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AP World History-Unit 2 Flashcards

7236300726	Civilization	An area that meets certain political, economic, and technological criteria	0
7236302413	Babylon	The most important city in southern Mesopotamia in the "historical period." 1900 BCE- 1600 BCE	1
7236306974	Sumerians	The earliest people living in Mesopotamia in the "historical period." 4500 BCE-1900 BCE	2
7236311219	Semitic	A family of related languages that have long been spoken across parts of Western Asia and Northern Africa. Ex. Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic	3
7236317985	City-State	Independent urban centers that controlled the surrounding agricultural territories.	4
7236343542	Hammurabi	(r. 1792 BCE-1750 BCE) Started a series of military campaigns "Law of Code" creator ft. severe physical punishments	5
7236350852	Scribes	Trained professionals who used their reading and writing abilities for administrative tasks.	6
7236353693	Ziggurat	a multi-story, mud brick, pyramid shaped tower Theorized to be used for religious and political things	7
7236365092	Amulet	Small charms that are meant to protect the bearer from evil	8
7236404007	Cuneiform	The Mesopotamian writing system A sharpened reed made wedge shaped impressions into a moist clay tablet Difficult to master	9
7236407247	Ma'at	The order of the universe Link between his (king's) people and the gods	10
7236410501	Pyramid	Used as tombs for pharaohs	11
7236411638	Memphis	Located on the Lower Nile Capital during the Old Kingdom	12
7236412947	Thebes	South Prominent during the Middle and New Kingdom	13
7236414856	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing system Picture symbols=words, syllables, sounds	14
7236426224	Papyrus	Writing material (Egyptian) Exported in large quantities	15
7236432504	Mummy	The body of a human or animal that has undergone the preservation process. Done so that the body can be used in the afterlife.	16
7242468193	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	The modern names of the two cities that provided the most information on the Indus Valley Culture	17

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ap world history chapter 20 Flashcards

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9294614425	central powers	world War I alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.	0
9294614426	bolsheviks	a party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.	1
9294616087	collective security	a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all.	2
9294616088	conscription	compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.	3
9294617670	democratic centralism	decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests.	4
9294617671	eastern front	fighting on the German-Russian, Austro-Russian, and Austro-Romanian fronts.	5
9294617672	fascism	an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.	6
9294619443	five year plans	Stalin's attempts to increase Soviet industrial and agricultural output.	7
9294680638	fourteen points	wilson's plan for world peace following world war I.	8
9294680639	genocide	systematic killing of a racial or cultural group.	9
9294680640	island-hopping	the act of recapturing some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others.	10
9294681783	league of nations	international body of nations formed in 1919 to prevent wars.	11
9294681784	mandate system	governing without owning the territory.	12
9294701371	margin (stock)	borrowing money from a broker.	13
9294729328	nationalism	love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it.	14
9294729329	protectionalism	high tariff barriers meant to protect each country's industries	15

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AP World History - Period 6 Flashcards

