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AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards

2906558451	Microevolution	Refers to the changes in one gene pool of a population	0
2906617545	Macroevolution	The development of an entirely new species	1
2906642513	Hardy-Weinberg Equation(s)	p² + 2pq + q² =1	2
2906654801	Gene flow	Migration of individual's alleles into or out of the population (Ex. pollen from one valley can be carried by the wind across a mountain to another valley. Gene flow tends to INCREASE diversity).	3
2906658594	Mutations	Changes in genetic material and are the raw material for evolutionary change. A single point mutation can introduce a new allele into a population. INCREASE diversity.	4
2906765679	Nonrandom mating	Individuals choose their mates for a specific reason. The selection of a mate serves to eliminate the less- fit individuals.	5
2906784889	Natural Selection	The major mechanism of evolution in any population. Those individuals who are better adapted to the environment exhibit better reproductive success. They pass the genes to their offspring and so on.	6
2906803211	Genetic Drift	The change in the gene pool due to chance. It is a fluctuation in frequency of alleles from one generation to another and is unpredictable. It tends to LIMIT diversity. (Ex. Bottleneck and Founder effects)	7
2906832661	Bottleneck Effect	Natural disasters such as fire, earthquake, and flood reduce the size of a population unselectively, resulting in a loss of genetic variation. (Ex. From 1820 to 1880, the northern Elephant seal was hunted to extinction. In 1884, the few remaining seals were placed under protection, and throughout the years the population has increased to 35,000; all are descendants from the original group that have little genetic variation)	8
2906832662	The Founder Effect	When a small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area, it is most likely not genetically representative of the original larger population. Rare alleles may be overrepresented. (Ex. All of the colonists descended from a small group of settlers who came to the U.S from Germany in the 1770's. Apparently one or more of the settlers carried the rare but dominant gene for polydactyly, having extra fingers and toes. Due to the extreme isolation and intermarriage of the close community, this population now has a high incidence of polydactyly.	9
2909004779	Gene Pool	The stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.	10
2909021720	Heterozygous	A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles of a gene. (Ex. Pp)	11
2909023717	Homozygous	Homozygous is a genetic condition where an individual inherits the same alleles for a particular gene from both parents. (Ex. PP and pp) Dominant and Recessive	12
2909043154	Allelic Frequencies	the proportion of a particular allele (variant of a gene) among all allele copies being considered. It can be formally defined as the percentage of all alleles at a given locus on a chromosome in a population gene pool represented by a particular allele. (Ex. p+q=1 where p represents the frequency of the dominant allele while q represents the frequency of the recessive allele)	13
2909068994	Population	a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.	14
2909074548	Genotype	An individuals collection of genes.	15
2909080898	Phenotype	The organisms physical appearance.	16
2909083565	Genetic Variation	refers to diversity in gene frequencies. Genetic variation can refer to differences between individuals or to differences between populations.	17
2916324717	Aristotle	Aristotle spoke for the ancient world with his theory of Scala Natura. According to this theory, all life-forms can be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity, each with its own issued support. The species are permanent and do not evolve. Humans are at the pinnacle of this ladder of increasing complexity.	18
2916380209	Linnaeus	Linnaeus specialized in taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. He believed that scientists should study life and that a classification system would reveal a divine plan. He is also known for inventing binomial nomenclature, where an animal has a special scientific name consisting of two parts; a genus and a species. (Ex. the scientific name for lions is Panthera Leo)	19
2916436835	Cuvier	He studied FOSSILS and realized that each layer of earth is characterized by different fossils. He believed that a series of catastrophes was responsible for the changes in the organisms on earth and was a strong opponent of evolution. His study of fossils was VERY important to Darwin's theory.	20
2916606396	James Hutton	One of the MOST influential geologists of his day, published his theory of GRADUALISM in 1795. He stated that the Earth had been molded, not by sudden violent events, but by slow, gradual change. He observed the effects of wind, water, and weather and that these were the same forces that formed the various geologic features on earth, such as mountain ranges and canyons. His theories were IMPORTANT because they were based on the idea that the Earth had a verryyyyy long history and that change is the normal course of events.	21
2916677997	Lyell	Was a leading geologist of Darwin's ERA. He stated that geological change results from slow, continuous actions. He believed that the Earth was much older than the 6,000 years thought by early theologians. His text, "Principles of Geology" was a great influence on Darwin.	22
2916714190	Lamarck	Was a contemporary of Darwin who also developed a theory of evolution. He published his theory in 1809, the year Darwin was born. His theory relies on the ideas of Inheritance of acquired characteristics and use of disguise. He stated that individual organisms change in response to the environment.	23
2916763839	Wallace	A naturalist and author, published an essay discussing the process of natural selection identical to Darwin's, which...had not yet been published.	24
2916784654	Darwin	a naturalist and author, who went to the Galapagos islands to study organisms. By the early 1840's, he had worked out his theory of natural selection but did NOT publish them. He later published "On the origin of the species" in 1859 when he was convinced. Darwin's theory challenged the traditional view of a young earth (6000 yrs old) inhabited by unchanging species.	25
2916834407	Stabilizing Selection	Sometimes called purifying selection, eliminates the extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms. Many mutant forms are weeded out in this way. (Ex. In humans, stabilizing selection keeps the majority of birth weights in the 6-8 pound range. For babies much smaller and much larger, infant mortality is greater)	26
2916919181	Disruptive Selection	Increases the extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms. What may result is called balanced polymorphism, one population divided into two distinct types. Over great lengths of time, disruptive selection may result in the formation of two new species.	27
