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The Increasing Influence of Europe (Chapter 19) Flashcards

3625507048	The Regional States of Medieval Europe	European elites sought to recreate the Roman empire in Christian Europe through the creation of a centralized political structure, Byzantine empire flourished in the east through the early 11th century but was gradually weakened by internal conflict and external pressures, western Europe underwent process of early state-building: Holy Roman Empire, monarchial rule in France and England, Christian kingdoms in Iberia, kingdoms/princedoms/city-states in Italy; medieval Europe= political mosaic of independent and competing regional states	0
3625520121	Late Byzantine Empire	11th century: wealthy landowners undermine the theme system: they gradually accumulate land and create large estates, free peasants transform into class of dependent agricultural laborers, diminished tax receipts, no incentive to join military	1
3625528711	Challenges from the West	western European economic development promoted political and military expansion, Normans from Scandinavia settled in Northern France and established a state in southern Italy (pushing out Byzantines), Crusades rampage through Byzantine territory on the way to Jerusalem and other holy sites: Constantinople sacked in 1204 during 4th crusade, led by venetian merchants, sought to plunder and weaken commercial competitor, city recovered by Byzantine in 1261	2
3625545973	Challenges from the East	Saljuqs invade Anatolia, defeat Byzantines at Manzikert creating civil conflict, Italian merchants and western Europeans crusaders and Turks all worked to destroy any practical power the Byzantine empire had, period of steady decline till Ottomans capture capital and rename it Istanbul	3
3625558606	Holy Roman Empire	local elites provided order regionally throughout western Europe, some worked to expand control of territory beyond traditionally held regions, Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline of Carolingian empire to establish kingdom in north Germany, Pope John XII names Otto emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and overtime, emperor/pope relations deteriorate, competing claims to authority prevent emperors from building a large and powerful state	4
3625573554	Tensions between Emperors and the Church	investiture contest during late 11th and early 12th century, Pope Gregory VII attempts to end practice of lay investiture (non-clerical officials naming bishops and cardinals), emperor Henry IV challenges Pope resulting in his excommunication, announces that subordinate rulers no longer have to listen to Henry IV and German princes use this as an opportunity to rebel, emperor begs for forgiveness and eventually regains control but greatly weakened, demonstrates papal ability to prevent emperor from building too powerful of a state	5
3625586442	Frederick Barbarossa	attempt to absorb Lombardy in northern Italy, Italy combined with Germany would have afforded Barbarossa the ability to reassert control over German princes and become the key political figure in Europe, popes did not want him to gain this much power, papacy prevented the Holy Roman Empire from ever becoming a powerful state- never restored imperial unity to western Europe	6
3625599457	Regional Monarchies: France and England	no central imperial power allows new regional kingdoms to develop, Capetian France: Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, slowly expands authority by collecting land from those without heirs and gained the right to enforce laws throughout kingdom, Normans in England: dukes of Normandy first subordinate to Carolingian and then Capetian powers, dukes rule as if autonomous, power highly centralized, controlled all land in Norman France, invade England under William the Conqueror, dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups, rule more tightly centralized that that of the Capetians	7
3625616964	Italy	never united under one political entity, series of ecclesiastical state, city-states, and principalities competed fro control of various regions, papal state directly control by Pope, good sized territory in central Italy, by 12th century city-states increasingly displace church control in northern Italy, cities grow wealthy from trade and manufacturing, challenge and eventually replace authority of bishops, Normans invade southern Italy and displace Byzantine and Muslim authorities, brought southern Italy under the control of the Catholic church	8
3625640581	Iberian Peninsula	Muslim controlled from 8th to 12th century, small Christian states existed in northern mountains, from 11th century one, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories: backed by Norman mercenaries and Christian kingdoms established like Portugal, Castile, and Aragon, Muslims remain only in Granada	9
3625650885	Economic Growth and Social Development	regional political organizations stabilized Europe, allowed fro increased agricultural production, population growth, urbanization, manufacturing, trade, and technological development	10
3625655721	Growth of Agricultural Economu	increasing development of arable lands: minimized threat of invading nomads causing stability, serfs and monks clear swamps and forests, nobles encourage development of agricultural lands because of use as tax base; improved agricultural techniques: crop rotation reduces soil nutrient depletion, new crops (beans) provide protein source and promotes nitrogen fixation in soil, animal use in work, food, and fertilization, ponds dug for fish, agricultural literature written to spread knowledge about farming; new tools and technology: horseshoe and horse collar increased amount of land able to be cultivated, shoes prevent split hooves and horse collars prevent hard	11
3625672725	Revival of Towns and Trade	urbanization follows increase in food supply, cities established during Roman times experience revival during High Middle Ages, specialization of labor: artisans, merchants, and professionals, textile production= key export of western Europe, peasants increasingly leave countryside for better opportunities, Mediterranean trade: urban development most notes in Italy because well positioned for sea trade with Byzantine and Muslim merchants, Italian colonies established in major ports of Mediterranean and Black Sea, Italy connected to Muslim trade in the Indian Ocean and land based trade with India, SE Asia, and China	12
3625688998	Hanseatic League	"Hansa", association of trading cities, trade in Baltic and North Seas, fairs and rivers linked northern markets to Mediterraneans	13
3625692764	Social Change	three estates: those who pray (clergy), those who fight (knights/nobles), and those who work (peasants)	14
3625695832	Chivalry	code of conduct for nobles, sponsored by Church to minimize fighting among Christians, knight had to dedicate his efforts to promotion and protection of Christianity, especially protection of women	15
3625699813	Troubadours	class of traveling poets, minstrels, entertainers, borrowed Islamic traditions of love poetry, spread of cultural ideas to Europe, popular among aristocratic women, popularization of idea of romantic love, refinement of European knights	16
3625706497	Independent Cities	additions to class of "those who work", awkward fit into framework of medieval political order, by late 11th century towns demand charters of integration for greater self government	17
3625711730	Guilds	organization of merchants, workers, artisans, by 13th century guilds control good portion of urban economy, price and quality control, membership, created social support network	18
3625716207	Urban Women	new economic opportunities for women, dominated needle trade, representation in wide variety of trades, admitted to most guilds	19
3625719106	Cathedral Schools	during early middle ages, European society is too unstable to provide institutions of advanced learning, some rudimentary education at monasteries and occasional scholars at courts, high middle ages increasing wealth makes education possible, complex society necessitates professionals educated in issues, schools based in cathedrals, curriculum of Latin writing	20
3625725730	Universities	academic guilds formed in 12th century, student guilds protected students from rent gouging, demanded rigorous curriculum from teachers, faculty guilds empower teachers to confer academic degrees, acted as licenses to teach, controlled curriculum, higher standards of education promoted, guilds transform cathedral schools into universities, first established in Italy, taught primarily law, theology, and medicine	21
3625731754	Influence of Aristotle	development of universities occurs at the same time of rediscovery of Aristotle's works, Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts circulate in Europe due to trade interactions, Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other translations from Arabic translations, St. Thomas Aquinas major proponent of scholasticism: synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle, University of Paris, believed that Gods existence could be proven rationally, some omnipotent power put the world in motion, isolated to intellectual elites	22
3625737274	Popular Religion	population at large remained unaffected by Scholasticism, indifferent to philosophy of Aristotle, Christianity's importance to the masses based on established rituals and beliefs that brought meaning to life, seven sacraments gain ritual popularity over theology, devotion to saints, the virgin mary	23
3625742430	Religious Movements	as Europe became more economically developed and prosperous the devout feared that the Church was becoming too materialistic, rebellion against perceived materialism of Roman Catholic church occurred both internally and externally, St. Dominic and St. Francis create orders of mendicants to promote spiritual over material values, vows of poverty, fought external reform movements	24
3625745320	Popular Heresy	those who opposed/rejected the Church externally, Waldensian charged clergy as immoral and corrupt, urged more lay control of preaching, sacrament, exists today as Protestant church; Bogomils flourished in both Byzantium and western Europe, ascetic regimes rejection of official church, government and church mount campaign to destroy boy	25
3625749147	Medieval Expansion of Europe	population and economic growth strengthened European society to a point where expansion was possible in both pagans and Islamic lands, expansions occurs in Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean, Atlantic and Baltic colonization: Scandinavians explore North Atlantic Ocean, Iceland occupied by 9th century, Greenland claimed by Eric the Red in 10th century, Leif Ericsson led exploration from Greenland to Newfoundland, while unsuccessful, demonstrates European ability to launch explorations, kings of Denmark convert to Christianity	26
3625754210	Crusading Orders	religious Christian from military regions order, religious vows of opposition to Islam and paganism, Teutonic knights active in Baltic regions where they faced pagan slaves, supported by German missionaries established churches and monasteries in conquered land. founded churches and monasterias	27
3625757560	Reconquest of Sicily and Spain	Sicily taken by Muslims in 9th century, reconquered by Normans in 11th, slow displacement of Islam, opportunity for cross-cultural diffusion, two small Christian states survive Muslim conquest, become nucleus of reconquest, rapid and forceful assertions of Christian authority	28
3625761011	Beginning of the Crusades	any holy ware initaiated by the pope where knights were instructed to take up the cross and fight on behalf of Christianity, traditionally refers to conquests initiated by the papacy to conquer the Holy Land, Byzantine emperor first requests military aid from the pope to stop expansion of Muslim Turks, Pope Urban II calls for strengthening of Christian borders	29
3625764561	The First Crusade	Norman and French nobles organize military expedition to Palestine, capture Edessa and Antioch, capture Jerusalem due to poor Muslim organization, Saladin recaptures Jerusalem, Muslim forces eventually push crusaders out of eastern Mediterranean	30
3625769198	Later Crusades and Their Consequences	five by mid 13th century, none successful, fourth is a fiasco that destroys Constantinople, provide direct contact with Muslim ideologies and trade, importance lies in cross-cultural interactions between Muslims and Christians: large scale exchange of ideas, technologies, and trade goods, introduction of new products from Muslims, Italian merchants work to satisfy demands for foreign luxury goods by developing new products, reintegrate western Europe in larger economy of eastern hemisphere	31

