| 5903677158 | through the 1800's, imperialist powers hold land from | Indonesia, Africa, Australia, South East Asia, New Zealand, and India | | 0 |
| 5903687947 | four areas not in imperialist rule in 19th century | Russia, Middle East (ottoman empire), east asia (china, korea, japan), latin america | | 1 |
| 5903707876 | causes of political change | creole elites in the Americas begin to question colonial relationship in late 18th C: majority of population joins because of new taxes and harsher government, events in europe precipitate events in the americas | | 2 |
| 5903722430 | four events with an impact on the revolutions | - american revolution
- french revolution
- mask of ferdinand
- haitian revolution | | 3 |
| 5903732618 | american revolution and impact on latin america | model of how to break with a mother country | | 4 |
| 5903736871 | french revolution and impact on latin america | liberty, quality, fraternity appeal to some but not to the elile | | 5 |
| 5903794885 | mask of ferdinand and impact on latin america | juntas set up to rule in deposed kings name because of confused political situation following the invasion of napoleon (crisis of legitimacy) | | 6 |
| 5903824557 | 1804: Toussaint L'Overture establishes haiti after a slave revolt in 1791 impact on latin america | - latin america elites want to avoid social upheaval of slave rebellion
- for people of color, haiti is a symbol of freedom | | 7 |
| 5903838782 | other reasons independence movements began in latin america in the 1800s | unhappy with mercantilism, harsh laws, taxes
nationalism | | 8 |
| 5903846070 | mexico independence movement 1810 | father miguel de hidalgo plots with creoles, but turns to mestizos and indians - loses support of the creoles | | 9 |
| 5903859774 | mexico independence movement 1820 | augustin de iturbide is sent to eliminate the indian, mestizo, and creole insurgents because govt is weak; instead he negotiates with them and in 1821 he is proclaimed emperor in mexico city | | 10 |
| 5903878104 | is augustin de iturbide considered a nationalist | no, but he is considered an independence leader | | 11 |
| 5903888963 | mexico independence movement 1824 | mexico becomes a republic and fails to unify with central american stares which instead become their own independent nations | | 12 |
| 5916322393 | nationalist leader simon bolivar | skilled creole officer 1817-1822 wins a series of victories against spain in venezuela, columbia, and ecuador (becomes gran columbia until 1830)
refuses to become king so governments are republics |  | 13 |
| 5916336679 | why did gran columbia split into separate countries after 1830 | communication and transportation systems of the time could not support that big of a country | | 14 |
| 5916345195 | nationalist leader jose de san martin | - active in the rio de la plata region
- buenos aires is an economic center in south america and represents spanish
- gain independence in 1810, by 1816 officially called the united provinces of the Rio de la Plata (bolivia, paraguay, uraguay, argentina) but not really united
- leads army in chile and peru for independence |  | 15 |
| 5916365822 | what also leads to independence movements in other regions | nationalism and dissatisfaction with current political system also lead to independence movements in other regions | | 16 |
| 5916372056 | by what year is all of spanish south america independent | 1825 | | 17 |
| 5916379370 | brazil as a colony | many slaves imported to colony b/c of desire for sugar, cotton, and cocoa. planters want open trade and taxes but fear a slave revolt like in haiti, wealthy do not want to risk change | | 18 |
| 5916389372 | 1807-brazil independence | french troops invade portugal and royal family flees to brazil, rio de janeiro becomes the capital of the portugues empire (ports of brazil are open to world commerce) | | 19 |
| 5916398139 | 1820-brazil independence | napoleon is gone and there is a liberal revolution in portugal and king returns with parliament to portugual but leaves his son behind | | 20 |
| 5916409160 | advice king of portugal gave to his son when leaving him behind in brazil | "if there is a revolution, lead it" | | 21 |
| 5916411375 | 1822-brazil independence | Dom Pedro I declares independence and becomes the first constitutional emperor of brazil, unlike former spanish american colonies that become republics, brazil is a monarchy | | 22 |
| 5916421736 | in general, areas settled last by the spanish in the americas get their independence | first | | 23 |
| 5916426816 | why do US and Britian want Latin American countries to have their independence | they want to trade bc of industrialization and imperialism | | 24 |
| 5916433038 | shared ideas of independence leaders | - representative govt
- careers open to talent
- freedom of commerce and trade
- right to private property
- a belief in the individual as the basis of society | | 25 |
| 5936518789 | conservatives wants vs others on religion | conservatives want to maintain christianity as the official religion and others want freedom of religion | | 26 |