2916959301	Directional Selection	Changing environmental conditions give rise to Directional Selection, where one phenotype replaces another in the gene pool. (Ex. the peppered moths issue in the industrial revolution, where the trees turned dark because of pollution, and the black moths then blended in while the white ones got eaten.......)	28
2917011589	Sexual Selection	Selection based on variation in secondary sexual characteristics related to competing for and attracting mates. In the males, antlers, strength are the result of sexual selection. Difference in APPEARANCE between males and females are known and sexual dimorphism.	29
2917039421	Artificial Selection	Humans breed plants and animals by seeking individual with desired traits as breeding stock. (Ex. racehorses are bred for speed, and laying hens are bred to produce more and larger eggs)	30
2917094048	Descent with modification	Descent with modification refers to the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their offspring. This passing on of traits is known as heredity, and the basic unit of heredity is the gene. Genes hold information about every conceivable aspect of an organism: its growth, development, behavior, appearance, physiology, reproduction. Genes are the blueprints for an organism and these blueprints are passed from parents to their offspring each generation.	31
2917118309	Differential Reproductive Success	One individual or group having better success than another.......obviously:)	32
2917142708	Fitness	is a central idea in evolutionary and sexual selection theories. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment. In either case, it describes individual reproductive success and is equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype.	33
2917221051	Adaptive evolution	results from the propagation of advantageous mutations through positive selection. This is the modern synthesis of the process which Darwin and Wallace originally identified as the mechanism of evolution.	34
2917288829	Populations tend to..	grow exponentially, overpopulate, and exceed their resources.	35
2917314487	Overpopulation results in...	competition and a struggle for existence	36
2917319547	In ANY population there is....	variation and an unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce.	37
2917325510	Only the best-fit individuals....	survive and get to pass on their traits to offspring.	38
2917372094	Anti-biotic resistance	Directional selection can produce rapid shifts in allelic frequencies. For example, soon after the discovery of antibiotics, bacteria appeared that were resistant to these drugs. Scientists now know that the genes for anti-biotic resistance carried on plasmids, small DNA molecules, which can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another and which can spread the mutation for antibiotic resistance veryyy rapidly within the bacterial population.	39
2917423624		when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species—in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph. In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating)	40
2917427307	Geographic variation	when 2 different phenotypes can be found in different regions (remember the phet simulation with the bunny rabbits??)	41
2917442222	Sexual reproduction	When you mix 2 different sets of DNA, combining the genetic info from 2 different individuals...	42
2917454373	Independent Assortment	when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.	43
2917502456	Crossing over	Chromosomal crossover (or crossing over) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction....so its basically when DNA from homologous pairs switches.	44
2917535135	Random Fertilization	Sperm randomly picks egg	45
2917423218	Diploidy	in genetics, the number of chromosomes occurring in the nucleus of a cell. In normal somatic (body) cells, the chromosomes exist in pairs. The condition is called diploidy. During meiosis the cell produces gametes, or germ cells, each containing half the normal or somatic number of chromosomes	46
2917541362	Haploidy	when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. A normal eukaryote organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each parent. However, after meiosis, the number of chromosomes in gametes is halved.	47
2917551201	Heterozygote advantage	preserves multiple alleles in a population	48
2917558860	Out breeding	breed from parents not closely related.	49
2917559940	Fossils	The fossil record reveals the existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species. Radiometric dating and half life accurately measure the age of fossils. Prokaryotes were the first organisms to develop on earth, and they are the oldest fossils.	50
2917577230	Biogeography	According to the theory of plate tectonics, continents and oceans rest on giant plates of the Earth's crust that float on top of the hot mantle. Convection currents in the mantle are responsible for the slow, continuous movement of the plates know as continental drift.	51
2917590650	Comparative anatomy	The study of different structures contributes to scientists' understanding of the evolution of anatomical structures and of evolutionary relationships. ex. the wing of a bat, human arm, and a whale fin, all have the same internal bone structure, although the function of each varies. these structures are known as homologous structures.	52
2917604391	Vestigial Structures	vestigial structures, such as the appendix, are evidence that structures have evolved. So basically a vestigial structure is something that we once had and did something, but don't to anything anymore. ex. tail	53
2917618545	Homologous Structures	Structures that come from the same ancestor...have a common origin and reflect a common ancestry.	54
2917626625	Analogous Structures	NOT from a recent common ancestor. like a bat wing and a fly's wing have the same function, but the similarity is superficial and reflects adaptation to a similar environment.	55
2917635467	Divergent Evolution	Occurs when a population becomes isolated (for ANY reason) from the rest of da species, becomes exposed to new selective pressures, and evolves into a new species.	56
2917642062	Convergent Evolution	When unrelated species occupy the same environment, they are subjected to similar selective pressures and show similar adaptations. The best example is a Whale. Which has almost the same appearance as a fish because the two evolved in the same environment. Originally, Whales' ancestry came from mammals, not fish.	57
2917655347	Molecular Evidence	Cellular/Molecular Evidence. All living things are fundamentally alike. At the cellular and molecular level living things are remarkably similar to each other. These fundamental similarities are most easily explained by evolutionary theory: life shares a common ancestor.	58
2917657876	Physiology	the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.	59
2917661358	Embryology	is the branch of biology that studies the development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology is the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth.	60

