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Statistics Flashcards

2302614457	addition rule of probabilities	Determines the probability of the union of two or more events.	0
2302616774	alternative hypothesis	Denoted by H1, represents the opposite of the null hypothesis and holds true if the null hypothesis is found to be false.	1
2302627264	analysis of variance	a procedure to test the difference between more than two population means	2
2302630469	ANOVA	analysis of variance	3
2302633125	bar chart	A data display where the value of the observation is proportional to the height of the bar on the graph.	4
2302635663	Bayes' theorem	A theorem used to calculate P[B\|A] from information about P[A\|B]. The term P[A\|B] refers to the probability of Event A, given that Event B has occurred.	5
2302648678	biased sample	A sample that does not represent the intended population and can lead to distorted findings.	6
2302650279	binomial experiment	An experiment that has only two possible outcomes for each trial. The probability of success and failure is constant. Each trial of the experiment is independent of any other trial.	7
2302653925	binomial probability distribution	A method used to calculate the probability of a specific number of success for a certain number of trials.	8
2302657431	central limit theorem	A theorem that states as the sample size, n, gets larger, the sample means tend to follow a normal probability distribution.	9
2302659885	class	The interval in a frequency distribution.	10
2302660895	classical probability	Reference to situations when we know the number of possible outcomes of the event of interest.	11
2302663277	cluster sample	A simple random sample of groups, or clusters, of the population. Each member of the chosen clusters would be part of the final sample.	12
2302668397	coefficient of determination	Term represents the percentage of the variation in y that is explained by the regression line.	13
2302726707	r^2	coefficient of determination	14
2302727878	combinations	The number of different ways in which objects can be arranged without regard to order.	15
2302732424	completely randomized one-way ANOVA	An analysis of variance procedure that involves the independent random selection of observations for each level of one factor.	16
2302735335	conditional probability	The probability of Event A, knowing that Event B has already occurred.	17
2302737261	confidence interval	A range of values used to estimate a population parameter and associated with a specific confidence level.	18
2302739573	confidence level	The probability that the interval estimate will include the population parameter.	19
2302741111	contingency table	A table which shows the actual or relative frequency of two types of data at the same time in a table.	20
2302743172	continuous random variable	A variable that can assume any numerical value within an interval as a result of measuring the outcome of an experiment.	21
2302745871	correlation coefficient	Indicates the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables.	22
2302749658	cumulative frequency distribution	Indicates the percentage of observations that are less than or equal to the current class.	23
2302751065	data	The values assigned to an observation or a measurement and the building block to statistical analysis.	24
2302753550	degrees of freedom	The number of values that are free to be varied given information, such as the sample mean, is known.	25
2302756187	dependent sample	The observation from one sample is related to an observation from another sample.	26
2302758190	dependent variable	The variable denoted by y in the regression equation that is suspected to be influenced by the independent variable.	27
2302761234	descriptive statistics	Used to summarize or display data so that we can quickly obtain an overview.	28
2302766875	direct observation	Gathering data while the subjects of interest are in their natural environment.	29
2302768247	discrete probability distribution	A listing of all the possible outcomes of an experiment for a discrete random variable along with the relative frequency or probability.	30
2302801356	discrete random variable	A variable that is limited to assuming only specific integer values as a result of counting the outcome of an experiment.	31
2302804235	empirical probability	Type of probability that observes the number of occurrences of an event through an experiment and calculates the probability from a relative frequency distribution.	32
2302807315	empirical rule	If a distribution follows a bell-shaped, symmetrical curve centered around the mean, we would expect approximately 68, 95, and 99.7 percent of the values to fall within one, two, and three standard deviations around the mean respectively.	33
2302812935	expected frequencies	The number of observations that would be expected for each category of a frequency distribution, assuming the null hypothesis is true with chi-squared analysis.	34
2302821950	experiment	The process of measuring or observing an activity for the purpose of collecting data.	35
2302823324	event	One or more outcomes that are of interest for the experiment and which is/are a subset of the sample space.	36
2302825286	factor	Describes the cause of the variation in the data for analysis of variance.	37
2302826693	frequency distribution	A table that shows the number of data observations that fall into specific intervals.	38
2302828440	focus group	An observational technique where the subjects are aware that data is being collected. Businesses use this type of group to gather information in a group setting that is controlled by a moderator.	39
2302832909	fundamental counting principle	A concept that states if one event can occur in m ways and a second event can occur in n ways, the total number of ways both events can occur together is m*n ways.	40
2302839746	goodness-of-fit test	Uses a sample to test whether a frequency distribution fits the predicted distribution.	41
2302841011	histogram	A bar graph showing the number of observations in each class as the height of each bar.	42
2302842924	hypothesis	An assumption about a population parameter.	43
2302845664	independent event	The occurrence of Event B has no effect on the probability of Event A.	44
2302850674	independent sample	The observation from one sample is not related to any observations from another sample.	45
2302854874	independent variable	The variable denoted by x in the regression equation is suspected to influence the dependent variable.	46
2302858680	inferential statistics	Used to make claims or conclusions about a population based on a sample of data from that population.	47
2302862557	interquartile range	Measures the spread of the center half of the data set and is used to identify outliers.	48
2302865891	intersection	Two or more events occurring at the same time.	49
2302866705	interval estimate	Provides a range of values that best describe the population.	50
2302869097	interval level of measurement	Level of data that allows the use of addition and subtraction when comparing values, but the zero point is arbitrary.	51
2302873283	joint probability	The probability of the intersection of two events.	52
2302875183	law of large numbers	This law states that when an experiment is conducted a large number of times, the empirical probabilities of the process will converge to the classical probabilities.	53
2302879385	least squares method	A mathematical procedure to identify the linear equation that best fits a set of ordered pairs by finding values for a, the y-intercept; and b, the slope. The goal of the least squares method is to minimize the total squared error between the values of y and yhat.	54
2302886911	level	The number of categories within the factor of interest in the analysis of variance procedure.	55
2302889147	level of significance	(alpha, a) Probability of making a Type I error.	56
2302894012	line chart	A display where ordered pair data points are connected together with a line.	57
2302895825	margin of error	Concept determines the width of a confidence interval and is calculated using z(subscript c)*omega(subscript xbar).	58
2302904130	mean	Measure is calculated by adding all the values in the data set and then dividing this result by the number of observations.	59
2302911138	mean square between	(MSB) A measure of variation between sample means.	60
2302914206	mean square within	(MSW) A measure of variation within each sample.	61
2302915217	measure of central tendency	Describes the center point of our data set with a single value.	62
2302916873	measure of relative position	Describes the percentage of the data below a certain point.	63
2302923749	median	The value in the data set for which half the observations are higher and half the observations are lower.	64
2302926417	mode	The observation in the data set that occurs most frequently.	65
2302971945	multiplication rule of probabilities	This rule determines the probability of the intersection of two or more events.	66
2302974931	mutually exclusive events	When two events cannot occur at the same time during an experiment.	67
2302977684	nominal level of measurement	Lowest level of data where numbers are used to identify a group or category.	68
2302980031	null hypothesis	Denoted by Hnot, this represents the status quo and involves stating the belief that the mean of the population is <=, =, or >= a specific value.	69
2302985812	observed level of significance	The smallest level of significance at which the null hypothesis will be rejected, assuming the null hypothesis is true. It is also known as the p-value.	70
2302990688	one-tail hypothesis test	This test is used when the alternative hypothesis is being stated as < or >.	71
2302992359	one-way ANOVA	An analysis of variance procedure where only one factor is being considered.	72
2302997448	ordinal level of measurement	This measurement has all the properties of nominal data with the added feature that we can rank the values from highest to lowest.	73
2303044478	outcome	A particular result of an experiment.	74
2303048110	outliers	Extreme values in a data set that should be discarded before analysis.	75
2303049557	p-value	The smallest level of significance at which the null hypothesis will be rejected, assuming the null hypothesis is true.	76
2303053428	parameter	Data that describes a characteristic about a population.	77
2303056245	percentiles	Measures of the relative position of the data values from dividing the data set into 100 equal segments.	78
2303058198	permutations	The number of different ways in which objects can be arranged in order.	79
2303059316	pie chart	Chart used to describe data from relative frequency distributions with a circle divided into portions whose area is equal to the relative frequency distribution.	80
2303063307	point estimate	A single value that best describes the population of interest, the sample mean being the most common.	81
2303065505	poisson probability distribution	A measurement that is used to calculate the probability that a certain number of events will occur over a specific period of time.	82
2303067723	pooled estimate of the standard deviation	A weighted average of two sample variances.	83
2303069171	population	A number which represents all possible outcomes or measurements of interest.	84
2303071128	primary data	Data that is collected by the person who eventually used the data.	85
2303073033	probability	The likelihood that a particular event will occur.	86
2303074149	probability distribution	A listing of all the possible outcomes of an experiment along with the relative frequency or probability of each outcome.	87
2303077071	qualitative data	Information which uses descriptive terms to measure or classify something of interest.	88
2303078738	quantitative data	Information which uses numerical values to describe something of interest.	89
2303080914	quartiles	Measures of the relative position of the data values by dividing the data set into four equal segments.	90
2303083007	random variable	A variable that takes on a numerical value as a result of an experiment.	91
2303086378	randomized block ANOVA	Analysis of variance procedure that controls for variations from other sources than the factors of interest.	92
2303088343	range	obtained by subtracting the smallest measurement from the largest measurement of a sample.	93
2303090202	ratio level of measurement	Level of data that allows the use of all four mathematical operations to compare values and has a true zero point.	94
2303093976	relative frequency distribution	Displays the percentage of observations of each class relative to the total number of observations.	95
2303095452	sample	A subset of a population.	96
2303096420	sample space	All the possible outcomes of an experiment.	97
2303098775	sampling distribution for the difference in means	Describes the probability of observing various intervals for the difference between two sample means.	98
2303100202	sampling distribution of the mean	The pattern of the sample means that will occurs as samples are drawn from the population at large.	99
2303101922	sampling error	An error which occurs when the sample measurement is different from the population measurement.	100
2303106219	standard error of the difference between two means	The error describes the variation in the difference between two sample means.	101
2303112507	standard error of the estimate	(s sub e) Measures the amount of dispersion of the observed data around the regression line.	102
2303115043	Scheffe test	This test is used to determine which of the sample means are different after rejecting the null hypothesis using analysis of variance.	103
2303117488	secondary data	Data that somebody else has collected and made available for others to use.	104
2303119442	simple random sample	A sample where every element in the population has a chance at being selected.	105
2303121658	simple regression	A procedure that describes a straight line that best fits a series of ordered pairs (x,y).	106
2303123903	standard deviation	A measure of variation calculated by taking the square root of the variance.	107
2303134623	standard error of the mean	The standard deviation of sample means.	108
2303340865	standard error of the proportion	The standard deviation of the sample proportions.	109
2303341788	statistic	Data that describes a characteristic about a sample.	110
2303343324	statistics	The science that deals with the collection, tabulation, and systematic classification of quantitative data, especially as a basis for inference and induction.	111
2303349110	stem and leaf display	This chart displays the frequency distribution by splitting the data values into leaves (the last digit in the value) and stems (the remaining digits in the value).	112
2303354932	stratified sample	A sample that is obtained by dividing the population into mutually exclusive groups, or strata, and randomly sampling from each of these groups.	113
2303358515	subjective probability	This probability is estimated based on experience and intuition.	114
2303361600	sum of squares between	(SSB) The variation among the samples in analysis of variance.	115
2303364539	sum of squares block	(SSBL) The variation among the blocks in analysis of variance.	116
2303368005	sum of squares within	(SSW) The variation within the samples in analysis of variance.	117
2303369502	surveys	Data collection that involves directly asking the subject a series of questions.	118
2303371829	systematic sample	A sample where every kth member of the population is chosen for the sample, with value of k being approximately N/n, where N equals the size of the population and n equals the size of the sample.	119
2303377438	test statistic	A quantity from a sample used to decide whether or not to reject the null hypothesis.	120
2303382587	total sum of squares	The total variation in analysis of variance that is obtained by adding the sum of squares between (SSB) and the sum of squares within (SSW).	121
2303386245	two-tail hypothesis test	This test is used whenever the alternative hypothesis is expressed as !=.	122
2303388234	type I error	Occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when, in reality, it is true.	123
2303390459	type II error	Occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when, in reality, it is not true.	124
2303393064	union	At least one of a number of possible events occur.	125
2303393825	variance	A measure of dispersion that describes the relative distance between the data points in the set and the mean of the data set.	126
2303395517	weighted mean	Measure which allows the assignment of more weight to certain values and less weight to others when calculating an average.	127

