World History

Chapter 10 Christian Europe Emerges 300-1200 C.E. Early Medieval Europe, 300?1000 Time of Insecurity Roman Empire breaks down Western Europe continued to suffer invasions Muslim Arabs and Berbers took the Iberian Peninsula and pushed into France Carolingians Family of Rulers In the eighth century the Carolingians united various Frankish kingdoms into a larger empire At its height, under Charlemagne, the empire included Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy The empire was subdivided by Charlemagne's grandsons and never united again. Vikings Vikings attacked England, France, and Spain in the late eighth and ninth centuries Vikings also settled Iceland and Normandy, from which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066. A Self-Sufficient Economy

Chapter 8 Outline ? Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 b.c.e.?1100 c.e. Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 b.c.e.?1100 c.e. I. The Silk Road Origins and Operations The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia. There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road: (1) 150 b.c.e.?907 c.e. and (2) the thirteenth through seventeenth centuries c.e. The origins of the Silk Road trade may be located in the occasional trading of Central Asian nomads. Regular, large-scale trade was fostered by the Chinese demand for western products (particularly horses) and by the Parthian state in northeastern Iran and its control of the markets in Mesopotamia.

Chapter 6 Outline ? An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E.?330 C.E. An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 b.c.e.?330 c.e. I. Rome?s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 b.c.e.?330 c.e. Geography and Resources Italy and Sicily are at a crossroads of the Mediterranean and serve as a link between Africa and Europe. Rome is at a crossroads of the Italian peninsula. Italy?s natural resources included navigable rivers, forests, iron, a mild climate, and enough arable land to support a large population of farmers whose surplus product and labor could be exploited by the Roman state. A Republic of Farmers, 753?31 b.c.e.

Chapter 4 Outline ? The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000?500 B.C.E. The Mediterranean and Middle East,? 2000?500?b.c.e. I.????? The Cosmopolitan Middle East, 1700?1100 b.c.e. Western Asia In the southern portion of western Asia, the Kassites ruled Babylonia during this period. Babylonia did not pursue territorial conquest. In the north, the Assyrians had their origins in the northern Tigris area. They were involved in trade in tin and silver. The Hittites had their capital in Anatolia, used horse-drawn chariots, and had access to important copper, silver, and iron deposits. During the second millennium b.c.e. Mesopotamian political and cultural concepts spread across much of western Asia. New Kingdom Egypt

Chapter 2 Outline ? The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500?1500 B.C.E. Chapter 2 ? The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500?1500 B.C.E. I.??????? Mesopotamia Settled Agriculture in an Unstable Landscape Mesopotamia is the alluvial plain area alongside and between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The area is a difficult environment for agriculture because there is little rainfall, the rivers flood at the wrong time for grain agriculture, and the rivers change course unpredictably. Mesopotamia does have a warm climate and good soil. By 4000 B.C.E. farmers were using cattle-pulled plows and a sort of planter to cultivate barley. Just after 3000 B.C.E. they began constructing irrigation canals to bring water to fields farther away from the rivers.