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Chapter 43 the Body's Defenses Flashcards

3231435748	pathogens	infectious agents that cause diseases	0
3231437689	an immune system must carry out recognition or distinguish	self from non-self	1
3231437690	innate immunity	defense systems that do not distinguish between pathogens and is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously	2
3231440969	acquired immunity (adaptive immunity)	defense system found only in vertebrates and is enhanced by previous exposure to pathogens	3
3231446335	3 forms of innate immunity in vertebrets	1. barrier defenses 2. phagocytosis 3. antimicrobial peptides	4
3231451620	3 lines of defense against pathogens	1. non-specific and exterior 2. non-specific and internal 3. specific and internal	5
3231458795	chemical defenses of the 1st line of defense: sweat glands, saliva/tears/mucous, stomach	makes the human skin too acidic for the growth of bacteria, enzymes break down bacteria, lowers pH so it denatures proteins	6
3231462781	general term for all white blood cells	leukocytes	7
3231464609	toll-like receptor (TLR)	recognize molecules that are characteristic of a certain set of pathogens	8
3231465619	MHC	the specific proteins on surface of the cell; your jersey	9
3231468087	neutrophils	most common white blood cell; attracted to certain areas where they engulf invaders and die	10
3231472506	macrophages	engulf microbes and digest them using lysosomic enzymes	11
3231479422	eosinophils	attach larger parasites and digest them from the outside	12
3231482660	interferons	secreted by the cells infected with viruses to help other cells avoid infection; is a chemical warning system to get other cells ready for a possible virus	13
3231490682	complement system	group of proteins that act directly on microbes and attract phagocytes to infected areas (attract other white blood cells to the area)	14
3231493742	inflammatory response	can be a cause of histamines which are secreted by mast cells; phagocytosis is occuring	15
3231504905	pyrogens	chemicals that are secreted by activated macrophages that cause fever in an infected area	16
3231507426	natural killer cells	attack cells that are infected with viruses or cancer cells (cells that no longer express class 1 MHC on their cell surface)	17
3231511720	Lymphocytes	non-phagocytic white blood cells that combat pathogens, fight cancer, and neutralize toxic chemicals	18
3231516549	innate immune responses can stimulate acquired immunity by releasing _____	cytokines	19
3231517901	two types of cells involved with acquired immune response	B cells and T cells	20
3231519566	B cells function, produced where, and found	fight invaders in the fluids of animals but outside the cells--is part of the humoral immune response; bone marrow; lymphatic tissue, spleen, and lymph nodes	21
3231525686	T cells function, produced where, mature where	WBC that attack multicelluar antigens or antigens that have already become established within a cell of the animal; bone marrow; thymus	22
3231528291	anitgens	foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and receives a response	23
3231531755	antibodies (immunoglobulins)	produced by B cells to recognize and identify the epitope of the antigen	24
3231535919	explain why a lymphocyte is said to show specificity	the different combinations of different sections of immunoglobulin genes allow for a variety of lymphocyte receptors	25
3231542449	B cell receptors shape, made up of, have a _______region which allows it to be imbedded in the B cell	y-shaped; 4 polypeptide chains with a disulfide bridge to attach them; transmembrane region	26
3231546510	T cell receptors are made up of, and have a ________region anchoring it to the T cell	2 polypeptide chains; transmembrane region	27
3231549784	2 types of immune responses depending on the presenting cell	1. Phagocytosis lymphocyte presentation results in immune response to larger infection (helper t cell) 2. Host cell presentation results in the destruction of that cell (cytotoxic t cell)	28
3231554285	perforin	makes holes int he infected cell so water and other things can rush in and the cell will lyse	29
3231558333	Class 1 MHC molecules are made by __________ and present antigen fragments to ________	all cells; cytotoxic t cells	30
3231558334	Class 2 MHC molecules are made by __________ and present antigen fragments to ________	dendritic cells, b cells, and macrophages; helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells	31
3231561438	3 properties of the acquired immune system	1. diversity of receptors 2. distinguishing self from non-self (self-tolerance) 3. ability to respond to previous antigens faster (immunological memory)	32
3231566533	# of B cells and t cells a person has	1 million and 10 million	33
3231568316	diversity of lymphocytes is based on 3 things	gene splicing and combining of v segments, j segments, and the combination of heavy and light chains	34
3231572926	total number of antigen receptor combinations	1.65x10^6	35
3231575367	what happens if a lymphocyte cannot recognize self from non self	it gets destroyed or else it will lead to autoimmune disorders	36
3231576436	clonal selection	the proliferation of lymphocytes (b and t cells) in response to an anitgen	37
3231577985	effector cells (plasma cells)	short lived cells which attack the antigen and the pathogen that produces that antigen	38
3231579804	memory cells	long lived cells which have antigen receptors specific for that anitgen	39
3231584473	first time exposure = what response, and how long does it take to get better	primary immune response; 10-17 days	40
3231587386	humoral immune response	involves activation of b cells which secrete antibodies into the blood and lymph	41
3231588668	cell-mediated immune response	involves the activation of the cytotoxic t cells which identify and destroy infected cells	42
3231594134	helper t cells	enhance both the humoral and cell mediated immune responses	43
3231596680	3 types of antigen presenting cells	dendritic cells, macrophages, and b cells	44
3231607036	active immunity	immunity that is the result of the bodies response to infection	45
3231608067	passive immunity	immunity that is the result of the passage of antibodies from one individual to another (pregnant mom to child)	46
3231614862	____________ through____________is a method by which active immunity can be achieved	immunization; vaccination	47

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Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