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848

Terms : Hide Images

5324373681	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	0
5324373682	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.	1
5324373683	James Monroe	The fifth president of the United States. His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.	2
5324373684	Nationalism	A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.	3
5324373685	tariff	A tax on imported goods	4
5324373686	Tariff of 1816	1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.	5
5324373687	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state.	6
5324373688	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	7
5324373689	Second Bank of the US	States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president.	8
5324373690	Panic of 1819	1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors.	9
5324373691	John Marshall	1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.	10
5324373692	Marbury v Madison	(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review	11
5324373693	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	12
5324373694	Gibbons v Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	13
5324373695	Worcester v Georgia	A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.	14
5324373696	Implied powers	Powers derived from the "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause.	15
5324373697	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated but led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820.	16
5324373698	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	17
5324373699	Rush-Bagot Treaty	1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.	18
5324373700	Convention of 1818	Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.	19
5324373701	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	20
5324373702	Monroe Doctrine	1823, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.	21
5324373703	National Road	First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.	22
5324373704	Lancaster Turnpike	Pennsylvania turnpike, built in the 1790s, which connected Philadelphia with the rich farmlands around Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid-1820s, connected most of the country's major cities	23
5324373705	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.	24
5324373707	Steamboat	A boat powered by a steam engine that turns a large paddle wheel.	25
5324373708	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	26
5324373709	Interchangeable parts	1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.	27
5324373711	Lowell System	Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.	28
5324373712	Industrialization	Development of a system which supports machine production of goods	29
5324373713	Specialization	Development of skills in a specific kind of work	30
5324373714	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.	31
5324373715	Thomas Jefferson	Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Purchased Louisiana for the US even though the purchase was outside of his belief in strict construction of the Constitution.	32
5324373716	Embargo Act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	33
5324373717	War of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawk Congressman wanted to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.	34
5324373718	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	35
5324373719	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain.	36
5324373720	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	37
5324373721	Sacajawea	The Native American woman who was the personal guide and translator for Lewis and Clark and their expedition in northern Louisiana Territory	38
5324373722	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	39
5324373723	James Madison	(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.	40
5324373724	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.	41
5324373725	Macon's Bill No 2	Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain.	42
5324373726	Napoleon	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. When Napoleon gave up on western hemisphere territories after the Haitian Revolution, he sold the Louisiana Territory because he needed money in war with England. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	43
5324373727	Haitian Revolution	A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Overture.	44
5324373728	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	45
5324373729	Barbary Pirate Wars	The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.	46
5324373730	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	47

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Chapter 9 Out of Many Flashcards

Key Topics:
-The development of America's economy in a world of warring great powers
-The role of Jefferson's presidency & his agrarian republicanism in forging a national identity
-The ending of colonial dependency by the divisive War of 1812
- The nationalizing force of western expansion