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Romeo and Juliet Flashcards

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4394235997	Mercurio	Romeo's Best Friend--gets killed by Tybalt and is a close relative to the Prince	0
4394238364	Romeo	Son of Lord and Lady Montague--married to Juliet	1
4394240944	Juliet	Daughter of Lord and Lady Capulet--married to Romeo	2
4394242664	Benvolio	Romeo's cousin. Nephew to Lord and Lady Montague	3
4394246156	Tybalt	Juliet's cousin. Romeo's enemy. Nephew to Lord and Lady Capulet. Killed by Romeo	4
4394271627	Paris	wants to marry Juliet	5
4394272926	Nurse	takes care of Juliet--kind of like a mother, but she's not Juliet's REAL mom	6
4394277303	Peter	servant of the Capulet family. He can't read and is kind of dumb	7
4394280544	Prince	very close relative of Mercutio. the person in charge of Verona	8
4394288966	Lord Capulet	Juliet's father--enemy to the Montague family	9
4394291806	Lord Montague	Romeo's father--enemy to the Capulet family	10
4394293554	Friar Lawrence	agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet because he thinks it will bring peace to their families	11
4418793394	Rosaline	the girl Romeo loves at the start of the play--she does not love Romeo back	12
4423376175	Verona	the city where the play takes place	13
4423393020	Lady Capulet	Juliet's mother--enemy to the Montague family	14
4423396803	Lady Montague	Romeo's mother--enemy to the Capulet family	15