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9801720386	Suburbanization	A demographic movement of people from urban areas into suburbs. It is usually associated with the growth of the middle class and increasing economic progress.	0
9801730962	Alliance systems: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente	The two alliance systems in Europe that led up to World War I. The Triple Alliance included the Germans, Austro-Hungarians, and Italians. The Triple Entente included the Russians, French, and Serbians.	1
9801754588	Zimmermann Telegram	A coded telegram dispatched by Germany's foreign secretary that was intercepted by the British. The message was from the German ambassador Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico promising that Mexico would get back land in the southwest U.S. if it entered World War I against the U.S	2
9801768821	Bolsheviks	The leaders of the Russian Communist Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin	3
9801775182	Vladimir Lenin (Russia)	ruled 1917 to 1924 The leader of the Russian Revolution. He advocated for a communist intelligentisa to lead the poor farmeres into the communist revolution.	4
9801799208	Joseph Stalin (Russia)	A leader in the communist revolution. He exploited teh differences between Leon Trotsky and Nicolai Bukarin to take power.	5
9801807329	Collectivization	A government policty in communist governments to pursue rapid industrialization. Farmers would farm common land and would then be taxed on their produce, and the produce would be sold on the international market to get money for building industrial cities.	6
9801817774	Totalitarianism	A type of government that controlls all aspects of individual life in order to create soical order. It was most used by communist governments in Russia, China, Vietnam, North Korea, and Cuba	7
9801824986	Armenian genocide	The Young Turks during World War I saw the Armenian Christians as an internal threat. The Young Turks argued taht the Armenians would join up with the RUssians in World War I. The Young Turks tried to eliminate Armenians through exile or murder.	8
9801838848	The Fourteen Points	Woodrow Wilson developed a plan afater World War I to ensure long-term peace. It included 14 points but is best sumamrized as folows: - Freedom of the seas for trade - Open diplomacy - No secret alliances - Limited production of arms - Creation of the League of Nations	9
9801862444	Treaty of Versailles	1919 The treaty ending World War I. The British and French humilitated teh Germans by blaming them for World War I and demanding they pay for all of the war damages.	10
9801872320	League of Nations and United Nations	Both were international institutions created after the World WArs. The League of Nations was created for collective security. The idea was to stop countries from starting wars by forcing them to follow international laws. The United Nations was created as a place for international diplomacy.	11
9801886535	Russian communism vs. Chinese communism	Both Russian and Chinse communism attempted to form collectives of farms.The Chinese tried to maintain traditional farming practices thorugh government-mandated collectivized farming.	12
9801897506	Fascism	A political ideology of extreme nationalism. The dictatorial government believes in national and/or racial superiority and in controlling citizens for social order and economic control.	13
9801910563	Atlantic Charter	1941 An agreement between the U.S. and Britain to fight Japan in Southeast Asia in an effort to uphold international rights and free trade against Japanese imperialism.	14
9801926990	Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact	1939 The Russians made an agreement with Germany at the beginning of World War II. The Germans promised not to invade Russia. The Russians promised the Germans land to mobilize their armies. Hitler broke the pact and invaded Russia, so Russia joined the American and British alliance.	15
9801946936	Chinese nationalists: Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong	Chinese nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-shek. They wanted to modernize China with democracy and capitalism. Mao Zedong wanted China to become communist.This led to an internal ivil war between Mao Zedong and Chian Kai-shek. Eventually the communists won in 1949.	16
9803521575	Truman Doctrine	1947 American foreign policy to fund anti-communist groups in Greece and Turkey	17
9803529049	Marshall Plan	1947 A plan to rebuild Europe after World War II. America provided financial aid to European coutnreis to develop their industrial economies. The purpose was to increase trade in the West in order to avoid poverty and prevent the expansion of communism into Western Europe.	18
9803573269	Berlin Airlift	1948 Russia's Jospeh Stalin cut off West Berlin from West Germany. He did this in response to America trying to unify Western Germany under one democratic government and one capitalist economic system. Truman's response was to airlift food and suppliesto Western Berlin for a year until Stalin gve up.	19
9803596044	Korean War	1950 to 1953 North Koreans invaded South Korea in order to reunify the peninsula under communism. The Americans responded by supporting the South Koreans. General Douglas MacArthur pushed the North Koreans up to the Yalu River. Then, the Chinese got invovled and pushed the Americans back to the 38th parallel	20
9803677931	Nikita Krushchev (Soviet Union)	ruled 1953 to 1964 The leader of the USSR after Joseph Stalin. He attempted to reform the Soviet Union after Stalin. He succeeded in developing Russia's cities and heavy steel industries.	21
9803692691	Warsaw Pact	1955 An alliance between Russia and Eastern communist countries against Western capitalist countries.	22
9803705288	Leonid Brezhnev (Soviet Union)	ruled 1964 to 1982 The leader of teh Soviet Union during the 1970s. He buildt up the USSR's nuclear arsenal in competition with the U.S but hten he agreed to the SALT talks with the U.S to reduce overall nuclear arms production	23
9803725160	Fulgencio Batista and Fidel Castro (Cuba)	Fulgencio Batista was the military dictator of Cuba during the 1950s. He was supported by the U.S Fidel Castro led a revolution that ousted Batista. Castro eventually turned to the USSR for political support	24
9805043451	Cuba's Bay of Pigs Invasion ("Operation Mongoose")	A covert CIA operation planned under Eisenhower and then exeuted by John F. Kennedy. Cuban exiles would travel from Mexico to the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. The U.S. would provide military air force cover to help the Cuban exiles join with other Cubans to overthrow Castro. But Castro found out before the invasion and was waiting for the exiles at the Bay of Pigs.	25
9805066543	Ho Chi Minh, the Viet Minh, and Dien Bien Phu (Vietnam)	Ho Chi Minh was the communist leader of the Viet Minh or liberation army in North Viename. It eventually surrounded the French at their fort, Dien Bien Phu, and forced thre French to leave Vietnam	26
9805076133	Gulf of Tonkin	President Lyndon Johnson claimed taht the Vietnamese had attacked two American battleships, USS C. Turner Joy and USS Maddox, in international waters. He argued that this justified Americans sending combat troops to Vietnam	27
9806138659	Pentagon Papers	Daniel Ellsberg released these secret documents in 1971, showing that Lyndon Johnson had lied about the scopre of the Gulf of Tonkin. The two battleships were within NOrth Vietnamese waters. One ship was attaked with little damage and the other's radar malfunctioned due to a weather storm	28
9806166049	Great Leap Forward	1958 to 1962 Mao Zedong tried to collectivize farming by putting people oncommon farmlands of 10,000 people. This lead to a misallocation of resourcse and the deaths of millions of Chinese in a manmade famine	29
9806186312	Cultural Revolution	1966 to 1976 Mao Zedong trained young "Red Guards" to go to local villages and put traditional Confucianists on trial for betraying the revolution. This was done to distract from his failure in the Great Leap Forward.	30
9806226562	Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet Union)	ruled 1985 to 1991 The leader of Russia after 1984, Gorbachev tried to reform communism to make it more like Western socialism.	31
9806249456	Glasnost and perestroika	Two reform movements in Russia. Glasnost was meant to provide opportunities to share new ideas. Perestroika was intended to give businesses more freedom for innovation and competition.	32
9807981633	Tienanmen Square	1989 Young Chinese students tried to protest and reform the Chinese communist government. They built a statue honoring the Statue of Liberty in the U.S. The Chinese troops were sent in to crush their rebellion and arrest the leaders.	33
9807994788	Decolonization	The process by which previous colonized countries break away from imperial European countries	34
9808005044	Mohandas Gandhi	1869 to 1948 The leader of the non-violent nationalist movement in India. He advocated for satyagraha, or the Hindu spiritual philosophy of using non-violence, to pressure the British to leave India. He was also known as Mahatma, meaning "great soul."	35
9808143716	Zionism and Theodor Herzl (Isreal)	Theodor Herzl was the leader of the Jewish movement for having a nation-state. The impetus was due to the anti-Semitism faced in Europe and Russia. Herzl believed that if the Jewish people had a nation state, they would have the protection to stop future attacks on their population	36
9808167531	War for Independence in 1948	The Jewish people declared the UN partition plan of Palestine to be valid. Six months later, Israel fought the invading armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. Israel won the war and declared itself and independent state.	37
9810628269	Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat (Egypt)	Gamal Abdel Nasser led a coup against the king of Egypt, Farouk. Nasser then led a pan-Arab movement meant to gain Middle Eastern independence from European control and influence. Anwar Sadat was the leader of Egypt during the 1970s. He led the Egyptians in the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Sadat worked wit hteh U.S. and Isreal to create a peace agreement at Camp David in 1978.	38