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592465395	Vitus Bering	Commission in 1741, this Danish born naval officer sailed east from Kamchatka across the Bering Sea and explored the Aleutian Islands, and made landfall on the Southern coast of Alaska. In the aftermath, Russian American was established b/c of the fur trapping and trade they est.	0
592465396	Aleuts	Native people that live near the Aleutian Islands, Alaska	1
592465397	Kodiak	an island off southern Alaska in the Gulf of Alaska, headquarters of the Russian-American Company	2
592465398	Pinckney Treaty of 1795	Spain, fearing that Jay's Treaty foreshadowed an Anglo-American alliance, quickly struck a deal: this treaty granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded, including free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida	3
592465399	"Queen City of the West"	Cincinnati	4
592465400	Battle of Fallen Timbers	A battle on August 20, 1794, between U.S. forces lead by Gen. Anthony Wayne and Shawnee at Fallen Timbers, south of present day Toledo, Ohio. Wayne routed the Native Americans in a matter of hours. The victory speeded the end of native resistance in the northwest frontier and it underlined the power of the new Federal government. It also permanently ended the power of the British on American soil, when British forces at a nearby fort refused sanctuary to the defeated Shawnee, fearing war with the United States.	5
592465401	barter	an equal exchange	6
592465402	cotton gin	a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793	7
592465403	urbanization	the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban	8
592465404	Robert Morris	A financer of the revolution. First Treasurer of the U.S. Signed the Constitution and the Dec. of Indep.	9
592465405	Spanish Colonies	-Tensions mounted between peninsulares and criollos -Spanish est. a chain of 21 missions in a last effort to protect Mexico -American traders were making inroads on Spanish-held territory along the MI River	10
592465406	European Colonies in the Early 19th Century	-Spain: challenged in its efforts to control New Spain & the Caribbean -Britain: government of Canada reflected lessons learned in the colonies -Russia: rapidly expanding presence centered on Alaska and the Northwest	11
592465407	clipper ship	a fast sailing ship with slender lines, tall masts, and large square sails	12
592465408	Pierre L'Enfant	French architect who designed the layout of Washington, DC with broad avenues and park-like areas	13
592465409	Virginia Dynasty	Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), James Monroe (1817-1825). All presidents from Virginia.	14
592465410	Agrarian Republic	Jefferson's idea of nation of yeomen farmers, each secure in possessions and not dependent on anyone (based on small communities of agriculture)	15
592465411	Thomas Malthus	an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) He wrote the Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798, warning of the impending population explosion.	16
592465412	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.	17
592465413	The American Economy in 1800	predominately rural 94 % of Americans lived in communities of fewer than 2500 people crops were grown for home use rather than for sale	18
592465414	Growth of American Trade: 1793-1807	FR initiated renewed period of warfare between France and Britain Am merchants wanted to supply both sides expansion of trade led to development of shipbuilding industry and growth of coastal cities	19
592465415	Judiciary Act of 1801	One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices (justices of the peace). This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Dem-Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.	20
592465416	Marbury v. Madison	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). -case sparked by Jefferson's refusal to recognize Adams' "midnight judges" -Justice Marshall ruled that the duty of the courts was to say what the law is -ruling made SC's a powerful nationalizing force	21
592465417	Writ of Mandamus	an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion	22
592465418	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court	23
592465419	Napoleon	French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)	24
592465420	Battle of Waterloo	the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat	25
592465421	Toussaint L'Ouverature	Haitian that led a slave rebellion in 1803 (Saint Dominique, French colony) a success, first independent black nation	26
592465422	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	27
592465423	Sacajawea	She accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition during its journey to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806. She made important contributions to the success of the Corps of Discovery: she helped guide the expedition through unfamiliar territory and she helped translate when the expedition encountered Indian tribes.	28
592465424	Mandans	A Native American people formerly living in villages along the Missouri River in south-central North Dakota, with present-day descendants on Lake Sacajawea in west-central North Dakota	29
592465425	election of 1804	Thomas Jefferson ran as a Democratic-Republican and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ran as a Federalist. Jefferson easily defeated Pinckney. George Clinton won for Vice President.	30
592465426	impressments	The practice of forcing people into service. British ships would stop American vessels and impress American sailors. This led to Americans becoming extremely angry and eager for war with Britain.	31
592465427	Chesapeake and Leopard Affair	1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.	32
592465428	non-importation act of 1806	The act that forbid trade with England. It was meant to get Britain to stop stealing sailors from America's ships, but it didn't have the desired effect. It was Jefferson's first attempt to respond economically.	33
592465429	Embargo Act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. It hurt the economy, especially of New England (Later, the Hartford Convention)	34
592465430	Election of 1808	the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804.	35
592465431	James Madison	Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812	36
592465432	Non-Intercourse Act of 1809	Passed during the presidency of James Madison. It stated that America could trade with all nations except Britain and France.	37
592465433	Macon's Bill #2, 1810	restored trade with Britain and France but that if one country agreed to respect neutral rights than the US would prohibit trade with that nation's foe	38
592465434	Indian policy	Jackson's decision for the United States to begin moving the Indians westward and opening Indian lands in the East to white settlement	39
592465435	Indian Intercourse Act of 1790	US cannot simply seize Indian land; it could only acquire it when the Indians ceded it by treaty	40
592465436	Little Turtle	Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace	41
592465437	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. --- pan Indian military resistance movement	42
592465438	William Henry Harrison	Governor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe	43
592465439	The Prophet	Tecumseh's brother. He tried to help unite the Northwest Indian tribes in their struggle against the onslaught of US settlers.	44
592465440	Treaty of Fort Wayne	sometimes called the Ten O'clock Line Treaty, is an 1809 treaty that obtained 3,000,000 acres (approximately 12,000 km²) of American Indian land for the white settlers of Illinois and Indiana. The tribes involved were the Delaware, Eel River, Miami tribe, and Potawatomi in the initial negotiations; later Kickapoo and the Wea, who were the primary inhabitants of the region being sold.	45
592465441	War Hawk	rising young generation of political leaders, first elected to congress in 1810, who strongly resented the continuing influence of Britain in American affairs. included such leaders of John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY; they found all aspects of GB interference - impressment of sailors and support for western Indians intolerable	46
592465442	Captain Oliver Perry	a famous us naval captain who fought in the battle of lake Erie on the uss lawrence and his ship was hit so heavily that he gt off his ship rowed a mile under heavy fire got onto another ship put his flag up on that ship and defeated the british and was hailed a hero	47
592465443	Lake Erie	One of the Great Lakes where Oliver H. Perry captured a large British fleet	48
592465444	Red Sticks	Rebellious and Dangerous Creek Indians that massacred Fort Mims and were defeated by Andrew Jackson at Horseshoe Bend	49
592465445	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	50
592465446	Fort McHenry	War of 1812 site where Francis Scott Key was held prisoner. As battle ranges outside, he penned the words of Star Springled Banner	51
592465447	Hartford Convention	December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.	52
592465448	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 Belgium- Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.	53
592465449	National Road	First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.	54
592465450	wilderness road	The trail into Kentucy that Daniel Boone helped build; although it was too narrow for carts or wagons and not easy to travel on, it became the main road into Kentucky.	55
592465451	federal road	horse path cut through Indian country for settlers to use	56
592465452	second great awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.	57
592465453	election of 1816	Election when Rufus King (federalist candidate) was brutally defeated by Monroe. Rufus King was a strong advocate for the abolition of slavery. His loss signified the 'death' of the federalist party	58
592465454	American system	an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. -as well as 2nd bank and internal improvements- roads, etc.	59
592465455	Tariff of 1816	This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.	60
592465456	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. National Republican	61
592465457	Rush-Bagot Treaty	The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812.	62
592465458	Adams-Onis Treaty	Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States	63
592465459	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.	64
592465460	Panic of 1819	Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.	65
592465461	Missouri Compromise	1820 -The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. --balance of representation in the senate between slave states and free states	66
592465462	36/30	line designated as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise	67
592465463	James Talmadge	said that he would vote for Missouri to be a state if all children of slaves were freed when they were 25 years old. Gradual decrease of slavery	68
592465464	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. also the Missouri Compromise of 1820	69
592465465	War of 1812	War fought between the British and the U.S from June 1812 to Jan 1815 largely over British restrictions on American shipping	70
592465466	nullification	constitutional doctrine holding that a state has the legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders	71
592465467	prelude to war	republican- controlled congress balked at strengthening military divided congress declared war support for war in strongest in south and west (war hawks)	72
592465468	era of good feelings	the time period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearace of the Federalists enabled the republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony --james monroe/missouri compromise , a name for president monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. since the federalist party dissolved after the war of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	73
592465469	transcontinental treaty of 1819	treaty between u.s and spain in which spain ceded Florida to the U.S, surrendered claims to teh pacific northwest, and agreed to a boundary between the LA purchase territory and the spanish southwest	74
592465470	second bank of united states	a national bank chartered by congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit	75
592465471	the missouri compromise	dealt with the issue of slavery in newly acquired territory henry clay played a key role in reaching compromise maine entered the union as a free state, Missouri as slave state slavery prohibited north of 36/30 north latitude -dealt with the problem of the disruption of the balance in the senate	76
592465472	battle of new orleans	decisive american battle in war of 1812 victory over british troops in jan 1815 that ended any british hopes of gaining control of the lower MI river valley	77

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 9 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 9 Sectionalism, 1820-1860