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Russian Revolution Basics Flashcards

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4401588312	Nicholas II	The Last Czar of Russia	0
4401600664	Rasputin	While the Czar was away supervising the war effort, the royal family came under the influence of this odd mystic.	1
4401610431	working class women	In March of 1917, ________ protested in the streets demanded "Peace and Bread."	2
4402494851	Vladimir Lenin	Bolshevik leader who led the revolution for communism in Russia.	3
4402503502	Bolsheviks	promised to end Russia's involvement in WWI and declared "peace, land, and bread" and "down with aristocracy."	4
4402593180	Duma (parliament)	Early in 1917, the ________ made up of moderate liberals forced the Czar to step down from power.	5
4402611969	Russia's involvement in WWI	After the Czar stepped down, the moderate liberal provisional government did not end	6
4402627433	soviets	These small local councils were formed in 1917 made of representatives of workers and soldiers. They were a growing challenge to the Czar.	7
4402649147	Communists	The Bolsheviks later rename themselves ___________ because of their Marxist desire for a stateless, classless, and propertyless society.	8
4402655634	Brest-Litovsk	Once in power the Bolsheviks immediately end Russia's WWI involvement with the _________ treaty	9
4402679879	White	Many people in Russia opposed the Bolsheviks. A Civil war breaks out between the communist Red Army and the ________ Army made up of everyone else.	10
4402696834	former Czar, his wife, and their 5 kids	During the Russian civil war members of the Red Army took the _______ to a basement for a photo and then shot them.	11
4402700086	Red Army	This side won the Russia civil war by 1920	12
4402709323	War Communism	Under the new Communist government's __________ policy, all banks , industries, and farm produce was taken over by the government.	13
4402714794	Checka	The new communist government used terror and a secret police known as the _________ to keep the population under control.	14
4402726396	foreign armies	The fact that _____________ sent armies onto Russian soil to stop the Communists causes many the patriotic Russians to support the Communist side of the Civil War	15

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Was the Bolsheviks seizure of power in October 1917 inevitable (Chapter 5) Flashcards

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4155882755	What were the Bolsheviks seen as by summer 1917?	One of the only alternatives to the Prov Gov	0
4155883591	Who joined the Bolsheviks from the Mensheviks in summer 1917?	Trotsky	1
4155884703	What 3 things sparked the July Days?	- Failure of summer offensive - Workers anger at their economic plight - Petrograd Garrison believing that it was about to be sent to the front	2
4155887820	What happened on the 3rd of July?	People were marching in the streets, including armed groups and soldiers	3
4155888347	What happened on the 4th of July?	20,000 Kronstadt sailors arrived and people became increasingly violent	4
4155889917	What did the Kronstadt sailors do once they arrived in Petrograd?	Marched to the Tauride Palace and demanded that the Soviets take power	5
4155891726	What did Chernov do to try and diffuse the situation?	Went to go and calm the soldiers down but was seized and bundled into a car, with Trotsky having to rescue him	6
4155894951	What was Lenin's response to the July days?	He had been on holiday but rushed back and adopted a 'wait and see' policy, neither fully associating nor disassociating from it	7
4155899272	What did the Provisional Government leak to help discourage the revolt?	A document that showed that the Germans had helped Lenin return to Russia and suggested that he was there to hinder the Russian war effort	8
4155901097	What happened after the July Days?	Several senior Bolsheviks including Trotsky were arrested, Lenin had to flee to Finland and Bolshevik newspapers were closed down	9
4155903438	What had Kerensky decided by the end of August?	That he needed to restore law, order and discipline in both the army and the cities	10
4155905177	Who did Kerensky appoint as supreme commander of the Russian forces?	Kornilov	11
4155923438	When was the Kornilov affair?	26th-30th of August	12
4155905501	But what did Kornilov do?	Believed he had a chance to crush the radical socialists and sent troops marching towards Petrograd, beginning a military coup	13
4155907995	Why were most people terrified at the prospect of Kornilov launching a coup?	Because they thought it would mean the end of the revolution and all that they had worked so hard to achieve	14
4155909572	Why did the Petrograd Garrison not want a Kornilov Coup?	Because they thought they would get sent to the front and that they would lose the power that they had gained over their officers	15
4155911545	Who helped organise defence of the city and what was Kerensky's response to this?	The Bolsheviks, with the red guard starting to appear on the streets, Kerensky armed them with weapons	16
4155913010	What happened to Kornilov in the end?	His troops did not arrive as railway workers halted their trains and he was arrested	17
4155914164	What 5 key things happened as a result of the Kornilov affair?	- Kerensky's reputation was irretrievably damaged - The Menshevik's and SR's were discredited due to their association with Kerensky - the Kadets and Liberals were completely distrusted by the bulk of peope as agents of the bourgeoisie - Soldiers murdered hundreds of officers and officers felt that Kerensky had betrayed Kornilov - Bolsheviks gained huge support and were seen as saviours of the city	18
4155920962	What happened on the 9th of September 1917?	Bolsheviks gained overall control of the Petrograd Soviet	19
4155923002	What happened on the 25th September 1917?	Trotsky was elected as the soviet's president	20
4183035750	What 4 factors made Lenin decide that the time was right to return from Finland and launch a Bolshevik seizure of power?	- Bolsheviks had control of the Soviet - Bolshevik popularity was at an all time high and they had done very well in elections to soviets throughout Russia - The liberals and conservative forces were demoralised after the Kornilov affair - the Provisional Government was hopeless	21
4183035754	When did Lenin write to the BCC to say that 'history will not forgive us' if they did not take power	12th September	22
4183035755	What was the BCC's reaction to this?	They rejected his plans	23
4183035756	When did the BCC agree to his plans?	10th of October, when he arrived in Petrograd and spoke to them face to face	24
4183035757	Which 2 senior Bolsheviks strongly believed that the time was not right for revolution?	Zinoviev and Kamenev	25
4183035758	Why did these 2 believe that the time was not right?	Because they thought that it would lead to a civil war that the Bolsheviks would ultimately be defeated in	26
4183035759	When did Trotsky urge Lenin to wait until before launching a seizure of power?	26th October as that's when the Second Congress of All-Russian Soviets were meeting as he though that if it appeared that Soviets were behind the seizure then it would give it more legitimacy	27
4183035760	What was Kerensky's initial response to the growing crisis?	He attempted to send the radical army units out of the capital	28
4183035761	What did the Soviet do in response to this?	Set up the MRC to help defend them incase the was another attempted right-wing coup	29
4183035762	What 3 things did Kerensky do as a last ditch response to try and prevent the Bolsheviks from taking power?	- Tried to close down 2 Bolshevik newspapers - Tried to restrict power of the MRC - Tried to raise the bridge linking the working class districts to the centre of Petrograd	30
4183035765	What was the Bolshevik response to this?	They said that Kerensky was trying to launch an attack on the Soviet and Revolution, giving them the prefect excuse to attack, consequently Kerensky fled the city	31
4183035766	What was the Bolsheviks headquarters called?	the Smolney Institute	32
4183035767	What Happened on the night of 24th-25th of October?	Units of the red guard, soldiers and sailors were sent out to seize key points in the city such as bridges, railway stations and power stations	33
4183035768	What happened on the night of 25th-26th of October	the Bolsheviks decided to storm the palace and at 2AM entered and arrested what remained of the government	34
4183035769	Who was there to defend the palace from the Bolsheviks?	Cadets from a military school, 200 members of the Women's Death Battalion and 2 divisions of Cossacks	35
4183035770	How did the Bolsheviks manage to pass a majority for the revolution at the All-Russian Congress?	The other socialist parties stormed out, leaving only Bolsheviks and left-wing SRs	36
4183035771	What 3 things did Lenin announce upon arriving at the All-Russian Congress?	- Formation of a Bolshevik government - Immediate moves the end the war - Decree transferring land the peasants	37
4183035774	Did the Bolsheviks face much of a challenge upon immediately securing power?	Yes, faced 10 days of fighting in Moscow with Prov Gov troops and in other towns as well an attempt to reseize power by Kerensky and general Krasnov	38
4183035775	What was the Bolshevik party membership in Feb 1917 compared to October?	Feb: 10,000 October: 250,000	39
4183035777	What percentage of the votes did the SRs, Mensheviks, Kadets and Bolsheviks get in the Nov 1917 Constituent Assembly elections?	SRs: 53% Bolsheviks: 24% Kadets: 5% Mensheviks: 3%	40