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Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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4690548058	nutrition	food taken in, taken apart and taken up in the body	0
4690548651	herbivores	eat plants and algae	1
4690548830	carnivores	eat other animals	2
4690548831	omnivores	eat animals and plants or algae	3
4690549186	most animals are ______ feeders	opportunistic	4
4690549940	an animal's diet must provide (3)	chemical energy for cell processes; organic building blocks for macromolecules; essential nutritents	5
4690550897	essential nutrients	materials an animal cannot assemble; obtained from diet	6
4690552143	4 classes of essential nutrients	essential amino acids essential fatty acids vitamins minerals	7
4690553302	animals require ____ amino acids and can synthesize about _____	20; half	8
4690554002	name the foods that provide all the essential amino acids; aka complete proteins	meat, eggs, cheese	9
4690554313	plant proteins are ______ in amino acid composition	incomplete; needed in specific combinations (rice + beans)	10
4690555070	essential fatty acids	obtained from diet include unsaturated fatty acids	11
4690555524	deficiencies in fatty acids are common, t or f	false, deficiencies in fatty acids are rare	12
4690555757	vitamins	organic molecules required in very small amounts	13
4690556389	______ vitamins are essential to humans	13	14
4690556390	2 categories of vitamins are	fat-soluble water-soluble	15
4690556702	Minerals	inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts	16
4690556975	ingesting large amounts of some minerals can upset homeostatic balance, T or F	True	17
4690563474	deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause	deformities disease death	18
4690563600	undernutrition	a diet doesn't provide enough chemical energy	19
4690564270	undernourished individuals will	-use up stored fat and carbs -breakdown its own proteins -lose muscle mass -suffer protein deficiency of the brain -die or suffer irreversible damage	20
4690564878	epidemiology	study of human health and disease in populations	21
4690574393	4 main stages of food processing	1. ingestion 2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination	22
4690574582	ingestion	act of eating or feeding	23
4690576246	4 main feeding mechanisms of animals	1. suspension feeders 2. substrate feeders 3. fluid feeders 4. bulk feeders	24
4690578327	suspension feeders	filter feeding aquatic animals sift small food particles from the water; whales with baleen	25
4690581417	substrate feeders	animals that live in or on their food source; caterpillars live on plants they feed on	26
4690581682	fluid feeders	suck nutrient fluid from a living host; mosquitos	27
4690582001	bulk feeders	eat large pieces of food; snakes	28
4690582681	Digestion	breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb	29
4690582949	2 types of digestion	mechanical and chemical	30
4690583135	mechanical digestion	chewing; increases surface area of food	31
4690583335	chemical digestion	splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes	32
4690584275	what is the process of chemical digestion	enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water	33
4690584725	absorption	uptake of nutrients by body cells	34
4690584902	elimination	passage of undigested material out of the digestive system	35
4690585389	most animals process food in ___ ___	specialized compartments	36
4690585878	compartments _____ the risk of an animal digesting its _____ _____ and ______	reduce; own cells and tissues	37
4690586208	Intracellular digestion	food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis ex. sponges, food vacuoles	38
4690586953	extracellular digestion	breakdown of food particles outside of cells	39
4690587328	extracellular digestion occurs where?	in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal's body	40
4690588004	gastrovascular cavity	in animals with simple body plans; function in both digestion and distribution of nutrients	41
4690588624	alimentary canal	in complex animals; digestive tube with 2 openings: mouth and anus aka complete digestive tract	42
4690592027	the alimentary canal can have specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion, t or f	true	43
4690592777	a complete digestive tract differs from a gastrovascular cavity in that only the complete tract a) permits extracellular digestion b) has teeth and tentacles to help with ingestion c) uses its surface area for nutrient absorption d) has specialized compartments	d	44
4690593454	mammalian digestive system	alimentary canal + accessory glands	45
4690593897	accessory glands	secrete digestive juices through ducts	46
4690594208	examples of accessory glands	pancreas liver gallbladder	47
4690594329	peristalsis	rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal to push food along	48
4690594675	sphincters	valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments	49
4690595055	oral cavity	where the first stage of digestion (mechanical) takes place; chewing	50
4690595917	salivary glands	deliver saliva to lubricate food	51
4690596128	salivary amylase	1st enzyme to breakdown starch; breaks down glucose polymers	52
4690596556	mucus	saliva contains mucus; a mixture of water, salts, cells and glycoproteins	53
4690597107	bolus	tongue shapes food into a bolus to help with swallowing	54
4690597430	pharynx	throat; junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea	55
4690597610	esophagus	connects to the stomach	56
4690597624	trachea	windpipe; leads to lungs	57
4690598305	_______ conducts food from the _____ down to the stomach by ______	esophagus; pharynx; peristalsis	58
4690598527	epiglottis	blocks entry to the trachea during swallowing; bolus is guided by larynx	59
4690599680	epiglottis is _____ when eating and ____ when breathing	down; up	60
4690599875	stomach	stores food and beings digestion of proteins	61
4690600051	gastic juice	secreted by the stomach	62
4690600332	chyme	gastric juice converts food into chyme in the stomach	63
4690600881	function (2) and pH of gastric juice	pH low at 2; kills bacteria and denatures proteins	64