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4696145327	For multicellular organisms, exchanges occur at the _____ level by crossing the _____ _____	cellular; plasma membrane	0
4696149273	For most multicellular organism cells, direct exchange with the environment is ____	not possible	1
4696149605	_____ and _____ are related in most animals	internal transport and gas exchange	2
4696150348	diffusion	process by which small molecules can move btwn cells and their surroundings	3
4696151330	diffusion is only efficient over small distances, t or f	true	4
4696151729	the time it takes to diffuse is proportional to the _____	square of the distance	5
4696152265	in small animals, cells exchange materials _______ with the surrounding medium	directly	6
4696152484	in most animals, cells exchange materials with the environment via	fluid-filled circulatory system	7
4696153147	all animals have a circulatory system, t or f	false some animals lack a circulatory system	8
4696153535	gastrovascular cavity	functions in digestion and distribution of substances in the body ex jelly fish or hydra	9
4696154514	how thick is the body wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity?	two cells thick	10
4696155008	3 parts of a circulatory system	-circulatory fluid (blood) -interconnecting vessels -muscular pump (heart)	11
4696156982	function of circulatory system	connects the fluid (blood) with organs that: exchange gases; absorb nutrients; and dispose of wastes	12
4696157843	open circulatory system occurs in	insects, arthropods, mollusks	13
4696159137	circulatory fluid in an open circulatory system is called	hemolymph (interstitial fluid)	14
4696159796	process of heart contraction in open system	heart contraction --> hemolymph pumps from tubular heart ---> vessels ---> sinus	15
4696160656	sinus in open system is	where chemical exchange occurs sinus is the space surrounding the organs	16
4696160972	process of heart relaxation in open system	heart relaxation ---> heart drew hemolymph back through pores controlled with valves	17
4696161675	closed circulatory system occurs in	annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates	18
4696162290	circulatory fluid in closed system is called	blood blood is distinct from the interstitial fluid	19
4696163074	process of heart contraction in closed system	heart contraction --> blood pumps vessels that branch into smaller vessels	20
4696164127	in the closed system, there is a chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid, t or f	true	21
4696164128	process of heart relaxation in closed system	heart relaxation blood drew back through vessels	22
4696164513	cardiovascular system	closed circulatory system of humans and vertebrates	23
4696165130	three main types of blood vessels in cardiovascular system	arteries veins capillaries	24
4696165537	blood flow goes both ways in these vessels, t or f	false blood flow is one way in these vessels	25
4696165936	arteries branch into _____ and carry blood ____ from the heart to _____	arterioles; away; capillaries heart > blood to capillaries via arteries > arterioles	26
4696167234	capillary beds	networks of capillaries; sites of chemical exchange btwn blood and interstitial fluid	27
4696168677	______ converge into veins and ______ blood from capillaries to the ______	venules; return; heart venules > veins > return blood from capillaries > heart	28
4696170753	arteries and veins are distinguished by	direction of blood flow	29
4696170754	arteries and veins are not distinguished by	oxygen content	30
4696171700	vertebrate hearts contain ____ chambers	2+	31
4696172137	blood enters through an ______ and is pumped out through a ____	atrium; ventricle	32
4696172959	single circulation	blood leaves heart passing through two capillary beds before returning ex bony fish, rays, sharks	33
4696173539	in single circulation animals they have a _____ chambered heart	two	34
4696189480	double circulation	oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart ex amphibians, reptiles, mammals	35
4696190330	double circulation animals (mammals and birds) have a _____ chambered heart with two ____ and two ____	four; atria; ventricles	36
4696190797	in reptiles and mammals, pulmonary circuit is	capillary beds in lungs where oxygen-poor blood flows to pick up oxygen through the lungs	37
4696191353	oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen through the	systemic circuit	38
4696193549	in amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through a	pulmocutaneous circuit	39
4696193956	pulmocutaneous circuit	capillary beds in the lung and skin where oxygen-poor blood flows to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin	40
4696195466	the systemic circuit is the same for amphibians, reptiles and mammals, t or f	true	41
4696197518	the ____ side of the heart pumps and receives only______; while the ____ side of the heart receives and pumps only ______	left side; oxygen-rich blood right side; oxygen-poor blood	42
4696199097	mammals and birds are _____ and require more oxygen than _____	endotherms; ectotherms	43
4696881812	in the mammalian heart, the two atria have ___ ___ and serve as collection chambers for blood ____ to the heart	thin walls; returning	44
4696882905	the two ventricles have ___ ____ and contract more _____	thicker walls; forcefully	45
4696883196	cardiac cycle	the rhythmic cycle by which the heart contracts and relaxes	46
4696886990	systole	the contraction or pumping phase	47
4696887250	diastole	the relaxation or filling phase	48
4696889446	cardiac cycle: 1. atrial and ventricular ______ 2. atrial _____ and ventricular _____ 3. atrial _____ and ventricular _____	1. diastole 2. systole; diastole 3. diastole; systole	49
4696890274	heart rate	aka pulse number of beats per minute	50
4696890484	stroke volume	amount of blood pumped in a single contraction	51
4696891518	cardiac output	volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute	52
4696891967	cardiac output depends on 2 things	heart rate + stroke volume	53
4696892822	what prevents backflow of blood in the heart	4 valves	54
4696893194	the atrioventricular (AV) valves	separate each atrium and ventricle	55
4696893793	the semilunar valves	control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery	56
4696898039	heart murmur	caused by a backflow of blood through a defective valve	57
4696899593	the lub-dup sound of a heart beat is caused by the _____ of ____ against the ____ valves (lub) then against the ____ (dup) valves	recoil of blood; AV semilunar	58
4696900920	autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells contract without a signal from the nervous system, t or f	true	59
4696901136	sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker	sets rate and timing that cardiac muscle cells contract	60
4696902065	electrocardiogram (EKG)	recorded impulses traveling through the cardiac cycle	61
4697054552	at the AV node, impulses are _______ and then travel to the ______ _____ that make the _______ contract	delayed; Purkinje fibers; ventricles	62
4697057204	Signals from SA node spread through atria Signals delayed at AV node Bundle branches pass signals to heart apex Signals spread through ventricles		63
4697058907	pacemaker is regulated by what 2 portions of the nervous system	sympathetic and parasympathetic	64
4697059612	function of sympathetic on pacemaker	speeds it up	65
4697059887	function of parasympathetic on pacemaker	slows down the pacemaker	66
4697060408	pacemaker is also regulated by (2)	hormones and temperature	67
4697061367	a vessel's cavity is called the	central lumen	68
4697061368	endothelium	epithelial layer that lines blood vessels	69
4697061811	characteristic and function of endothelium	smooth and minimizes resistance	70
4697062561	capillaries are only _____ _____ than a red blood cell	slightly wider	71
4697063186	components, characteristic and function of capillaries	endothelium + basal lamina; thin walls; facilitate exchange of materials	72
4697063754	3 components of arteries and veins	endothelium smooth muscle connective tissue	73
4697064177	arteries have ____ ____ than veins	thicker walls	74
4697064473	why do arteries have thicker walls than veins	to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart	75
4697064934	function of thinner-walled veins	blood flows back to the heart from muscle action	76
4697066378	veins have a bigger _____ and arteries have thicker ____ _____	lumen; connective tissue	77
4697067596	velocity of blood flow is slowest in the	capillary beds	78
4697068441	blood flow in capillaries is _____ for exchange of materials	slow	79
4697069008	why is blood flow slowest in capillaries?	result of high resistance and large total cross-sectional area	80
4697069564	flood flows from areas of ____ pressure to areas of ____ pressure	higher; lower	81
4697069937	blood pressure	pressure blood exerts in all directions	82
4697071093	blood pressure includes the pressure against walls of blood vessels, t or f	true	83
4697071927	recoil of elastic arterial walls does not play a role in maintaining blood pressure, t or f	false recoil of elastic arterial walls plays a role in maintaining blood pressure	84
4697074021	what dissipates most of blood pressure?	resistance to blood flow in the narrow diameters of tiny capillaries and arterioles	85