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Ap Human Geography Chapter 5 Language Flashcards

Language

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1939369132	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
1939369133	Dialect	A particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.	1
1939369134	Esperanto	An artificial language devised in 1887 as an international medium of communication, based on roots from the chief European languages.	2
1939369135	Extinct Language	An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	3
1939369136	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six)	4
1939369137	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	5
1939369138	Isolated Language	a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.	6
1939369139	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance Branch of the Indo-European language family.	7
1939369140	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	8
1939369141	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	9
1939369142	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history	10
1939398820	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.	11
1939398821	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	12
1939369143	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages	13
1939369144	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken	14
1939369145	Monolingualism	The condition of being able to speak only a single language	15
1939369146	Bilingualism	The ability to speak two languages	16
1939369147	Multilingualism	The ability to speak multiple languages	17
1939369148	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	18
1939369149	Orthography	The conventional spelling system of a language.	19
1939369150	Pidgin	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	20
1939369151	Standard Language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	21
1939369152	Toponym	a place name or a word derived from the name of a place	22
1939369153	Trade Language	A language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade.	23
1939369154	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language	24

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AP Human Geo Chapter 5 Flashcards

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5300112694	language	a system of communication through speech; a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning	0
5300118138	official language	the language used by the government for laws, reports, and public projects	1
5300124230	literary tradition	a system of written communication	2
5300144271	language family	a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history	3
5300146964	language branch	a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago	4
5300155720	language group	a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary	5
5300165458	logograms	symbols that represent words, or meaningful parts of words, rather than sounds	6
5300180769	Indo-European	most widely used language family; Europe, South Asia, North and Latin America	7
5300184890	SIno-Tibetan	People's Republic of China	8
5300190791	Mandarin	Most used language in the world	9
5300198443	Austronesian	6% of world; Indonesia	10
5300200726	Austro-Asiatic	2% of world; Southeast Asia, Vietnamese is most common	11
5312388841	Tai Kadai	Once a branch of Sino-Tibetan; spoken in Thailand and neighboring parts of China	12
5312397974	Japanese	Similar to Chinese logograms; two systems of phonetic symbols	13
5312409554	Korean	Written with hankul, a system of symbols that represents sounds	14
5312416134	Afro-Asiatic	Spoken in two dozen Southwest Asia and North African countries	15
5312443968	Altaic	Spoken in newly independent countries: Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan; spoken mostly in Turkey	16
5312681233	Uralic	Estonia, Finland, Hungary	17
5312682672	Niger-Congo	Over 95% of sub-Saharan Africa	18
5312684704	Nilo-Saharan	North-central Africa; Divided into six branches	19
5312689919	Khoisan	Whites in Southern-Africa; Hottentot is most important language	20
5435903598	Dialect	a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation	21
5435943183	From who did dialects in the U.S. originate?	colonists	22
5435965933	What are the eastern dialect regions?	New England, Southeastern, and Midlands.	23
5436003598	Why did certain English dialects diffuse?	Westward movement of colonists from the three East Coast dialect regions	24
5441310003	Where do most Spanish and Portuguese speakers live?	Outside of Europe	25
5441313402	Galician	Debated on if it is a Portuguese dialect or an official language.	26
5441315372	Moldovan	Dialect of Romanian; official language of Moldova	27
5441317046	creole	a language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language and indigenous language	28
5441320745	Belgium	Split into Walloons and Flemish; many want to split into two countries	29
5441321648	Swizterland	Exists peacefully with many different languages	30
5441329394	Nigeria	527 distinct languages	31
5441331323	Isolated language	a language unrelated to any other language: Basque	32
5441357819	Extinct language	a language that is not longer used but was used in the past: Gothic	33

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Tropical Africa and Asia 1200-1500 Chapter 13 Flashcards