4690601296	components of gastric juice	HCl + pepsin	65
4690601598	pepsin	protease, or protein-digesting enzyme cleaves proteins into smaller peptides	66
4690601764	parietal cells	secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach; parietal > HCl > lumen > stomach	67
4690602186	pepsinogen	secreated by chief cells; activated by pepsin when mixed with HCl in the stomach	68
4690603722	what is needed to activate inactive pepsinogen?	pepsin + HCl in the stomach	69
4690604696	_____ protects the stomach lining from ______	mucus; gastric juice	70
4690607024	bacterium that causes lesions in the stomach lining or gastric ulcers	helicobacter pylori	71
4690607567	_______ prevent chyme from entering the _____ and regulate its entry into the ____ _____	sphincters; esophagus; small intestine	72
4690607776	small intestine	longest compartment of the alimentary canal	73
4690608545	most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs in the small intestine, t or f	true	74
4690608546	duodenum	first portion of the small intestine	75
4690608775	what happens in the duodenum	where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and small intestine	76
4690609659	pancreas	produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin	77
4690609977	pH and function of pancreas	alkaline; neutralizes acidic chyme	78
4690610872	bile	in small intestine, aids digestion and absorption of fats; destroys nonfunctional red blood cells	79
4690611186	bile is made in the ____ and stored in the _____	liver; gallbladder	80
4690611724	most digestion occurs in the duodenum, t or f	true	81
4690612010	the jejunum and ileum function mainly in	the absorption of nutrients	82
4690612347	____ moves chyme and digestive juices along the ____	peristalsis; small intestine	83
4690613044	small intestine has a huge surface area due to	villi and microvilli	84
4690613645	microvilli	create brush border; increase rate of nutrient absorption	85
4690614169	transport across the epithelial cells can be passive or active depending on the nutrient, T or F	true	86
4690614170	hepatic portal vein	carries blood from capillaries of villi to liver then to heart; capillaries > liver > heart	87
4690614992	liver functions	regulates nutrient distribution; interconverts and detoxifies organic molecules	88
4690617029	epithelial cells absorb ___ ___ and _____ and recombine them into _____	fatty acids; monoglycerides; triglycerides	89
4690617302	chylomicrons	water-soluble; fats coated with phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins	90
4690618019	lacteal	lymphatic vessel in each villus; chylomicrons are transported into a lacteal	91
4690619122	cecum	fermentation of plant material; connects small + large intestine	92
4690619701	appendix	extension of cecum; plays minor role in immunity	93
4690620254	the ____ completes the reabsorption of ____ that began in the small intestine	colon; water	94
4690620255	feces	undigested material and bacteria moves through colon	95
4690620530	rectum	where feces is stores until it can be eliminated through the anus	96
4690620944	___ ____ between the rectum and anus control ____ _____	two sphincters; bowel movements	97
4690621535	stomach acid a) splits polypeptides into amino acids b) splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol c) activates pepsinogen into pepsin d) initiates the development of stomach ulcers	c) activates pepsinogen into pepsin	98
4690621862	The biles salts function in fat digestion by a) hydrolzying fat molecules to glycerol and fatty acids b) separating individual fat molecules from each other c) dissolving fats in water d) dispersing big droplets of fats to small droplets	d) dispersing big droplets of fats to small droplets	99
4690624753	feedback circuits regulate (3)	digestion energy storage appetite	100
4690625131	enteric division of the nervous system helps to regulate	the digestive process	101
4690625132	endocrine system regulates	digestion through release and transport of hormones	102
4690625624	energy is stored in the ___ and ___ as ____	liver + muscle cells as glycogen	103
4690626496	excess energy is stored in ____ in ____ cells	fat; adipose	104
4690626816	when fewer calories are taken in, body does what	expends liver glycogen first then muscle glycogen and fat	105
4690627261	____ is a major fuel for ____ ____ and a key source of carbon skeletons for _____	glucose; cellular respiration; biosynthesis	106
4690627400	insulin and glucagon	hormones that regulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose	107
4690627945	____ is the site for glucose homeostasis	liver	108
4690628636	_____ blood sugar raises _____ levels and triggers the synthesis of ____	high; insulin; glycogen	109
4690629501	______ blood sugar causes ______ to stimulate the breakdown of ____ and release _____	low; glucagon; glycogen; glucose	110
4690630014	insulin acts on nearly all body cells to stimulate glucose uptake from blood, t or f	true	111
4690630688	brain cells can take up glucose with or without insulin, t or f	true	112
4690630858	___ and ___ are both produced in the islets of the pancreas	glucagon; insulin	113
4690630958	pancreas produces	glucagon; insulin	114
4690631191	alpha cells make	glucagon	115
4690631197	beta cells make	insulin	116
4690631898	diabetes mellitus	insulin deficiency or decreased response to insulin (insulin resistance)	117
4690632130	type 1 diabetes	autoimmune; no beta cells; appears in childhood	118
4690632437	type 2 diabetes	excess sugar; poor insulin response	119
4690632899	ghrelin	hormone secreted by stomach wall before meals; triggers feelings of hunger	120
4690633358	insulin and PYY	hormone secreted by small intestine after meals; suppress appetite	121
4690633493	leptin	produced by adipose (fat) suppresses appetite; regulates body fat levels	122
4690634550	increased glucose levels in blood, after a meal, trigger: a) glucagon release from pancreas b) insulin release from pancreas c) secretin release from duodenum d) cholecystokinin release from pancreas e) activation of amylase in blood	b) insulin release from pancreas	123