4697074660	systolic pressure	pressure in arteries during ventricular systole	86
4697075348	systolic pressure is the highest pressure in the arteries, t or f	true	87
4697075602	diastolic pressure	pressure in the arteries during diastole	88
4697076408	diastolic pressure is _____ than systolic pressure	lower	89
4697076409	pulse	rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat	90
4697077971	_______ mechanisms regulate arterial blood pressure by altering the _____ of _____	homeostatic; diameter of arterioles	91
4697078644	vasoconstriction	contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls	92
4697079006	vasoconstriction _____ blood pressure	increases	93
4697079260	vasodilation	relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles	94
4697079900	vasodilation causes blood pressure to _____	fall	95
4697079901	nitric oxide is a major inducer of _____	vasodilation	96
4697080786	peptide endothelin is a strong inducer of	vasoconstriction	97
4697081455	gravity does not have an effect on blood pressure, t or f	false gravity has a significant effect on blood pressure	98
4697083723	fainting is caused by what?	inadequate blood flow to the head	99
4697084406	animals with long necks require a very high _____ pressure to pump blood a great distance against gravity	systolic	100
4697084639	blood is moved through veins by (3)	smooth muscle contraction; skeletal muscle contraction; expansion of the vena cava with inhalation	101
4697085415	what prevents backflow of blood?	one-way valves in the veins	102
4697085851	valves are only present in	veins	103
4697086634	arteries do not have valves, t or f	true	104
4697087089	blood flows through only _____% of the body's capillaries at any given time	5-10%	105
4697087493	capillaries i major organs are usually filled	to capacity	106
4697087950	two mechanisms regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds	constriction or dilation of arterioles (that supply capillary beds) and precapillary sphincters	107
4697091454	precapillary sphincters	control blood flow between arterioles and venules	108
4697092310	name the 3 things that regulate blood flow	hormones nerve impulses other chemicals	109
4697094375	the exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid takes places across	the thin endothelial walls of capillaries	110
4697096107	blood pressure drives fluids _____ at the _____	out of capillaries; arteriole end	111
4697097158	mot blood proteins and all blood cells are ______ to pass through the _____	too large; endothelium	112
4697099649	all blood cells and most blood proteins are too large to pass through the endothelium, t or f	true	113
4697101363	osmotic pressure drives fluid ________ at _____	to capillaries; venule end	114
4697104131	blood pressure results in a ____ ____ of fluid from capillaries	net loss	115
4697104132	lymphatic system	returns fluid that leaks out from capillary beds	116
4697105849	components of lymphatic system	network of tiny vessels and larger vessels	117
4697106785	lymph	fluid lost by capillaries	118
4697107562	the composition of lymph is the same as ____ _____	interstitial fluids	119
4697108312	the lymphatic system drains into large ____ in the ____	veins; neck	120
4697108596	what prevents the blackflow of fluid in lymph vessels	valves	121
4697115245	edema is swelling caused by disruptions in the	flow of lymph	122
4697115246	lymph nodes	organs that filter lymph; body's defensive from WBCs - white blood cells	123
4697116403	with infection, WBCs _____ and lymph nodes become ___	multiply rapidly; swollen and tender	124
4697117354	with open circulation, fluid is ____ with the fluid surrounding all body cells	continuous	125
4697120498	closed circulatory systems of vertebrates contain	blood (a more highly specialized fluid)	126
4697121179	blood in vertebrates is a ____ ____ consisting of several kinds of cells supended in _____	connective tissue; plasma	127
4697121180	plasma	liquid matrix in blood	128
4697122566	the cellular elements occupy ____% of the volume of blood	45%	129
4697123639	plasma occupy ____% of the volume of blood	55%	130
4697124918	plasma functions (6)	solvent; osmotic balance; pH buffering; lipid transport; clotting; regulation of membrane permeability	131
4697127697	cellular elements in blood are (7)	RBCs (erythrocytes) platelets WBCs (leukocytes): basophils neutrophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes	132
4697137958	erythrocytes	red blood cells	133
4697138590	erythrocytes are the most numerous blood cells, t or f	true	134
4697139047	hemoglobin	iron-containing protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells	135
4697139437	each molecule of hemoglobin binds up to	four molecules of oxygen	136
4697139730	mature erythrocytes lack (2)	nuclei and mitochondria	137
4697140793	sickle-cell disease	caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins forming aggregates	138
4697141418	leukocytes	white blood cells	139
4697142507	5 types of leukocytes	monocytes lymphocytes basophils neutrophils eosinophils	140
4697143711	function of leukocytes	phagocytize bacteria mount immune responses against foreign substances	141
4697144709	leukocytes are found both in and outside of the circulatory system, t or f	true	142
4697144710	platelets	fragments of cells blood clotting	143
4697145196	erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets all develop from ___ ____ in the _____	stem cells; red marrow of bones	144
4697154874	erythropoietin (EPO)	hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production when oxygen delivery is low	145
4697156811	physicians use _________ to treat anemia	recombinant EPO	146
4697159186	B cells and T cells are called ____ and are developed from ___ ___ ___	lymphocytes; lymphoid stem cells	147
4697160099	coagulation	formation of solid clot from liquid blood	148
4697161080	thrombus	blood clot within a blood vessel that can block blood flow	149
4697161354	what forms a clot	conversion of inactive fibrinogen to fibrin	150
4697162106	atherosclerosis	buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries	151
4697163202	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production	152
4697163737	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	takes excess cholesterol and returns it to the liver	153
4697165250	heart attack (myocardial infarction)	damage/death of cardiac muscle tissue from blockage of 1+ coronary arteries	154
4697165513	stroke	death of nervous tissue in brain; usually from blockage of arteries in head	155
4697166028	angina pectoris	chest pain from partial blockage of coronary arteries	156
4697166878	inflammation causes (2)	atherosclerosis and thrombus formation	157
4697167741	___ inhibits inflammation and reduces risk of heart attacks and stroke	aspirin	158
4697167742	hypertension	high blood pressure; contributes to heart attack and stroke; can be controlled by diet, exercise, meds	159
4697168270	gas exchange	supplies oxygen for cellular respiration; disposes of CO2	160
4697168588	lungs	infolding of the body surface	161
4697169778	the circulatory system (open or closed) transports ____ between ____ and rest of body	gases; lungs	162
4697170413	the size and complexity of lungs correlate with an animal's metabolic rate, t or f	true	163
4697170926	the _____ directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach	pharynx	164
4697173210	gas exchange occurs in the	alveoli	165
4697173535	path of air passage	pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli	166
4697183229	exhaled air passes over ____ cords in ____ to create sounds	vocal; larynx	167
4697185143	___ and ____ line the epithelium of the air ducts and move particles up to the _____	cilia and mucus; pharynx	168
4697185759	function of the cilia and mucus	cleans respiratory system; allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus	169
4697189111	alveoli	air sacs at the tips of bronchioles	170
4697193595	___ diffuses from _____ into _____	oxygen; epithelium > capillaries	171
4697193990	_________ diffuses from _______ across ______ and into air space	carbon dioxide; capillaries > epithelium > air space	172
4697194843	alveoli lack ____ and are susceptible to ____	cilia; contamination	173
4697194844	surfactants	secretions that coat the surface of alveoli	174
4697195426	preterm babies lack _____ and therefore vulnerable to respiratory distress syndrom	surfactant	175
4697198172	breathing	alternative inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates the lungs	176
4697198839	mammals ventilate their lungs by ___ ___ ___	negative pressure breathing	177
4697198840	negative pressure breathing	pulls air into lungs via inhalation	178
4697199775	lung volume _____ as the rib muscles and diaphragm ____	increases; contract	179
4697199776	tidal volume	volume of air inhaled with each breath	180
4697200169	vital capacity	maximum tidal volume	181
4697200365	residual volume	the air that remains in the lungs after exhalation	182
4697200803	breathing is regulated by involuntary mechanisms , t or f	true	183
4697200998	breathing control centers are in the	medulla oblongata	184
4697204669	sensors in the ___ and ___ ___ monitor oxygen and co2 concentrations in the blood	aorta; carotid arteries	185
4697205080	modulation of breathing takes place in the ____, next to the medulla	pons	186