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3571793694	The tropics are warm all year round. the center of the tropical zone is marked by the?	equator	0
3571793695	The rainy and dry seasons in the Indean ocean reflect the infuences of?	the monsoons	1
3571793696	By 1200 human migrations had spread many useful plants and animals around the tropics including?	bananas yams and cocoyams	2
3571793697	The gereatest network of irrigation canlas between teh 14-19 centry was founded in?	the Delhi Sultanate	3
3571793698	The tuareg were>	western sharan pastrolaist and caravan guides	4
3571793699	the most abundant metal worked inthe tropic s was?	iron	5
3571793700	The spead of Islam to land south of the Sahara came aobut through?	a gradual and peacful process of conversion	6
3571793701	According to Malinke legend, the founder of Mali was?	Sundiate	7
3571793702	Mali derived signficant income from?	gold and copper trade	8
3571793703	Mansa Kankan Musa made a famous pilgrimage that?	showed of his wealth	9
3571793704	In additon to fulfilling his personal religous obligations, mansa Kankan Musa's pilgrimage resulted in?	construction of new mosques and Quaric schools in mali	10
3571793705	Sultan lltutmish passed his empire to Raxyya his?	daughter	11
3571793706	the most significant factor contributing to agriculture in the Delhi Sultanate was?	extensive irrigation canals	12
3571793707	Although the Delhi Sultanate had its problems, it did provede a	centralized political authority to India	13
3571793708	the charaectisic ship of the arabia sea was the	dehow	14
3571793709	the largest most technoligically advanced ship in the iNEAN ocean was the chinese	junk	15
3571793710	the different regional networks of the inean ocen tradewer tied togeather by	commericial intreast	16
3571793711	by 1250 the most important trading city of the swahilli coast was	Kilwa	17
3571793712	the economic and political power of great zimbabwe ewas based on long distance trade in	olives wheat and peper	18
3571793713	what caused the collapse of the emire of Great zimbabwe	deforesation and cattle overgrazing	19
3571793714	what was unique about gijarate trade compared to african and arabic?	gijarat manufacted goods for trade	20
3571793715	as trade inceased in the 15th and 14th centuries, the Strait of malacca becuame a political rivarly between	majapahit and chinese pirates	21
3571793716	the cultural blending associated with the expansion and spread of islam can be seen by examining	the design of mosques and combine traditions	22
3571793717	In islamic societ, paintings?	were centers of learning and promoted literacy	23
3571793718	prior to the spead of literacy with the extenstion of Islam and sub-saharan africa, the only previously literate society was found in	ethiopia	24
3571793719	thespread of islam into india was different from Africa becuase	it was done largely by force and removed Hindu	25

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Chapter 13: Tropical Asia and Africa Flashcards

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3423987657	Tropics	The region between the Tropic of Cancer (north) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south)	0
3423992116	Moonsoon	seasonal winds	1
3423996865	Ibn Batuta	Muslim scholar from Morocco who explored the Muslim world and wrote about his travels	2
3424000768	Ceylon	Island which is now the country of Sri Lanka	3
3424004795	Mali	A Muslim empire located in West Africa south of the Sahara. Flourished as a result of trans-Saharan trade; gold is a very important commodity. Metalworking, especially iron is prevalent.	4
3424016673	Timbuktu	A large, notable city in the Malian empire	5
3424019268	Mansa Musa	Malian ruler that made the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca along with a caravan of people. He also brought gold and other riches that he gave away along the route. This exemplifies the degree of Mansa Musa's faith in Islam and made a name for the Malians in the rest of the Muslim world.	6
3424038193	Berbers	Muslim population on the coast of North Africa that helped spread Islam to the rest of Africa.	7
3424044643	Hausa States	Important trade states located east of Mali.	8
3424048061	The Delhi Sultanate	Empire founded in northern India by Turkic Muslims. Used force/terror to convert the civilian population to Islam. Declines in the late 14th century after an invasion by Timur. Muslim nobles in the north form the Bahmani kingdom and the Hindus in the south form the Vijayanagar empire.	9
3424066977	Sultan Itutmish	One of the first rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. Continues the expansion of Delhi territory in India. More benign than other rulers. Leaves his daughter Raziya as his heir; she has a short reign of about four years before she is deposed due to the fact that she was a woman.	10
3424082710	Sultan Khalji	A sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Controlled the frontier. Raised taxes. Seized the powerful trading state of Gujarat.	11
3424096089	dhow	A popular cargo and passenger vessel with Arabic origins.	12
3424099114	junk	Chinese ship; generally the largest and most technologically advanced of the vessels involved in Indian Ocean Trade.	13
3424106848	Swahili Coast	Strip of coast on East Africa that contained many city-states that depended on the commerce of Indian Ocean Trade. Spoke the Arabic-influenced Bantu language of Swahili.	14
3424115220	Kilwa	Major trading center on the Swahili Coast.	15
3424119140	Great Zimbabwe	Capital of a state south of the Zambezi River that handled a lot of gold from the region.	16
3424127228	Aden	Trade center located on the southwestern tip of the Arabian peninsula. Aden had enough rainfall to provide enough water to support a large population, contrasting to most settlements on the Arabian peninsula. Center of trade routes from all over the region.	17
3424142018	Gujarat	Powerful trading state in India located on the Malabar Coast.	18
3424198118	Malabar Coast	West coast of the Indian subcontinent that housed many trading ports.	19
3424203472	Calicut & Cambay	Trading cities on the Malabar Coast.	20
3424205804	Malacca	Small village that rapidly expanded due to the fact that it was near many Southeast Asian trade routes. Located between Java and Siam.	21