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AP US American History - Chapter 25 Flashcards

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2493135938	Paul Tibbets	American bomber-pilot responsible for dropping the atomic bombs on Japan	0
2493137141	Chiang Kai-shek	Leader of the Chinese Nationalists to fight against Japan	1
2493137142	Gerald Nye	In charge of the Nye committee which investigated why the U.S. had gone to war in 1917. Pushed neutrality agreements.	2
2493138686	Philippe Petain	led a collaborationist government at Vichy in southern France	3
2493138687	Hideki Tojo	Japanese leader who siezed control of the government and convinced leaders to swift destruction of American forces	4
2493140463	Douglas MacArthur	American commander who retreated to Australia	5
2493143054	James Doolittle	boosted American morale nad demonstrated that even Japanese imperial capital lay within reach of American might.	6
2493143055	Erwin Rommel	German general who drove to capture the Suez Canal	7
2493144530	George Patton	leader of American tank units who defeated the Germans in North Africa	8
2493144531	Thomas E. Dewey	Governor of NY and tough crime fighter who was the Republican presidential nominee in 1944	9
2493146317	Benito Mussolini (ID)	Leader of the fascist party in Italy who hungered for an empire in Africa.	10
2493147247	Winston Churchill (ID)	British Prime Minister who vowed that Britain would never accept humiliating surrender to Hitler.	11
2493148428	Chester W. Nimitz (ID)	American Admiral under whose leadership, the balance of naval power in the Pacific was reversed and the Japanese were put at a disadvantage.	12
2493150135	A. Philip Randolph (ID)	Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters who promised that 100,000 African American marchers would descend on Washington if the president did not eliminate discrimination in defense industries.	13
2493152345	Neutrality Act of 1937 (ID)	An act which attempted to reconcile the nation's desire for both peace and foreign trade with a "cash-and-carry" policy that required warring nations to follow certain restrictions. Helped the economy, but supplied enemies.	14
2493164848	Committee on Fair Employment Practices (ID)	Investigated and prevented racial discrimination in employment which resulted in Randolph calling off the planned march on Washington.	15
2493166969	Congress of Racial Equality (ID)		16
2493169559	Overload (ID)		17
2493171300	Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act	Gave the president the power to reduce tariffs on goods imported into the US from nations that agreed to lower their own tariffs on US exports	18
2493171301			19
2493171407	Spanish Civil War		20
2493173174	Anschluss	Germany bullied Austria into accepting incorporation into the Nazi Third Reich	21
2493173175	Munich Agreement	agreement made between Hitler and Neville Chamberlain in which Hitler agreed to make no more territorial claims in Europe	22
2493174369	Maginot Line	A concrete fortification built after World War 1 and stretching from the Swiss border to the forested Ardennes region on the edge of Belgium	23
2493174370	Battle of Britain		24
2493175486	Atlantic Charter	pledged freedom of the seas and free trade as well as the right of national self-determination(roosevelt and churchill)	25
2493176612	Korematsu decision	upheld Executive Order 9066's blatant violation of constitutional rights as justified by "military necessity"	26
2493177884	War Production Board	set production priorities and pushed for maximum output	27
2493177885	Bataan Death March	Japanese victors marched the weak and malnurished survivors of Wainwright's surrender 65 miles to a concentration camp	28
2493180312	Double V Campaign		29
2493180336	GI Bill of Rights	provided housing, etc. for veterans	30
2493182352	Yalta Conference	meeting of roosevelt, churchill, and stalin at the black sea resort of yalta	31
2493183307	Battle of Leyte Gulf	greatest naval encounter in world history	32
2493185322	Manhattan Project	nuclear energy into a superbomb	33