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AP World History Flashcards

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2849903087	Big History	history of everything	0
2849903088	histiography	historians interpertations f the past	1
2849903089	periodization	division of historical time into different periods	2
2849903090	BCE	before coomon era	3
2849903091	CE	common era	4
2849903092	3 C's	Change, compatision, connection	5
2849903093	cultural diffusion	exchange of ideas and products	6
2849903094	independent invention	changes w/out cultural diffusion	7
2849903095	Migration	movement of a person or people from one localty to settle in another	8
2849903096	Paleolithic era	earliest period of human history (96% of time on warth)	9
2849903097	migrated from	Africa to Eurasia, Australia, Americas, pacific	10
2849903098	adapted to environments by using fire for	protection, hunting and warmth	11
2849903099	developed	stone tools	12
2849903100	animals were used for	tools and food	13
2849903101	life expectancy	35 or younger	14
2849903102	used methods of birth control	infanticide	15
2849903103	Gobekli Tepe	ceremonial temple built in turkey	16

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Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards

Mastering Biology

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166724373	What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?	catabolic pathways	0
166724374	The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction	loses electrons and loses energy.	1
166724375	When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?	Energy is released and the more electronegative atom is reduced.	2
166724376	Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy	C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.	3
166724377	Which of the following statements describes NAD+?	NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.	4
166728651	Where does glycolysis takes place?	cytosol	5
166728652	The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by	substrate-level phosphorylation.	6
166728653	The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?	accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain	7
166728654	Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?	glycolysis	8
166728655	Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?	They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.	9
166728656	Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis?	100%.	10
166728657	In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?	NADH and pyruvate	11
166728658	Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are	2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O.	12
166728659	In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate	2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.	13
166728660	A molecule that is phosphorylated	has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work.	14
166728661	Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?	It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.	15
166728662	In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A. These three steps result in the formation of	acetyl CoA, NADH, H+, and CO2.	16
166728663	During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?	mitochondrial matrix	17
166728664	For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced?	12	18
166728665	Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?	chemiosmotic phosphorylation	19
166734364	Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?	mitochondrial inner membrane	20
166734365	In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?	energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase	21
166734366	Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?	mitochondrial intermembrane space	22
166734367	When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the	creation of a proton gradient.	23
166734368	Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?	inner membrane	24
166734369	It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial components. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane?	oxidative phosphorylation	25
166734370	Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?	oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)	26
166734371	In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, and about 17 X that of the cell's plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve?	It increases the surface for oxidative phosphoryation.	27
166734372	Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?	glycolysis	28
166734373	What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ -> Lactate + NAD+	NADH	29
166734374	The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is	the H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.	30
166734375	Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?	glycolysis	31
166734376	The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is	oxygen	32
166741107	Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons?	Electronegativity	33
166741108	Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other?	Anion and cation	34
166741109	Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule?	Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero	35
166741110	Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions?	A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron.	36
166741111	What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride?	Ionic	37
166741112	Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O + energy Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed?	Hydrogen, polar.	38
166741113	How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?	2	39
166741114	In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.	substrate-level phosphorylation	40
166741115	Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?	FADH2	41
166741116	In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?	ATP	42
166741117	In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.	2	43
166743965	Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?	acetyl CoA	44
166743966	In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.	substrate-level phosphorylation	45
166743967	Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?	acetyl CoA	46
166743968	For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.	2	47
166743969	For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.	6	48
166743970	In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.	oxidative phosphorylation	49
166743971	The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.	oxygen	50
166743972	During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.	NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space	51
166743973	The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.	kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient	52

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Psychology perspectives and connections Flashcards

Chapters 1&2

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768865938	psychology	the scientific study of thought and behavior	0
768865939	cognitive psychology	the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems	1
768865940	developmental psychology	the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span	2
768865941	behavioral neuroscience	the study of the links, among brain, mind, and behavior	3
768865942	biological psychology	the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought	4
768865943	personality psychology	the study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations	5
768865944	social psychology	the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior	6
768865945	clinical psychology	the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health	7
768865946	health psychology	the study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness	8
768865948	educational psychology	the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of teaching	9
768865949	industrial/ organizational (I/O) Psychology	application of psychological concepts and questions of work settings	10
768865950	sports psychology	the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise	11
768865951	forensic psychology	field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice.	12
768865952	shamans	medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers.	13
768865954	asylums	facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century.	14
768865955	moral treatment	19th Century approach to treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment	15
768865956	psychoanalysis	a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior.	16
768865957	empiricism	the view that all knowledge and thought comes from experience	17
768865958	psychophysics	the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch.	18
768865959	structuralism	19th- century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental arts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior	19
768865960	introspection	the main method of investigating for structuralists; it involves looking into one's own mind for information about that nature of conscious experience	20
768865962	functionalism	19th- century school of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than describe its parts.	21
768865963	behaviorism	a school of psychology which proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings or motives	22
768865964	humanistic psychology	a theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential.	23
768865966	positive psychology	scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning.	24
768865967	Gestalt psychology	a theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts	25
768865968	softwiring	in contrast to hardwiring, means that biological systems - genes, brain structures, brain cells - are inherited but open to modification from the environment.	26
768865969	nature through nurture	the position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do.	27
768865970	evolution	the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species.	28
768865971	natural selection	a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another because it has an impact on reproduction	29
768865972	adaptations	inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been selected for because they contribute in some way to reproductive success.	30
768865974	evolutionary psychology	the branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors.	31
768865975	scientific thinking	process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories	32
768865976	scientific method	the procedures by which scientists conduct research, consisting of five basic processes; observation, prediction, testing, interpretation, and communication.	33
768865979	hypothesis	a specific. informed, and testable prediction of the outcome of particular set of conditions in a research design	34
768865980	theory	a set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions	35
768865982	replication	the repetition of a study to confirm the results; essential to the scientific process	36
768865983	pseudoscience	claims presented as scientific that are not supported by evidence obtained with the scientific method.	37
768865984	research designs	plans of action for how to conduct a scientific study	38
768865985	variable	a characteristic that changes or 'varies,' such as age, gender, wight, intelligence, anxiety, and extraversion	39
768865986	population	the entire group a researcher is interested in ; for example, all humans, all adolescents, all boys, all girls, all college students	40
768865989	samples	subsets of the population studied on a research project	41
768865990	descriptive designs	study designs in which the researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything	42
768865991	case study	a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time.	43
768865993	naturalistic observation	a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world	44
768865994	representative sample	a research sample that accurately reflects that population of people on is studying	45
768865995	correlational designs	studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; not designed to show causation.	46
768865996	correlational coefficient	a statistic that ranges -1.0 to +1.0 and assesses the strength and direction of association between two variables	47
768865997	experiment	a research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants of control and experimental groups or conditions	48
768865998	independent variable	a property that is manipulated by the experiment under controlled conditions to determine whether it causes the predicted outcome of an experiment	49
768865999	dependent variable	in an experiment, the outcome or response to the experimental manipulation	50
768866000	random assignment	a method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions	51
768866001	experimental group	a group consisting of those participants who will receive the treatment or whatever is predicted to change behavior	52
768866002	control group	a group of research participants who are treated in exactly the same manner as the experimental group, except that they do not receive the independent variable, or treatment	53
768866003	placebo	a substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance	54
768866004	confounding variable	variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined.	55
768866005	single- blind studies	studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned.	56
768866006	double- blind studies	studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group.	57
768866007	experimenter expectancy effects	result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group and who is the experimental group.	58
768866008	self-fulfilling prophecy	a statement the at affects events to cause the prediction to become true.	59
768866009	meta- analysis	research technique for combining all research results on one question and drawling a conclusion	60
768866010	effect size	a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect.	61
768866011	measures	the tools used and techniques used to assess thought or behavior	62
768866012	self reports	written or oral accounts of a person's thoughts, feelings, or actions.	63
768866013	behavioral measures	measures based on systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environmental or in a laboratory setting	64
768866015	social desirability bias	the tendency toward favorable self-presentation that could lead to inaccurate self-reports.	65
768866016	physiological measures	measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state	66
768866017	statistics	collection, analysis, interpretation of numerical data	67
768866018	descriptive statistics	measures used to describe and summarize research	68
768866019	mean	the arithmetic average of a series of numbers	69
768866020	mode	a statistic that represents the most commodity occurring score or value	70
768866021	frequency	the number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data	71
768866022	median	the score that separates the lower half of scores from the upper half	72
768866023	standard deviation	a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean	73
768866024	normal distribution	bell curve; a plot of how frequent data are that is perfectly symmetrical, with most scores clustering in the middle and only a few scores at the extremes	74
768866025	inferential statistics	analysis of data that allow us to test hypotheses and make an inference as to how likely a sample score is to occur in a population	75
768866026	t-test	statistics that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population	76
768866028	ethics	the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation; or more simply, standards of right and wrong	77
768866029	debriefing	the explanation of the purposes of a study following data collection	78
768866031	institutional review boards	organizations that evaluate proposed research before it is conducted to make sure research involving humans does not cause undue harm or distress	79
768866032	quasiexperimental design	research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups	80