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5035560304	Northeast	In the early 19th century, the area which included New England and the Middle Atlantic states. (p. 173)	0
5035553055	Old Northwest	In the early 19th century, the territory which stretched from Ohio to Minnesota. (p. 173)	1
5035553041	sectionalism	Loyalty to a particular region of the country. (p. 173)	2
5035553044	Nativists	Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176)	3
5035553045	American party	In the early 1850s, this party which opposed immigrants, nominated candidates for office. They were also called the Know-Nothing party. (p. 176)	4
5035594124	Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner	A secret anti-foreign society in the 1840s. In the 1850s the society turned to politics by forming the American party. (p. 176)	5
5035596260	Know-Nothing Party	Nativists, also known as the American party. (p. 176)	6
5035599415	Free African Americans	By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179)	7
5035602888	planters	The South's small wealthy elite that owned more than 100 slaves and more than 1000 acres. (p. 180)	8
5035664627	Codes of Chivalry	The Southern aristocratic planter class ascribed to a code of chivalrous conduct, which included a strong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic attitudes toward all who were deemed inferior. (p. 180)	9
5035664628	poor whites	The term for the three-fourths of the South's white population who owned no slaves. (p. 180)	10
5035667348	hillbillies	Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers, they often lived in the hills and farmed less productive land. (p. 180)	11
5035553049	mountain men	In the 1820s, these were the earliest white people in the Rocky Mountains. They trapped for furs and served as guides for settlers traveling to the West coast. (p. 181)	12
5035669377	the West	The term that referred to the new area that was being settled, the location changed as the white settlements moved westward. (p. 181)	13
5035672466	the frontier	The area that was newly settled in the West, it moved further west over time. (p. 181)	14
5035684197	Deep South	The cotton rich area of the lower Mississippi Valley. (p. 178)	15
5035553050	American Indian removal	By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi River. The Great Plains provide temporary relief from white settlers encroaching on their territory. (p. 181)	16
5035553051	Great Plains	Native Americans in this area used the horse to hunt buffalo. Tribes such as the Cheyenne and the Sioux, became nomadic hunters following the buffalo herds. (p. 181)	17
5035690077	white settlers	In the 1840s and 1850s, they settled the Western frontier. They worked hard, lived in log cabins or sod huts. Disease and malnutrition were even greater dangers than attacks by American Indians. (p. 182)	18
5035705761	urbanization	Early 19th century urban working class neighborhoods featured crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. (p. 174)	19
5035705762	urban life	The North's urban population grew from about 5 percent of the population in 1800 to 15 percent by 1850. (p. 174)	20
5035707766	new cities	After 1820, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis developed as transportation points for shipping agricultural products to the East, and receiving manufactured goods from the East. (p. 175)	21
5035553043	Irish potato famine	From 1820 to 1860, almost 2 million immigrants came from Ireland. Most of them were tenant farmers driven from their homeland by potato crop failures. (p. 176)	22
5035711226	Roman Catholic	Most of the Irish were this religion and they faced strong discrimination because of it. (p. 176)	23
5035714267	Tammany Hall	New York City's Democratic organization. (p. 176)	24
5035718121	Germans	In the 1840s and 1850s, because of economic hardship and the failure of democratic revolutions, one million of these people came to the United States. They often established homesteads in the Old Northwest and generally prospered. (p. 176)	25
5035718122	immigration	From the 1830s to the 1850s, four million people came from northern Europe to the United States. (p. 175)	26
5035553046	King Cotton	By the 1850s, this agricultural product was by far the South's most important economic force. (p. 177)	27
5035553056	Eli Whitney	The United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made cotton affordable throughout the world. (p. 178)	28
5035553047	peculiar institution	A term that referred to slavery because many southern whites were uneasy with the fact that slaves were human beings yet treated so unfairly. Some used historical and religious arguments to support their claim that it was good for both slave and master. (p. 178)	29
5035553048	Denmark Vesey	In 1822, he led a major slave uprising which was quickly and violently suppressed. However, it gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove Southern states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated to many the evils of slavery. (p. 179)	30
5035553058	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led a major slave uprising. (p. 179)	31
5035772867	slave codes	In parts of the Deep South, slaves made up nearly 75 percent of the population. Fearing slave revolts, laws were passed which restricted blacks movements and education. (p. 178)	32
5035553042	Industrial Revolution	Originally this revolution was centered in the textile industry, but by the 1830's, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods - everything from farm implements to clocks and shoes. (p. 174)	33
5035801401	unions	For a brief period in the 1830s an increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes. (p. 174)	34
5035801439	Commonwealth v. Hunt	In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. (p. 174)	35
5035805338	ten-hour workday	During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers. (p. 174)	36
5035553053	Cyrus McCormick	United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical reaper, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	37
5035553054	John Deere	United States inventor of the steel plow, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	38
5035553052	Daniel Webster	A senator, who warned that sectionalism was dangerous for the United States. (p. 173)	39
5035890436	environmental damage	This term, described what occurred when settlers cleared forests and exhausted the soil. (p. 182)	40
5035890437	extinction	This term, described what trappers and hunters did to the beaver and buffalo populations. (p. 182)	41

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Intro to Music: Ancient Music Flashcards