9810661724	Camp David Accords	1978 The meeting between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, Isreali Prime Minister Mecahem Begin, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They agreed that Egypt would never again invade Israel if Israel turned over the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt	39
9810718959	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Mohammad Mossadegh (Iran)	The Pahlavi family ruled over Iran from 1945 to 1979. The Iranian people elected the socialist leader Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953 and installed the Pahlavi family back in power.	40
9810727715	Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran)	ruled 1979 to 1989 A Shiite cleric who led the Muslim part of the revolution against the Pahlavi family in the Iranian Revolution in 1979	41
9810735421	Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)	A political organization in Turkey that advocates for the right to Kurdish self-determination	42
9811968189	National Liberation Front (NLF)	The Vietnamese nationalist dependence movement in South Vietnam. It started as a non-violent movement to oppose U.S.-backed leader Ngo Diem. The NLF eventually bcame a militant ally to the North Viet Minh. they were called the Viet Cong.	43
9812154372	Kenyan African National Union (KANU)	The nationalist independence movement in Kenya led by Jomo Kenyatta.	44
9812168665	Apartheid	A racial hierarchy set up in South Africa by the Dutch Afrikaners following World War II. The Afrikaners created a series of laws that defined black South Africans as unequal and segregated them into townships.	45
9812317470	Nelson Mandela	ruled 1994 to 1999 The leader of the black South African movement for equal rights and an end to apartheid. He started with a non-violent movement but then turned to violence after the Sharpeville Massacre. Mandela was put into Robben Island prison from 1964 to 1982. He was then imprisoned in South Africa at Pollsmoor and Victor Verster prisons until 1990. After his release he ran for and won the South African presidency.	46
9812580793	African National Congress	The movement created by middle-class Africans at the beginning of the 20th century to create a way to gain independence for African from European imperialism.	47
9812591580	Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)	The Mexican national party started after the Mexican revolution in 1929. It adopted a socialist government and nationalized the country's oil for development.	48
9812601046	National Action Party (PAN)	A Mexican political party that emerged to compete with the PRI in the 1990s. Its leader, Vincente Fox, argued for free markets, fewer tariffs, and a privatization of the Mexican government's oil company.	49
9816898038	Devolution	The belief that nation-states have grown too large. Since the end of the Cold War, many nationalist movements have argued for the breaking down of nation-states into more regional and local areas of governance.	50
9816910939	Sayyid Qutb	1906 to 1966 An Egyptian Muslim reformed in the 1950s who argued for a more "pure" Islam based on theocracy. His ideas became the basis of the Muslim Brotherhood, Al-Qaeda, and ISIS.	51
9816917570	Egyptian Brotherhood	An Islamic group that started in Egypt as a way to unite Arabs around a "pure" Islamic theocracy. They hoped to move Muslims away from modern secular culture toward a more literal following of the Quran.	52
9816925787	Osama bin Laden	1957 to 2011 A Saudi Arabian Muslim who helped to create and lead the international terrorist group Al-Qaeda, which believes in creating an Islamic caliphate.	53
9816937257	Al-Qaeda	A terrorist group made up of Islamic extremists whose objective is to overthrow non-Islamic regimes from North Africa to Southeast Asia.	54
9816937258	Imperialism	The control of other countries, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, for the purpose of extracting resources for mass production.	55
9816946094	Social Darwinism	A belief based on the theory of natural evolution. Herbert Spencer argued that groups of people inherit genetic traits that make the superior or inferior to other groups.	56
9816951576	Terrorism	The use of violence by religious and secular groups against non-military citizens in order to achieve a political goal. The 21st-century examples have been the Muslim groups Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Hamas, and Hezbollah. In the past, the Irish independent movement (Irish Republican Army, or IRA) also used this means against the British for independence.	57
9816970591	Thomas Edison	1847 to 1931 An American inventor who created the light bulb. This resulted in more illumination, allowing for factory work to be increased in time and efficiency.	58
9817045626	Alexander Graham Bell	1847 to 1922 An American inventor who created the telephone in 1876, opening up possibilities for more efficient and quicker communication over distances.	59
9817058755	Alexander Fleming	1881 to 1955 An American scientist who discovered penicillin. This form of medicine helped to fight bacterial diseases. It also meant the switch from the fluids theory to the germ theory in medicine.	60
9817077092	The Wright brothers	Two American inventors who developed airplane travel in 1903.	61
9817082403	Mechanized weaponry	Weapons that were created and mass-produced through the Industrial Revolution. The most deadly were the automatic guns, especially the Maxim gun.	62
9817109768	Maxim gun	An automatic gun that could fire multiple rounds without any interruption. This weapon was used in trench warfare in World War I.	63
9817116246	Poison gas	Weapon used in World War I by the Germans and French. The most common was mustard gas. This type of chemical warfare was deadly due to its impact on the human biological system.	64
9817137511	U-boats	The Germans created this form of naval warfare. It was a submerged ship that could be used to sneak up on battleships and ram them, causing them to sink.	65
9817152621	Airplane	During World War I, all countries used this new form of transportation to drop dynamite on the opposing army's trenches.	66
9817158801	Tanks	A new technology created by the World War I powers to break the trenches. Tanks were seen as movable fortresses that could cross the field with soldiers on the side.	67
9817166520	Iceboxes	Refrigerated boxes that could be used to keep produce fresh and avoid spoilage.	68
9817171721	Atomic bombs: Manhattan Project	A project to break atoms apart in order to create a massive explosive impact including radiation.	69
9817176703	Arms race	The development of nuclear bombs by the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War. Both sides would race each other to develop weapons for greater global influence.	70
9817187711	Charles Dawes' Plan	1923 Charles Dawes was a banker after World War I. He developed a plan to lend money to the European allies to develop European industry and consumer markets.	71
9817193445	Installment plans	Consumers would buy goods by paying incrementally each month. They would take out a loan from a bank or business and then pay back that loan with interest over time.	72
9817201797	Buying on the margin	Inventors would borrow part of the price on a stock and pay for a small part directly. Typically, it was a 90% loan and a 10% payment.	73
9817206334	Gold standard	Currencies were backed by a hard metal, gold. The purpose was to maintain a balance of trade among countries.	74
9817222917	Globalization	A process of connecting global economic and political trade based on lowering tariffs to increase the flow of goods, information, and resources.	75
9817228767	Bretton Woods Conference	1944 A meeting in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to establish a global economic system that would be managed by the World bank, International Monetary Fund, and the American dollar.	76
9817238363	International Monetary Fund (IMF)	A global economic institution that sets up rules for free trade and global loans for development.	77
9817242226	World Bank	An international economic system that provides loans to developing countries to industrialize in order to increase global trade.	78
9817247671	Comparative advantage vs. dependency theory	Comparative advantage is an economic theory stating that countries should develop what they do well and trade with the developed world. Dependency theory argues that developing countries become dependent on the developed world due to transnational companies exploiting cheap labor in the developing world.	79
9817269480	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)	An agreement in 1947 to lower tariffs in order to increase international trade.	80
9817271827	European Union (EU)	A common market created in Europe among countries to lower tariffs and create efficient trade between the countries.	81
9817277027	Suez Canal	The Suez Canal was a man-made canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea through the isthmus of Suez. The canal was constructed in Egypt by the French. It was seized by the British. In 1957, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal for Egypt.	82
9817290757	World Trade Organization (WTO)	An organization created in 1955 among countries to create an international court to assess countries' lowering of tariff rates.	83
9817294871	Absolute poverty vs. relative poverty	Absolute poverty is the measurement of the poor by the actual minimum amount of money that a person has. Relative poverty is the measurement of a person's income in relations to another individual or group.	84
9817305481	PEMEX	The Mexican oil company owned by the government. The Mexican government nationalized the oil and tries to use the oil for national development.	85
9817314455	OPEC	A group of Arab countries including Venezuela that tried to use oil production to influence global politics. In the 1970s, OPEC reduced oil production to raise gas prices and force political influence on the U.S. and Europe.	86
9817327794	NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement) and CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement)	Free trade agreements for the Western Hemisphere. NAFTA is an agreement between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada to lower tariff rates to increase trade (1944). CAFTA is an expansion of this agreement between the U.S and Central America.	87