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American Pageant Chapter 12 Flashcards

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5268887008	War of 1812	(1812-1815): fought b/w US and Britain largely over issues of trade and impressment. Ended in relative draw, but showed the US willingness to fight for their beliefs and earned respect from the European nations. "2nd war for independence."	0
5268887009	Battle of New Orleans	Battle won by the US and Andrew Jackson. Was a decisive win for the United States in the War of 1812.	1
5268887010	Congress of Vienna	(1814-1815): Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.	2
5268887011	Treaty of Ghent	(1815): Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address and of the grievances that first brought America into the war.	3
5268887012	Hartford Convention	(1814-1815): convention of Federalists from 5 New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.	4
5268887013	Rush-Bagot Agreement	(1817): Signed by Britain and the US, established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the US-Canadian border, finalized in the 1870s.	5
5268887014	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US History, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.	6
5268887015	American System	(1820s): Henry Clay's three pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.	7
5268887016	The Era of Good Feelings	(1816-1824): Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Madison's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.	8
5268887017	The Panic of 1819	severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation on western lands. It disproportionally affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy.	9
5268887018	Land act of 1820	Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating on of the causes of the Panic of 1819.	10
5268887019	Tallmadge Amendment	(1819): Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners opposed this, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between the North and the South.	11
5268887020	Peculiar institution	Widely used term for the institution of American Slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division in the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.	12
5268887021	The Missouri Compromise	(1820): Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of the Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line 36.30.	13
5268887022	McCulloch v. Maryland	(1819): Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the state bank of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.	14
5268887023	Loose construction	idea of using the elastic clause as a way of interpreting the constitution	15
5268887024	Cohens v. Virginia	Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.	16
5268887025	Gibbons v. Ogden	(1824): suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.	17
5268887026	Fletcher v. Peck	(1810): Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution.	18
5268887027	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	(1819): Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments	19
5268887028	Anglo-American Convention	(1818): Signed by Britain and the US, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the Northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for 10 years.	20
5268887029	Florida Purchase Territory (Adams-Onis Treaty)	(1819): Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the US, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.	21
5268887030	Monroe Doctrine	Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The US largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought free access to Latin American markets.	22
5268887031	Russo-American Treaty	(1824): fixed the line of 54.40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America	23
5268887032	Oliver Hazard Perry	American naval officer whose decisive victory over a British fleet on Lake Erie during the War of 1812 reinvigorated American morale and paved the way for General William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	24
5268887033	Francis Scott Key	Author and lawyer who composed the "Star Spangled Banner", our national anthem, while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a British ship where he was detained.	25
5268887034	James Monroe	Revolutionary war soldier, statesman, and 5th president. As president, he supported protective tariffs, and a national bank, but maintained a Jeffersonian opposition to federally funded improvements. Though he sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the states in 1817, his presidency was rocked by partisan and sectional conflicts.	26
5268887035	John Marshall	Supreme Court Chief Justice who expanded the power of both the Supreme Court and the National Government	27
5268887036	Washington Irving	Early American Writer. Wrote Rumplestilskin and Legend of Sleepy Hollow	28
5268887037	James Fenimore Cooper	Early American Writer. Wrote the Deerslayer, and Last of the Mohicans	29

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Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