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Chapter 10: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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5307458590	photosynthesis	A process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light and energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches	0
5307459859	autotroph	An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food	1
5307459860	heterotroph	An organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things	2
5307462010	chloroplast	An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs	3
5307461153	mesophyll	Spongy tissue in the interior of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found.	4
5307874735	guard cell	Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing	5
5307874736	vascular bundle	a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem	6
5307876024	xylem	Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves	7
5307877205	phloem	Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant	8
5307461154	stroma	Fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle happens	9
5307462011	thylakoid	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy	10
5307461155	stomata	Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move	11
5307463707	grana	stacks of thylakoids	12
5307467491	oxygen	byproduct of light reactions (from splitting of water)	13
5307467492	glucose	product of photosynthesis	14
5307874737	upper epidermis	A continous layer of cells covered by a thick waxy cuticle, located there to prevent water loss from the upper surface even when heated by sunlight	15
5307469264	vein	Located on the leaf. Contains xylem and phloem tubes.	16
5307872421	cuticle	The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants	17
5307471355	photosynthesis equation		18
5307478428	redox reaction	A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction	19
5307480389	light reactions	The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.	20
5307480390	Calvin cycle	reactions of photosynthesis in which ATP and NADPH are used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars	21
5307867649	dark reactions	another name for the Calvin cycle	22
5307867650	light-independent reactions	another name for the Calvin cycle	23
5307480391	NADP+	An electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions	24
5307935735	NADPH	An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.	25
5307481380	phosphorylation	addition of a phosphate group	26
5307481381	carbon fixation	The initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds (first stage of Calvin cycle)	27
5327881118	3 stages of Calvin cycle	fixation, reduction, regeneration	28
5307938477	ATP	energy source for Calvin cycle, used to form sugar from CO2	29
5307877206	endosymbiosis theory	proposes that mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took up residence inside another cell about 2 billion years ago	30
5307878801	cyanobacteria	Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis	31
5307881061	wavelength	The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.	32
5307881062	electromagnetic spectrum	All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation	33
5307881063	visible light	Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen with the unaided eye	34
5307882587	photon	particle of light that contains a certain amount of energy (shorter wavelength = greater energy of photon)	35
5307882588	pigment	substance that absorbs visible light, producing color	36
5307882589	spectrophotometer	An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.	37
5307884628	absorption spectrum	The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light	38
5307886304	chlorophyll	Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis	39
5307884629	chlorophyll a	A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions	40
5307884630	chlorophyll b	One type of chlorophyll that acts as an antenna pigment, expanding the wavelengths of light that can be used to power photosynthesis	41
5307895308	porphyrin ring	The part of a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy. Attached to a hydrocarbon tail.	42
5307897134	photoprotection	Absorbing excessive light energy that could potentially damage Chlorophyll	43
5307899079	carotenoid	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.	44
5307899080	photosystem	A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.	45
5307900619	reaction-center complex	an organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules	46
5307900620	light-harvesting complex	A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.	47
5307902057	primary electron acceptor	In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them.	48
5307903511	photosystem II	A photosystem that contains a pair of P680 chlorophyll molecules and uses absorbed light energy to split water into protons and oxygen and to produce ATP.	49
5307902058	photosystem I	A photosystem that contains a pair of P700 chlorophyll molecules and uses absorbed light energy to split water into protons and oxygen and to produce ATP.	50
5307951881	P680	Reaction center chlorophyll in the photosystem II.	51
5307951882	P700	Reaction center chlorophyll in the photosystem I.	52
5307903512	linear electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems (I and II) and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2. The net electron flow is from H2O to NADP+.	53
5307905718	cyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen	54
5307907044	chemiosmosis	A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.	55
5307909683	rubisco	nickname for RuBP carboxylase, enzyme that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle (addition of CO2 to RuBP)	56
5307909684	RuBP	The 5-carbon molecule that accepts CO2 at the beginning of the Calvin cycle	57
5307911993	RuBP carboxylase	long name for rubisco	58
5307918673	G3P	Three-carbon sugar that is the main product of the Calvin cycle Two of these combine to form glucose After 3 turns of the Calvin cycle, 1 of these leaves the cycle and 5 are used to regenerate RuBP	59
5307918674	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate	full name of G3P	60
5307922543	C3 plant	(95% of plants) These only use the Calvin cycle (unlike C4/CAM) Best climate: cool, damp, cloudy Loss of carbon through photorespiration is high, but they require less light because metabolic process is efficient	61
5307922544	photorespiration	A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide	62
5307922545	C4 plant	A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle	63
5307924138	bundle-sheath cell	Cells tightly wrapped around the veins of a leave (the site of the Calvin cycle in C4 plants)	64
5307924139	mesophyll cell	A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface (the site of carbon fixation in C4 plants)	65
5307924140	PEP carboxylase	An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells of C4 and CAM plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis.	66
5307925951	crassulacean acid metabolism	full name of CAM	67
5307927913	CAM plant	A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.	68
5338888597	light independent reactions	step of photosynthesis in which glucose is formed	69
5338894342	3-PGA	The intermediate between carbon fixation and reduction within the Calvin cycle; is converted to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate through phosphorylation by ATP	70
5338907474	1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate	intermediate between 3-PGA and G3P in the Calvin cycle is reduced by NADPH to form G3P	71
5338928492	ADP and NADP+	byproducts of reduction phase of Calvin cycle go on to participate in light reactions	72
5338936881	regeneration of RuBP	5 G3Ps (15 carbons) rearranged and phosphorylated (using 3 ATPs) to produce 3 RuBPs	73
5338957350	products of 3 turns of Calvin cycle	6 molecules of G3P	74
5338967958	number of ATP used during fixation (in 3 turns of Calvin cycle)	6 (1 per G3P)	75
5338970463	number of ATP used during regeneration of RuBP (in 3 turns of Calvin cycle)	3 (1 per RuBP regenerated)	76
5338976503	number of NADPH used during fixation (in 3 turns of Calvin cycle)	6 (1 per G3P)	77
5338988057	three reactants in synthesis of 1 glucose molecule (6 turns of Calvin cycle)	6 CO2 18 ATP 12 NADPH	78
5338994319	causes of photorespiration	buildup of oxygen in leaf because plants close stomata to prevent water loss in hot temperatures rubisco's higher affinity for oxygen at higher temperatures	79
5339006508	oxaloacetate	4-carbon sugar product of carbon fixation (addition of CO2 to PEP by PEP carboxylase)	80
5339006509	maltate	intermediate in C4/CAM pathway in C4 plants, transported to bundle sheath cells, then broken down into pyruvate and 1 CO2 molecule	81
5339006510	pyruvate	phosphorylated to regenerate PEP in C4 pathway	82
5339016641	PEP	similar to RuBP, PEP is the protein that accepts CO2 during carbon fixation in C4/CAM plants	83

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Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