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AP World History Chapter 8 Flashcards

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9562692857	A "Golden Age" of Chinese Achievement	1. Sui (589-618), Tang (618-907), & Song (960-1279): While both Han and Rome collapsed, China was reunified under the Sui. The Sui marked many achievements such as dramatic expansion of the canals but proved to be a short-lived dynasty as their emperors were harsh and warlike. The Tang and Song built upon the achievements of the Sui and established a state system that would last over a thousand years. The Tang and Song were noteworthy for their political achievements but also for their cultural vibrancy and economic dynamism. 2. Bureaucracy and exam system: These dynasties formalized and expanded the Confucian-based exam system. In theory, they cracked down on cheating, and the exams were open to all regardless of class. However, there were irregularities, and the wealthy elite had an economic advantage in that they could pay for schooling and tutors. Nonetheless, schools and colleges grew in number, and the system that trained the efficient bureaucracy that governed China was an apparent success. 3. Economic boom, population growth, and urbanization: Thanks to investments in infrastructure such as the canal system, which allowed the cheap transportation of rice and wheat over long distances, there was a major economic boom in this period. In addition to staples, Chinese farmers could produce specialized crops for specific markets. More food meant more people, and China more than doubled its population in this period. Cities saw tremendous growth and the development of increasingly productive and sophisticated industries. The boom did have clear environmental consequences with much of China's old growth forest being cut down for fuel. 4. Hangzhou: With a population of over one million, this was the world's largest city. Hangzhou enjoyed a vibrant cultural life with a lively entertainment industry and growing print culture.	0
9562696701	Women in the Song Dynasty	1. Tang freedoms, Song patriarchy: While elite women enjoyed various freedoms in the Tang dynasty (due to its cultural influences from the nomadic steppes), the Song era saw a renewed patriarchy based on a very conservative reading of Confucius. 2. Weak and distracting: In the Song, men were to be scholars and administrators and women were viewed as weak and distracting. 3. Foot binding: The practice grew in popularity under the Song. While associated with a construction of frail beauty, the practice also restricted the freedom of women. 4. Changing job opportunities: With the commercialization of weaving, many were pushed out of the textile labor force. However, they found new jobs in other professions such as domestic service, retail, and entertainment (including work as concubines). Women did see an increase in their property rights, as well as new access to education.	1
9562707952	The Tribute System in Theory	1. China as the "middle kingdom": China viewed itself as the "middle kingdom," the height of civilization radiating civilization and culture outwards. Inferior barbarians were expected to recognize Chinese superiority. 2. Tribute missions and kowtows for gifts and prestige: Foreigners were expected to send tribute missions of ceremonial gifts to the capital and perform the kowtow (a series of bows to the ground) to show their recognition of China's superiority. In return, the missions would get various gifts of great value and the prestige of being allied with China. 3. A way to manage barbarians: For China, this was a way to manage inferior barbarians on the periphery	2
9562712443	The Tribute System in Practice	1. Nomadic raids into China: In reality, China was vulnerable to raids from the warlike horsemen of the steppes. At times, they not only raided but also conquered parts of China. 2. "Gifts" to Xiongnu and Turkic nomads: The reality of the tribute system for these stronger groups was essentially that the Chinese paid protection to the raiders. Large gifts of wine, silk, and grain kept the nomads from having to steal from the Chinese and allowed the Chinese court to maintain the fiction of its invulnerability. Nonetheless, in times of weakness, China remained vulnerable and the Khitan (907-1125) and Jin or Jurchen (1115- 1234) seized parts of northern China after the fall of the Tang and would force the Song to give them silver, silk, and tea.	3
9562717317	Cultural Influence across an Ecological Frontier	1. Chinese agriculture and lifestyle not possible in the steppes: While some aspects of Chinese culture made their way north, Chinese style agriculture and material life was impossible in the steppes and grasslands of Central Asia. Thus, there was little way to replicate being Chinese amongst the Turkic nomads. 2. Southern people absorbed into Chinese culture: In contrast, the indigenous people of southern China were almost completely absorbed into the great Chinese cultural world. 3. Turkic influence on Tang and Song courts and military: As both the Tang and Song dynasties had their origins in mixed Sino-Turkic families, there was a great influence in the court culture. Turkic battle techniques were also used by Chinese generals in the field. 4. Culture of "western barbarians" fashionable in Tang: For some time in the Tang dynasty, there was a fad for things from the west (Central Asia, Persia, India, and Arabia). Music, fashion, dancing, and other aspects of culture were popular amongst the northern Chinese elites. 5. Nativist backlash in the south: The southern Chinese, who saw themselves as the heirs to the Han, were extremely critical of the fad for things foreign.	4
9562723870	Korea and China	1. Silla (688-900), Koryo (918-1392), and Yi (1392-1910): With aid from the Tang dynasty, the Silla were the first Korean state to unite the warlike leaders of the peninsula. While they did receive Tang aid, they fiercely guarded their independence. 2. Tribute, Confucian students, and Confucian patriarchy: The new Korean state did agree to be a tribute state and sent many students to China to study the Confucian classics. Later, Confucian schools were developed in Korea. A very orthodox interpretation of Confucianism led to serious restrictions on Korean women. 3. Yet distinctly Korean: While there was a strong Sinitic influence on the Korean elite, little of this made its way down to the poor Korean peasants, living in serf-like conditions. The elite also maintained their language and culture, even developing an alphabet called hangul rather than using Chinese characters.	5
9562729090	Vietnam and China	1. 1,000 years of Chinese rule (111 B.C.E.- 939 C.E.): The Han conquerored the Vietnamese heartland around the Red River and ruled it as part of China for 1,000 years. Many Chinese migrated south, bringing Confucianism, culture, and administrative systems. 2. Sinicization of the elite: This prolonged contact thoroughly sinicized the elite. The Vietnamese elite lived as part of the greater Chinese world and were a cultural distinct from the lower classes. 3. Independent tribute state: While independence was won from a fierce rebellion, the new Vietnamese state became a tribute state of China and used Chinese systems and symbols in its statecraft. 4. Many Southeast Asia cultural practices: While the elite were very much in the Chinese cultural world, the lower classes were part of a greater Southeast Asian world, enjoying cockfighting, the betel nut, and greater freedoms for women	6
9562733861	Japan and China	1. Voluntary and selective borrowing: Because of Japan's physical distance from China, it was never conquered. This allowed the Japanese to voluntarily and selectively borrow what they wanted from China without having anything forced on them. 2. Shotoku Taishi (572-622): A prominent aristocrat who led the movement to study the Chinese political system and use it as a model for the new Japanese state. He launched several large missions where students, monks, scholars, and artists visited China to learn what they could and bring it back to Japan. 3. Decentralized state creates the Samurai: The Japanese never created the fully centralized Chinese-style state system. As the emperor was often more ceremonial, the real power fell into the hands of the regional warriors. 4. Buddhism and Shinto: While Buddhism was a Chinese import, it did not replace the indigenous veneration of kami or local spirits. Indeed, many Japanese blended Buddhism with Shinto spirit worship. 5. Relative freedom of elite women: Compared to Korean women, Japanese elite women enjoyed much more freedom. Property rights and divorce regulations were much more favorable. This may be because the Japanese studied China during the more liberal Tang dynasty. There were many great works of literature written by elite Japanese women.	7
9562739366	Spillovers: China's Impact on Eurasia	1. Salt making, paper, and printing: China's dynamic economy and technological innovations spread far past its borders and were adopted in the Islamic world and Europe. Paper was a huge innovation and spread through the Islamic world very quickly. While Muslim cultures valued calligraphy and did not take to printing, Europeans would develop printing when they began to use paper (it is unclear if there was a Chinese influence on European printing). Paper and printing allowed for the spread of literacy in Europe, stimulating important changes in the coming centuries. 2. Gunpowder and the compass: Other technologies were modified and expanded upon. Gunpowder, for example, was refined as a key component of warfare by Muslim armies that made cannons and Europeans who would develop personal firearms. Sailors around the world tinkered with the technology of the compass, adapting it to their specific needs. 3. Finished goods from China, commodities to China: The vibrant Chinese economy produced finished goods such as textiles and porcelains for export to distant markets. In return, Chinese began to consume commodities such as spices from the islands of Southeast Asia. This process served to build mutually dependent markets of consumers and producers.	8
9562744530	On the Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary	1. Cotton, sugar, and faster rice: China's contact with the outside world also allowed technology, ideas, and crops to flow into China. From India, the Chinese learned how to raise cotton and sugar cane. These became important sectors of the Chinese agricultural sector. From Vietnam, China gained a faster growing rice that did well in the southern Yangtze basin. This led to a major growth in population and a shift of China's demographic balance from the north to the south. 2. Persian windmills and Buddhist printing: From Persia, China learned of windmills and developed a similar technology. The spread of the Buddhist world into China led to the development of printed images and texts, as devout Buddhists wanted images of the Buddha and short religious texts that could be carried as charms. In the Tang dynasty, Buddhist monasteries transformed the practice of printing with seals into printing with blocks. The first printed book was the Buddhist classic the Diamond Sutra. A Buddhist monk from India first identified the soils that contained saltpeter and were flammable, leading to the formula for gunpowder. 3. Cosmopolitan cities, respected merchants, and monkey gods: Thanks to the connections with the Indian Ocean basin trade, the cities of coastal China soon saw the development of communities from Southeast Asia, India, Persia, Arabia, and beyond. Quanzhou had Buddhist, Muslim, and Hindu places of worship and study. While violence could erupt between ethnic communities, as in the massacre of tens of thousands of foreigners in the 870s, trade with the Indian Ocean world created major economic growth in south China. Merchants increasingly gained a new social acceptance and overcame older Confucian disdain. The culture of the Indian Ocean world also entered in the form of popular stories such as tales of a monkey god, obviously derived form the Hindu deity Hanuman.	9
9562753834	Making Buddhism Chinese	1. Foreignness of Buddhism: When Buddhism first came to China via the Silk Roads during the Han dynasty, it was perceived as too foreign and un-Chinese. The emphasis on individual salvation and withdrawal into monasteries conflicted with the Confucian emphasis on the family and social obligations to be engaged in making the world a more harmonious place. Buddhists' discussions of infinite time fell on deaf ears to a culture that measures time by generations and dynasties. 2. Social instability and Buddhist comforts: Once the Han dynasty began to crumble and then collapse, Buddhism quickly made inroads into Chinese society as Confucianism was discredited and the world became an unstable and dangerous place. While Buddhist teachings gave meaning to a world in chaos and explained suffering as a part of life, monks provided shelter for travelers and refugees. Soon Chinese from all levels of society turned to the Buddha's message, and elite Chinese began to sponsor monasteries and other institutions. 3. Translating words and concepts: Buddhist monks also made a concerted effort to translate the terms and concepts of the faith into a meaningful and acceptable message for Chinese society. For example, there was a greater emphasis on patriarchy. 4. Mahayana and the Pure Land School: With its emphasis on relics, rituals, and deities, the Mahayana branch of the faith spread in China. A popular form of Buddhism was the Pure Land School, which taught that simply repeating the name of an earlier Buddha, Amitabha, would lead to rebirth in a land of paradise. Salvation by faith rather than intensive meditation or study made Indian Buddhism a popular and more Chinese faith. 5. Sui emperor Wendi and state support: Under the Sui dynasty, emperor Wendi built monasteries at China's five sacred mountains and used it as a rationale for his reign and military campaigns. With state support, monasteries became important commercial enterprises and amassed great wealth. The state supervised the exam system for entry into the monkhood and kept other forms of state control over the Buddhist institutions.	10
9562758705	Losing State Support: The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism	1. Resentment of wealth, withdrawal, and foreignness: Many resented Buddhism for a variety of reasons. The tax-exempt wealth that the monasteries amassed due to their commercial activities drew jealousy from many quarters, not the least the state, who saw lost revenues. Others did not like Buddhist ideas about withdrawing from society and celibacy as they conflicted with Confucian emphasis on the family. Others disliked the foreign origins and nature of the faith. 2. An Lushan rebellion (755-763): The rebellion against the Tang dynasty was led by a general of foreign origin and increased Chinese xenophobia. 3. Han Yu's Confucian counterattack (819): He launched a scathing counterattack on Buddhism, telling the emperor that the Buddha spoke a foreign language, not that of the Chinese kings. 4. Imperial persecution (841-845): A series of decrees ordered hundreds of thousands of monks and nuns to return to a normal, tax-paying life. Temples and monasteries were destroyed or taken over by the state, and Buddhists could not use precious metals and gems in their art work. 5. A Confucian thinking cap, a Daoist robe, and Buddhist sandals: This Chinese proverb held that all "black haired sons of Han" had elements of all three ideologies within themselves, assimilating Buddhism into other Chinese thoughts and practices.	11