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AP US History - Chapter 25 Vocabulary Flashcards

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2401809627	Margaret Sanger	American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.	0
2401809628	Alice Paul	Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.	1
2401809629	ERA	Equal Rights Amendment - Amendment to guarantee equal rights for women, introduced in 1923 but not passed by Congress until 1972; it failed to be ratified by the states.	2
2401809630	Al Capone	Prohibition gangster, made a fortune in gambling, alcohol and prostitution-based activities.	3
2401809631	Prohibition	Period between the Eighteenth Amendment of 1919, the prohibition amendment that made the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages illegal, and the Twenty-first Amendment of 1933, which repealed the prohibition.	4
2401809632	Fundamentalism	Anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible; the name came from The Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.	5
2401809633	Scopes Trial	Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty	6
2401809634	Clarence Darrow	Renowned Chicago trial lawyer and confessed agnostic who was the defense attorney in the Scopes "monkey" trial of 1925; he ultimately lost but the ruling was merely a gesture and was overturned by the Tennessee Supreme Court on a technicality.	7
2401809635	WJ Bryan	Former secretary of state who became a fundamentalist leader whose following, prestige, and eloquence made the movement a popular crusade; in 1921 Bryan sparked a drive for laws to prohibit the teaching of evolution in the public schools, and in 1925 he served for the prosecution in the Scopes "monkey" trial, winning a hollow victory and dying a few days after the trial.	8
2401809636	Quota laws	In 1910, Congress passed immigration quotas, maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate from each country to a particular country during a one-year period. Immigrants from European countries could only be 3% of the number of its nationals living in the U.S.	9
2401809637	Sacco & Vanzetti	The most celebrated criminal case of the postwar period involving two Italian-born anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were arrested for a robbery and murder and later executed; a belief persists in some quarters that they were sentenced for their political ideas and their ethnic origins rather than for any crime they had committed, and the case became a great radical and liberal cause celebre of the 1920s.	10
2401809638	Nativism	A policy favoring native-born American over immigrants. Overall paradigm of many.	11
2401809639	KKK	Organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy; the Klan revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the South.	12
2401809640	New Woman	a woman of the turn of the 20th century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself	13
2401809641	New Negro	spirit of black racial pride and militany that set a younder generation of AA artists and civil rights leaders apart from their predecessors, Idea that promoted "'Negro Nationalism' which exalted blackness, black cultural expression and...black exclusiveness.'"	14
2401809642	Modernism—philosophy, literature, art	Movement sprung from postwar disillusionment among young artists, writers, and intellectuals, as new technologies, new modes of transportation and communication, and new scientific discoveries combined to rupture perceptions of reality, challenge old modes of thought, and generate new forms of artistic expression; first emerged in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century and became a pervasive international force by 1920.	15
2401809643	Newton	Example of traditional scientific thinking....said that the universe could be described by scientific laws. This orderly view of nature was challenged by new theories from Einstein, Planck and Heisenberg.	16
2401809644	Theory of Relativity	Theory elaborated by Albert Einstein, a German physicist, which maintained that space, time, and mass were not absolutes but relative to the location and motion of the observer.	17
2401809645	Flappers	carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.	18
2401809646	Women's employment	Gave rise to female disposable income and thus female independence.	19
2401809647	Social values	Social mores changed dramatically during the era after World War I. Casual sex became more acceptable, as did short dresses, the consumption of alcohol, new forms of recreation and music. There was a revolution in manners and morals, and a huge disconnect between urban and rural values.	20
2401809648	Carrie Chapman Catt	Feminist who was head of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) during the debate over and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.	21
2401809649	19th Amendment	1920 Amendment that granted women the right to vote.	22
2401809650	Mencken	An American journalist who was famous for his satirical reporting of the Scopes "Monkey Trial" who fought for civil liberties for all men. Strong supporter of the Bill of Rights, founder of the magazine "American Mercury." He criticized everything.	23