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5155828198	Signal transduction pathway	Series of steps that converts a received signal or a specific cellular response	0
5155828199	Local regulators	Messenger molecules that are secreted by the signaling cells and travel only a short distance	1
5155828200	Hormones	Chemicals that are used in long distance signaling in plants and animals	2
5155828201	Ligand	Molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one	3
5155828202	G protein coupled receptor	Signal receptor protein in the membrane that responds to binding of signaling molecule by activating a G protein	4
5155828203	G protein	Gtp binding protein that relays signs,s from a plasma membrane signal receptor to signal transduction proteins inside the cell	5
5155828204	Receptor tyrosine kinases	Plasma membrane receptor that has enzymatic activity. Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from atp to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein	6
5155828205	Ligand gated ion channel	Membrane receptor containing a region that can act like a gate when the receptor changes shape	7
5155828206	Protein kinase	Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from atp to protein	8
5155828207	Protein phosphatases	Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins	9
5155828208	Second messengers	Small nonprotein water soluble molecule/ion that relays a signal to a cells interior response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein	10
5155828209	cAMP	Cyclic amp. Ring shaped molecule made from atp that is a common intracellular signaling molecule in eukaryotes.	11
5155828210	Adenylyl cyclase	Enzyme in plasma membrane that converts atp to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal	12
5155828211	Inositol triphosphate IP3	Second messenger that functions as intermediate between certain signaling molecules and a subsequent second messenger, calcium, by causing a rise in cytoplasmic calcium concentration	13
5155828212	Diacylglycerol DAG	A second messenger produced by the cleavage of the phospholipid pip2 in the plasma membrane	14
5155828213	Scaffolding proteins	Large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached	15
5155828214	Apoptosis	Controlled cell suicide	16
5199269606	T/f only multicellular organisms signal	False unicellular too	17
5199269607	Most often way to signal	Chemically	18
5199269608	Ex of a signal transduction pathway	Fight or flight	19
5199269609	3 steps of cellular signaling	Reception Transduction Response	20
5199269610	A transduction can be...	Amplified	21
5199269611	Cells are sensitive to...	Their environment	22
5199269612	What can bacteria sense?	Population densities	23
5199269613	What do animal and plant cells have to connect to other cells?	Gap junctions (animal) Plasmodesmata( plant)	24
5199269614	Types of local signaling	Direct contact Cell to cell recognition	25
5199269615	Ex of long distance signalers	Hormones	26
5199269616	What are plant hormones?	Gaseous	27
5199269617	What decides if a cell will respond?	If it has a receptor or not	28
5199269618	What do secreting cells release?	Ligands that stimulate target cells	29
5199269619	What do nerve cells do?	Send out electrical signal that releases chemical signals through neurotransmitters	30
5199269620	Synapse	Gap between nerve cells	31
5199269621	What does a endocrine cell do?	Release signals and diffuse into blood vessels . After traveling, they diffuse out of vessel to target cell	32
5199269622	Ex of responses	Change in cytoskeleton Turn on and off genes	33
5199269623	What is initial transduction?	Change in receptor	34
5199269624	What are most signal receptors	Plasma membrane proteins	35
5199269625	3 main types of membrane receptors	G protein coupled receptors Receptor tyrosine kinases Ion channel receptors	36
5199269626	Most _______ bind to receptors	Water soluble signal molecules	37
5199269627	Largest family of receptors	G proteins	38
5199269628	When is gpcr active ?	If G protein attached	39
5199269629	Steps of the gpcr	Ligand binds to gpcr Receptor changes shape and G protein binds Activated receptor makes gdp fall off and makes gtp Gtp attaches to enzyme and creates cellular response Phosphate falls off and binds again	40
5199269630	T/f gpcr is reversible	True	41
5199269631	Steps of rtk	Ligand binds to receptor making a dimer Tyrosine kinases adds phosphate from atp to tyrosine Phosphorylated tyrosines make a cellular response	42
5199269632	What can rtks do?	Trigger multiple signal transduction pathway at once	43
5199269633	What can an abnormal rtk mean .	Cancer	44
5199269634	2 rtks together=	Dimer	45
5199269635	Ion channel steps	Ligand binds to open channel like a gate	46
5199269636	2 types of intracellular receptors	Cytosol and nucleus	47
5199269637	Hormones are...	Hydrophobic and diffuse through membrane	48
5199269638	What do hormones do?	Diffuse through membrane and go to Nucleus and act a transcription factor	49
5199269639	_______ makes cells sensitive to environment	Transduction	50
5199269640	What do protein kinases don't?	Transfer phosphate group from Atp to protein	51
5199269641	What do calcium ions allow to happen?	Regulation of concentration	52
5199269642	Common second messenger s	Camp and calcium ions	53
5199269643	Pathways that need second messenger	Gpcr and rtk	54
5199269644	_________ starts a transduction pathway	Camp	55
5199269645	What does adenylyl cyclase do?	Make camp from atp	56
5199269646	Ways to regulate enzymes	Inhibitors and allosteric	57
5199499649	Example of cell signaling	Embryonic development to cancer	58
5199499650	How does yeast use cell signaling	To find a mate between a and alpha	59
5199499651	Quorum sensing	Bacteria monitor local density of cells	60
5199499652	Biofilm	Aggregation of bacteria adhered to a service	61
5199499653	Local signaling	Cell to cell recognition (direct contact)	62
5199499654	Synaptic signaling	Electrical signal triggers secretion of neurotransmitter caring out a chemical signal	63
5199499655	How do plants hormones travel	In vessels or diffuse through air as a gas	64
5199499656	Earle Sutherland	Scientist responsible for understanding chemical signals in epinephrine	65
5199499657	what does Epinephrine do	Stimulates glycogen breakdown by cytosolic enzyme	66
5199499658	epinephrine =...	Adrenaline	67
5199499659	a signal is complementary to...	The size and shape of a specific receptor	68
5199499660	Most receptors are...	Proteins	69
5199499661	Logan's are water_______ and too _____	Soluble Big to pass through membrane freely	70
5199499662	What percentage of all proteins are cell surface receptors	30%	71
5199499663	Three things that depend on G protein coupled receptors	Vision smell and taste	72
5199499664	Where are the G proteins in the membrane	Cytoplasmic side	73
5199499665	What does the G stand for in G protein	Guanine	74
5199499666	When is a G protein in active	When a GDp is bound	75
5199499667	What does dimerization do	Activates tyrosine kinase of each monomer	76
5199499668	Where are ion channels located in humans	Nervous system	77
5199499669	Three hydrophobic chemical messengers	Steroids thyroid nitric acid	78
5199499670	Multi step the pathways equal	More opportunities for coordination and regulation	79
5199499671	True/false original signaling molecule enters the cell	False rarely	80
5199499672	What do you protein phosphate tases do	Catalyze removal of phosphate	81
5199499673	What amino acids do cytoplasmic kinases have	Serine or threonine	82
5199499674	Phosphorylation_______. Activity of protein	Decreases	83
5199499675	______% of genes are for proteins kinases	2	84
5199499676	Abnormal kinase =...	Abnormal cell growth and cancer	85
5199529868	Phosphodiesterase	Enzyme that takes cAMP to AMP	86
5199529869	What does the cholera toxin do	Modifies G Pro Tien to not make GTP into GDP	87
5199529870	Examples of when calcium ions are used a second messenger	Neurotransmitters, growth factors, and some hormones	88
5199529871	What to types of pathways are calcium ions second messengers	G protein and RTK	89
5199580078	Where is calcium concentration low in cell Where is it high	Cytosol compared with outside of cell Outside cell and in ER	90
5199580079	How does calcium ions get into ER	Protein pumps	91
5199580080	What stimulates release of calcium from ER	IP sub three	92
5199580081	What do many responses do	Regulate protein synthesis	93
5199580082	Some pathways equal cell... What is needed	Division Growth factors and hormones	94
5199580083	Four ways of fine-tuning	Pathway has amplified signal Response regulated Efficiency enhanced by scaffolding Response terminated	95
5199580084	Why does amplification have an effect	Because proteins are active long enough to make numerous molecules of substrate before inactive	96
5199580085	What does scaffolding in brain do	Permanently holds networks of signal and proteins at synapses	97
5199580086	Two ways to terminate	Reversal binding and fewer binding	98

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Kidney Flashcards

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1567197679	Nephron	functional unit of the kidney, selective filter element comprising of a renal tubule and blood vessels, regulate blood composition and pH	0
1567197680	Cortex	Outer part of the kidney	1
1567197681	Medulla	middle part of the kidney	2
1567197682	renal pelvis	inner part of the kidney, urine collects here	3
1567197683	ureter	urine flows out of kidney via ureter to bladder	4
1567197684	bladder	collects urine	5
1567197685	glomerulus	network of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood	6
1567197686	Bowman's capsule (also called renal capsule)	first part of the nephron, surrounds the glomerulus, receives the ultrafiltrate from glomerulus	7
1567197687	nephron tubules	Filtrate flows from Bowman's capsule to renal pelvis through nephron tubules. Here the filtrate is modified by active secretion of for example toxins into the filtrate and reabsorption of useful substances back into the blood. The final product is called urine.	8
1567197688	ADH	hormone, promotes reabsorption of water, as a result urine contains less water and is more concentrated	9
1567199373	draw and label a kidney with the following terms: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nephron		10
1567207691	secretion	Unwanted substances like poison can be actively secreted into the blood stream.	11
1567207692	reabsorption	Useful substances like glucose, minerals, amino acids and some water are taken back in (reabsorbed into) the blood stream.	12
1567207693	excretion	the process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism. Note the difference between egestion and excretion: Egestion (also called defecation) is the passing out of substances that can not be digested and used by the body in form of feaces.	13