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World History- Feudal Japan Flashcards

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6028596388	Feudal system	An order of society in which people are given different levels of power according to their job and status, with reciprocal obligations	0
6028596389	Emperor	The nominal ruler over Japan. He was looked up to by all of his people, but held little power.	1
6028596390	Shogun	The most important and powerful figure in society. He was in charge of military and all the decisions made in this field. He was ranked under the emperor, but held more power.	2
6028596391	Samurai	A japanese warrior (similar to a knight) who worked for the bushi. They brought justice and order to the community and protected their people.	3
6028596392	Peasant	A worker who provided food and labor for the estate	4
6028596393	Bushido	Meaning 'Way of the warrior', Bushido was a strict code of conduct the samurai followed.	5
6028596401	Seppuku	within samurai culture, suicide to restore honor	6
6028596402	Daimyo	prominent Japanese families who provided alliance to the local shogun in exchange for protection, similar to vassals in Europe.	7
6028647961	Zen Buddhism	school of Buddhism particularly important in japan, some whose adherents stress that enlightenment can be achieved suddenly, though others emphasized lengthy meditaion	8
6028649639	Shinto	a kind of state of religion in Japan, derived from beliefs in nature, spirits and until recently liked to the belief in the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation	9
6028664077	Geography of Japan	cultural diffusion from China, relatively isolated as a set of islands; easier to protect; lots of mountains: difficult to unify	10
6028679395	Heian Period	The Heian period is the last division of classical Japanese history that runs from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art and especially in poetry and literature. The name heian is a word that means "peace" in Japanese.	11

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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

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7353774452	marker event	events in that are very significant or involved a big change inn something	0
7353774453	perspective	point of view	1
7353775589	demography	study of population Greek meanings: demos - people/population graphe to describe	2
7353775590	migrations	permanent moves to a new location	3
7353777314	push factor	encourages people to migrate to somewhere else	4
7353777315	pull factor	attracts migrating people to new region	5
7353779692	intervening obstacles	physical features that slow/halt migration	6
7353779693	cultural diffusion	the process of moving innovations, technology, religion, languages, food, clothing, disease (or culture) through population movement	7
7353787565	periodization	dividing history into smaller chunks of time to make studying a period easier	8
7353796085	agriculture	the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food and fiber	9
7353796086	bipedalism	the preference of walking on two legs rather then four	10
7353798584	Catal Huyuk	a small city in southern Turkey	11
7353800728	division of labor	giving different people different jobs rather than all doing the same one	12
7353800729	horticulture	similar to agriculture but only used hand tools used animals to pull plows first to settle in one place	13
7353803139	independent invention	the forming of ideas and innovations using no cultural diffusion	14
7353804578	Jericho	a small city on the Jordan River	15
7353804579	Lucy	a three million year old African skeleton that was a cross between a human and a bipedal ape	16
7353807890	Neolithic Craft Industries	Pottery: stored food, waterproof Metallurgy: weapons, tools, jewelry Textiles:early as 6000 B.C.E., made cloth	17
7353810040	Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution	a marker event that refers to the change over from gathering food (hunter-gatherer) to producing food (agriculture)	18
7353810041	Paleolithic Age	Old Stone Age 70,000-8000 B.C.E.	19
7353811663	pastoralism	the domesticating of animals and remaining semi nomadic	20
7353811664	polytheism	the belief in multiple gods	21
7353812998	primary sources	original evidence from the time period	22
7354216562	private property	the process of people settling down and accumulating goods and land	23
7353814315	specialization	giving people the jobs they do the best so all the work can get done faster	24
7353814316	surplus	more crops than the farmer needs for just his family	25
7353818926	Akkadian Empire	the first true empire led by Sargon the Great conquered all of Sumeria and Fertile Crescent dominated by town of Akkad	26
7353818927	Amon-Re	Egyptian god of the sun	27
7353820431	Analects	a collection of Confucius's works put together by the people who knew him	28
7353820432	Aryans	conquered the Indus Valley Civilization in 1500 B.C.E. invaders from the NW spoke Indo-European languages	29
7353820433	Assyrians	conquered the Hittite empire in Mesopotamia in 900 B.C.E.	30
7353822232	Babylonians	led by Hammurabi who conquered the Akkadian empire in Mesopotamia New Babylonians again conquered Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia in 500 B.C.E.	31
7353822233	Book of the Dead	a book containing all of the rituals for preparing the Egyptian dead for the afterlife	32
7353823433	Book of Songs	a collection of Chinese poetry	33
7353823434	cataracts	areas where water was too fast and rocky for boats to go through	34
7353823435	Chavin	900-250 B.C.E civilization in Andean S America	35
7353824615	city-state	a large town that governed the surrounding land	36
7353824616	civilization	surpluses specialized jobs social class distinctions city growth formal governments long distance trade writing	37
7353826041	Confucianism	values and beliefs of philosophy and religion	38
7353826042	cosmopolitanism	the shared cultures and lifestyles that result when groups are in constant contact with each other	39
7353828697	cultural hearths	places where civilizations first began to come up with ideas	40
7353828698	cuneiform	"wedge-shaped" the writing of Mesopotamia using a reed and wet clay	41
7361376363	divination	a way of communicating with gods to determine their intentions	42
7353831923	Dravidian	a language similar to the ones spoken in southern India	43
7353831924	dynasty	consecutive rulers from the same family	44
7353831925	dynastic cycles	rise, gain strength, weakened, taken over by new dynasty	45
7353834829	Epic of Gilgamesh	2000 B.C.E wrote down the story that had been passed down orally since 6000 B.C.E Gilgamesh wanted immortality (failed) Utnapishtm was like Noah and flood	46
7353834830	Fertile Crescent	Mid-East area from Mesopotamia to Egypt Sumeria	47
7353837044	Hammurabi	leader of the Babylonians who conquered the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia	48
7353838487	Hammurabi's Code	inscribed o a black pillar used to give judges examples of punishments and justice in the first Babylonian empire	49
7353838488	Harappa	the second major city in the Indus valley civilization	50
7353839919	Hatshepsut	only female pharaoh of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E) started as a regent (stand in) for her son but then ruled on her own she thought of herself as a man more for trade rather than war	51
7353839920	Hittites	conquered Babylonian empire in Mesopotamia in 1500 B.C.E. Originated in Anatolia (Turkey) lots of trade used iron working to hep military	52
7353839921	Horus	sky god pharaohs are reincarnations of him represented by hawk son of Isis and Osiris	53
7353841191	Hyksos	a people from modern day Turkey that conquered the Egyptians because of their bronze weapons	54
7353841192	Isis	Egyptian goddess of Nile and fertility	55
7353842610	labor systems	coordinated efforts to get the work done	56
7353842611	Late Bronze Age	1700-1100 B.C.E characterized by the development of cosmopolitanism	57
7353844066	law code	a systematic set of rules administered by the government	58
7353844067	loess	thick fertile yellow ish soil deposited from the flood of the Yellow River in China	59
7353844068	ma'at	divinely controlled order of universe	60
7353845776	mandate of heaven	dynasties ruled as long as they pleased the gods actions against gods - overthrown	61
7353845777	matrilineal	female line of descent	62
7353847567	Menes	first pharaoh united upper and lower Egypt	63
7353847568	Mesopotamia	"land between two rivers" Tigris and Euphrates Fertile Crescent modern day Turkey	64
7353847569	Minoans	an advanced civilization in Crete named after King Minos	65
7353850036	Mohenjo-Daro	one of the major cities in the Indus Valley Civilization	66
7353850037	monsoon rains	feed Indus rivers and tributaries with seasonal winds and rains	67
7353851988	Mycenaeans	an advanced civilization on the Greek mainland warlike and aggressive controlled trade in the region	68
7353851989	Olmec	"rubber people" 1200-400 B.C.E civilization in Mesoamerica	69
7353853500	oracle bones	wrote questions on bones, put in fire, cracked, interpreted cracks as answer from gods	70
7355091453	Osiris	Egyptian god of afterlife	71
7353853501	papyrus	picked reeds, cut open, pressed together, and laid out to dry, the sap glued them together then scribes could write on it	72
7353853502	patriarchy	dominated by men	73
7353855019	pharaoh	heart of the government god-king had more power than anyone else in history believed to be reincarnations of Horus	74
7353857528	pictographs	pictures representing animals, people, and objects	75
7353857529	Rosetta Stone	the stone used to decode the Egyptian Hieroglyphics	76
7353859577	Sargon the Great	leader of invading Semitic group that first conquered Sumeria	77
7353861285	Semitic	language that was the precursor to Hebrew and Arabic	78
7353861286	shaman	people who could write and who used oracle bones	79
7353862821	Shang Dynasty	the first real Chinese dynasty lasted from 1750-1200 B.C.E	80
7353862822	shi	best educated men in empire scribes, clerks, advisors, overseers kept records ran public works organized rituals	81
7353862823	social mobility	the ability for people to change social classes	82
7353864451	Sumerians	first non-Semetic group in Mesopotamia first true civilization first to use city-states	83
7353864452	systems failure	a breakdown of the political, economical, and social systems that hold a civilization together	84
7353866463	theocracy	governed by gods or priests	85
7353866464	tribute	payment in produce from ordinary people that supported the king and his court	86
7353866465	vassals	governors of a specific area that worked only for the king	87
7353868340	Xia Dynasty	the first Chinese dynasty that still hasn't been proved to exist	88
7353868341	Zhou Dynasty	1100 B.C.E. - conquered Shang Dynasty formed longest lived dynasty first dynasty to keep records	89
7353875027	ziggurats	large multi-story pyramids dedicated to a specific god in the middle of each city-state	90