| 5936518790 | egalitarian ideas are common in early independence movements (ex abolish slavery) | however keep indian tributes and taxes bc need revenue | | 27 |
| 5936518791 | restrictions put on voters | literacy or property restrictions are put on voters bc of concerns about mass of population being unprepared for self rule and democracy | | 28 |
| 5936518792 | political fragmentatikn | regional rivalries, economic competition, and political divisions made unification impossible | | 29 |
| 5936518793 | political fragmentation examples | - mexico 1820-1823 monarchy, 1823 republic that is not stable until 1860
- central america separates bc of rivalry
- dominican republic 1844 independence from haiti
- cuba and puerto rico remain loyal bc creoles fear a haitian style revolt | | 30 |
| 5936518794 | gran colombia 1819-1830 | ecuador, colombia, panama, and venezuela (originally united by simon bolivar) | | 31 |
| 5936518795 | rio de la plata | argentina, paraguay, uruguay | | 32 |
| 5936518796 | consolidation and union are partly limited by | geographic barriers, distance between and within regions and poor roads | | 33 |
| 5936518797 | caudillos | - independent leaders who dominated local areas and sometimes even national governments
- based on force of personality
- usually in it for themselves but can represent other groups
- rafael carrera 1839-1865 mestizos in guatemala | | 34 |
| 5936518798 | military | can make it unmake govts
govts spend a lot of money to keep them in the barracks | | 35 |
| 5936518799 | two kinds of republic | centralist and federalist | | 36 |
| 5936518800 | centralist republic | want a strong central government | | 37 |
| 5936518801 | federalist republic | tax and commercial policies set by regional govts | | 38 |
| 5936518802 | liberals | rights of individuals
federal
us and france as models
secular | | 39 |
| 5936518803 | conservatives | strong centralized state
maintain colonial structure
groups not individuals
religious | | 40 |
| 5936518804 | governments and constitutions change rapidly in some places | only those w compromise tend to survive | | 41 |
| 5936567776 | general patterns in 19th century | liberal reformers try new programs in 20s and 30s to change colonial systems and follow western european patterns, societies were often unprepared for drastic change, by 1840s slow or stop reform measures, some conservative landowners and peasants work against reformers bc want colonialism back | | 42 |
| 5936567777 | mexico | federalist republic founded in 1824 based on principles of france and us | | 43 |
| 5936567778 | problems in mexico are | maldistribution of land, status of indians, problems with education, large # of poor | | 44 |
| 5936567779 | problems in mexican politics | conservative centralists vs liberal federalists vs commercial agents of us and britian | | 45 |
| 5936567780 | who gains power in mexico in 1835 and why | general santa anna, liberals start new reforms but backlash from attacks on church leads to general santa anna gaining power | | 46 |
| 5936567781 | what treaty ends mexico american war in 1848 | treaty of guadalupe hidalgo: mexico loses 1/2 of land but 5% of population | | 47 |
| 5936567782 | define annex | legislatively declares part of their territory | | 48 |
| 5936567783 | benito juarez (1806-1872) | indian w legal education | | 49 |
| 5936567784 | la reforma 1854 | liberal revolt created new liberal constitution w end of military and church privileges and indian communal land, peasants and indian lose land | | 50 |
| 5936567785 | by 1910 what % of mexican population landless | 50% | | 51 |
| 5936567786 | conservative reaction to liberal measures in mexico | ask napoleon III of france for help, sends an austrian noble in 1862 (maximillian von hapsburg) | | 52 |
| 5936567787 | maximillian von hapsburg | emperor of mexico in 1862, gets executed, juarez supporters return to power and french withdraw | | 53 |
| 5936567788 | by the end of the 19th century foreign industrialists and mexican upper class control all land and business | peasants oppressed, heading for a revolution in 1910 | | 54 |
| 5936567789 | economic | new markets can help transform states w political/economic problems into stable liberal govts | | 55 |
| 5958962098 | who supports latin america and prevents recolonization in early 1800s | us and britain: monroe doctrine 1823, commercial advantages for us and britain (ability to trade with new nations) | | 56 |
| 5958972071 | economics 1820-1870 | britain in some places replaces spain as a market for latin american goods, port cities benefit from open trade (exception: can hurt local industry because can't compete with cheap products from europe) | | 57 |
| 5958989631 | mid century stagnation 1820-1850 | latin american economy is stagnant: poor transportation network, little capital for industry (people scared to incest in new country bc not sure if they're going to make it) | | 58 |
| 5958998987 | economic change | after 1850, european economy expands and creates new demands for latin american products (guano-natural resource, bird droppings used as fertilizer) |  | 59 |
| 5959017612 | latin american economy improves, economic growth leads to political and social change | peru: 10 million pounds of guano-ends slavery