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5310249282	Healing	Many early cultures believed that music had mysterious ___ powers	0
5310249283	Everyone	All music was performed and ____ participated	1
5310249284	Down	Most music was verbal and sometimes drums, nothing was written ___.	2
5310249285	Improvisation	To freely create or make up as you go along	3
5310249286	The Nine Muses	Goddesses of the arts and sciences according to the ancient Greeks. Music comes from the word MUSE.	4
5310249287	Oral tradition	Music was passed through __ ___	5
5310249288	Pythagoras	Stated that music and math were inseparable	6
5310249289	Pythagoras	-Time is related to rhythm -Vibration is related to pitch	7
5310249290	Entertainment	Greeks began to think of music as not just worship but ___	8
5310249291	Plato and Aristotle	Music and gymnastics are the two necessary disciplines of the mind and body. You must develop both to become a complete individual.	9
5310249292	Doctrine of Ethos	Ancient set of beliefs that governed Ancient Greek society	10
5310249293	Doctrine of Ethos	Music affects character, it imitates passions and states the soul.	11
5310249294	Doctrine of Ethos	Listen to the right kind of music, you will become the right kind of person, (same in the reverse)	12
5310249295	Categories of music	Sacred and secular	13
5310249296	Sacred	Music intended to be used for worship or praise	14
5310249297	Secular	Social reasons, entertainment	15
5310249298	Instrumental music	Music without words were starting to occur	16
5310249299	Hebrew psalms	Sacred music	17
5310249300	Sung	Psalms were always ___	18
5310249301	cantors	They were improvised by ___ who passed them down orally.	19
5310249302	Responded	The cantor called and the people ___.	20
5310249303	Plainsong and plainchant	The liturgical music of the early church was chant, also called	21
5310249304	Chant	Pure melody	22
5310249305	Chant	Monophonic	23
5310249306	Monophonic	Just the melody	24
5310249307	Chang	Free rhythm; rhythm is determined by the text	25
5310285750	Chant	Very little dynamic contrast	26
5310285751	Accappella	Unaccompanied voices, no instruments	27
5310285752	Chant	Sung in Latin	28
5310285753	Chant	Sung by male voices only	29
5310285754	Neumes	Chant was eventually written down using	30
5310285755	Neumes	Curved lines put in above the words to suggest direction of the melody. Earliest system of musical notation	31
5310338086	Pope Gregory I	Helped organize chants and establish when to use them; he wrote a few chants but fewer have survived	32
5310338087	Pope Gregory I	Ordered that all chants be assembled and saved by being written down	33
5310338088	Through composed	Uses no religion of stanzas (melodic ideas). ABCDEF. The Salve Regina	34
5310338089	Strophic	Uses only one musical idea repeated throughout the chant. AAAAAA	35
5310351143	Repetitive	(Similar to rondo) repeats one stanza (musical idea) on an alternating basis with one or two other new ideas. ABACA or ABABAB	36
5311040117	Pitch	When discussing melodic styles of chant/singing we are refereeing to the number of times a vocalist changes the ___ on each syllable of text.	37
5311040118	Syllabic style	Refers to the music where here is one note sun for each syllable of text	38
5311040119	Syllabic style	2-3 notes per each syllable of text	39
5311040120	Syllabic style	This is the most common style of singing used in modern music	40
5313851213	Group style	2-4 notes per syllable	41
5313851214	Melismatic style	10-20 or more notes per each syllable	42
5313863488	Music	Is very rarely performed using only one melodic style of singing. It's usually a combo of all three	43
5313863489	Most common style	You can only determine the style after listening to the whole thing and use the ___ ____ ___	44
5313886728	Organum	The beginning of harmony, there is a second voice that parallels the first melody, at a distance of a 4th or 5th. It's also the beginning of polyphonic texture.	45
5313886729	2 types of organum	(1) parallel (2) oblique	46
5313894069	Polyphonic texture	Several independent parts singing at the same time but not harmony	47
5313960002	overlapping	In polyphony there is much ____ of parts voices and can be difficult for the listener to follow	48
5313960003	Ars Antiqua	Music of the 12th and 13th centuries are known as ___ ___. This translates to "old art"	49
5313978675	Ars Antiqua	-complete rhythmic and melodic independence -triple meter is mostly used -3 part polyphony dominates.	50

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AP Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards

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4157500107	Chromosome theory of inheritance	Genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment	0
4157509895	Law of Segregation	Two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation	1
4157512895	Law of Independent Assortment	Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation	2
4157540337	X chromosome in Drosophila correlates with inheritance of eye color	First evidence indicating that a specific gene is associated with a specific chromosome	3
4157559101	Sex	An inherited phenotype character usually determined by which sex chromosome is present	4
4157565368	Sex Linked Chromosomes	A gene located on either sex chromosome	5
4157566986	X-linked genes	human X chromosome contains approximately 1,100 genes	6
4157581363	The sex chromosomes carry ___________________ for some traits that are unrelated to sex characteristics	sex-linked genes	7
4157597112	Recessive alleles causing color blindness are _____________	X-linked	8
4157601396	Barr body	the inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object	9
4157609452	Linked genes	Genes that are genetically linked	10
4157613453	Genetic recombination	Production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent	11
4157622383	Parental types	When one-half of the offspring are expected to inherit a phenotype that matches either of the parental phenotypes	12
4157638449	Recombinant types, or recombinants	two nonparental phenotypes that are found among the offspring	13
4157649679	Genetic Map	an ordered list of genetic loci along a particular chromosome	14
4157651655	Linkage map	a genetic map based on recombination frequencies	15
4157655640	map units	defining one map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency	16
4157659568	Nondisjunction	The members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II	17
4157667053	aneuploidy	An abnormal chromosome number	18
4157671158	Monosomic	2n-1	19
4157673348	trisomic	2n+1	20
4157677316	Deletion	When a chromosomal fragment is lost	21
4157680260	Duplication	Repeats a segment	22
4157685424	Inversion	Reverses a segment within a chromosome	23
4157688985	Translocation	moves a segment from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome	24
4157697426	___________ can be reciprocal and nonreciprocal	Translocations	25
4157703955	Down Syndrome	Due to trisomy of chromosome 21	26
4157705432	genomic imprinting	the phenotypic effects of a small number of particular genes depend on which allele is inherited from each parent	27

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AP Biology Chapter 14 Flashcards