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AP World History Unit 3 Flashcards

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7358205021	British East India Company	Britain had control of trading in India and also controlled the taxes in India. This leaves Britain in control of all of India's money and created a monopoly with trading. 1600s.	0
7358205022	Treaty of Tordesillas	In 1494, Spain and Portugal ask Pope Alexander VI to settle claims for the New World. It was a line a demarcation so the west of the New World was Spain's and the east of the New World was Portugal's. This gave the Spanish and Portuguese control of the New World even though people already lived there.	1
7358205023	Nagasaki		2
7358205024	Treaty of Paris	In 1763 when Great Britain defeated Spain and France to stop the trading with India.	3
7358205025	Cape Colony	A Colony in South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and the British took it over at 1814. This was a major key point in the trading between India and Europe and also the trading in Africa.	4
7358205026	Amerigo Vespucci	In 1503, Amerigo, an explorer from Florentine, wrote about his voyages to Venezuela. The name "America" was named after his. He started the competition of new land against Portugal and Spain.	5
7358205027	Louis XIV	"The Sun King" in France. He became king when he was 5 years old and was the grandson of Henry IV. He was the model of Absolutism of the 17th Century and creates Versailles. This showed how important Louis was and how much power he had.	6
7358205028	Ceylon	A country, now known as Sri Lanka, that was taken over by the British around the 19th Century. They used this land to grow tea.	7
7358205029	Ferdinand Magellan	A Portuguese explorer who circumnavigates the world for Spain between 1519-1522. This expedition shows the shear size of the world and it made Spain want to focus on the new world colonies. He never returned to Spain because he was killed in the Philippines.	8
7358205030	Smallpox and Measles	Diseases that were brought to the "New World" that killed many Indians, Aztec, and Incas.	9
7358205031	Safavid Empire	A Muslim Empire between 1501 and 1722. Location in modern day Iraq and Iran. This is a Shia Empire that conflicted with the Ottoman Empire because they were Sunni, they both thought that their was of Islam is correct. Eventually, the Afghani tried captured the capital, Isfahan, in 1722.	10
7358205032	Colombian Exchange	After Columbus's travel to the New World, people started bringing goods back and forth from Europe to the Americas. Started global trading. Also this brought diseases to the New World which killed many natives.	11
7358205033	Dependent Economic Zones	Places in the global trade where raw materials would be exported. These places were dependent on the trading to make money with their materials.	12
7358205034	Henry the Navigator	Lived between 1394 and 1460. He never went on an expedition himself but he created schools and sponsored the expeditions to the coast of Africa. His motives were to ally against the Muslims, trade opportunities, and the extend Christianity.	13
7358205035	Cape of Good Hope	The southern tip of Africa that all navigators were trying to find. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias found it but between 1497 and 1498, Vasco de Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope.	14
7358205036	John Locke	An English philosopher which went against what the Pope said, causing people to start questioning the church. He believed that laws should be a medium between what the people want and what the ruler wants.	15
7358205037	Emperor Aurangzeb	Between 1658-1707, a ruler during the Mughal Empire. He makes the the Empire too large and he couldn't control it, led to the downfall. There were also peasant rebellions and the bureaucracy became corrupt.	16
7358205038	Vasco de Gama	A European navigator who traveled 24,000 miles between July 1497 and May 1498. He rounded the Cape of Good Hope and traveled up Africa looking for "Christians and Spices." He returned to Lisbon with spices that gained the crew 1,000-3,000% profit.	17
7358205039	Vasco de Balboa	Lived between 1475 to 1519. He was a Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean.	18
7358205040	Francisco Pizzaro	He landed in Peru in 1532. He captured the Incan capital in Cuzco and the Incan empire was in control by the 1570s. He got to the Incan empire when it was in the middle of the middle of a power struggle.	19
7358205041	Emperor Atahualpa	The Incan king who was captured in 1532 when Pizarro came in and killed him. He was the last emperor of the Incan Empire before the Spanish took control.	20
7358205042	Battle of Lepanto	A battle on October 7, 1571 between the German navy and the Spanish fleet. The Spanish won and it protected the Europeans for trading.	21
7358205043	Mercantilism	A country's wealth based on the amount of gold or silver it had. They would export more than you import and there were high tariffs on manufactured, finished goods, there were low tariffs on raw materials. Sea power was a necessity. It lead to the founding of many new industries in European countries- they were self sufficient.	22
7358205044	Christopher Columbus	In 1492, he was told that he would become the viceroy (ruler) of any territory he would find. Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored Columbus' voyages and October 12, 1492, he landed in the Bahamas.	23
7358205045	Absolute Monarchy	The ruler will have complete control of all things in his kingdom. This became prominent with Louis XIV in the 17th Century.	24
7358205046	Adam Smith	He started a free market economy which then lead to the global trade.	25
7358205047	Mary Wollstonecraft	An english feminist who believed that there should be no male supremacy and that there should be education for women.	26
7358205048	Rabelais	A writer during the French Renaissance who would write fantasies.	27
7358205049	Anglican Church	Henry VIII started this religion because he wanted to separate from his wife. He did not believe in divorce so he granted himself the right. He based the church off of the Catholic religion.	28
7358205050	Jean Calvin	A French humanist, between 1509-1564, who was influenced by the writings of Luther. He believed God had called him the reform the church and created Calvinism.	29
7358205051	Predestination	In the Institutes of the Christian Religion, written in 1536, which said that it is the absolute rule of God.	30
7358205052	Catholic Reformation	Started by Pope Paul III and appointed reform minded cardinals. The Creation of the Council of Trent (between 1545-1563) that attempted to fix the abuses of church leaders. The Jesuits came in in 1540 and tried to convert non Christians and wanted to create schools to teach Catholicism and combat Protestantism.	31
7358205053	Jesuits	Founded by Spanish noblemen Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. The three goals of the Jesuits were to create schools to teach Catholicism and combat Protestantism, Convert non Christians, and take back parts of Europe for Catholicism.	32
7358205054	Edict of Nantes	In 1598, it gave the the French Protestants rights and to restore the peace in France from the holy wars taking place internally. This was written by King Henry IV.	33
7358205055	Cervantes	A Spanish writer who lived between 1547-1616 and who wrote Don Quixote. This showed how to be a gentleman in the Spanish culture.	34
7358205056	95 Theses	Written by Martin Luther on the Power of Indulgences. He says that indulgences undermine the seriousness of the sacrament of penance and preaching of the gospel.	35
7358205057	Indulgences	Papers sold by the Catholic church which gave the people who bought them the free pass to heaven. This was a symbol of how corrupt the Catholic church was.	36
7358205058	Enlightenment	An effort to apply the methods and principles of the Scientific Revolution to issues of political, economic, and social reform. Natural Science could be used to explain all aspects of life, scientific method can be used to discover laws regarding human society, and progressed with being armed with knowledge.	37
7358205059	Denis Diderot	A French scholar who created the Encyclopedia in 1751.	38
7358205060	Social Sciences	The scientific method that can be used to discover laws regarding human society. Created in the Scientific Revolution. Helped convince the courts of criminal wrongdoing.	39
7358205061	William Shakespeare	Lived between 1564-1616. An English poet who wrote tragedies and comedies. His writings now help with what was happening in his time period.	40
7358205062	Frederick the Great	A Prussian king in the 18th Century who attempted to bring the Enlightenment movement into Prussia. This was almost a success but he could not get rid of the surfs.	41
7358205063	Jahannes Gutenberg	He created the printing press and the moving type in 1439. This changed the world forever because now everyone will know how to read.	42
7358205064	Martin Luther	He lived between 1483-1546. At first he was an Augustinian monk and was asked by Wittenberg to review the indulgences. He realized that the Indulgences were not right and wrote the 95 Theses. This turned Christianity on its head and then he created his own religion, Lutheranism.	43
7358205065	Protestantism	The movement of Europeans to move away from the Catholic Church because of the corruption and to the Protestant religion. Around the 16th Century.	44
7358205066	John Kay	An English inventor who in 1733, created the flying shuttle that increased the production of yarn, increasing the exporting of yarn.	45
7358205067	Isaac Newton	An English philosopher between 1642-1727 who created a single synthesis of all past observations, defining motion on earth and in the universe. This changed the way people looked at the church who said that God is holding you down on Earth.	46
7358205068	Deism	Created by Europeans during the Scientific Revolution. God is a kind of divine watchmaker who created the mechanism of nature, set in motion, then departed and, therefore, there was no such thing as divine intervention.	47
7358205069	Lutheranism	Faith alone, centrality of the scriptures, "priesthood of all believers"- the two sacraments are baptism and the Lord's supper. The use of the sermon by Lutheran preachers spread ideas to the illiterate. Luther translated New Testament into German, education becomes important for both boys and girls.	48
7358205070	Henry VIII	Lived between 1509 to 1547. He was part of the Tudor dynasty in England and was given the title of "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Clement VII. He created the Anglican church which was based off of the Catholic religion. He could not produce a male heir to his throne.	49
7358205071	Capitalism	Supported a free market economy so that companies trading can do it for free and make more of a profit from that.	50
7358205072	Glorious Revolution	Under King James when a bloodless rebellion started and he was forced to sign a Bill of Rights that turned England into a constitutional monarchy. Between 1688 and 1689.	51
7358205073	Leonardo De Vinci	An Italian artist who helped created paintings like the Last Supper but also a scientist who helped with figuring out the anatomy of the body. Lived between 1452-1519.	52
7358205074	Niccolo Machiavelli	Lived between 1469-1527. He wrote The Prince (1513) which stated that a powerful ruler should unite Italy and fend off foreign invaders. A leader should be feared instead of loved.	53
7358205075	Humanism	During the Scientific Revolution in Europe. Secularism: focus on the "here and now" and not the afterlife- wealth, status, prestige, and fame. Classics: study of Latin and Greek texts in order to learn about human nature. Individualism: learning should concern the individual- strive to do the best you can and attain fame.	54
7358205076	Northern Renaissance	Focused more on the science and literature instead of the art. Developed critical thinking and humanism which made the people question the church.	55
7358205077	Elizabeth I	In the Tudor Dynasty, ruled from 1558 to 1603. She changed the dynasty back to Protestant and was the "supreme governor of the Church of England."	56
7358205078	Scientific Revolution	Art and its desire to reproduce reality led to an increase in scientific knowledge. Monarchs provided money for scientific studies to centralize government, promote trade, and reduce the influence of the church in state affairs. Happened between 1540-1740 throughout Europe.	57
7358205079	Rene Descartes	Lived during the 17th Century in France. He was a philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. He believed that skeptical reason was important of wisdom.	58
7358205080	Thirty Years War	Fought between 1618-1648. This was a war between the Holy Roman Empire and the Protestants in Germany. Germany also had allies of the Swedish, Norwegian, and French and The Holy Roman Empire had Spain as their allies. Nothing really changed except Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire could now be Protestant freely.	59
7358205081	Treaty of Westphalia	Signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years War. It was signed by the Protestants and the Holy Roman Empire saying that anyone in the Holy Roman Empire could be the Protestant religion.	60
7358205082	Copernicus	A Polish astronomer who lived from 1473-1543 who said that not everything revolves around the Earth but everything revolves around the sun.	61
7358205083	Catherine the Great	She gained favor from the small faction of Russian nobles when her husband died, she took over the rule of Russia. In 1767, she wrote the Instruction to the Legislative which abolished torture and capital punishment and created schools for girls. She divided Russia into 50 provinces, each of which were ruled by noble officials. Nobles up, serfs down.	62
7358205084	Peter III	Took over in the late 18th Century when Peter III was put in control. His wife was Catherine the Great. He died in his sleep, people think that his wife had him killed.	63
7358205085	Serfdom	Below peasants but above slaves, had some freedom but very very poor. They were the bottom of the Feudal System in Europe until the end of 19th Century.	64