transportation improves with trains and steam ships, cities expand | | 60 |
| 5959047454 | latin american economy is more vulnerable to events in world history | industrialization does not occur in 19th C latin america | | 61 |
| 5959090118 | the great boom 1880-1920 | european and us demand for industrial goods leads to economic boom in asia, africa, and latin america | | 62 |
| 5959101064 | latin america has export led economic expansion | vulnerable if exports stop | | 63 |
| 5959106941 | liberal ideas in latin american economy | individual freedoms, open market, limited govt. involvement in economy (ideas popular in middle class, landowners, miners, merchants) | | 64 |
| 5959120946 | economic resurgence | Latin american economy doubles in 60 years | | 65 |
| 5959133806 | leaders of post 1860 grew up after independence and are inspired by US and britain | want progress, education, free competition, secular society
- see masses as barbaric and introduce "ideas out of place"
- some land owners take peasant land to maintain economic growth | | 66 |
| 5959154073 | alliances formed with wealthy traditional aristocrats and urban powers | can promote business at expense of peasants and working class | | 67 |
| 5959160829 | expansion led by exports | ex: rubber and coffee from brazil | | 68 |
| 5959169402 | with high demand, countries make $ and import foreign goods | problem: always dependent on external conditions = vulnerable and dependent (WWI affects Latin america bc countries no longer importing latin american goods) | | 69 |
| 5959182478 | rivalry can lead to war | war of the pacific: chile vs bolivia and peru for raw materials "fertilizer war" | | 70 |
| 5959194692 | foreign countries want to invest in growing economies | especially britain | | 71 |
| 5959223298 | panama canal and link to imperialism | increased interest in building canal across 1800s partly because the us acquired colonies in the pacific region | | 72 |
| 5959236109 | argentina | 1880s indians defeated in south of buenos aires and more land open to ranching: use telegraph, railroad, and repeating rifles | | 73 |
| 5959286344 | ranching is big industry in argentina | buenos aires is cultural center in south america (called "paris" of latin america) | | 74 |
| 5959298959 | argentina: generation of 1880 | political leaders inherit liberal programs and expanding economy = high income | | 75 |
| 5959305913 | argentina: technological changes = prosperity | refrigeration - shipping beef | | 76 |
| 5959308218 | golondrinas | work one harvest in italy and one in south america | | 77 |
| 5959317766 | argentina: immigration is common | 1/3 foreign born = cultural diffusion, europeanize argentina | | 78 |
| 5959322631 | brazil | post period of economic growth and prosperity, communication and transportation improve | | 79 |
| 5959326053 | dom pedro II (brazil) | is enlightened figure with middle class habits | | 80 |
| 6010227104 | communication and transportation improve in brazil and immigration increases | workers from Italy and Portugal lessen the need for slaves | | 81 |
| 6010227105 | in brazil coffee is the new export crop that changes economy | 60% of exports is coffee by 1880 | | 82 |
| 6010227106 | fazendas | coffee estates | | 83 |
| 6010227107 | in brazil slavery intensifies shortly bc of coffee estates | it is primary form of labor | | 84 |
| 6010227108 | abolitionist movement starts | 1870, ends 1888 | | 85 |
| 6010227109 | eventually support for brazilian monarchy fades | 1899 almost bloodless coup establishes republic | | 86 |
| 6010227110 | positivism | material progress with scientific principles in govt and society | | 87 |
| 6010227111 | tension in latin america | european ideas vs american reality; elite vs folk culture; slow social change for minorities, growing ideas of americanism, move from spanish to english and french models | | 88 |
| 6010227112 | latin america is now open to influence from all of europe | not just spain | | 89 |
| 6010227113 | tastes and fashions from europe are adopted by the elites | especially france and neo classicism; 1830s romanticism with focus on nationalism (historical images, indians, local customs) on the exotic in their cultures | | 90 |
| 6010295772 | history writing is political and organizes ideas about present | novelists deal with greed and corruption | | 91 |
| 6010308935 | culture of masses is little affected by culture of | the elites | | 92 |
| 6010313108 | traditional arts and folk music flourish but | old patterns persist in this period for some groups (women). women played an active role in independence movement but after independence there is no change in status | | 93 |
| 6010326241 | status of women after independence stays the same | seen as wives and mothers, no vote, no public office, can do little without father/husband permission, lower class women have more freedom (market) | | 94 |
| 6010355170 | laws abolish caste but skin color and former slave status affect opportunities, expansion of export economy perpetuates old patterns | small white creole class dominates politics and economy, immigration changes economy | | 95 |