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Phylogeny Flashcards

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3804022035	What were the first organisms	Heterotrophs; anaerobes	0
3804022036	What was the early atmosphere composed of	Hydrogen, Ammonia, methane, water	1
3804022037	What is todays atmosphere	mostly nitrogen and oxygen	2
3804022038	geographic isolation	when separated geographically, speciation may occur	3
3804022039	What defines two separate species?	the two cannot reproduce	4
3804022040	Divergent Evolution	the process by which two populations of the same species end up having different behaviors and traits- they evolve away from each other	5
3804022041	convergent evolution	when two species develop similar structures becoming more alike - Does NOT lead to speciation - Will NEVER become the same species	6
3804022042	homologous structures	fundamentally similar structures that shared a common ancestry - human arm and whale fin	7
3804022043	analogous structures	structures that share a similar function, but are fundamentally different and did not evolve from the same ancestor but rather speciation -bat and insect wing	8
3804022044	vestigial structures	structures that's purpose become meaningless through evolution - appendix in humans and leg bone in snakes	9
3804022045	what is the order of phylogeny	Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species	10
3804022046	Who developed the binomial system	Carolus Linnaeus	11
3804022047	binomial system	the scientific naming of organisms use their genus and species	12
3804022048	The Domain	Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya	13
3804022049	Bacteria	prokaryotes include photosynthetic cyanobacteria	14
3804022050	Archaea	prokaryotes extremophiles	15
3804022051	halophiles	salt loving extremophiles	16
3804022052	thermophiles	heat loving extremophiles	17
3804022053	methanogens	extremophiles that produce methane	18
3804022054	What are the Kingdoms	Protistia, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia	19
3804022055	Protists	eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular Main groups are -protazoa (animal like) -algae (plant like) -protists (fungi like)	20
3804022056	phylum rhizopoda (amoeba)	Protazoa unicellular and use pseudopodia extensions to move around. Some are parasitic.	21
3804022057	phylum apicomplexa (sporozoans)	algae (protist) all parasites that reproduce asexually and sexually	22
3804022058	phylum ciliophora (ciliates)	protazoa use cilia to move. paramecium	23
3804022059	myxomycota and acraziomycota (slime molds)	protist multinucleated slime molds yooooo	24
3804022060	euglenophyta (euglena)	algae (protist) unicellular photosynthetic algae that move using flagellum	25
3804022061	bacillariophyta (diatoms)	algae (protist) Have glass like walls that form diatomaceous earth which is an important filtering medium. very important.	26
3804022062	phaeophyta (brown algae)	algae (protist) multicellular photosynthetic algae	27
3804022063	Whart are the two main categories of plants	nonvascular and vascular Vascular -> seedless and seed seed-> gynosperm (non-flowering) and angopsperms (flowering)	28
3804022064	Bryophyta (nonvascular plants)	plant lack the xylem and phloem. must live in damp areas ex- moss, liverworts, hornworts	29
3804022065	pterophyta (ferns)	plant earliest vascular plants true stems leaves and roots have spores	30
3804022066	coniferophyta (conifers)	plant true vascular produce cones that carry naked seeds gymnspores (dont flower)	31
3804022067	anthophyta (flowering plants)	true vascular plants produce flower, pollen, and protected seeds	32
3804022068	types of flowering plants	monocots- single seed leaves dicots- two seed leaves	33
3804022069	Fungi	eukaryotic decomposers multinucleated	34
3804022070	Zygmoycota	fungi sexual reproduction molds and mycorrhizae (mutualists with trees)	35
3804022071	basiodomycota (club fungi)	mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi	36
3804022072	phylum porifera (sponges)	-sessile (nonmoving) -perforated -water and food drawn in through holes and ingested	37
3804022073	phylum cnidaria (coelenterates)	animals -body walls two layers of cells thick -central sac-like digestive system -radial symmetry ex. hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones	38
3804022074	phylum platyhelminthes (flatworm)	-bilateral symmetry -moderate cephalization (head) ex. planaria, flukes, and parasitic tapeworms	39
3804022075	phylum mollusca (mollusks	-soft bodied with hard external shell ex. octopi, squid, snails, oysters, clam	40
3804022076	what are the main body regions of a mollusk	a FOOT for movement a VISCERAL MASS to contain organs a MANTLE which may secrete a shell	41
3804022077	phylum annelida (segmented worms)	-closed circulation w/ mouth and anus -metanephridia	42
3804022078	metanephridia	where segmented worms excrete wastes from	43
3804022079	phylum arthropoda (arthropods)	- most diverse group of animals -segmented body with a head, thorax and abdomen -open circulatory system ex. crustaceans, insects, arachnids	44
3804022080	what are malpighian tubules	where arthropods excrete wastes	45
3804022081	phylum echinoderms (echinoderms)	- slow moving animals -radial symmetry -spiny exsoskeletons -water vascular systems with tube feet ex. sea star, sea urchins, sand dollars	46
3804022082	phylum chordata (chordates)	hollow notochord and dorsal nerve cord gill slits tail	47
3804022083	class chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)	-flexible skeletons with cartilage -some lay eggs, some bear young ex. sharks and sting rays	48
3804022084	class osteichthyes (bony fish)	-true bone skeletons -lay shell lacking eggs ex. bass, tuna, trout	49
3804022085	class amphiba (amphibians)	-eggs lack shells -aquatic larval stage and metamorphosis into terrestrial ex. frogs, salamanders	50
3804022086	class reptile (reptiles)	-thick scaly shells -shelled eggs -breathe air through lungs ex. snakes, lizards	51
3804022087	class aves (birds)	-tetrapods with forelimbs adapted to be wings -shelled eggs -endothermic ex. its a fudging bird do i really need to give you an example	52
3804022088	class mammal (mammals)	-endothermic -hair and mammaries -bear live young ex. giraffes, elephants, rats, pangolins, kiwis, stop me? just try	53
3804022089	which of the classes evolved first	Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals (FARBM)	54
3804022090	sessile	nonmoving	55
3804022091	monocot	-one cotyledon (seed) -leaf circles the stem -floral parts in threes -scattered vascular bundles -fibrous roots	56
3804022092	dicots	-two cotyledons -expanded leaf blades -floral parts in four or fives -vascular budles in a circle -taproot system	57
3804022093	cotyledons	first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant	58

