs included the War on Poverty, which expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and the poor. Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots levels.12
9725670051Freedom SummerA voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by a coalition of civil rights groups. The campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists.13
9725670052Mississippi Freedom Democratic PartyPolitical party organized by civil rights activists to challenge Mississippi's delegation to the Democratic National Convention, who opposed the civil rights planks in the party's platform. Claiming a mandate to represent the true voice of Mississippi, where almost no black citizens could vote, it demanded to be seated at the convention but were denied by party bosses. The effort was both a setback to civil rights activism in the south and a motivation to continue to struggle for black voting rights.14
9725670053Voting Rights Act of 1965Legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballotdenying tactics, such as literary tests and intimidation. It was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal.15
9725670054Black Panther PartyOrganization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965.16
9725670055Black PowerDoctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965. It's activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights.17
9725670056Six-Day WarMilitary conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, including Syria, Egypt, and Jordan. The war ended with an Israeli victory and territorial expansion into the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. The 1967 war was a humiliation for several Arab states, and the territorial disputes it created formed the basis for continued conflict in the region.18
9725670057Stonewall RebellionUprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to a rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 1960s.19
9725670058Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)A campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "participatory democracy," it emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar movements during the 1960s.20
9725670059Robert F. Kennedyyounger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidental canidate in 1968, launching a popular challange to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assasinated in California on June 6, 196821
9725670060Robert S. McNamaraBusinessman turned secretary of defense from 1961-1968, he was the author of the "flexible response" doctrine, which created a variety of military options and avoided a stark choice between nuclear warfare and none at all. As defense secretary, he was the chief architect of the Vietnam War.22
9725670061Ngo Dinh Diemfirst president of South Vietnam, where he took power following the Geneva Accords in 1954. He was propped up by the United States unti lhe was overthrown and assassinated by a coup in 196323
9725670062James Meredithin 1962 became the first black American to attend the Univesity of Mississippi after beign blocked several times by segregationist politicians. An icon of the Civil Rights Movement, this person receded from public view following his brace steps toward educational integration24
9725670063Lee Harvey OswaldEx-Marine and communist and communist sympathizer who assassianted JFK in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was murdered two days later as he was being transferred from one jail to another25
9725670064Malcom Xblack militant, radical minister, and spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964. Having eschewed his family name "Little," he preached of doctrine of no compromise with white society. He was assasinated in New York City in 196526
9725670065Eugene McCarthyLiberal anti-war senator from Minnesota who rallied a lrage youth movement behind his presidental campaign in 1968. Challenging sitting president Johnson in the New Hampshire primary, he captured 41% of the vote and helped ensure that Johnson would quit the race27
9725670066George C. WallaceSouthern populist and and segregationist, as governor of Alabama, he famously defended his state's policies of racial segregation. He ran for president several times as a Democrat, but achieved his greatest influence when he ran as a third-party canidate in 1968, winning five states28
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American pageant 13th edition chapter 20 Flashcards

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8564540752Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederacy. Leading the confederacy would prove difficult, as the South's constitution stated its own states could secede. Some state troops refused to serve outside their borders. Davis often had disputes with his own congress.0
8564610645Writ of Habeas Corpusstated that a citizen could not be held without a trial. was suspended by Lincoln since the Congress was not in session1
8564659427draft riotsCongress passed a federal draft law in 1863. Men who were called in the draft could pay $300 to buy a replacement, so it was unfair to the poor. Poor irish Americans rioted. South also resorted to conscriptions, and men could buy exemption2
8564770701border statesMissouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia. They were the only slave states that hadn't seceded from the Union. The Border States contained the Ohio River, a vital necessity for both the North and South. Lincoln's official reason for the war was to preserve the Union, not to end slavery. Supporting an end to slavery would likely have caused the pro-slavery Border States to also secede.3
8564782033Fort Sumterfirst shots. Fort Sumter, in the Charleston harbor, needed supplies in order to support its men. Therefore, Lincoln told the South that the North was sending provisions to the fort, not supplies for reinforcement. Taking the move by Lincoln as an act of aggression, the South Carolinians fired upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.4
8564798938South Carolina's assault on Fort SumterCaused four more Upper south states to secede and join the Confederacy5
8564806895Anaconda Plan3 Part Military Strategy 1) Naval Blockade 2) Union boats down Mississippi -Split Confederacy 3) Capture Richmond -South's capital6
8564825329Federal Conscription Law7
8600918253Total Wartowards end of civil war, attacked civilian targets8
8600918254Marylandmost border states stayed willingly, which one was taken with martial law?9
8600918255Reverdy Johnsonsenator from Maryland who was Dred Scott's defense attorney10
8601020955who were the border statesMissouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia11
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Biochemistry Flashcards