7358205086	Ivan III	He ruled in Russia from 1462-1505. He took over and kicked out the Mongol's by 1480. He was an Orthodox Christian and collaborated with boyars (nobility) and appointed them to jobs that would keep them loyal.	65
7358205087	Third Rome	After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow princes see themselves as heirs of Eastern Roman Empire.	66
7358205088	Rurik Dynasty	The first dynasty of Russia between 1462-1598. They got our of the Mongol control and ended when Ivan the Terrible died.	67
7358205089	Partitions of Poland	Shows why a strong absolutist state was needed in Europe in 17th and 18th Century. Russia, Prussia, and Austria agree to take equal amounts of land in order to avoid war, wiping Poland off the map.	68
7358205090	Peter I (the Great)	Sought to Westernize Russia and young nobles were required to have 5 year education away from Russia. He abolished hereditary succession to the throne. His economic reforms were designed to encourage Russia to adopt a more Western orientation. He classified boyars (nobles) into military, administrative, and court categories.	69
7358205091	St. Petersburg	After Peter the Great defeated Sweden in 1709, he built St. Petersburg. 25,000 to 40,000 peasants worked for three months each summer to build it without pay. This symbolized Russia's new Western orientation- "Window to the West."	70
7358205092	Westernization	When Russia, especially Peter the Great, wanted Russia to become like Europe with the education, art, technology and politics. During the Enlightenment period in Europe.	71
7358205093	Pugachev Rebellion	Under Catherine the Great's rule in the late 1700's. The serfs were not happy with how they were being treated and they rose up and rebelled. It was put down and Catherine wrote the Charter of the Nobility in 1785. This freed the nobles from taxes and state service, nobles up and serfs down.	72
7358205094	Cossacks	The peasants in the Pugachev rebellion who wanted to take land that the Russians had taken over from war.	73
7358205095	Romanov Dynasty	A Russian Dynasty that starts from 1613-1917. Started after the election of 1613 when Michael Romanov was elected and took power. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great were in this Dynasty.	74
7358205096	Ivan IV (the Terrible)	Ruled the Russian Empire between 1533-1584. He defeated the remaining Mongol influence and built the foundation for the Russian Empire. He declared that all nobles must serve the Tsar in order to keep land and had purges that depopulated central Russia.	75
7358205097	Boyars	They were Russian aristocrats who had some political power but not as much as their similar people in Europe.	76
7358205098	Alexis Romanov	The second ruler of Romanov Dynasty who took over control of the Russian Orthodox Church and got rid of the assemblies of nobles.	77
7358205099	Audiencia	The court system in the New World that has very high political power and was suppose to be checking on the Encomienda system.	78
7358205100	Bartolome de las Casa	The first bishop of Mexico who tried to stop the encomienda with the New Laws of 1542.	79
7358205101	Rio de Janeiro	A Brazilian port that helped with trading in Brazil and became the capital in 1763. An important export was gold during the gold strike.	80
7358205102	Coronado Potosi	Found what is called "New Spain" which is now North America. It was filled with gold.	81
7358205103	Granada	A Muslim kingdom that was taken over by Spain and in 1502 the people were forced to convert to Christianity.	82
7358205104	Encomendero	The people who were in charge of the Encomienda. This was forcing slavery onto the Indians, the Spanish were suppose to spread their culture and not take the Indians captive.	83
7358205105	Hispaniola	The first island that the explorers landed on which was colonized. It was settled by Spain in 1493.	84
7358205106	Francisco Pizarro	He was an explorer who captured the Incan capital, Cuzco, and had control over it by the 1570s. He had control over land that gave way to royal authority.	85
7358205107	Mita	The Incan used this system of work to spread out the workload. Each person would work some point in the year. This was then abused by the Spaniards when they just made everyone mine instead of doing something to benefit the Incan Empire.	86
7358205108	Hernan Cortes	A European navigator and in November of 1519, he went into the Tenochtilan, capital of the Aztecs, and within 2 years took over most of the Aztec Empire. His crew brought disease which killed a lot of the population.	87
7358205109	Mexico City	Used to be called Tenochtilan when the Aztec Empire were in charge. Cortes entered the city in 1519 which then led to the downfall of the Aztec Empire.	88
7358205110	New Spain	What is now the United States. Where Coronado found in the new world. This was filled with gold which helped with the global economy.	89
7358205111	Cuzco	The capital of the Incan Empire that was captured by the Pizarro and his men around the 1570s. This led to the end of the Incan Empire.	90
7358205112	Creoles	They were the natural born Spaniards who lived in the New World but they thought of themselves as better than regular Spaniards.	91
7358205113	Enlightened Despotism	When the monarch of Europe in the 18th Century who believed that they should rule justly and did not want to overstep their power over the people.	92
7358205114	New Granada	A country found from a settlement from Spain in 1717 and then won their independence from Spain.	93
7358205115	War of the Spanish Succession	After Louis XIV said that his grandson would be his successor, Europe started a war between 1701-1714.	94
7358205116	Boer War	A war between the decedents of the Dutch settlers and the British in South Africa between 1800-1801 and from 1899-1902.	95
7358205117	Afrikaners	The descendants of the French and Dutch settlers in Souther Africa in the 17th Century.	96
7358205118	Vootrekkers	Between 1830s and the 1840s when the immigrants moved inner in Africa outside of Cape Colony, in the Great Trek.	97
7358205119	Creole Slaves	Descendants of slaves that were born in the Americas, slaves when they are born.	98
7358205120	Factories	Places that would increase production and would increase the amount of trade that can happen in a place. Increased the money that can be made.	99
7358205121	Triangular Trade	Europeans would go to Africa to get slaves, the slaves would go to the Bahamas to make sugar, and then the sugar would go back to Europe, making a triangle.	100
7358205122	Asante	An African Kingdom that traded slaves for firearms with the Europeans. This led to them taking control of smaller kingdoms because they had the better weapons.	101
7358205123	Middle Passage	The part of the triangular trade that was when the slaves were taken to the new world. If this step never happened, the sugar could never get to Europe.	102
7358205124	Great Trek	The migration of descendants of European settlers in Africa who moved inland to get away from Cape Colony between 1830s and 1840s.	103
7358205125	Maroons	A slave that would attempt to run away from their owner but was not successful.	104
7358205126	Royal African Company	The English government regulated the trade on the Atlantic Coast of Africa in 1672. Created for the creation of their own source of slaves to American colonies.	105
7358205127	Dahomey	Located about 70 miles off of the West African Coast. By the 1720's because of access to guns, rulers created centralized, brutal regime based on the slave trade.	106
7358205128	John Wesley	Created the methodist church from the Anglican church when he led a religious movement. It gave the lower and middle class more hope than the Anglican religion.	107
7358205129	Swazi	An African state that was from the wars that happened in Southern Africa because of the wars in the 19th Century.	108
7358205130	Zulu	The dominant tribe in Africa in the late 19th Century when British Imperialism started but they were finally taken over in 1879.	109
7358205131	Diaspora	Dispersal of African peoples and their descendants to other parts of the world. Africa becomes part of the mercantile world in the early modern times and they traded ivory, gold, and slaves.	110
7358205132	Aurangzeb	Leader in the Mughal Empire that enforced Islamic law. He reversed Akbar's rule and extended the empire of the Empire but could not control it.	111
7358205133	Jahangir	When the Mughal empire reached its peak under his rule between 1605-1628. He continued Akbar's rules of tolerance.	112
7358205134	Babur	A Turkish Muslim ruler from Central Asia. In 1504 he forcefully established a kingdom in Afghanistan but could not extend it.	113
7358205135	Humayun	The son of Babur who lost territory in India immediately and was forced to exile Persia but was gained back in 1556.	114
7358205136	Akbar	He was a military and administrative genius who reconciled with the Hindus in the kingdom and preached tolerance. Also he instituted several key reforms for Indian society, most notable of them were driven to improve the status of women.	115
7358205137	Sunni	85% of the Muslim people are in the Sunni sect who support the early caliphs and Umayyad leaders.	116
7358205138	Taj Mahal	Built by Shah Jahan for his wife in the 17th Century. This shows how much power and wealth that India had.	117
7358205139	Hagia Sophia	Built by Justinian I for his wife but when it was taken over by the Ottoman Empire, it was turned into a Mosque.	118
7358205140	Suleyman the Magnificent	Ruled from 1520-1566 and extended the Ottoman territory. He conquered areas of Hungary in 1526 and attacked Vienna in 1429 but does not conquer it.	119
7358205141	Golden Horn	A waterway in Turkey which is what the Russians wanted in order to get into the global trade with Europe, India, and the New World.	120
7358205142	Isfahan	Shah Abbas made this the capital city of Iran in 1598 which was made surrounded by mosques.	121
7358205143	Mehmed II	He takes control of Turks in Afghanistan and the Arabs being booted out of India. Between 1001 one 1027, seventeen raiding expeditions into India and destroyed hundreds of Hindu and Buddhist temples.	122
7358205144	Janissaries	"new troops" who were boys that received special training, learned turkish, and converted to Islam. They became the most powerful part of the Ottoman military.	123
7358205145	Ismail	Started the Safavid Dynasty in 1501. He took Tabriz and declared himself Shah/emperor. Over the next 10 years, he takes most of Persia which is now modern day Iran and Iraq.	124
7358205146	Chaldrian	Ismail and the Safavids are defeated by the Ottomans in 1514. This demonstrated the powers of artillery and firearms. The defeat weakened Ismail's position and also determined that shi'ism would be confined to mainly Persia and parts of Iraq.	125
7358205147	Gunpowder Empires	The Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman Empires who would develop using gunpowder and with that they had more military success.	126
7358205148	Tahmasp I	Ruled the Safavid Dynasty between 1534-1576 after Ismail. He rebuilt the Safavid Dynasty and was the longest ruler of the Dynasty.	127
7358205149	Shah Abbas The Great	Ruled between 1588-1629. He ruled the Safavids and they reached their peak under the rule of him. He hated the Ottomans, so he allied himself with Europeans to improve his armies and defended his borders.	128
7358205150	Imams	Shi'a religious leaders	129
7358205151	Sail al-Din	He was a sufi mystic in the 14th Century and wanted to purify the Islamic religion. He was the leader of the Turkish ethnic groups in Azerbaijan near the Caspian Sea.	130
7358205152	Vizier	Head of the bureaucracy in the Ottoman Empire and around the 15th Century, they became even more powerful than the Sultans.	131
7358205153	Safavid Dynasty	A Shia Dynasty between 1501-1722 who control modern day Iran and Iraq. Persians were recruited into the bureaucracy to balance the Turkish warrior present.	132
7358205154	Mughal Dynasty	A Muslim empire between 1498-1805. In 1504, Babur forcefully established a kingdom in Afghanistan but could not extend it. Mostly tolerant of all religions during the reign.	133
7358205155	Asia Sea-Trading Network	Arabs had glass, carpet and tapestry. India had cotton textiles. China has paper, porcelain, and silks. Happened around the 16th Century.	134
7358205156	Caravels	A ship which could sail against the wind and it was easier for the Portuguese to trade with Asia.	135
7358205157	Manchu	A Chinese Dynasty between 1644 to 1912 where they traded with Europe which led to conflict with Europe and the coastal cities of China. Foreign conflict and government corruption.	136
7358205158	Mercantilists	The government controls all trade within the country so the government can make more money. Happened in Europe between the 16th and 18th Centuries.	137
7358205159	Malacca	A port city in modern day Malaysia which was founded around 1400, helping trade with Europe, India, and the New World.	138
7358205160	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	He was a military master in Japan from 1590 to 1598. He broke the powers of the daimyos.	139
7358205161	Tokugawa Ieyasu	He became the shogun of Japan in 1603 and made Japan united under one political power.	140
7358205162	Middle Kingdom	China believed that their land was between heaven and Earth. This is the reason they had such an extensive Kingdom.	141
7358205163	Zheng He	A Chinese explorer who took ships through the Indian Ocean between Southeast Asia to Africa to show off their money. Lived between 1371 to 1433.	142
7358205164	Matteo Ricci	An Italian Jesuit who traveled to China and became a Chinese missionary. Wanted to spread Christianity in China. Lived between 1552 to 1610.	143
7358205165	Adam Schall	A Jesuit scholar in the Ming Empire but could only get a few people to convert to Christianity. Lived between 1592 to 1666.	144
7358205166	Zhu Yuanzhang	The founder of the Ming Dynasty, led his army to a final victory over the Mongols, who became the emperor of China.	145
7358205167	Scholar-Gentry	Landowning families in China who help political power because of their wealth.	146
7358205168	Forbidden City	A blocked part of Beijing that would house the emperor of China. 1420.	147
7358205169	Francis Xavier	Helped Ignatius Loyola start the Jesuits and went on many missions to spread Christianity. Lived between 1506 to 1552.	148