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DNA Flashcards

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4611255207	Beadle and Tatum	one gene one enzyme hypothesis using Neurospora	0
4611260366	Garrod	inborn error of metabolism study with alkaptonura	1
4611478180	Griffith	transformed R strain into S strain in mice	2
4611480893	Hershey and Chase	used S labeled protein and P labeled DNA to show DNA is essential for bacteriophage replication	3
4611489044	adenine, guanine	purines	4
4611489932	cytosine and thymine	pyrimidines	5
4611491149	ribose	sugar found in RNA	6
4611491439	deoxyribose	sugar found in DNA	7
4611494969	monomer of DNA	nucleotide	8
4611495670	components of a nucleotide	nitrogenous base, phosphate, pentose sugar	9
4611499324	phosphodiester bond	covalent bond connecting nucleotides together	10
4611503100	antiparallel structure	one strand 3' to 5' and other strand 5' to 3'	11
4611507639	Chargaff's rules	A pairs with T and G pairs with C	12
4611509294	Rosalind Frankin	X ray crystallography study	13
4611527745	Watson and Crick	built scale model of DNA	14
4611529629	Hydrogen bonds	how DNA strands are held together	15
4611537932	Meselson and Stahl	experiment to support semiconservative replication	16
4619950496	DNA helicase	unwinds helix by breaking hydrogen bonds	17
4619952146	helix destabilizing proteins	keep DNA strands unwound during replication	18
4619957561	DNA polymerase	creates new DNA strand in 5' to 3' direction using nucleotide triphosphates	19
4619960011	leading strand	new DNA strand made continuously	20
4619960561	lagging strand	new DNA strand made discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments	21
4619962108	ligase	connects the Okazaki fragments together	22
4619964432	RNA primer	needed in order for DNA polymerase to start making new strand	23
4619966744	replication fork	unwinding of DNA helix at origin of replication	24
4619968106	bidirectional replication	replication forks move to left and right at same time	25
4619970954	prokaryote	one circular double stranded chromosome	26
4619971367	eukaryote	many linear double stranded chromosomes twisted around histones	27
4619974894	topoisomerase	enzyme that repairs knotted DNA	28
4619977328	B DNA	form of DNA studied by Watson and Crick; right handed twist	29

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 10 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 10 The Age of Jackson, 1824-1844

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5037932795	Indian Removal Act	In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195)	0
5037932796	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	In 1831, this Supreme Court case ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (p. 195)	1
5037932797	Worcester v. Georgia	In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (p 196)	2
5037932798	Cherokee trail of tears	In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196)	3
5037932799	Bank of the United States	In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed this bank's recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197)	4
5037932800	Nicholas Biddle	During the 1830s, he was president of the Bank of the United States. (p. 197)	5
5037932801	Roger Taney	He was Andrew Jackson's secretary of Treasury. In an attempt to destroy the Bank of the United States, he transferred funds from the national bank to various state banks. (p. 198)	6
5037932802	pet banks	A term for the state banks. President Andrew Jackson was trying to destroy the Bank of the United States, so he transferred federal funds to these state banks. (p. 198)	7
5037932803	Specie Circular	To check inflationary, President Andrew Jackson issued a presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands be made with gold or silver rather than paper bank notes. (p. 198)	8
5037932804	Panic of 1837	Just as Martin Van Buren became the president, the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199)	9
5037932805	Martin Van Buren	He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198)	10
5037932806	common man	Between 1824 and 1840, the middle and lower classes became more involved in politics. Several factors contributed to this including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased newspaper circulation. (p. 192)	11
5037932807	universal white male sufferage	In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840. (p. 192)	12
5037932808	party nominating convention	In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192)	13
5037932809	King Caucus	A closed door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress which nominated candidates. (p. 192)	14
5037932810	popular election of president	In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192)	15
5037932811	Anti-Masonic Party	A political party, that attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, anti democratic elite. (p. 192)	16
5037932812	Workingmen's Party	A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192)	17
5037932813	popular campaigning	Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193)	18
5037932814	spoils system	President Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Democratic party. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193)	19
5037932815	rotation in office	President Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them. (p. 193)	20
5037932818	Henry Clay	He was secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams. He was President Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832, he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197)	21
5037932817	corrupt bargain	The term that President Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194)	22
5037932816	John Quincy Adams	In 1824, he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made secretary of state. (p. 194)	23
5037932819	Tariff of 1828; tariff of abominations	In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194)	24
5037932820	Revolution of 1828	In the 1828 election, Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). p. 195)	25
5037932831	Andrew Jackson	He won the 1828 presidential election easily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195)	26
5037932821	role of the president	President Andrew Jackson presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abused of power by the rich and privileged. He thought this was the role he should play. (p. 195)	27
5037932822	Peggy Eaton affair	When President Andrew Jackson's secretary of war's wife was the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives, Jackson supported her. The majority of cabinet resign because Jackson tried to force the wives to accept Peggy Eaton. (p. 195)	28
5037932832	states' rights	President Andrew Jackson favored this form of power for the state governments. (p. 196)	29
5037932823	nullification crisis	In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197)	30
5037932824	Webster-Hayne debate	In 1830, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal union under the Constitution. Daniel Webster declared that a state could not defy or leave the union. (p. 196)	31
5037932825	John C. Calhoun	He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196)	32
5037932826	Proclamation to the People of South Carolina	President Andrew Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason. (p. 197)	33
5037932827	two-party system	This system developed in the 1820s. Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197)	34
5037932828	Democrats	In the 1820s, this party was led by President Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197)	35
5037932829	Whigs	In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. (p. 197)	36
5037932830	log cabin and hard cider campaign	The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election. (p. 199)	37