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4118647289	What are some of the main functions of the circulatory system?	it accepts oxygen, nutrients, and other substances from the respiratory and digestive systems and delivers them to the cells. It accepts CO2 and wastes from the cells and delivers them to the respiratory and urinary for disposal	0
4118653773	What is the circulatory system often called?	the highway of the body	1
4118659839	What are the 3 main components of a circulatory system?	the circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pump (the heart)	2
4118661722	What type of circulatory system to humans have?	a closed circulatory system. this means that the blood is contained within the vessels and is not necessarily open to the fluid directly	3
4118667748	We have a __________ pump system	double	4
4118668581	How many circuits do we (and all mammals) have?	2	5
4118668582	What are the names of the 2 circuits	the systemic and the pulmonary circuit	6
4118670068	All vertebrates have a _________ circulatory system	closed	7
4118671351	all mammals have a ________ _______ system	double pump	8
4118672354	What separates the heart into the left and right sides	a partition	9
4118673397	What is the point of having 2 pumps?	each pump circulates blood through a different circuit	10
4118677564	Which circuit is the left side of the heart responsible for?	the systemic circuit, which pumps blood throughout the body	11
4118679084	Why is the left side of the heart bigger than the right?	because the left side of the heart has to pump blood throughout the body while the right side of the heart only has to pump through the pulmonary circuit which is much shorter	12
4118682402	The right side of the heart is responsible for....	the pulmonary circuit	13
4118688913	which side of the heart does the oxygen depleted blood go to?	the right side of the heart, to be re-oxygenated by the lungs	14
4118694266	What does the pulmonary circuit do?	it pumps the blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated	15
4118696724	What is the aorta and where is it?	the aorta is located up and down from the left side of the heart. It is the largest artery in the body and it is responsible for receiving blood from the heart and beginning the delivery to the rest of the body	16
4118705635	What is the vena cava and where is it?	the bodes largest vein and it delivers deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the systemic circuit. There is a superior and inferior vena cava, which deliver the blood from either the top or the bottom of the body back to the heart. It is attached to the right side of the heart	17
4118720892	Where is the pulmonary artery and what does it do?	It delivers the blood directly to the lungs and it is located on the right side of the heart and branches out to both lungs and goes partly under the aortic arch	18
4118743495	Where is the pulmonary vein and what does it do?	carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium to be delivered. See picture for location	19
4118748694	How big is the heart?	about the size of a fist	20
4118749559	Where is the heart located?	in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. It is enclosed in the pericardium	21
4118754058	Pericardium	encloses the heart. it is two layers thick with fluid in-between layers	22
4118758044	How many chambers of the heart are there?	4 chambers	23
4118760003	Each side has ____ chambers. Also name these chambers	2. the upper atrium and the lower ventricle	24
4118762028	The atrium/ventricle is more muscular	the ventricles	25
4118762768	Why are the ventricles more muscular?	because the atriums only have to pump to the ventricles which is a much shorter distance	26
4118765876	What controls the flow between the atrium and the ventricle?	valves. They prevent blood from going backwards if you move positions	27
4118766651	What are you hearing when you listen to a heart beat?	the closing of the valves in the heart	28
4118769825	Direction of blood flow...(coming back as oxygen depleted)	Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, to lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta	29
4118777288	What is the cardiac cycle?	the contraction and the relaxation phases of the heart	30
4118778105	The Contraction phase is ________	systole	31
4118779435	The relaxation phase is _________	diastole	32
4118780791	What acts as the bodies natural pacemaker?	the SA node	33
4118783781	How does the SA node operate?	self stimulatory electrical signals from the SA node cause the contraction of the atria. the signal flows to the AV node and down septum to ventricles. And because the parts of the heart have such a close relationship, once one contracts the others follow suit so they all pump together. This is due to the intricate tight and gap junctions in the heart	34
4118793478	Describe the contraction of the heart	Cardiac muscle tissue can create its own action potentials (it is self stimulatory). the signal will spread quickly to other muscle fibers because of the gap and tight junctions of the heart and the cells conduct the signal very well. Because of this relationship the contraction of the heart is almost simultaneous	35
4118800638	What is happening when someone has a heart murmur?	the heart valves are not closing all of the way. This is why the heartbeat sounds muffled	36
4118804382	the artrioventricular valves (AV)	located between each atrium and ventricle, and they close when the ventricles contract (both the tricuspid and bicuspid in this picture, although we don't have to know the names just the location of the AV valves)	37
4118805283	Semilunar valves	located between the ventricles and pulmonary artery and aorta. they close when the ventricles relax (everything but the 2 AV valves in the picture, but don't need to know specific names of them)	38
4118820258	Arteries transport blood...	away from the heart	39
4118821449	Veins transport blood...	towards the heart	40
4118822394	Arterioles	are able to adjust their diameter to regulate blood flow (part of artery system)	41
4118823912	Capillaries	1 layer thick. They are thin to easily allow diffusion across their cell walls (part of artery system)	42
4118836755	Blood pressure is ________ in arteries and ________ in veins	highest, lowest	43
4118838087	As the blood flows away from the heart, blood pressure...	decreases	44
4118838088	The peak blood pressure	systolic	45
4118839453	The lowest blood pressure	diastolic	46
4118839454	Where is the greatest blood pressure drop?	in arterioles	47
4118842508	Cardiac output is adjusted by...	controls over rate and strength of heartbeat	48
4118843611	How is resistance controlled in cardiac output?	by vasoconstriction (narrowing) and vasodilatation(widening) of blood vessels	49
4118846773	What happens to your blood vessels when you are cold?	the veins constrict (vasoconstriction)	50
4118848358	What happens to the blood vessels when you are hot?	the veins widen (vasodilatation)	51
4118872309	During exercise what happens to the blood vessels?	they dilate to allow more blood flow from the heart which is pumping at a faster rate to maintain blood pressure	52
4118873338	What is the blood pressure of the normal person/	120/70	53
4118878847	How does measuring blood pressure work?	the cuff is inflated to cut off blood flow so that the pressure exerted exceeds that of the artery. As the cuff deflates gradually and the pressure exerted by the cuff falls just below that of the artery, the blood pulses into the forearm which generates sounds that can be heart with a stethoscope (systolic). When the cuff deflates further, just until the blood flows freely and the sound disappears(diastolic)	54
4118888032	Where is the site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid?	capillary beds	55
4118889261	How do things diffuse in capillary beds?	mostly by diffusion. Gases diffuse across their concentration gradient and the flow is very slow	56
4118896856	What is bulk flow and what is responsible for it?	Bulk flow is the movement of water and solutes in response to fluid pressure in the capillaries. Because of the high pressure from the aorta we are constantly losing fluid through the capillaries because they are so thin.	57
4118900172	Ultrafiltration	fluid moves out of capillary bed near arteriole end	58
4118901202	Reabsorption	fluid moves into capillary bed near venous end	59
4118903719	What happens normally with net bulk flow?	ultrafiltration will exceed reabsorption slightly with normal blood pressure	60
4118906370	What deals with the excess fluid from the leaky capillaries?	the lymphatic system picks it up from the interstitial fluid	61