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AP World Period 4 Flashcards

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9414941105	Vasco De Gama	Portuguese, sailed beneath the southern tip of Africa into the Indian Ocean	0
9414941106	Magellan, Ferdinand	Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).	1
9414941108	Aztec Empire	Empire in central Mexico, capital was Tenochtitlan, military based empire; conquered by Cortez	2
9414941109	Montezuma	Ninth Aztec emperor, famous for his confrontation with Hernes Cortes	3
9414941110	Cavavels	A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship created by the Portuguese	4
9414941112	Columbian Exchange	Trade of livestock, vegetables, coffee, tobacco, disease, and slaves from the Old World to the New World, caused a dramatic demographic shift in the Americas	5
9414941113	Jamestown	First British colony in North America (Virginia), named after King James I of England	6
9414941114	Little Ice Age	Period between 1300-1870 in which Europe and North America were subjected to colder winds	7
9414941115	Chattel Slavery	The owning of human beings as property	8
9414941119	Peninsulars	A European from the Iberian Peninsula (i.e. Spain and Portugal) living in the Americas, small % of the population	9
9414941120	Creole	Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.	10
9414941122	Treaty of Tordesillas	An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.	11
9414941123	Francisco Pizzaro (Spain)	Spanish conquistador, killed Inca Empire and brought the lands under Spanish control	12
9414941124	Erasmus	Catholic priest, learned to speak Greek so he could translate the original bible	13
9414941125	Humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements	14
9414941127	Diet of Worms	Meeting between Pope Leo X, Charles V, and Martin Luther, Pope Leo tries to make Luther repent his sins, Luther leaves as a heratic	15
9414941128	John Calvin	religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society	16
9414941131	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended the Thirty Years War, allowed German princes to choose their faith, Europe is permanently religiously divided	17
9414941132	Henry VIII	Tudor family, created the Church of England, had six wives	18
9414941133	Elizabeth I	(1533-1603) Protestant Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time. She was the daughter of Henry VIII.	19
9414941134	Absolute Monarchy	A form of government in which the king has absolute authority over the state	20
9414941137	Glorious Revolution	The overthrow of James II of England by William and Mary of Orange, "bloodless revolution"	21
9414941140	Adam Smith	Scottish philosopher and economist, wrote the "wealth of nations"	22
9414941142	Indentured Servant	Men or woman who signed a contract in by which they agreed to work a certain number of years in exchange for food, transportation, and housing (North America)	23
9414941143	Songhai Empire	Western African empire in the 15th and 16th century	24
9414941144	King Alfonso I	First African king to convert to Catholicism	25
9414941145	Triangular Trade	A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa	26
9414941147	African Diaspora	The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750	27
9414941148	Romanov Dynasty	The second dynasty to rule over Russia, ruled until the 20th century	28
9414941149	Peter the Great	(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.	29
9414941150	Catherine the Great	Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)	30
9414941151	Zheng He	Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia	31
9414941152	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China and adopted policy of isolationism.	32
9414941154	Tokugawa Ieyusa	Created a centralized government in Japan, rejected relationships with westerners (except for the Dutch)	33
9414941156	Sultan Mehmed II	Ottoman ruler who sacked Constantinople, effectively ending the Byzantine empire. Renamed it Istanbul and then absorbed the lands of Byzantium.	34
9414941157	Suleiman the Magnificent	The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.	35
9414941158	Janissaries	Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.	36
9414941159	Safavid Empire	Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.	37
9414941160	Shah Ismail	Founder of Safavid Empire in 1501, ruled until 1524; made Twelver Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it upon his Sunni subjects; his followers became known as qizilbash.	38
9414941161	Shah Abbas	Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age, created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire	39
9414941164	Aurangzeb	Great grandson of Akbar; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; intolerant--reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707.	40
9414941165	Taj Mahal	Beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife	41
9414941168	Lutheranism	The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; It was the first Protestant faith	42
9414941169	Calvinism (John Calvin)	A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin. He took over the reform movement in Switzerland after Ulrich Zwingli was killed. Luther and Calvin disagreed on the idea of predestination. They were a militant protestant group.	43
9414941170	The Renaissance	"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome	44
9414941171	Leonardo Da Vinci	Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, he filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).	45
9414941172	Michelangelo	(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.	46
9414941173	Edict of Nantes	1598 - Granted the Huguenots (French Protestants) liberty of conscience and worship.	47
9414941174	Huguenots	French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s; influenced by Calvin; were the persecuted minority in France; Edict of Nantes gave them liberty to worship.	48
9414941176	Akbar the Great	The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.	49
9414941178	Conquistadores	Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.	50
9414941179	Constantinople, 1453	The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.	51
9414941181	Devshirme	The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.	52
9414941182	The Great Dying	Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.	53
9414941183	Jizya	Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time.	54
9414941184	Mercantilism	An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals like gold and silver).	55
9414941185	Mestizo	Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.	56
9414941186	Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks (who claimed some decent from Mongols) who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.	57
9414941187	Mulatto	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.	58
9414941188	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	59
9414941190	plantation agriculture	Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.	60
9414941191	Qing Dynasty	(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,	61
9414941193	Siberia	Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.	62
9414941195	British/Dutch East India companies	Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.	63
9414941196	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.	64
9414941199	Middle Passage	Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.	65
9414941200	Samurai	The warrior elite of medieval Japan.	66
9414941201	Shogun	In Japan, a supreme military commander.	67
9414941202	Spanish Phillipines	An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization	68
9414941203	Tokugawa Shogunate	Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments.	69
9414941204	Trading post empire	16th Century. Built initially by the Portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.	70
9414941205	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.	71
9414941206	Copernicus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.	72
9414941207	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.	73
9414941209	The Enlightenment	A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion.	74
9414941210	Galileo	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who use of a telescope further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church.	75
9414941212	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success	76
9414941213	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.	77
9414941214	Isaac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.	78
9414941215	Ninety-Five Theses	List of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.	79
9414941216	Protestant Reformation	A religious movement of the 16th century that began with Martin Luther as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.	80
9414941217	Scientific Revolution	A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.	81
9414941218	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.	82
9414941219	Thirty Years War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).	83
12515352430	Ivan the Terrible	(1533-1584) He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. Ended Mongol raids, modernized the army, but created law that turned peasants to serfs. Earned his nickname for terrorizing his perceived enemies, even killing his own son.	84
12515361659	Ivan III (the Great)	Ivan III, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government	85
12515379496	Oprichniki	Secret police force that was created by Ivan the Terrible	86
12515387261	Baltic Sea (port)	Russia tried to get a port here under Ivan IV (the Terrible) but succeeded under Peter the Great; however, it freezes over during winter months.	87
12515400273	Black Sea (Port)	Peter the Great fought the Ottoman Turks for access to this warm water port; Catherine the Great succeeded.	88
12515410269	Peter III of Russia	Emperor of Russia for only 6 months in 1762. He could hardly speak Russian and was unpopular; overthrown by his wife, Catherine the Great.	89
12515418467	joint-stock company	A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.	90
12515421346	limited liability	A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments. This helped investors be more willing to take risks and therefore expanded exploration and trade c. 1500-1750.	91
12515437287	Inca Mita System	mandatory government service/labor (ie road project etc) from ages 15-50; Spanish took this over and required work to help with their commercial mining and agricultural interests.	92
12515445917	Sugar Plantations	Found in southern Brazil and the Caribbean Islands during c. 1450-1750, the development of these that led to an intensification of the Portuguese involvement in the African slave trade. 85% of African slaves were sent here and had the harshest slave codes.	93
12515471849	God, Gold, Glory	3 motives for Spanish Exploration in the Americas	94
12515476622	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.	95
12515481021	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	96
12515486714	Manchus	Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.	97
12515495786	Hacienda system	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.	98
12515500830	Indentured Servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	99
12515517425	Malacca Sultanate	An Islamic state founded in the important trade location of the Straits of Malacca, where a Muslim minority ruled.	100
12515522181	Songhay Empire	A Muslim state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.	101
12515528926	Lief Ericson	Was the first person to reach North America, 500 years before Columbus	102
12515528927	Henry Hudson	An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him	103
12515534246	Captain James Cook	English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).	104
12515541504	Transoceanic travel in 1500	a. Made possible by new navigational tools (caravels, new maps), better ships, ability to create outposts	105
12515549390	Astrolabe	An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets	106
12515551768	Fluyt	A shallow-draft ship of large capacity, which enabled Dutch transport of enormous quantities of cereals, timber, and iron:	107
12515555311	Carracks	a large merchant ship of a kind operating in European waters in the 14th to the 17th century.	108
12515560464	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	109
12515566888	wind patterns	Europeans better understanding of these patterns made sea trade more profitable.	110
12515591965	Small Pox	Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America	111
12515595233	Saint Petersburg	Founded by Peter the Great, Imperial capital of Russia; important trade city because of location of the Baltic Sea.	112
12515603651	Royal chartered monopoly companies	A monopoly given to a company by the government (i.e. the East India Company)	113
12515628576	Sufism	An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.	114
12515636225	Syncretism	The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.	115
12515636226	Vodun	or voodoo is a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Christianity	116
12515647768	William Shakespeare (1564-1616)	English Renaissance writer and playwright, he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time.	117
12515647769	Northern Renaissance	the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature; Art "perfected" realism	118
12515661128	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	119
12515664310	Cervantes	Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)	120
12515667423	Kabuki	a type of Japanese drama in which music, dance, and mime are used to present stories	121
12515677999	wood block prints	Japanese artform, Ukiyo-e school, depict nature and landscapes,historical tales	122
12515681418	Ottoman miniature painting	small paintings often of the achievements of Ottoman sultans	123
12515724100	Qing Imperial Portraits	Portraits of Qing emperors used to legitimize their rule	124
12515731165	Chinese Civil Service	in Ancient China, the process of giving government jobs to people who were educated and had good test results	125

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