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Kidney Flashcards

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1567197679	Nephron	functional unit of the kidney, selective filter element comprising of a renal tubule and blood vessels, regulate blood composition and pH	0
1567197680	Cortex	Outer part of the kidney	1
1567197681	Medulla	middle part of the kidney	2
1567197682	renal pelvis	inner part of the kidney, urine collects here	3
1567197683	ureter	urine flows out of kidney via ureter to bladder	4
1567197684	bladder	collects urine	5
1567197685	glomerulus	network of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood	6
1567197686	Bowman's capsule (also called renal capsule)	first part of the nephron, surrounds the glomerulus, receives the ultrafiltrate from glomerulus	7
1567197687	nephron tubules	Filtrate flows from Bowman's capsule to renal pelvis through nephron tubules. Here the filtrate is modified by active secretion of for example toxins into the filtrate and reabsorption of useful substances back into the blood. The final product is called urine.	8
1567197688	ADH	hormone, promotes reabsorption of water, as a result urine contains less water and is more concentrated	9
1567199373	draw and label a kidney with the following terms: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nephron		10
1567207691	secretion	Unwanted substances like poison can be actively secreted into the blood stream.	11
1567207692	reabsorption	Useful substances like glucose, minerals, amino acids and some water are taken back in (reabsorbed into) the blood stream.	12
1567207693	excretion	the process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism. Note the difference between egestion and excretion: Egestion (also called defecation) is the passing out of substances that can not be digested and used by the body in form of feaces.	13

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Chapter 19: The Increasing Influence of Europe Flashcards