4118908207	What effect does high blood pressure have on ultrafiltration?	it increases ultrafiltration because blood pressure is even higher than it normally is so fluid is pushed out more. This excess fluid can cause edema	62
4127011379	Why do the venues have small valves?	because the blood pressure is so low in the veins they have to prevent backflow	63
4127013016	How does blood flow in the venous system?	from the capillaries into venules, then onto the veins	64
4127013654	Describe the aesthetics of veins	they are large in diameter with some smooth muscle in their walls. They also have valves	65
4127016952	What are the major functions of the blood?	to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, to carry CO2 and wastes away from cells, to help stabilize internal pH, equalize temperature, and carry infection fighting cells	66
4127019053	Plasma makes up what volume of the blood	50-60%	67
4127019880	What is plasma?	water, plasma proteins, and dissolved ions and molecules	68
4127020813	What percentage of the blood is the cellular (living) portion?	40-50%	69
4127020814	What makes up the living portion of the blood?	red cells, white cells, and platelets	70
4127021798	What is the shape of the platelets in mammals?	they are always portions of a whole cell	71
4127022324	What are the 3 types of blood cells?	red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets	72
4127023073	Function of red blood cells	carry oxygen	73
4127023798	Function of white blood cells	defend body against invadors	74
4127024708	Function of platelets	clotting of the blood	75
4127025238	What is different about the nuclei of white blood cells?	they are very oddly shaped	76
4127025924	What is the biggest type of blood cell?	the white blood cells	77
4131911517	What is the most numerous type of blood cell?	the red blood cell	78
4131911906	Why are red blood cells red?	hemoglobin	79
4131912216	Why do red blood cells have no nucleus when they are mature?	they eject all of their organelles to accommodate as much hemoglobin as possible so they end up with no nucleus	80
4131912575	Why do red blood cells have a short life span?	they have no organelles, which shortens their life	81
4131913619	What is the function of leukocytes (white cells)?	they function in house keeping and defense	82
4131914238	What are the types of white blood cells?	basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cells	83
4131915104	Define platelets	membrane bound cell fragments	84
4131915322	What are platelets derived from?	megakaryocytes, which arise form stem cells	85
4131916111	What is the function of platelets?	they release substances that initiates blood clotting	86
4131918653	How are platelets shaped?	they are cell fragments, they were full cells when they were "born"	87
4131919871	Describe the body's response to a damaged blood vessel	there is a vascular spasm for 1/2 hour which constricts the vessel and slows blood loss, the platelets aggregate and stick together within 15 seconds to plug site, clot formation starts after around 30 seconds. Enzymes activate factor X with forms prothrombinase. Prothrombinase converts an enyme precursor to thrombin. Thrombin converts a plasma protein (fibrinogen) to insoluble threads (fibrin). Fibrinogen forms net that entangles blood cells, platelets. Fibrin forms a net at damaged site, entailing blood cells/platelets. Then you get a blood clot	88
4131923757	Name the risk factors for cardiovascular disease	smoking, maleness, genetic factors, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and old age	89
4131925027	What blood pressure qualifies as hypertension?	140/90	90
4131925691	How does hypertension effect the heart?	it increases the hearts workload and it contributes to atheroscleorosis	91
4131926819	Hypertension tends to be ___________	genetic	92
4131927200	atherosclerosis	arteries thicken, lose elasticity, and fill up with cholesterol and lipids	93
4131927770	"silent killer"	hypertension	94
4131930142	Why do things stick to the walls of the arteries of people with atherosclerosis?	the walls are thickened which makes it easier	95
4131930843	High ______ contributes to the risk of atherosclerosis	LDL levels (type of cholesterol)	96
4131944058	A heart attack is a blockage in the _________ ________	coronary artery	97
4131944555	A stroke is a blockage in the ________	brain	98
4131945687	What are the 3 treatments for someone who has a clot in the coronary artery?	An Angioplasty, a stent, and bypass surgery	99
4131946701	Angioplasty	you inflate a balloon in the artery to widen it over time, and then remove it	100
4131949037	Stent	you use a balloon with a metal fixture to continue to hold the artery open over time, while the balloon widens the artery	101
4131950381	Bypass surgery	You use artificial arteries to bypass the area where the clot is in the heart to allow blood to flow around it	102
4131956244	How many bypass surgeries can a person have?	4	103
4131956245	Bradycardia	slow heart rate	104
4131956827	Tachycardia	a fast heart rate, 100 bpm or more	105
4131957418	Atrial fibrillation	irregular heartbeat	106
4131957419	Ventricular fibrillation	uncontrolled contraction of the ventricles, is quickly fatal	107
4131959985	Where does gas exchange happen?	aveoli	108
4131959986	How is the trachea held open?	it is always held open by a cartilage ring	109
4131961737	Pleural membrane	the membrane around the lungs	110
4131962488	What pressure system does breathing use?	negative pressure, you push down your diaphragm when you suck in air	111
4131963214	How do you get more air when you are running?	you use your intercostal muscles to breathe faster because it helps push the air out faster. You cannot necessarily breathe in faster though	112
4131964176	Respiration	physiological process by which oxygen moves into internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out	113
4131965835	The respiratory system works in conjunction with	the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and move CO2	114
4131966204	The respiratory system also helps regulate what?	the acid base balance, because it effects bicarbonate levels (the buffer in your blood)	115
4131967002	How do gases enter and leave the body?	by diffusing down their pressure gradients, the body creates many different gradients so gases can move easily	116
4131968704	What are the main body parts involved in respiration?	the pharynx, the trachea, the bronchial tree, the intercostal muscle, the diaphragm, the bronchiole, the alveoli	117
4131970816	Describe the respiratory process	air comes in through the nose and mouth into the pharynx, air passes through glottis, larynx, and into trachea, air passes into bronchi, bronchi branch into bronchioles, bronchioles end in alveoli, blood capillaries in alveoli pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide	118
4131972832	What do alveoli look like?	they are sacs that hold the air and are surrounded by capillaries, they have a close relationship so gas transfer is easy	119
4131974805	How does breathing work?	in a cyclic cycle called the respiratory cycle	120
4131975371	One respiratory cycle consists of...	one inhalation and one exhalation	121
4131976248	Describe the process of inhilation	the diaphragm flattens, external intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, lungs expand, and air flows down pressure gradient into lungs	122
4131977643	Why is breathing passive in humans?	the air simply moves down the pressure gradient when we breathe because our diaphragm has flattened	123
4131978866	Describe the process of passive exhilation	the muscles of inhalation relax, the thoracic cavity recoils, the lung volume decreases, and air flows down the pressure gradient and out of the lungs	124
4131980246	Describe the process of active exhilation	Muscles in the abdomen and the internal intercostal muscles contract (this decreases thoracic cavity volume more than passive exhalation) so a greater volume of air must flow out to equalize intrapulmonary pressure with atmospheric pressure	125
4131983849	Describe the relationship between the alveoli and the capillaries	their epithelial tissues are fused, so they basically share a membrane, this makes gas exchange very easy	126
4131986488	Describe hemoglobins affinity for oxygen	there is a high affinity for oxygen when the partial pressure is high (in the pulmonary capillaries) and a low affinity where the partial pressure is low like in the tissues	127
4131987898	Describe the relationship between the pulmonary and circulatory systems	the circulatory system takes the products of the respiratory system and distributes them to every cell in the body through the blood stream	128