Sapling BIology Ch 2 - Chemistry of Life

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5169213484matteranything composed of atoms0
5169213485elementA collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.1
5169213486compoundA substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds2
5169213487molecule2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds3
5169213488solidA state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume.4
5169213489liquidA state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape.5
5169213490gasA state of matter with no definite shape or volume6
5169213491organic compoundCompounds that contain carbon (except: CO & CO2)7
5169213492hydrocarbonCompounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen8
5169213493polar moleculeMolecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges9
5169213494hydrogen bondBond created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule10
5169213495CohesionAttraction between molecules of the same substance11
5169213496AdhesionAn attraction between molecules of different substances12
5169213497macromoleculeA very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules13
5169213498polymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds14
5169213499monomerA simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers15
5169213500carbohydratesComposed of CHO in 1:2:1 ratio. Main source of energy in your diet16
5169213501monosaccharideA single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.17
5169213502disaccharideA double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.18
5169213503polysaccharideCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides19
5169213504disaccharide examplessucrose, maltose, lactose20
5169213505monosaccaride examplesglucose, fructose, galactose21
5169213506polysaccharide examplesstarch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin22
5169213507proteinAmino acids joined by peptide bonds which make up structures and carry out functions of an organism. CHONS23
5169213508amino acidBuilding blocks (monomers) of protein24
5169213509dipeptideA combination of two amino acids united by means of a peptide bond.25
5169213510polypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.26
5169213511primary structure of proteinThe sequence of amino acids bonded with peptide bonds27
5169213512secondary stucture of proteinresults from hydrogen bonds developing between atoms at different parts of the chain causing helix or pleated sheet28
5169213513tertiary structure of proteinHow the chain folds into three dimensions - due to interactions between the R groups of distant amino acids - due to disulfide-bridges29
5169213514quarternary structure of proteinoverall protein structure, combining 2 or more polypeptides30
5169213515nucleic acidsC, H, O, N, P - contain genetic information31
5169213516nucleotideA monomer of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.32
5169213517nucleic acid polymersDNA & RNA33
5169213518LipidEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of CHO34
5169213519triglycerideA molecule made up of three fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol; Does energy storage, thermal insulation, binds and cushions organs, fills space35
5169213520phospholipidA lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes36
5169213521fatty acid chainMake up saturated fat, carbon surrounded by hydrogens37
5169213522glycerolA three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.38
5169213523hydrophilic"water-loving"; pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water39
5169213524hydrophobic"Water-fearing"; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve in water.40
5169213525chemical reactionA change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances41
5169213526reactantA starting material in a chemical reaction42
5169213527productAn ending material in a chemical reaction.43
5169213528dehydration synthesisA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.44
5169213529hydrolysisBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water45
5169213530catalysta substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected46
5169213531enzymeA type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing (a biological catalyst)47
5169213532activation energyEnergy needed to get a reaction started48
5169213533substrateA substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.49
5169213534active siteThe site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate50
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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3482491577Atombasic building block of matter0
3482491578Ionan atom with an excess charge; Na+, Cl-1
3482491579Isotopeatoms that differ only by the number of neutrons; C13, C14 (radioactive-carbon dating)2
3482491580Compoundtwo or more different kinds of atoms or elements combined; H2O, CO23
3482491581Carbohydrateorganic compound that contains hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio; ring shaped; made of sugars4
3482491582Monosaccharideone sugar molecule; ex. glucose5
3482491583Disaccharidetwo sugar molecules joined together; ex. maltose, lactose6
3482491584Amino acidbuilding blocks of proteins7
3482491585Dipeptideformed by joining two amino acids8
3482491586Polypeptidea chain of multiple amino acids joined together9
3482491587Proteinorganic compound that contains C,H,O,N; made of amino acids10
3482491588Covalent bondchemical bond formed by sharing electrons; ex. H2O, CO211
3482491589Organicany substance that contains the elements Carbon and Hydrogen12
3482491590Inorganicany substance that does NOT contain Carbon and Hydrogen together, ex. H2O13
3482491591Acida compound that produces excess Hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; pH less than 714
3482491592Basea compound that produces excess hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; pH greater than 715
3482491593Neutrala molecule that contains no electrical charge or has equal H+ and OH- ions; pH 716
3482491594pH scalea unit of measure that determines the acidity of a solution17
3482491595Lipidorganic compound that contains C,H,O; made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol18
3482491596Hydrolysisbreaking down large molecules by adding water19
3482491597Dehydration Synthesisbuilding large molecules by taking out water20
3482491598Catalystgets a chemical reaction started; ex. fire21
3482491599Enzymeorganic catalyst made out of protein; needed for all chemical reactions22
3482491600Productcreated as a result of a chemical reaction23
3482491601Reactants (Raw Materials)materials that are needed for or used in a chemical reaction24
3482491602Moleculesmallest amount of an element or compound capable of independent motion (ex. H2O, O2, H2)25
3482491603Chromatographya technique used to separate molecules such as plant pigments based on their chemical properties26
3482491604Photosynthesiscapturing light energy to make food from CO2 and H2O; occurs in chloroplasts27
3482491605Cellular respirationreleasing the energy in chemical bonds to generate ATP; occurs in mitochondria28
3482491606ATPsource of energy used by all cells29
3482491607Glucosesimple sugar used in cellular respiration30
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