Mendel and the Gene Idea

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3441664073	Character	heritable feature that varies among individuals	0
3441664074	Trait	every variant for a character	1
3441668795	True Breeding	-varieties over many generations -produced only same variety as parent	2
3441670028	Hybridization	mating/crossing of 2 true-breeding varieties	3
3441672850	P Generation	-parental generation -true breeding parents	4
3441674178	F1 Generation	-first filial generation -hybrid offspring of P generation	5
3441676928	F2 Generation	-second filial generation -offspring of F1 hybrids w/ self pollination	6
3441678706	Alleles	-alternative versions of genes -DNA variations possible for gene at particular locus	7
3441681057	Dominant Allele	determines organism's appearance	8
3441687230	Recessive Allele	has no noticeable effect on organism's appearance	9
3441688222	Law of SEgregation	df: the 2 alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes -egg/sperm gets 1/2 alleles present in somatic cells of organism making gamete -segregation corresponds to distribution of 2 members of homologous pair of chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis	10
3441702161	Punnett Square	diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup	11
3441709844	Homozygous	pair of identical alleles for a character of a gene (PP, pp)	12
3441711748	Heterozygous	-pair of different alleles for a character of a gene (Pp) -not true-breeding b/c produces gametes w/ different alleles	13
3441715515	Phenotype	organism's appearance or observable traits	14
3441718420	Genotype	organism's genetic makeup	15
3441718421	Testcross	-breeding an organism of unknown genotype w/ recessive homozygote -can reveal genotype of organism	16
3441721652	Monohybrid	-progeny produced by crossing different true-breeding parents -heterozygous for one character	17
3441728878	Law of Independent Assortment	-each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pair of alleles during gamete formation -only applies to genes located on different chromosomes	18
3441739395	Complete Dominance	-offspring always looks like one of 2 parental varieties -phenotypes of homozygous dominant and heterozygous indistinguishable	19
3441742210	Incomplete Dominance	-neither allele of gene complete dominant, F1 hybrids have phenotype in between 2 parents -ex. red flower x white flower = pink flower	20
3441748925	Codominance	-2 alleles of gene both affect phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways -ex. red flower x white flower = red & white flower	21
3441754805	Tay-Sachs Disease	-inherited disorder of alleles depends on level at which phenotype observed lipids b/c crucial enzyme doesn't work -> accumulation of lipids -causes seizures, blindness, degeneration of motor and mental performance in few years -only inherited by children w/ 2 copies of Tay-Sachs allele (homozygotes) -organismal level: allele recessive -biochemical level: incomplete dominance (activity level of lipid-metabolizing enzyme=intermediate) -molecular level: codominance (heterozygous individuals produce equal normal and dysfunctional enzymes)	22
3441779389	Pleiotropy	-property where genes have multiple phenotypic effects -ex. alleles responsible for many symptoms associated w/ hereditary diseases (cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell)	23
3441790994	Epistasis	-gene in one locus alters phenotypic expression of gene at second locus -ex. one allele codes for skin color, another codes for pigmentation deposit-if pigmentation allele recessive, organism will be white (albino) despite skin color allele)	24
3441793919	Quantitative Characters	characters that vary in a population along a continuum (in graduations)	25
3441795385	Polygenic Inheritance	-an additive effect of 2+ genes of a single phenotypic character -ex. skin color	26
3441813901	Norm of Reaction	phenotypic range for genotypes of organisms	27
3441815826	Multifactorial	many factors (genetic and environmental) influence phenotype	28
3441817065	Pedigree	-family tree describing traits of parents and children across generations -helps calculate probability that child will have particular genotype and phenotype, if child could inherit some genetic disease	29
3441821813	Carriers	heterozygotes who could transmit recessive allele to offspring	30
3441826639	Cystic Fibrosis	-results in abnormally high concentration of EC chloride -> mucus in lungs to be thicker and stickier -> builds up in pancreas, lungs, digestive tract, and other organs -pleiotropic effects	31
3441840637	Sickle-Cell Disease	-caused by substitution of single amino acid in hemoglobin -molecules aggregate into long rods-deform RBC into sickle shape under low oxygen concentration -heterozygotes w/ trait healthy, but suffer many symptoms -organismal level: normal allele incompletely dominant to sickle cell allele -molecular level: 2 alleles codominant	32
3441855095	Achondroplasia	-form of dwarfism -trait for which recessive allele more prevalent than corresponding dominant allele -dominant alleles cause lethal disease less common than recessive alleles -all lethal alleles arise by mutations in gametes -if offspring dies, dominant allele not passed	33
3441864136	Huntington's Disease	-dominant alleles can escape elimination if it causes death after carrier reaches advanced age -when symptoms arise, disease may have already been passed to offspring (50/50) -causes degradation of nervous system -by analyzing DNA samples from large family w/ high incidence of disorder -genetics track allele to locus near tip of chromosome for gene sequences	34
3441875052	Amniocentesis	-needle entered into uterus, 10 mL of amniotic fluid extracted -14th-16th week of pregnancy -some disorders detected from presence of certain chemicals of fluid -test for others performed on cell cultures (descendants of fetal cells in amniotic fluid) -used for karyotyping to identify chromosome defects	35
3441882558	Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS)	-narrow tube inserted through cervix into uterus and tissue sample from placenta sucked out -8th-10th week of pregnancy -cells of CV of placenta have same genotype as fetus -proliferated for karyotyping (advantage over amnio) -imaging techniques spot anatomical abnormalities	36
3441890918	Phenylketonuria (PKU)	recessively inherited disorder where children can't properly metabolize phenylalanine (amino acid) -> mental retardation due to build up	37

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AP Biology 8th Edition Chapter 10 Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 10.