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European Feudalism Flashcards

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2708819833	Dark Ages	(n) first half of middle ages, the period in European history from about A.D. 476 to about 1000 a period marked by repressiveness, when people were not willing to accept the beliefs or opinions of others	0
2708819834	vassal	(n.) a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant	1
2708819835	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	2
2708819836	tithe	A family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church	3
2708819837	Hanseatic League	a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas	4
2708819838	knight	A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier.	5
2708819839	lord	someone or something having power, authority, or influence; a master or ruler	6
2708819840	manorialism	An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.	7
2708819841	Crusades	1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade	8
2708819842	piety	Devotion and reverence to God	9
2708819843	apprentice	A person who works for an expert in a trade or craft in return for training	10
2708819844	Pope Urban II	Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades	11
2708819845	sherf	status of peasants under feudalism, It was a condition of modified slavery which developed during the High Middle Ages and lasted until the mid-19th century	12
2708819846	chivalry	Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages	13
2708819847	Holy Land	Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught	14
2708819848	canon law	the Church's own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals	15
2708819849	journeyman	A skilled worker who was paid wages by the master of a guild	16
2708819850	feudal system	A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services	17
2708819851	fief	An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty	18
2708819852	Charlemagne	(768-814 CE) Crowned King of the Franks in 800 CE by the pope; brought back unified rule to Europe only during his life; used the missi dominici to check up on imperial officials.	19
2708819853	nation-state	A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality	20
2708819854	secular	Non-religious	21
2708819855	Black Death	A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351	22
2708819856	guild	A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.	23

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AP Human Geography Chapter 5 Language Flashcards

Language

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4024411504	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
4024411505	Dialect	A particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.	1
4024411506	Esperanto	An artificial language devised in 1887 as an international medium of communication, based on roots from the chief European languages.	2
4024411507	Extinct Language	An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	3
4024411508	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six)	4
4024411509	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	5
4024411510	Isolated Language	a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.	6
4024411511	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	7
4024411512	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	8
4024411513	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	9
4024411514	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history	10
4024411515	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.	11
4024411516	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	12
4024411517	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages	13
4024411518	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken	14
4024411519	Monolingual	The condition of being able to speak only a single language	15
4024411520	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages	16
4024411521	Multilingual	The ability to speak multiple languages	17
4024411522	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	18
4024411523	Orthography	The conventional spelling system of a language.	19
4024411524	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	20
4024411525	Standard Language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	21
4024411526	Toponym	a place name or a word derived from the name of a place	22
4024411527	Trade Language	A language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade.	23
4024411528	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.	24
4024644238	Creole	a mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage	25
4024659524	Denglish	The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of macaronic (slang) English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.	26
4024701853	Franglais	a form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	27
4024711975	Ebonics	American black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English	28
4024723288	Spanglish	a hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	29

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Biomes Flashcards

What is a Biome?
Forest Biomes, and Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes

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5207660282	Tundra	treeless plains that are the coldest of all the biomes; occur in the arctic and Antarctica. Dominated by lichens, mosses, sedges, and dwarfed shrubs Characterized by extremely cold climate, permanently frozen ground (permafrost) low biotic diversity, simple vegetation structure, limitation of drainage, short season of growth and reproduction.	0
5207660283	Tropical Rainforest	most diverse and hottest terrestrial biome, biome near the equator with warm climate wet weather and lush plant growth	1
5207660284	Temperate Deciduous Forest	the biome characterized by warmer temperatures than the boreal forest and plenty of precipitation that has huge forests of broadleaf trees; covers regions in southeastern Canada, and eastern United States. Trees lose leaves in the fall.	2
5207660285	Temperate Rain Forest	occurs in North America, Australia, and New Zealand; mostly located in the Pacific Northwest (a maritime biome); cool, humid weather; abundant rainfall; mosses, lichens, and ferns; dominated by evergreen trees (e.g. Douglas Fir, Sitka Spruce); cool winters, mild summers; located north of most other rain forests; maintains a moderate temperature year round	3
5207660286	Savannah Grassland	a grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought	4
5207660287	Taiga "Boreal"Forest	biome just south of the tundra; it has long, cold winters and small amounts of precipitation; characterized by a northern coniferous forest composed of pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce tree and acidic, mineral-poor topsoils, a cool forest biome of conifers in the upper Northern Hemisphere	5
5207660288	Temperate Grassland/Grassland Prairie	a biome found in North America, Eurasia, South America and Africa. Characterized by nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species, a region that has cold winters and rainfall that is intermediate between that of a forest and a desert; characterized by extensive grasses and few trees	6
5207660290	Desert "Hot"	a biome characterized by low moisture levels and infrequent and unpredictable precipitation; daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely; because of little rainfall that it supports only sparse and widely spaced vegetation or no vegetation at all	7
5207660291	Desert "Cold"	Deserts the get below freezing for extended periods of time. Great example is the Great Basin Desert in the Western United States.	8
5207660293	Grassland Savanna/Tropical Grassland	A grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.	9
5207660295	Marine Biome	largest biome, most stable with little variation in temperature, provides most of earth's food and oxygen, divided into regions based on amount of light they receive	10
5207660297	Freshwater Ecosystem	Lakes, ponds, and rivers	11