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3448157407	Niccolo and Maffeo Polo	-jewel merchants who traveled from Venice to Constantinople, were envoys of Khubilai Khan, traveled to Europe with Marco Polo to learn about Roman Catholicism	0
3448157408	Social and Economic Problems in the Late Byzantine Emprie	-11th century theme system fell into disuse; wealthy landowners acquired properties of independent peasants and made them into large estates -Made free peasants into agricultural laborers, led to diminished tax receipts for central gov.	1
3448157409	Challenges from the West	-11th century Normans, descendants of Vikings, had regional state in Italy and expelled Byzantine authorities -crusades: military campaigns to recapture Jerusalem from Muslims -1204 fourth crusade Venetians sacked and conquered Constantinople -Byzantine recaptured city in 1261	2
3448157410	Challenges from the East	- Muslim Seljuqs invaded into Anatolia, defeated Byzantine @ battle of Manzikert -Byzantine had civil war, allowed Seljuqs to control Anatolia -Byzantine empire fell in 1453 when Ottoman Turks under leadership of Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople	3
3448157411	Otto I	-established himself king of Germany; campaigned east of Elbe River and into Italy -Pope John XII proclaimed him emperor in 962; beginning of Holy Roman Empire -tense relations between popes and emperors; emperors wanted to influence selection of church officials and extend authority in Italy	4
3448157412	Investiture Contest	-controversy over appointment of church officials -Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) ordered end to practice of lay investiture: selection and installation of church officials by emperors -Emperor Henry IV (10056-1106) challenged policy, Gregory excommunication him and released subjects from their duty to obey him; princes rebelled	5
3448157413	Frederick Barbarossa	-emperor, reigned 1152-1190 -wanted to absorb Lombardy in northern Italy; popes protested -papal policies didn't allow Holy Roman empire to become powerful state -Voltaire said the Holy Roman empire was neither holy or Roman or an empire; it was regional state ruling Germany, influence in eastern Europe and Italy	6
3448157414	Capetian France	-987 lords of France elected noble Hugh Capet to serve as king after death of last Carolingian -descendants expanded political influence, relying on relationships w/ lords and retainers; had centralized power in France	7
3448157415	The Normans	-dukes of Normandy built centralized state, all authority from the dukes -entitled to all land; built castles where armies dominated territories	8
3448157416	Norman England	-1066 Duke William of Normandy invaded England -William the Conqueror, introduced Norman principles of gov't and land tenure -ruled over tightly centralized realm -both Capetians and Normans faced external and internal struggles, battled each other	9
3448157417	Church Influence in Italy	-ecclesiastical states, city-states and principalities competed for power in Italy -popes provided political leadership in central Italy, the Papal State -bishops organized public life in northern Italy	10
3448157418	Italian States	-City-states (Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Venice) dominated surrounding lands -Normans invaded in southern Italy, territories claimed by Byzantine and Muslims -Norman pilgrims aided people of Salerno to fight off Muslims in 999 -aided city of Bari in struggle from independence from Byzantine (1017-18) -overcame Byzantine and Muslim authorities, brought southern Italy under Roman Catholicism, laid foundation for kingdom of Naples	11
3448157419	Christian and Muslim States in Iberia	-Muslims ruled most of Iberian peninsula -11th century: Christians attacked Muslims -Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal controlled most of Iberian peninsula -medieval Europe in political chaos	12
3448157420	Expansion of Arable Land	-monks and serfs cleared forests, drained swamps, increased amount of land for agriculture -lords encouraged expansion of cultivation	13
3448157421	Improved Agricultural Techniques	-during high middle ages had new crops w/ different crop rotation -increased cultivation of beans, kept more domestic animals, raised fish	14
3448157422	New Tools and Technologies	-expanded use of water mills and heavy plows -introduction of horseshoe and horse collar: made it possible to increase amount of workable land -Horseshoes prevented split hooves -collars lessened load on horse neck, put pressure on chest and shoulders	15
3448157423	New Crops	-early middle ages-grains; gruel and bread -high middle ages-meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, legumes (beans and peas) -Mediterranean lands-hard durum wheat, rice, spinach, artichokes, eggplant, lemons, limes, oranges, melons	16
3448157424	Population Growth	-800: 29 mill, 1000- 36 mill -1100: 44 mill -1200: 58 mill, 1300 79 mill	17
3448157425	Urbanization	-food production supported urban residents: artisans merchants etc -peasants and serfs went to cities, founded new towns ex. Paris, London, Toledo-became gov't & business centers	18
3448157426	Textile Production	-population growth led to specialization of labor-wool textiles -Italy and Flanders became centers for spinning, weaving, dyeing of wool -wool trade boosted economy	19
3448157427	Mediterranean Trade	-Amalfi and Venice were ports for merchants trading between Byzantine and Muslims -Italians exchanged salt, olive oil, wine, wool, leather, glass for gems, spices, silk etc -merchants had colonies in Black and Mediterranean seas	20
3448157428	The Hanseatic League	-trade network in Baltic and North Seas -association of trading cities from Novgorod to London -dominated trade in grain, fish, furs, timbers, pitch	21
3448157429	Improved Business Techniques	-bankers issued letters of credit to merchants; exchanged credit for merchandise or cash -had partnerships w/ other merchants	22
3448157430	The Three Estates	-"those who pray": clergy of Roman Catholic Church; loyalty to church rather than rulers -"those who fight": came from ranks of nobles; received education based on equestrian skills and military arts -"those who worked" majority of population, cultivated land as peasants dependent on protection from lords	23
3448157431	Chivalry	-code of ethics and behavior for nobles -church officials promoted chivalry	24
3448157432	Troubadours	-women promoted refined behavior and respectful relations between sexes -troubadours: traveling poets, minstrels, entertainers; most active in southern France and northern Italy -drew inspiration from tradition of love poetry in Muslim spain	25
3448157433	Eleanor of Aquitaine	-troubadours went to Poitiers where Eleanor supported romantic poets and entertainers -encouraged good manners, romantic love	26
3448157434	Independent Cities	-urban expansion led to growth of cities; broke free from authority of lords -11th century townspeople wanted lors to grant them charters of incorporation that exempted them from political regulations, allowing them to manage own affairs, abolished taxes and tolls	27
3448157435	Guilds	-regulated production and sale of goods -established standards of quality for manufactured goods; required members to adopt techniques of production -determined prices members sold products -regulated entry of new workers into groups -provided friendship and mutual support; guild men socialized -provided financial and moral support for families -arranged funeral services	28
3448157436	Urban Women	-women in countryside had domestic duties -urban women worked as butchers, brewers, bankers, shoemakers etc -dominated textile production and decorative arts -guilds allowed females, had some exclusively female groups: Paris had six guilds that were only women	29
3448157437	Cathedral Schools	-bishops and archbishops organized schools in cathedrals -writing based on Latin, official language of Roman Catholic Church; students read bible and writings of church fathers	30
3448157438	Universities	-guilds made cathedral schools into universities; first in Bologna, Paris, Salerno, appeared in Rome, Naples, Seville, Salamanca,, Oxford etc	31
3448157439	The Influence of Aristotle	-obtained Latin translations of Aristotle thought from Byzantine and Muslim philosophers; translated into Arabic	32
3448157440	Scholasticism: St. Thomas Aquinas	-Scholastic theology sought to synthesize beliefs and values of Christianity w/ Greek philosophy -Aquinas believed Aristotle provided most powerful analysis of world according to human reason, Christianity explained world and human life as results of a divine plan -formulate most truthful and persuasive system of thought: believed existence of God didn't depend on person's faith; never recognized personal deity -didn't appeal to popular audiences	33
3448157441	sacraments	-holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings -7 sacraments: baptism, matrimony, penance, Eucharist -Eucharist most important; priests offered ritual meal commemorating last supper -Eucharist protected ppl from sudden death	34
3448157442	Devotion to Saints	-saints: human beings who led exemplary lives God held in special esteem; enjoyed influence w/ heavenly authorities, able to intervene on behalf of ppl -Medieval ppl prayed for saints to ensure admission to heaven -believed saints could cure diseases etc	35
3448157443	The Virgin Mary	-most popular saint during high middle ages; personified womanhood, love and sympahty -churches and cathedrals dedicated to her; Notre Dame-"our lady"	36
3448157444	Saints' Relics	-clothes, locks of hair, teeth and bones of famous saints -most popular were relics of Jesus or Virgin Mary; ex. crown of thorns worn by Jesus, drops of Virgin's milk	37
3448157445	Pilgrimage	-pilgrims traveled to honor saints; visited Rome and Compostela (Spain), Jerusalem sometimes -Rome was spiritual center of western Christian society: churches of Rome had relics of St. Peter and St. Paul -relics of St. James in cathedral of Santiago de Compostela -pilgrimage led to travel industry:inns along routes to popular churches, guides led pilgrims to religious sites, guidebooks	38
3448157446	Dominicans and Franciscans	-St. Dominic (1170-1221) and St. Francis (1182-1226) founded orders of mendicants (beggars), aka Dominican and Franciscan friars -begged for food, active in towns and cities, persuaded heretics to return to Roman Catholic Church	39
3448157447	Popular Heresy	-Waldensians, active in southern France and northern Italy, thought Roman Catholic church immoral and corrupt -gave right to laity to preach sacraments, only allowed by priests in church	40
3448157448	Bogomils and Cathars	-Bogomils, Bulgaria and Byzantine, viewed world as cosmic struggle between forces of good and evil; reflected Manichaeans views -despised material world, adopted ascetic life -movement grew in tenth century, Cathars promoted similar views in southern France and northern Italy -gov't and church officials led campaigns against Bogomils an Cathars	41
3448157449	Vinland	-Scandinavians occupied Iceland, discovered Greenland by Eric the Red -Leif Ericsson founded Newfoundland in 1000; called it Vinland bc of grape growth	42
3448157450	Christianity in Scandinavia	-kings of Denmark and Norway converted to Christianity in tenth century, subjects converted gradually -Iceland adopted Christianity in 999	43
3448157451	Crusading Orders and Baltic Expansion	-Christians formed military-religious orders, most prominent were Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights-took religious vows and devoted lives to struggle against Muslims -Teutonics most active in Baltic region (Prussia, Livonia, Lithuania), campaigns against Slavics, founded churches and monasteries aided by German missionaries	44
3448157452	The Reconquest of Sicily	-Muslims conquered Sicily in 9th century, Norman warriors returned Sicily to Christians in 11th century -Robert Guiscard made state for himself in southern Italy, brother Roger undertook conquest of Sicily and established authority in 1090 -missionaries and clergy appeared, Islam didn't disappear	45
3448157453	The Reconquista of Spain	-caliphate of Cordoba ruled most of Iberian peninsula, small Christian state in Catalonia in nw, Kingdom of Leon resisted Muslims -began in 1060s, Christians recaptured Lisbon in 1150 -Granada remained Muslim until 1492 when Christian forces complete reconquista -popes encouraged campaign against Muslims -church officials established bishoprics, organized campaigns to convert populations -Dominican friars explained Christianity in terms of scholastic theology and Aristotle	46
3448157454	The Crusades	-holy war; derived from Latin word crux, corss -term refers to expeditions of Roman Catholics against Muslims to recapture Palestine and Jerusalem	47
3448157455	Pope Urban II	-launched crusades in 1095 -spoke at Council of Clermont, warned church leaders that Muslim Turks were threatening borders of Christendom, urged princes to stabilize borders and recapture Jerusalem saying "Deus vult" God wills it!	48
3448157456	The First Crusade	-1096 armies went to Palestine, 1097 and 98 captured Edessa, Antioch, 1099 Jerusalem fell to crusaders -crusaders' success encouraged Turks, Egyptians, and other Muslims to settle differences to expel Christians from Mediterranean -Edessa fell to Turks in 1144, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187	49
3448157457	The Later Crusades	-4th crusade (1202-1204): crusaders ravaged Constantinople, seat of Eastern Orthodox Christianity	50
3448157458	Consequences of the Crusades	-crusades important for social, economic, commercial, and cultural consequences; crusaders built states in Palestine and Syria, scholars and missionaries dealt w/ Muslim philosophers and theologians, merchants traded w/ Muslims -led to exchange of ideas, technologies and trade goods -Europeans learned works of Aristotle, Islamic science and astronomy, Arabic numerals, techniques of paper production, new foods such as spices, granulated sugar, coffee and dates, trade goods such as silk, cotton, carpets, tapestries -italian merchants developed new products and sold them in cities -Niccolo, Maffeo and Marco Poplo traded gems and jewelry	51

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