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4960073300	photosynthesis	conversion of light energy and water into chemical energy	0
4960073301	autotrophs	"self-feeding"; organisms which sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms	1
4960073302	heterotrophs	organisms which obtain compounds produced by other organisms	2
4960073303	chlorophyll	the green pigment located within the chloroplasts, responsible for the green color of leaves	3
4960073304	mesophyll	the tissue in the interior of the leaf	4
4960073305	stroma	the dense fluid within the chloroplast	5
4960073306	thylakoids	an elaborate system of interconnected membranous sacs which are stacked in columns called grana	6
4960073307	light reactions	occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen	7
4960073308	Calvin cycle	a synthesis that fixates atmospheric CO2 and reduces the fixed carbon into a carbohydrate	8
4960073309	NADP+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron carrier which is cousin of NAD+ which is used in cellular respiration	9
4960073310	photophosphorylation	use of chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP	10
4960073311	wavelength	the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves	11
4960073312	electromagnetic spectrum	the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer	12
4960073313	visible light	the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum from 380 nm to 750 nm which the human eye can detect	13
4960073314	photon	a discrete quantity of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle	14
4960073315	spectrophotometer	device which measures the ability of pigments to absorb wavelengths of light	15
4960073316	absorption spectrum	a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength	16
4960073317	chlorophyll a	photosynthetic pigment which participates directly in the light reactions to convert solar energy to chemical energy	17
4960073318	action spectrum	profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving photosynthesis	18
4960073319	chlorophyll b	accessory photosynthetic pigment which transfers energy to chlorophyll b	19
4960073320	carotenoid	accessory pigment which absorbs wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, thus broadening the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis	20
4960073321	photosystem	light-capturing unit in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes	21
4960073322	reaction-center complex	complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor, triggers light reactions of photosynthesis by donating an electron to an ETC	22
4960073323	light-harvesting complex	a complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules which captures light energy and transfers it to a reaction-center pigments in a photosystem	23
4960073324	primary electron acceptor	a molecule in the reaction-center complex which is capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced	24
4960073325	photosystem II	light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, reaction center is two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a	25
4960073326	photosystem I	light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, reaction center is two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a	26
4960073327	linear electron flow	a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis, involves both photosystems I and II, produces ATP, NADPH, and O2	27
4960073328	cyclic electron flow	route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis, involves only photosystem I, produces ATP but not NADPH or O2	28
4960073329	G3P	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a three-carbon sugar produced directly from the Calvin cycle	29
4960073330	carbon fixation	initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 in an organic compound by an autotrophic organism	30
4960073331	rubisco	the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle, adding CO2 to RuBP	31
4960073332	C4 plants	plants which preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation which forms a four-carbon compound as its first product	32
4960073333	bundle-sheath cells	photosynthetic cells which are arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf	33
4960073334	mesophyll cells	photosynthetic cells between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface, more loosely arranged	34
4960073335	PEP carboxylase	enzyme in C4 plants which adds CO2 to PEP to from the four-carbon product oxaloacetate	35
4960073336	CAM	crassulacean acid metabolism, a photosynthetic adaptation for arid conditions, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night, releasing CO2 during the day from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle	36
4960073337	CAM plant	a plant which uses CAM to convert carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night into organic acids, which release CO2 for the calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed	37
4960306149	C3 Plant	first organic product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon compound, 3-phosphoglycerate	38

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AP Biology 8th Edition Chapter 51 Flashcards

Animal Behavior

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3524195054	Agonistic Behavior	In animals, an often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource, such as food or mates.	0
3524195055	Altruism	Selflessness; behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual.	1
3524195056	Associative Learning	The acquired ability to associate one environmental feature (such as a color) with another (such as danger).	2
3524195057	Behavioral Ecology	The study of the evolution of and ecological basis for animal behavior.	3
3524195058	Classical Conditioning	A type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome.	4
3524195061	Ethology	The scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in their natural environments.	5
3524195062	Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)	In animal behavior, a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion.	6
3524195063	Habituation	A simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information.	7
3524195064	Imprinting	In animal behavior, the formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a specific individual or object. (See also genomic imprinting.)	8
3524195065	Innate Behavior	Animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control. This is exhibited in virtually the same form by all individuals in a population despite internal and external environmental differences during development and throughout their lifetimes.	9
3524195066	Kinesis	A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.	10
3524195067	Learning	The modification of behavior based on specific experiences.	11
3524195069	Operant Conditioning	A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior; also called trial-and-error learning.	12
3524195070	Optimal foraging Theory	The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise between feeding costs and feeding benefits.	13
3524195071	Pheromone	In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.	14
3524195072	Polyandry	A polygamous mating system involving one female and many males.	15
3524195073	Polygamous	Referring to a type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other.	16
3524195074	Reciprocal Altruism	Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the altruistic individual benefits in the future when the beneficiary reciprocates.	17
3524195075	Sensitive Period	A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place; also called a critical period.	18
3524195076	Sign Stimulus	An external sensory cue that triggers a fixed action pattern by an animal.	19
3524195077	Signal	In animal behavior, transmission of a stimulus from one animal to another. The term is also used in the context of communication in other kinds of organisms and in cell-to-cell communication in all multicellular organisms.	20
3524195078	Taxis	An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus.	21

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AP Biology 8th Edition Chapter 51 Flashcards

Animal Behavior

Terms : Hide Images

3524195054	Agonistic Behavior	In animals, an often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource, such as food or mates.	0
3524195055	Altruism	Selflessness; behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual.	1
3524195056	Associative Learning	The acquired ability to associate one environmental feature (such as a color) with another (such as danger).	2
3524195057	Behavioral Ecology	The study of the evolution of and ecological basis for animal behavior.	3
3524195058	Classical Conditioning	A type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome.	4
3524195061	Ethology	The scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in their natural environments.	5
3524195062	Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)	In animal behavior, a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion.	6
3524195063	Habituation	A simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information.	7
3524195064	Imprinting	In animal behavior, the formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a specific individual or object. (See also genomic imprinting.)	8
3524195065	Innate Behavior	Animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control. This is exhibited in virtually the same form by all individuals in a population despite internal and external environmental differences during development and throughout their lifetimes.	9
3524195066	Kinesis	A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.	10
3524195067	Learning	The modification of behavior based on specific experiences.	11
3524195069	Operant Conditioning	A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior; also called trial-and-error learning.	12
3524195070	Optimal foraging Theory	The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise between feeding costs and feeding benefits.	13
3524195071	Pheromone	In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.	14
3524195072	Polyandry	A polygamous mating system involving one female and many males.	15
3524195073	Polygamous	Referring to a type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other.	16
3524195074	Reciprocal Altruism	Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the altruistic individual benefits in the future when the beneficiary reciprocates.	17
3524195075	Sensitive Period	A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place; also called a critical period.	18
3524195076	Sign Stimulus	An external sensory cue that triggers a fixed action pattern by an animal.	19
3524195077	Signal	In animal behavior, transmission of a stimulus from one animal to another. The term is also used in the context of communication in other kinds of organisms and in cell-to-cell communication in all multicellular organisms.	20
3524195078	Taxis	An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus.	21

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